Document v6Zkdvp929193aB6LvO9pQvER

MINER t YEARBO . "' A N49771 Prepared under the direction of E. W. PEHRSON Chief, Economics and Statistics Division ALLAN F. MATTHEWS. Editor 664 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 WORLD REVIEW Eire.--The small steel operations of the Irish Steol Co., Ltd., were not resumed until July 1946, when the first 35-ton open-hearth furnace was put into operation, and it was not until late in the year that indications showed that a substantial part of the capacity of 5,000 tons would soon be utilized.2 The scrap supply in Eire is protected by an export regulation which gives Irish industry the option of purchase on all scrap before it may be exported. Therefore, scrap producers must inform plants of scrap available, and if it is required by industry it cannot bo exported. Opinions vary as to the quantity of scrap available in Eire. Some estimates are as high as 30,000 tons per year, while others indicate that Eire may have to import some scrap for future domestic requirements. France.--It was reported in August that during the following 12 months France was to supply Belgium and Luxembourg with 15,000 tons of scrap iron from North Africa.3 Japan.--Previous to World War II, Japan used more than 50 porcont scrap in its open-hearth furnaces. This requirement for scrap was covered by heavy imports from the United States and other countries. To make the Japanese industry less dependent on foreign sources for scrap the Japanese Government in 1937 and 1938 took steps to force the industry to increase the proportion of pig to scrap in the furnace charge. Consequently, the production of pig iron was increased from approximately 1,000,000 metric tons in 1932 to over 4,000,000 tons in 1942, and a goal was set for the use of 70 percent pig iron to 30 percent scrap in the furnace charge. The open-hearth mixture reached approximately 65 percent pig and 35 percent scrap by the end of the war.4 United Kingdom.--The supply of iron and steel scrap in the United Kingdom was adequate for most of 1946. However, during the last quarter of the year there were signs of a severe shortening of supplies. The Cleveland district, which had reported adequate supplies as Jate as October 1946, was having difficulty in supplying steel mills in the latter part of November ana during December. Deliveries in South Wales also dropped off during the last 2 months of the year but had been satisfactory earlier. Suppliers seemed able to meet demands for scrap in the Birmingham district throughout the year. Con sumers in the Midlands, Lancashire, and Yorkshire were using scrap as fast as it became available. The supply of the better grades of scrap in Scotland was becoming scarce at the close of the year. ' Iron Ago. vol. 16S. No. 14, Oct. 3, 1046, pp. 71-72. 1 Metal Bulletin (London), No. 3110, Aug. 2,1046, p. 18. < Iron Ago, vol. 168, No. 16, Oct. 17,1946, pp. 114-125. Lead By RICHARD 'H. PAGE General summary 066 Dome Salient statistics_____ ______ 666 Ref Labor problems........................... 666 Ant Government regulations 667 Sec Tariff____________ _ 668 ' Lea Domestic production G68 Cons Mine production____ ______ 0G8 Stock Smelter and refinery produc- Prices tion _______________ 671 Foreig Active lead smelters and re- World fineries 673 GENERAL SUMM EAD production from domestic mines Lm and, for the first time on record, w production of secondary lead. The able for consumption continued to dec to an unprecedented 12.55 cents per poun tic mine production of lead and refiner and base bullion declined to the lowest respectively. Total output of refined le 25 percent, and antimonial lead produ Imports of lead-bearing materials urge creasing domestic mine output dropped t Outstanding among the many factors th ing the year were prolonged labor strikes refineries; continued labor shortages, whi tions at many producing plants; uncertai Office of Price Administration and ceilin unstable price structure during the month The national railroad and coal-mine str factors, further retarded domestic lead p In contrast to the slump in the domesti smelter production of secondary lead--A the heavy metal--increased 8 percent o ondary lead recovery in 1946 exceeded primary lead production by 13 percent mine output of recoverable lead for the fir tion of refined lead, which declined 17 pe through provisions of Civilian Product Preference Order M-38 and the genera 1 This report deals primarily "with the smelting, refining, a full details of domestic mining operations, soo separate reports 793065--48- 48 666 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 1946 obtain full allocations as allotted by the Civilian Production Ad ministration. The Government stock pile of refined lead was reduced to 45,493 tons at the end of 1940, approximately two-thirds of tho quantity available for allocation at the beginning of the year. Stocks at primary smelters and refineries (physical inventory) gained 9 percent during 1946. Consumers' inventories declined 59 percent from 1945. Coiling prices on virtually all commodities, including lead, were removed in November. Otbor Government controls of tho lead industry that were revoked included removal of import restrictions (which had prevented public purchases of foreign lead), the 5-year-old General Preference Order M--38, Lead Chemical Order L-354, and Order L-355 portaining to use of lead for manufacture of tetraethyl fluid. Salient statistics of the lead industry in the United States, 1925-29 (average) and 1942-48, in short tons 1026-29 (averago) 1042 1043 1944 1046 1040 Production of refined prlmory lead: From domestic ores and base bullion... 600,525 From foreign ores and base bullion___ 123,104 467,367 99,472 406,644 63,068 394, 443 70,320 356, 635 87,050 783,629 Recovery of secondary lead........................... 280,000 Imports:1 Lead In pigs, bars, and old.................... 4,692 Lead in base bullion................................ 96,747 Lead in ores and matte........................... 40,096 Exports of refined pig lead *.......................... 98,048 Refined primary leaa apparently shipped to domestic consumer?................................ COO, 916 Estimated consumption of primary and socond&ry lead............................................... 900,260 Prices (centsporpound): New York: A verage for year................................. 7.47 Quotation at end of year................. 6. 25 London average........................................ 6. 87 Mlne production of recoverable lead.......... 004, 230 World smelter production of lead................ 1,860,000 606,839 323,001 3G9,264 43,866 79,302 6,814 000,840 1,043,000 6.48 6.60 ,, 4.49 400, 230 1,883,000 460,612 342,094 244,610 4,683 09,946 13,261 777,061 1,113,000 6.60 6.60 4. 40 463,313 1, 730,000 464,763 331,416 226,073 68 93, 670 15, 623 776,096 1,118,643 6. 60 6.60 4.49 410,801 1,602,000 443,685 363,030 230,313 8 70,006 1,784 670,122 1,061,002 0.60 6.60 4.09 390,831 1,378,000 293,309 44,888 338,197 392,787 114,700 125 44,407 700 477,680 95C, 476 8.11 12. 