Document v6mbqooyYd95yJ9ZnN46MDaa9

February l . l d 4 6 132 (6)Green, H. A.: A photomicrographic method for the detertnirfation of partick? size of paint and rubbcr pigments. J. Fmnk. Inst., 192: 637-666 (Novem- ber 1921). (0)DreeRscn, W. C., et al: A study of asbestosis in the asbestos textile industry. (r> Pub. Health Bull. No. 241 (1935). Hatch, T. F., and Mokc, C. B.: The mincrological composition of air-borne foundry dust. J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol., 18: 91-97 (1936). . (8) Silverniari, Leslie,-and Franklin, William: Obfiervations on the prcparhtion. of slidcs for particle-size determination. J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol., 24: 51 (1942). (9) Dunn, Karl: Notc on an improvcd ccll for dust counting. J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol., 21: 202 (1939). (10) McCormick', W. E.: A two-cavity dust counting ccll. Pub. Health Rep., 60: 489-491 (1945). . (Reprint &o. 2621). . COMPOSITION OF SOME TRADE NAME SOLVENTS USED FOR CLEANING AND DEGREASING, AND FOR THINNING PAINTS *. \ By ALLES D. BRASDTS, enior Sanilari Engineer, Unifcd Stnfea Pubtic Health Service, W.-1. J I c C o s s ~ ~Cto,lonel Medical Corps, Army of the Uniled States, and R. H. FLISXS,enior Surgeon, Unifed States Public Ilealth Service. As a result of a scrics of ncutc cascs of systemic poisoning, with onc fatality, rrmong workers using solvents a t n shell- and bomblondirig plant, it w n s dccided to makc avnilal~leto the explosivos plants * useful informQtion 011the ,composition and relative toxicity of many of the trade name solvent products used in theso cstablish- mcnts.. Dy means of qucstionnaircs to approximately 90 Govern- . ment-owcd c4xplosivcsmanufacturing, loading, and storing plants a roster wlls obtaincd of all solvents in currcnt use. From this list 1 approximately 200 rcprcscntntive products were sclcctcd for chemical analysis. Sirmplcs of the sclcctcd products werc sent by the respective cstablishmcnts to the Army Industrial Hygicne Laboratory or to the Industrial IIygicnc Division of thc United States Public Hctzlth Service for clicmical analysis.a 'The rcsults of these analyses wero thcn compiled in to a solvcnt'indcx which contained all the pcrtincnt data in a form which would permit thcir convenient use by the pcrsonncl of thc plant, mcdical, safety, and cnginccring departments. . Since many of thc products invcstigatcd aro uscd dso b y , m a n y other industries it was deemed advisable to make tho information available gcnerally to everyone interested in industrial hygiene. It must be remembered, however, that the composition of tho various products, as given in tablos I, 2, and 3, is the composition of the 1 From the Industrial ilyglene Breach, Safety and Gccurlty DlvlsIon, Ordnance Department, A r W Service Form. 9 Plants sssifined to the Safety and Securlty Dlvblon, Offlco of the Chlef of Ordnance for productton securlty Inspectton. #The authors are Indebted to h r . A. N. BetterlInd, of the Dlvblon of Industrial Hyglene, nllnob Department of Publlc Realth, and to Mr. D. E. Rushing, of the Industriel ilyglone Dlvlslon, U.8. Publfc Health Servlce, for thelr suggestions and assistance in the clesslflcntlon of the Ingredlenta of.theso trade name broducts. Acknowledgment ls made also of the largo amount of work done by penomel of the Amy IndustrLal Hygiene Lpboratory and the Industrkl HygIene Dlvfslon. U. 8. PublIc Health &rvh, h analhing the m p l e ~ . r rrtick wem- ustry. home ration. ., 24: Yg. 8 RCP., 'SED ?ING Ileullh 'S, nIld with ombmivcs vicity tdishvcrnnts a s list mica1 tctivc or to [calth were tincnt c pcrnts. many lation c. It arious of the it, Army .oducrIon ., nilnols S. Publlc IOSC trade the Army crvlce, In 133 February 1,1946 .I specific sample analyzed and may represent accurately only one lot of the product. -Manufacturers of materials of this type frequently change the ingredients or the propordons thereof for various reasons. Consequently, thcre is no assurance that these products would. be . csactly'the same if purchased today as they were-during the second - quarter of the present calendar year (1945) when the analyses were made. The only way t o be certain of the composition of products of this nature is to analyze a sample from each lot ?umber as received. , On the other hand, the general make-up of many of tho product9 listed in tables 1, 2, and 3 will remain remarkably similar since tho ingrediontS arc selected by thc manufacturers primarily on a functional basis. ~ The substances analyzed have been classified alphabetically under tlic names submitted by the users in tublcs 1, 2, and 3. The names of tlic suppliers or manufacturcrs are also given. The supplier or manu- fiicturcr listed is the one given by the plant using the particular substance and mnny of thc.products listed are availa e from other 4lsoiirccs. The first column contains an index number 'ch serves to itlcntify thc mnterial for convcnicnt refcrenco'in table 4. It should be cmpliasizcd that thc supplier or manufacturer listed in t h o tables is thc onc Hivcn by the plant which submitted the sample. AIost of thcsc same products can be obtained from 8 large variety of othcr suppliers. T o obtain a fairly complete list of the suppliers would have rcquircd a prohibitive