65 8.63 335, 475 1,285, 300 i Data Includo load Imported for immodlato consumption plus material ontorlng tho country undor bond * Includos 3,874 tons of foreign lead roexportod In 1042, 11,268 tons In 1943, loss than 1 ton in 1944, 377 tons In 1946, and 103 tons In 1940, according to rocords of tbe U. S. Department of Commerce. Figure 1 shows trends in the domestic lead industry since 1900. LABOR PROBLEMS Most significant among the many labor problems confronting operators during 1946 were the widespread labor strikes at principal mines, mills, smelters, and refineries that paralyzed tbe industry during tbe.first half of tbe year. Work stoppages began in Utah on January 21, when approximately 1,300 workers at the mining and smelting operations of the American Sineltiiig & Refining Co. and the United States Smelting, Refining & Alining Co. went on strike follow ing collapse of negotiations for increased wages. Strike conditions spread rapidly; and on February 25 workers in virtually every lead mining, milling, and smelting operation of tho American Smelting & Refining Co. joined in the dispute. Lead-zinc mining and milling LEAD operations of the Phelps Dodge Corp. at by strike on March 20, along with certain o Texas, and New York copper mining an Although the smelter strikes did not mat the Nation's large lead mines, many sm storage facilities and dependent upon: p returns for operating expenses were forc strikes at lead mines, mills, smelters, and the end of June, although one of brief dur and mills of the St. Joseph Lead Co. in districts during the last week in October. Tbe shortage of mine and mill labor con limiting domestic mine output during 19 to the mines of former employees who mig paying wartime jobs .fell far short of expe percentage of the labor supply that entered tbe war did not return to the mines and The manpower supply problem, however operators to have improved somewhat by GOVERNMENT REGUL Lead continued under Government cb through provisions of Civilian Productio Preference Order M-38. In operation, t load for cortain purposes but permitted v sumption in essential uses. Several amen tho year changing quotas (usually to a low 668 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 .f for certain uses. Upon almost unanimous recommendations of (lie lead producing and consuming industries, the Civilian Production Administration revoked Order M-38 on December 27, thus virtually ending the Government control of lead that began in October 1941. CPA Limitation Order L-354, affecting the use of lead in the manu facture of lead chemicals, and Order L-355, limiting consumption of lead for totraethyl lead, wore operative until revocation December 27. Government control on imports of lead as outlined in CPA General Import Order M-63 were eliminated, effective November 18. Subsidy payments under the Premium Price Plan for overquota production were continued through June but collapsed with tho ex piration of OPA and ceiling prices Juno 30. Upon reestablishment of tho OPA, provisions were mado for retroactive premium payments to cover the period when no plan was in effoct. TARIFF In accordance with the Mexican Trado Agreement of January 30, 1943, the tariff on lead-bearing ores, flue dust, and mattes remained at three-fourths cent per pound (lead content) and lead bullion, pigs, bars, scrap lead, etc., 1K cents per pound during 1946. A provision of the agreement permits the increase in the tariff on lead-bearing ores, flue dust, and mattes to 1}( cents per pound (lead content), and lead bullion, pigs, bars, scrap lead, etc., to l)(o cents per pound 30 days after the war emergency is officially terminated. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Statistics on lead output may be prepared on a mine or smelter and refinery basis. The mine-production data compiled on the basis of lead content in ore and concentrates and adjusted to account for average losses in smelting are the most accurate measure of production from year to year. The pig-lead output, as reported by smelters and refiners, presents a more precise figure of actual lead recovery but generally differs from tho mine figuro duo to the overlap or lag between mine shipments and smelter receipts of ore and concentrates. These inequities, however, tend to balance over a period of years. MINE PRODUCTION The mino production of recoverable lead (including that made into pigments) from domestic mines in the United States and Alaska decreased 14 percent in 1946, was 32 percent under the war-period peak in 1942, and was 49 percent below the average production in the period 1925 through 1929. The domestic mine production of lead comes principally from three areas--Southeastern Missouri; the Tri State area (Joplin region), embracing southwestern Missouri, south eastern Kansas, and northeastern Oklahoma; and the. Western States (principally Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and Montana). ,Of the total.produced in the United States in 1946, about 67 percent came from the output of 25 mines. Missouri again ranked first in the production, of lead, and tho Southeastern Missouri district continued to bo the largest lead-producing area, supplying 40 percent of the total domestic output. The St. Joseph Lead Co. continued, LEAD as in the past, to produce the bulk of the o Desloge, Federal, and Leadwood groups equipped with a mill; the four have a 21,400 tons of 6re. The Tri-State area total domestic output in 1946 compared w Western States contributed 49 percent of t despite a decline of 10 percent from 19 the largest producer of lead in the Weste in the United States, notwithstanding percent and the smallest output of any percent of the State total lead came from Five properties in Idaho produced 52 per and of the total 82 percent came from zin from the Coeur d'Alene region. Altho the lowest since 1899, dropped 25 percent the State continued to rank second amon United States & Lark property of the Un ing & Mining Co. in the West Mountain first among the State lead producers. Ab total lead was recovered from zinc-lead Arizona was the largest in any year in t 5 percent greater than in 1945. The Copp Mine production of recoverable lead in the Unite 1942-46, by States, in sh Woslern Stales and Alaska: Alaska................................ Arizona.............................. California.......................... Colorado............................ Idaho.................................. Montana............................ Nevada...................... New Mexico................. Oregon............................... South Dakota.'............... Toxas.................................. Utah................................... Washington............... . Wyoming........................ Total. Central States: Arkansas... Illinois......... Kansas......... Kentucky.. Missouri___ Oklahoma.. Wisconsin.. Total. Eastern States; New York.. Tennessee.. Virginia.... Total............ . Qrand total.. 1625-29 (average) 962 9,743 2,070 30,112 141,610 18,871 9,807 6,7300 21 213 149,609 1,323 415 14,772 6,161 15,181 113,909 20,060 6,376 4,608 23 85 181 71,930 4,861 3 266,636 38 662 26,121 ' 136 202,240 68,306 1,746 289,137 2 2,344 9,419 335 199,648 22,806 775 236,229 250 3,846 4,096 064,230 2,434 238 1,803 4,476 70 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 6 >odge Corp. fit Bisbeo continued to be the largest Arizona lead proucer in 1946; about 90 percent of the total lead was recovered from uc-lead ore. Colorado production remained virtually unchanged; >e California (Leadville) district continued to be the largest Iead oducing area in tbe State. Zinc-lead ore yielded 54 percent of the '.ate total in 1946. in production of recoverable lead in the United States, by districts that pro duced 1,000 tons or more during any year, 1942-46, in short tons District State 1842 1943 1944 1845 1946 theastern Missouri region... I-State (Joplin region).............. ;>] Hat............................................ ntuoky-Southem Illinois........ iina (Slerrltas, Papago, Twin iiuttes). per Mississippi Valley............ M Cliff........................................ :iclter (Lewis and dark County). rt HUJ.......................................... Missouri.................................... 107,281 100,474 Kansas, Southwestern Mis- 34, 341 sourl, Oklahoma. Utah........................................... 30,800 813 Utah........................................... 16,278 765 1,801 3, 348 1,061 Utah........................................... 10,176 Kentucky,Southern Illinois. 2,540 2,704 Utah........................................... 3,888 2,124 3,200 2,280 1,716 7,206 Aritona...................................... 11 Iowa, Northern IlJlnols, Wisconsin. 4,663 2,232 863 808 3, 783 8G4 4,044 2,434 0, 132 2,240 1,644 1,898 1,988 1,060 1,026 1,023 1,044 1,712 179,012 80,813 34,722 35,437 712 10,022 2,448 3,140 4, 060 1,700 8,201 2,180 2,942 3,505 2,657 3,571 2,350 2,074 3, 200 678 4,681 2,606 1,145 1,004 3,636 1,320 2,938 2,356 3,406 1,761 1,481 1,580 2,389 1,302 600 1,401 316 1,033 100,022 70,813 28,060 31, 160 3,497 11,000 %009 4,101 6, 762 4,235 6,319 2,048 4,060 3,293 2,230 4,428 2,430 1,442 3, 251 2,446 6,278 2, 820 1,244 1,508 3.333 1,020 1,600 1,044 2,212 1,444 2,009 1,128 1,304 784 600 305 16 60 173,005 03,430 23,660 22,723 8,400 8.916 6,214 6,216 5,010 4,222 4,030 2,649 2,987 3,137 2,613 6,379 3,176 1,980 2,870 2,0G3 3,606 2,440 1,981 2,201 2, 347 1,243 1, 192 862 1,066 672 1,302 699 223 762 438 116 01 67 135. 700 60,648 23,303 12,343 10,880 8,373 7, 708 4,731 4,441 4,381 4,239 3,687 3,403 3,490 3, 207 3,199 2,648 2,370 2,357 2,296 2.224 2,170 2,156 1,861 1,049 1,273 1,233 1,073 002 090 653 469 403 300 340 336 44 32 ' Includes production from Bmolter district In Utah; Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish soparate tree. A study of the monthly mine-output figures since January 1941 iscloses production trends that are obscure in the annual figures, utput from April through December 1941 remained fairly constant, itb a stabilized price of 5.85 cents per pound, New York. Produc>n increased sharply in January 1942, however, as a result of Govorn- ut action January 13, which established tho ceiling price of lead 6.50 cents( New York. Peak monthly output of 45,305 short tons as reached in March. Labor shortages at mines, mills, and smelters svelopcd rapidly thereafter owing largely to the lure of high wa^es . Government construction projocts and expanded war industries id to the absorption of personnel by the armed forces. Despite an LEAD Army furlough in October 1942 of 4,000 so mines and the financial assistance available provisions of tho Government's Premium Pr effective February 1, 1942, mine production d without exception, through the remainder of 3 years. Production declined even more p first half of 1946 as a result of widespread for 1933, the domestic mine output in Juno wa monthly production of any year since the beg in 1907. Mine production of recoverable lead in the United in short tons 1 Month 1941 1942 19 January............................................................... February............................................................. March................................................................... April..................................................................... May........................................................... .......... June...................................................................... July.................................................. .................... August................................................................. September.................................................. ....... October............................ .................................. November...................................... ................... December............................................................ * 37,627 * 37.027 * 37, 627 38,197 39,078 38,099 30,829 36,872 37,760 39,603 40.423 41,775 Total......................................................... 401,420 44,182 42,940 45,305 44,318 43,301 42, 238 41,770 39,821 37,834 38,191 37,005 39,208 490,239 37 30 40 39 37 30 - 30 38 .38 38 37 88 463 1 Monthly data for 1841-44 wero based largely on smelter rooolpts, wbe actual mine output. All monthly figures have been adjusted to fina * Monthly average for first quarter; actual monthly figures not ava The 25 leading lead-producing mines in the listed in tbe following table, yielded 67 perce lead output; the 6 leading mines produced leading mines 50 percent. Detailed information on the production of tho United States may be found in the chapter with the mine production of gold, silver, co tho various States. SMELTER AND REFINERY PROD Pig lead in the United States is derived fro domestic mine production, imports of foreign and secondary smelter output from scrap ma at primary plants that treat ore, base bullio of scrap and at secondary plants that pro Of the eight primary smelters operating in th two (Selby, Calif., and Bradley, Idaho) produc The other six plants produce only base bulli imately 98 percent lead plus gold, silver, and purities recovered from the ore smelted), which in the Middle Western and Eastern States f and silver and purification of the lead to me ments. Both primary and secondary smel 25 leading lead-producing mines in the United States in 1946, in order of output 672 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 LEAD refined lead or antimonial lend. Because bard lead--suel) as battery scrap--melte the output from this typo of operation is e alloys. Statistics on the production of r secondary plants are given in the Second chapter. The 16 primary smelters and ref United States in 1946 consumed 353,197 sh ore and concentrates, 12 percent of whic compared with 454,778 tons in 1945, 19 per ACTIVE LEAD SMELTERS AND Primary lead smelters.and refineries oper in 1946 were as follows: California: Selby--Selby plant, American Smeltin refinery). . . Colorado: Leadville--Arkansas Valley plant, Ame (smelter). Idaho: Bradley--Bunker Hill Smelter (smelter an Illinois: Alton--Federal plant, American Smelting refinery). Indiana: East Chicago--International Smelting & Refin by the Eagle-Picher Co., September* 27, 194 East Chicago--U. S. S. Lead Refinery, Inc. (r Kansas: Galena--Galena plant, Eagle-Picher Co. Missouri: Herculaneum--Herculaneum plant, St. refinery). ' Montana: East Helena--East Helena plant, Ame (smelter). ' Nebraska: Omaha--Omaha plant, American Sme New Jersey: Barber--Perth Amboy plant, American Sme and refinery). Carteret--United States Metals Refining Co. Texas: El Paso--El Paso plant, American Smeltin Utah: Midvale--Midvale plant, United States Sm (smelter). ' Murray--Murray plant, American Smelting & Tooele--Tooele plant, International Smelting REFINED LEAD Primary refineries in the'United States short tons of refined lead, a decline of 25 pe of 462,110 tons. ' Of the 338,197 tons of primary lead pr ores and base bullion supplied 87 percent ported baso bullion 13 percent. In 1945 domestic and 20 percent foreign. The qu duced from foreign base bullion has boon n following tables give the production of refin country of- origin of the ore. Details of domestic ores are given in the Mine Produc ... : i 1 ' ' ' . 674 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 Refined lead produced at primary refineries in the United States, by sources, 1942-46, in short tons Souroe 1942 1943 1944 1946 1940 Refined lead: From domestio ores and base bullion.. From foreign ore*....................................... From foreign base bullion........................ 