amount of time. Consequently, only the onc from which thc material was actually purchased is listed, with the thought that othcr plants which desire to use any of these products can obtain the namcs of the nearby dealers by writing to the one listed in the tabic. Tiic samples analyzcd were divided into thrcc groups according to their composition and use. In table 1are listed tho substances which * iirc uscd as clcnncrs and dcgrcasers, and which are composed,mainIy of organic solvcnts. I n table 2 are listed the substances which are uscd ns thinncr?! for paints, lacquers, and other finishing materials. The ingredients of t1;e.w d s o arc largely organic solvents. The miscellaneous materials which are uscd chiefly as cleaners, degreasers, and protective coatings, and which contain relativcly little organic liquid a r e listed in table 3. Tablo 4 is a reference table which contains a. list of the various substances used by different plank accord- ing to mode of usc or type of operation st which employed. The organic liquid components of the products,listed in the first three tnbles ar0 divided into four all-inclusive groups chemically, which are physiologically more or less distinct. They are as follows: 1. AROMATICS: These' materials are very toxic. The common ones have maximum allowablc conccntiations of 50 to 200 p. p. m. Examples are benzene, toluene, and xylene. 2. HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS: These chemicals also are very toxic. Moat of those encountered in the group of samples analyzed have maximum allowable ' .. 0 February 1,1046 134 c0 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . .0 ........:..... .:............. :..............:.............:.........................:... ........:...... .:.............:..............:.............. ............... ....... i :... z i / ....... ......................................................................... ....... ....... ....... ,.. (,,,I ,.,,, ::: ::::: ::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : :* . I .I..,, I,,,, ,,, .,.., .,,,, ....... , : :, , ....... ....... ,I,, :::: : : : :. , , I ,,,I 1. - ... .... .... .... ......... .... ... ... ,...... . ... ......> ... ... ... . ...... ,I...... ..... ........*I .....,.... ,......... rz : : : _I a a G; M a I 9 u , a & February 1,1046 I. ,. ., , r Fehruary 1,1046 136 I. 5d wd U U b 0 I,.,. L. g x I. .... ,I.,, Februnry 1,1946 L .2- e0 9 9 L -0 .0L- t t a WJ 138 ai .k I con( I ' :hlo 3. toxi 1~ ni am1 4 incl V1\ in I I 4a Th bu V8I wi 1 CC; c.' u a! C1 1 tB fi SI .. rrmples are acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, the alcohols, and the acetates. 4. PARAFFINS AN D NAPHTHENES: This group is not particularly toxic. It. iriclrides materials such M gasoline, Stoddnrd solvent, petroleum naphtha, and V M and P naphtha. The maximum allowable cancentrations for tho materials in this group range from 500 to 1,000 p. p. m. In addition to the substances described in paragraphs 1, 2, 3, and 4 above, some of the products listed in table 3 contain other ingredients. These are of little concern, as a rule, from the inhalation viewpoint but are of importance as regards skin contact. various acids may produqe burns or dermatitis if with the skin, and others may act as sensitizers cczcma. The results of thc analyses `were classified as described above Idause it w'ts felt that this arrangement would be more useful to * tlic majority of personnel than would the actual specific analyses. IIencc, an cstimatc of the dnngcr associated with iisiljg a given produb rnny be obtained by noting what pcrccntages of the ingredients fall in thc more toxic groups, and observing tbc boiling range, It should bc emphasized that for many operations the boiling range is importad and high boiling products should be selectcd in preference to low boiling ones since, other things being .equal, the natural evaporation rate decreases as the boiling point increases and the atmospheric concentration of the vapors of thc ingredients will therefore be lower with the higher bqiling products. ' The data contained in tables 1, 2, and 3 make it possible for.per- sonncl of the medical and safety departmeuts to estimate the degree of hazard associated with the use of any of the products investigated; and those in table 4 make it possible to select a less toxic substitute for the same operation. Even though the data in this paper pertain largely to the health hazard associated with the use of these materials, it must be remem- bered that most solvents, thinners, and cleaners with the exception of ;he halogenated hydrocarbons also present important fire and explosion hazards. As a rule the proper control of the health hazard will automatically control ,the fire or explosion hazard but such is not always the case. It is necessary, therefore, that adequate pre- cautions bo taken to.prevont the existence or creation of a fire hazard. The potential fire and explosion hazard is influenced greatly by the flash point and by the boiling point of the material used; hence these facto& as well a s the toxicity must be taken into consideration when selecting the best product for a given operation or use. . I February 1,1046 140 . L. ' I 'I 7"' 0' 1 0 c . I February 1,1046 *' 142 I* .. .143 Febrnab 1,1046 . 1bc.4(I .4