467,307 81,486 17, 987 406,644 03, 936 132 394, 443 70, 225 96 366,536 86, 932 118 293.309 44,790 98 Total from primary sources................. From scrap.................................................. 666,839 12,866 469,612 1,863 464,763 11,368 443,686 18,626 338,197 8,013 Total reflnod lead..'............................. 679,695 471,476 476,131 462,110 Averago sales prloe per pound....................... $0,063 $0,064 $0,064 $0,064 Total calculated value of primary reOned lead i.................................................................. $71,422,000 $00,110,000 $69,490,000 $60,778,880 346,210 $0.084 $56,817,096 > Excludes value of refined lead produced from scrap at primary refineries. Refined primary lead produced in the United States, by country of origin, 1942-40. : in short tons Source Foreign ore: Total.......................................................... Foreign base balllon: Total.......................................................... 1942 467,367 19,638 6,980 14 2,403 23,127 30,323 81,485 16,902 111 216 768 17,987 99, 472 666,839 1943 1944 406,644 394,443 16,180 4,637 2,213 9,610 30,396 62,936 22,210 7,461 6,260 13,434 21,870 70,226 GO 72 132 63,068 469,612 68 37 96 70,320 464,763 1046 366,636 22,087 11,151 3,097 25, 701 24,896 86,932 63 66 118 87,060 443,686 1946 293,309 7,534 5,026 2,066 11,344 18,830 44,790 id 88 98 44,888 338,197 ANTIMONIAL LEAD Antimonial lead production at primary refineries dropped to 50,480 tons in 1946, 11 percent under the 1945 output. The dis tribution of the lead, according to source, is shown in the following table. The quantity of antimony contained in antimonial lead produced in 1946 dropped to 6.5 percent owing to a greater demand for low-percentage alloys for use in the manufacture of such items as type metal, cable covering, sheet and pipe, and collapsible tubes and foil. Although antimonial lead is an important byproduct of the refining of base bullion, the quantity derived from this source is only a small part of the annual domestic output. The major production is recovered from the smelting of antimonial lead scrap at secondary smelters. Production data from lead-smelting plants treating scrap materials exclusively are summarized in the following section and discussed in detail in the Secondary Metals--Nonferrous chapter of this volume. LEAD Antimonial lead produoed at primary lead refine Year Produc tion (short tons) Antimony content Short ' tons Percent F m 1942 ....................................... 1043............................................ 1944............................................ 1945............................................ 1946............................................ 61,762 63,616 67,902 66,496 60,480 3, 624 3,371 4,670 4,148 3,286 6.8 6.3 8.1 7.3 0.6 SECONDARY LE Some scrap lead is treated at primary the greater part is received at a large n secondary materials exclusively. Secon form of refined lead, antimonial lead, and primary and other plants in 1942-46 is s Secondary lead recovery in 1946 exceede primary lead production by 13 percent mine output of recoverable lead for the fi details appear in the Secondary Metals-- volume. : Secondary lead recovered in the United St 1942 1943 As refined metal: At primary plants................... At other plants......................... Total........................................ In antimonial lead: At primary plants................... At other plants...... .................. Total........................................ In othor alloys.................................. Orand total: Short tons........................... Value..... ..................... ....... 12,866 56,746 68,602 11,561 168,998 170, 669 83,840 323,001 $40, 698,100 ' 1,863 56,469 68,323 32,887 144,040 . ; 176,927 106,846 342,094 $43,788,000 . ' . . LEAD PIGMENT The principal lead pigments are litharg limed lead, leaded zinc oxide, and orange manufactured for the most part from met trates are converted directly to pigments of lead pigments are given in the Lead a Salts chapter of this volume. . CONSUMPTION AN A survey of 575 plants in 1946 represen of the consumers of refined lead indica 530,588 short tons of refined lead, a decre Some secondary as well as primary refin 676 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 figure. Antimonial lead, unrefined scrap lead, and lead in alloys arc excluded. Of tho total consumed, 24 percent was used for making red lead and litharge; 13 percent for cable covering; 11 percent for storage batteries; 9 percent for tetraethyl fluid; 8 percent for white lead; G percent for solder; 5 percent for pipes, traps, and bends; 5 percent for sheet lead; 3 percent for ammunition; and 16 percent for a variety of products and uses shown in the following table. A distribution of the total consumed by related uses indicates 51 percent consumed for metallic products, 32 percent for pigments, 11 percent in chemical products, and 6 percent in miscellaneous uses, such as annealing, galvanizing, lead plating, and weights and ballast. Reports to the Civilian Production Administration indicated a con sumption of 956,476 tons of primary, antimonial, and secondary lead in 1946 compared with 1,051,602 tons in 1945. Consumption of refined lead in the United States, 1942-46, by uses, in short tons 1942 1943 1044 1946 1040 Ammunition....................................................... Bearing metals................................................... Brass and bronze............................................... Cable covering.................. ................................ Calking lead........... ........................................... Casting metab................................................... Collapsible tubes............................................... Foil........................................................................ Pipe, traps, and bends..................................... Sheet lead...... ...................................................... Solder....................... -.......................................... Storage batteries................................................ Terneplate........................................................... Type metals........................................................ white lead........................................................... Red lead and litharge....................................... Tetraethyl lead.................................................. Chemicals and lnsectlcidos............................. Annealing............................................................ Galvanizing......................................................... Lead plating....................................................... Weights ana ballast.......................................... Other..................................................................... Total.......................................................... 48.026 8,460 6, 204 128,636 9,047 3,106 0,966 9,369 21,411 31,700 13,371 62.604 2,336 943 66,476 100,603 60,162 6,298 6,229 484 <W > 33, 746 607, 111 64,023 10,189 6, 748 117,802 8,018 3,072 11,426 6,816 18,724 27,738 16, 472 68,239 816 812 36,809 124,716 66,320 8,172 6,987 819 941 9,209 64,940 676,405 31,479 16,941 7,846 110,417 0,411 4,426 12, 482 11, 190 24,387 31,646 22,390 68,760 2,190 1,209 64,333 167,080 83,007 10,703 6,719 1,073 494 22,964 33,640 722,820 29,316 14,104 7.000 86.168 13,374 6,322 7,428 2, 186 24,001 30,624 27, 476 60. 179 2,178 1,401 35,011 157,171 76,800 8,607 6,625 088 1,130 0, 639 32, 206 637,490 10, 857 11,012 6, 328 60,004 8,314 3, 666 7, 180 2, 143 27,372 20, 430 32, 270 66,728 1,626 1,487 43,294 128, 613 47,005 8, 100 6,514 1,132 1,182 > 3,080 22, 497 630,688 < Included under "Other". The following table shows the calculated apparent shipments of refined primary lead to domestic consumers. The apparent shipments of 477,686 tons in 1946 are probably more nearly correct than tho actual receipts of 459,502 tons reported by consumers, because of incomplete coverage of the survey. l ead Apparent shipments,of refined primary pig lead to do , in short tons 1942 19 Supply: Stocks at primary roflnories ou Jan. 1..................... Oovernxnont-owned stocks on Jan. 11.................... Total available................................................ .......... Withdrawal: ; 1 Stocks at primary refineries on Dec. 31.................. Government-owned stocks on Dec. 31 *.................. Total withdrawn....................................................... Apparent shipments to domestic consumers................ I 12,000 17,934 606,839 366, 497 963,270 39,265 248,361 6,814 293,430 660,840 39 248 469 244 1,00 30 173 -. 13 223 777 > Estimate basod upon American Bureau of Metal Statistics data. 3 Revised figure. ; According to reports submitted to the TIn-Lead-Zino Bivision o Imtlon. 4 Includes 3,874 Ions of forolgn roflned load rooxportod In 1042, 11,26 377 tons In 1946, and 103,10ns in 1946, according to records of the U. 8. . i i. : - j - . r. ' > STOCKS . > > : i -f Producers' Stocks.--Lead stocks, as repo Bureau of Metal Statistics/ are shown in 'the of refined and antimonial lead include met refiners and by some of the refiners of secon duce soft lead, plus foreign lead smelted an States and entered for domestic consumption. reports released by the American Bureau of M refined lead and antimonial lead declined er 51,929 tons in February to a low of 31,396 ton stocks advanced steadily to a year-end total o of 11 percent from January 1. Lead stooka at end of year at smelters and refineries in , . , in short tons '' [American Bureau of Metal Statist 11 ' . 1 1942 19 Total............................................................................. Lead in baso bullion-- At smelters aud roflnories........................................... Iu transit to refineries.................................................. In procoss at roflnories................................................. Load In ore and matte and in process at smeltors___ 268,,181262 34,937 28 4 33 7,359 1,706 13,926 8 3 16 22,990 : 27 69,247 08 117,174 , 129 678 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 The Bureau of Mines annual survey of primary lead smelters and rofiners indicated stocks of 37,691 tons (lead content) of refined lead at plants on January 1, 1946, and 40,963 tons on December 31, 1946. Primary antimonial lead stocks at these same plants decreased from 6,773 short tons (lead content) at the beginning of 1946 to 5,935 tons at the end of the year. In terms of lead content, stocks of ore at the 16 operating smelters and refineries increased 23 percent from 59,095 tons to 72,400 tons during the same period. The inventory of base bullion at refineries that receive base bullion as a raw material and at smelters that produce base bullion for shipment to refineries totaled 7,125 tons at the beginning of January and 7,581 tons at the end of December 1946. Stocks of "in process" base bullion or work lead at five combination smelter-refinery plants are not included in reports to the Bureau of Mines. No direct comparison can be mado between these data and the figures of the American Bureau of Metal Statistics. Figures reported to the Bureau of Mines represent physical inventory at the plants, irrespective of ownership, and do not include material in process or in transit. Consumers'Stocks.--Approximately 575 consumer plants reported stocks of 41,914 tons of domestic and foreign refined lead on hand December 31, 1946, a 59-percent decrease from the 102,937-ton in ventory (revised figure) reported at the end of 1945. Consumers' stocks of refined soft lead at the end of 1946 and 1946, by grades, . in short tons Domestic and foreign Corrod Chemi ing cal Com mon Other Total Foreign (all grades) Dec. 31, 1845 l.................................................... 33,428 Dec. 31, 1946....................................................... 10, 693 22,040 9,860 46,277 18,777 1,192 102, 037 2,088 41,914 4,264 2,086 i Revised figures. Government Stocks.--Industry-owned stocks were augmented by a supply of Government-owned lead stored at strategic points through out tho United States for allocation to consumers as needed. Accord ing to reports submitted to the Civilian Production Administration, Government stocks of refined lead (all corroding grade) were 45,493 short tons on December 31, 1946, compared with 68,700 tons of efined lead on January 1, 1946. Of the 45,493 ton inventory at the ud of 1946, about 8,400 tons were stored outside the continental Inited States and approximately 16,000 tons were enroute by boat > east coast ports. ' PRICES Tho two major markets for lead in the United States are New York md St. Louis; much of the lead produced domestically is sold at prices normally based upon quotations in these markets. Since suspension >f trading on the London Metal Exchange in September 1939, the Lonlon market has had no direct influence on New York quotations, and be differential between St. Louis and New York prices has remained it 0.15 cent a pound, an amount approximating the freight charges j o tween tho two points. LEAD Announcement by the Office of Price Adm of a higher ceiling price for lead, effective J established 6.50-cents-a-pound base price o cents. This new price level, although welc industry, was considered by industry spo below that necessary to effect a prompt re shortage. A bill to extend the OPA in mo the President on June 29, and on July 2 the 9.50 cents per pound, New York. With re legislative action on July 25, the former c was restored and prevailed until Novembe the Price Administrator's decontrol order, w of coiling prices from all metals. Tho lea limitations and stimulated by brisk consu the inadequate supply, responded swiftly to ber 11 lead was quoted at 10.50 cents, New Y of lead import restrictions by tbe Civilian P on November 18, the price advanced to 11.8 raised tbe market price to the prevailing and duty charges.^ On December 16 dom the price to 12.55 cents, New York, tbe high previous record high, which prevailed for a was 12.25 cents, New York. The general policy of the Quota Com Premium Price Plan for overquota mine pr (copper and zinc were also included) pre collapsed with the expiration of OPA and Upon reestablishment of the OPA in late J for retroactive premium payments to cover was in effect. The Premium Price Plan wa 1947, under the same terms as in the past in the subsidy section of the bill extending that "adjustments shall be made to en development work and adequate allowan depletion." Tho bill further provided tha were noncancelablo unless necessary in o adjustments of income to specific mines. W metal price ceilings on November 9, subs aided by the Premium Price Plan were monthly market quotations as a base. A data showing production of lead under t 1943-46, at the various quota levels and the in the accompanying table. The official London maximum price of 3 for Empire and foreign soft lead, fixed by Supply June 11, 1945, was advanced to 39 sequent price advances during the year occ when quotations rose to 45 and 55, respec remained unchanged the balance of the ye per long ton beginning January 1, 1947. Q Metal Exchange, discontinued at the outbrea 1939, were not resumed during 1946. : Salient statistics on lead with regard to the operation of the Premium Price Plan, 1943-461 ------------------------------- ---------------- 1943 1944 1945 1946 OJ o Tri State district United States exclusive of Tri State United States total Tri State district United 8tates exclusive of Tri State- United States total Tri State district United States exclusive of Tri State United 8tates total Tri State district United States exclusive of Tri State United States total Total production of recoverable lead *...short tons.. Ceiling production at 6.50 cents a pound..........do___ Percent of ceiling production to total production percent.. 34,830 1,863 5.35 409,170 294,001 71.85 444,000 295,864 66.64 28,956 3,138 10.84 381,060 200,619 52.65 410,016 203,757 49.66 23,097 1,164 6.04 367,734 146,791 39.92 390,831 147,955 37.86 23,887 2,000 8.37 308,500 69,327 . 22.47 332,477 71,327 2L45 Production ander Premium Price Plan: "A" quota only (9.25 cents a pound) short tons.. "B" quota (12.00 ceots a pound)................. do___ 26.259 6,514 83,023 109,282 32,146 38,660 19,494 142,925 162, 419 6,633 37,516 43,149 13,009 8,159 155,566 65,377 168,575 73,536 '4,004 *14,203 *3,680 <81,330 *85,334 * 133,076 * 147,279 <24,857 <28,537 Total premium production....................... do___ 32,773 115,169 147,942 194 194 25,127 180,441 205,568 691 691 21,168 220,943 242,111 765 765 21,887 239,263 261, 150 ................. Total overceUing production.....................do.>... 32,967 115,169 148,136 25,818 180,441 206, 259 21,933 220,943 242,876 21,887 239,263 281,150' Percentage of overceiling production to total: Production under Premium Price Plan: "A" quota only...................................... percent.. "B" quota (also received "A")................do_ 75. 39 18.70 20.29 7.86 2161 8.71 67.32 19.45 37.51 9.84 39. 61 10.53 56.32 35.33 42.30 17.78 43.13 *16.76 18.82 <59.46 . *15.41 *26.36 *43.12 <8.05 * 25.67 *44.30 <8.58 Total premium production....................do_ Metals Reserve mine contracts....................... do_ 94.09 .56 28.15 33.32 .04 86.77 2.39 47.35 50.14 .17 91.65 3.31 60.08 61.95 .19 9L63 77.53 78.55 Total overceiling production........................ do_ 9165 28.15 33.36 89.16 .47,35 . 50.31 9196 60.08 62.14 ' 91.63 77.53 78 55 Payments under Premium Price Plan:5 "A" premium..............................................doUars.. 1,802,497 6,334,273 8,136,770 1,381,983 9.924,261 11. 306, 244 1,164, 240 12,151,860 13,316,100 *726,713 < 7, 536, 723 *8,263*436 UB" premium...................................................... do_ 358, 279 1,768,050 2,126,329 309,813 2,063,364 2,373,177 448,722 3,595,711 4,044,433 *1,171,068 *5, 984,005 *7,155,073 *255,818 *1,176,462 <1,432.280 Total premium production.................. i.do____ 2,160, 776 3,102, 323 10, 263, 099 1,691,796*11, 987,625 13,679, 421 1,612,962 15, 747,571 17,360,533 2,153,599!14,697,190 16,850,789 g < ft S 03 b 2CD oO - OJ mM* Metals Reserve mine contractsi................... 16,127 16,127 66,394 66,394 68,934 68.934 Total overceiling payments................. ...do___ 2,176,903 8,102, 323 10,279,226 1,758,190 11,987,625 13, 745,815 1,681, 896 15,747,571 17,429,467 2,153,599 14,697,190 16,850,789 Average prices per pound of lead:8 Average premium production................ Metals Reserve mine contracts.............. ...do___ ...do___ Total production........................................ 9.797 10.651 9.802 9.625 10.018 10.018 7.490 9.969 10.651 9.970 7.658 9.866 11.307 9.905 9.536 9.822 9.822 8.073 9.827 9.832 8.176 10.310 11.005 10.334 10.141 10.064 10.064 8.641 10.085 11.005 10.088 8. 730 13.320 13.320 12.908 11.471 11. 471 IU. '/Si 11.626 11.626 10.934 i From published and unpublished reports of the Office of Price Administration and the Office of Premium Price Plan for Copper, Lead, Zinc and Manganese. * Production of Tri-State lead from Office of Metals Reserve, Joplin, Mo.; all other from Bureau of Mines monthly reports. These data are preliminary and do no exactly equal ,, final annual totals for the United States eicept for 1945. , , ,, . . , _. ,, - * January-October. "A" and "B" quotas and premium payments for November and December are not separable by kinds and are shown with data footnoted 4. 4 Total "A" and "B,r quotas and premium payments for November and December; separation by kinds not available. . 1 Data on premium payments and Metals Reserve mine-contract payments from Office of Metals Reserve. Ail payments shown are subject to correction dne to additions payments as a result of retroactive quota adjustments, l&te reports by smelters and custom, mills, etc. - -. - -- < All average prices shown Include OPA ceiling price. ' t*4 >d o> 682 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 Average monthly and yearly quoted prices of lead at St. Louis, New York, and London, 1944-46, in cents per pound 1 1944 1946 1046 St. New Lon St. New Lon St. New Lon Louis York don ' Louis York don * Louis York don * January.................. .................................. February................................................... March........................................................ APrU........................................................... May............................................................ June............................................................ July............................................................ August....................................................... September................................................. October...................................................... November................................................. December.................................................. Avorago.......................................... 6.35 6.36 6.35 6.36 6.35 0. 35 6. 35 6.35 6.35 6.35 6.36 6.35 0.35 6.60 6.50 6.50 0.50 6.50 6.60 6.50 6.50 6.60 6.60 6.50 6.50 0.60 4.49 4. 49 4.49 4.49 4.49 4.49 4. 40 4.40 4. 49 4.49 4.49 4.40 4.40 6.35 6.36 6. 35 6.35 0.36 6.36 0. 35 6.35 0. 36 0.36 0. 35 6.35 0.35 6.50 6.60 6.50 6.50 0.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 0.50 6.60 0.60 6.60 6.50 4.40 4.49 4.40 4.49 4. 40 6.13 5.39 6.30 6.30 6.30 6.30 5.30 109 0. 35 6.35 6. 35 . 35 6.36 8.03 0.10 8.10 8.10 8.10 10.29 12.02 7.0C 6.60 6. 60 6.50 6.50 6.50 8.18 0. 26 8.25 8.26 6.25 10.44 12.19 8.11 6.28 7.01 7.01 7.84 8.09 8.09 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 9.88 8.63 St. Louis: Metal Statistics, 1047, p. 601. Now York: Metal Statistics, 1047, p. 406. London: J!*MJ Metal and Mlnoral Markets. > Avorago prlco of foreign lead, converted to cents por pound with tlm pound sterling at $4.0214 OlDclal raailmum price raised on Juno 11, 1046; Jen. 16, 1040; April 8, 1040; and July 1, 1040. FOREIGN TRADEs Imports.--During 1946 imports of load dropped to the lowest level since 1939 and were 68 percent below the record total of 1942. As in previous years, the greater part of the lead imported was in the form of pigs and bars, 48 percent of which came from Mexico and virtually all the remainder from Canada, Peru, Japan, and Australia. Keceipts of lead in ore and matte, which constituted 28 percent of the total imports, were 37 percent under 1945, due largely to a sharp decline in imports from Australia, Peru, and Canada, which more than offset a moderate increase from Newfoundland. Imports of lead in ore and matte were principally from Newfoundland, Australia, Peru, Canada, and Bolivia, which together supplied 89 percent of these receipts. Imports of lead in base bullion--all from Peru--increased to 125 tons. Five countries supplied 88 porcont of the total lead in all forms imported in 1946: Mexico 34 percent, Canada 18, Peru 13, Newfoundland 12, and Australia 11, compared with 54, 10, 16, 5, and 11 percent, respec tively, for a total of 96 percent in 1945. * l'^ros on Sports anti oxports compiled by M. B. Price, of the Bureau of Mines, from records of tho U. 8. Department of Commerce. LEAD Total lead imported into the United States In ore, matte, bas and reclaimed, 1942-46, by countries, in shor Country 1942 1043 1 Australia............................................... .......................... Chile ............................................................................ Other countrios........................................................ .. Total............................................................................. Baso bullion: 3,879 4, 582 20,997 1,382 7, 487 3,166 2.368 23,961 11,108 392 70,302 42,900 ' 60 16 16,438 10,743 6, 034 6, 828 2,031 13,473 3,426 172 60,946 3,846 639 94 2 3 1 0 Total.............................................................................. 43,865 4,683 83,362 8,094 00,210 . 16 102,044 214,806 21,801 20,168 16 6 Total............................................................................. 306,407 Reclaimed, sorap, etc.: Canada..................................................................... ....... 1,396 1,292 6 67 7 Total............................................................................. 2, 767 Grand total...................................................... ______ 402,471 244,033 348 128 1 477 319,038 22 31 i Data Include lead Imported/or immediate consumption plus material enterin Lead imported for consumption in the United States, 19 Year Lead In ores, Quo dust, and mattes, n. 9. p. f. Lead in base bullion Short. tons Value Short tons Value Pigs and bars Short tons Value Sheets, and s Short tons 1942.......... 1943.......... 1044.......... 1046.......... 1046........ 87.377 $6,715,251 83,163 6,690,218 100,846 6,766,260 71,046 5,758,696 28.377 3,066,111 48,689 $4,286,426 387,693 $32,328,330 4,611 667,646 244,033 20,903,382 73 7,046 223,379 22,793,430 20 2,242 227,311 25,280,638 20 2,302 100,820 14,205,992 20 25 40 14 24 < In addition to Quantities shown (values fnoluded In total values), "reclaim follows--1042:1,306 tons, $137,393; 1943: 496 tons, $56,168; 1944: 3,316 tons, $298, 1946: 2,481 tons, $194,913. Figures for 1942-46 include foreign lead received by In stock plies. 684 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 Miscellaneous products, containing, lead, imported for consumption in the United States, 1942-46 Year Babbitt metel, solder, white metal, and other combinations containing Jead Type motal and antiuionial lead Gross weight (short tons) Lead content (short tons) Value Gross Wolght (short tons) Load content (short tons) Value 1942................................................ 1943................................................ 1944........... j................................... 1946................................................ 1946................................................ 971 236 50 143 157 274 $60,096 69 330,824 43 15,368 73 101,132 72 211,122 246 3, 703 7,562 26,085 1,740 210 3,422 7,174 24,700 1,494 $19,631 447,019 954, 255 3, 238,002 220,045 Exports.--Total oxports of pig lead in 1946 droppod to 42 percent of the 1945 total. Export restrictions imposed under the Export Control Act of 1940 remained in force throughout the year. Lead exported from the United States, 1942-46 Year Pigs and bars Short tons Value Foreign lead oxported in manufac tures with benefit of draw-back (short tOD8) Year Pigs ond bars Short tons Value Foreign lead ex ported In manufac tures with benofit of draw-back (short tous) 1942........................... $285,364 1943........................... 2,003 244, 433 1944........................... 15,523 2,073, 145 26,258 16,491 20,237 1945.. ... 1948........................... 1,407 $202,764 697 106,467 o <0 1 Data not available. Pig lead exported from the United States, 1942-46, by destinations, in short tons Destination 1942 1943 1944 1945 1940 Countrios: Brazil................................................................ Canada.......................................................................... Chile.............................................................. China........................ . Colombia...................... ................... Cuba............................ ................. Curacao (N. W. I.).................................... . Czechoslovakia......................................... Mexico............................ Panama. Republic of.................................. Philippines, 'Republic of............................................. Portugal.......................................................................... Sweden........................................................... .. U. 6. S. R.................................................... United Kingdom.......................................................... Uruguay....................................................................... Venezuela................................................................ Other coun trios............................................................. Total i....................................................... Continents: North Amorica........................................................... South America........................................... Europe............................................................................. Asia................................................................ Africa and Oooauia...................................... 6i 2 18 6 4 15 7 16 224 6 1,370 20 194 1,940 135 100 1,609 4 2 779 0 7 51 20 9 6 8 1*4 1,017 8 70 2,003 450 6 23 34 18 9 8 18 642 14,3M 17 77 16,623 60 883 1,031 6 3 80 641 14,867 30 5 40G 8 216 25 166 14 32 23 267 06 *> 76 128 1,407 273 761 323 44 6 281 40 2 68 16 34 44 697 170 381 11 35 c) 1 Id addition 3,874 tons of foreign lead were reexported in 1042,11,268 tons in 1043, lees tlmn 1 ton in 1044. 377 too. Id 1045, and 103 too. Jn 1040. * Lett than 1 ton. LEAD WORLD REVIEW ' Foreign production of lead was a subject of during 1946 in the light of the world-wide sho Data on lead output for 1946 outside the Unite tary. It is believed, however, that production labor strikes, manpower shortages, and lack output for 1946 to approximately 1,166,000 me World production of lead, 1939-46, in m /Compiled by B. B. Mitchell] Country 1939 1940 1941 1942 Argentina................................... 13,978 12,664 18,021 20,700 2 238,298 256,129 239,052 255,409 19 10,187 8,202 8,879 8,787 1 Bolgium..................................... 96,190 30,800 6,880 16,240 78,822 80,709 74,456 17,130 172,680 199,662 200,802 220,722 20 Czechoslovakia......................... 407 *5,000 42,381 (1*),210 25,677 (1).406 23, 220 o1i,100 12, 462 ( 1 Germany *................................. Qroeoo......................................... Guatemala................................. Hungary *.................................. Indochina, French................... 176,500 167,100 (i4,925 16 1,260 90 ... 110 68 163,000 800 65 4,640 3 140,100 2,300 ! 110 4,8102 16 Italy........................................... 88,818 30,909 Japan 1........................................ 18,261 27,748 Korea (Chosen).................. . > 7,967 7;630 36,993 30,585 10,000 28,771 M 26,919 3 11,900 1 Mexico........................ *.......... 213,676 191.980 .161,107 192,080 21 Northern Rhodesia...... .......... 163 293 378 1,118 Norway...................................... . 821 Peru............................................. 24,310 Poland........ _..........................-V *25,000 Rumania.................................... 5,664 'Spain..................................... 4,283 25,991 123 . -39 31,131 32,871 '*23,000 ' * 25,000 . 49 . 258 690 45,991 46,865 3(*7S,015 4 154 f () 11,140 3 , 230 . Tunisia....................................... Union of South Africa............ U. S.8. R.................................. United Kingdom..................... United States (refined)'......... Yugoslavia................................. r 22,*930 11 74,800 16,886 404,257 10,662 2<6JS,620 *75,000 13,613 468,675 32,949 (i16,679 1 8.210 1 ' {*) *90,000 MOO, 000 * 12 (*5 /42 8,097 5,483 ' 494,126 497,908 ( ) Total ........................... 1,706,000 1,722,000 1,708,000 1,57 1 By countrios where Bmeltod but not necessarily refined; Data deri Book of the Leogue of Nations and from the American Bureau of Meta] * Approximate production. a. 1 * Data Dot yet available; estimate by author of chapter Included In tot * Exclusive of secondary material. Beginning In October. 1939 Inc MotalJgesellscbaft, Frankfort bn Main. ` '. * IncfudoB Northern Territories and Sub-Carpathia; In addition be Hungary and Transylvania; wjd beginning In 1942 includes Southern Te * January to June, inclusive. ; >' !` ' ' 1 Preliminary dota. .| . , i-; * Figures cover lead refined from domestio and foreign ores; refined lead notincludod. `` .. `Estimated by author of chapter. ' 'J i. , . . # t' Argentina.--kead production in Argentina, consideiable importance, as it supplies domes substantial surplus of lead concentrates for. ex spaelting, facilities, jn Argentina, several thous^ lead.ores are imported, pach year from Bolivia./; Co. smelter, at Puerto Vilelas, Bolivian ore, i^ concentrates from tfie Aghilar, district,, Provinpe pania Minera Aguilar, S. A., subsidiary of the 686 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 supplied virtually all the Argentine mine output of lead in 1946 from its property at Tres Cruces in the Aguilar district.' The mine oper ated at approximately 60 percent capacity during most of the year owing to a persistent shortage of railroad rolling stock, which prevented adequate shipments of fuel oil, mine timber, and miscellaneous sup plies to the mine and the movement of concentrates therefrom. The production of lead concentrates at the Aguilar mine in 1946 was 22,031 metric tons compared with 22,022 tons in 1945. Australia.--During 1946 the Zinc Corp., Ltd., treatod 448,037 tons of ore, from which 79,313 tons of lead concentrates were recovered, compared with 425,542 tons and 81,490 tons, respectively, in 1945. At the New Broken Hill Consolidated property, adjoining the Zinc Corp. on the south and managed by that company, ore output was increased from 3,468 tons in 1945 to 41,723 tons in 1946. Lead concentrate production increased tenfold to 3,851 tons. The Lake George Mining Corp., Ltd., at Captain's Flat, Now South Wales, produced 135,244 tons of ore in 1946, from which 12,599 tons oi lead concentrates were recovered. Ore reserves at the year's end were estimated at 1,382,753 tons assaying 1.1 dwt. gold and 1.44 ounces of silver per ton, 7.24 percent lead, 12.35 percent zinc, and 0.68 percent copper. A shortage of skilled labor and lagging development work were named by the Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Australasia as the principal factors limiting mine output in the year ended June 30, 1946. Mine production totaled 118,343 tons assaying 1.96 dwt. gold and 6.89 ounces of silver per ton, 18.92 percent zinc, 5.64 percent lead, and 0.53 percent copper, from which about 7,400 tons of lead concentrates containing 59 percent lead were recovered. Austria.--Lead-zinc ore averaging 11 percent lead and 5 percent zinc was produced at the Bleiberg mine, 30 miles west of Klagenfurt in Carinthia. No ore was produced in 1945 following the German surrender in May, but 34,000 metric tons were mined in 1946. The production of lead and zinc concentrates was estimated at 1,400 and 1,500 tons, respectively. Refined lead is produced at Bleiberg in quantities sufficient to meet normal domestic requirements. Bolivia.--Exports of lead concentrates totaled 9,297 short tons in 1946, a decline of 11 percent from the quantity shipped in 1945. Burma.--No production was recorded from the Bawdwin mine of the Burma Corp., Ltd., in 1946. The company proceeded with salvage operations and rehabilitation of installations destroyed during the Japanese occupation. The mill at Namtu was completely wrecked by the Japanese; but the smelter, also at Namtu, was only slightly damaged. The hydroelectric plant at Mansam Falls, about 25 miles from Namtu, one of four originally operated by the company, was restored to provide power for unwatering operations at the mine. Officials of tho Burma Corp., Ltd., indicated lato in 1946 that the possibility of full-scale production at the Bawdwin mine before mid-1949 appeared unlikely. Factors delaying the resumption of mining and smelting operations were tho uncertain political situa tion in Burma; tho limited ore reserves remaining at tho property; current high cost of operations; and tho major construction necessary to restore railway communications with Rangoon. LEAD Canada.--Although lead production increased 1946, the level of output remained considerab peak in 1942. At Trail, British Columbia, the Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co., which op dian load smelter and electrolytic lead refinery principal source of Canadian lead production. R at the Trail smelter increased to 165,744 tons 1945. Ore reserves at tho end of the year sho about 3 million tons, 25 percent of which was ne der from recalculations of existing reserves mad of new geological studies. The company report 1946 were greater than in April 1940, when pos reserves were estimated to be sufficient for operation at the then existing rate of extraction struction was begun on a new underground c near the center of the mine, a 4-mile Laulagewa (which will be used to return waste rock forback to the mill for preliminary treatment of the method. Completion of these projects, which about $3,000,000, is anticipated by the summer Other producing mines in British Columbia, a during a portion of the year by labor strikes, incl Mining Corp., Ltd,, which shipped lead and z the Monarch and Kicking Horse mines at Field Ltd.; and the Zincton Mines, Ltd. The New Calumet Mines, Ltd., at Calumet Is 1946, milled 208,860 tons of ore, from which 3, recovered. All the lead concentrates produced sold to Belgian smelters. Ore reserves on Sept estimated at 944,964 tons, assaying 5.46 ounces of gold per ton, 2.7 percent lead, and 9.2 percen France.--Although French lead output in 1946 of that in prewar 1938, production was far sho quirements. The lack of coal and--to a lesse manpower continued to limit output. Hungary.--Lead production in Hungary dro level as a result of a treaty signed in 1946 that r to Rumania. The increased output of lead in 1 for by the annexation of Transylvania August 3 Italy.--Zinc-lead mines in Italy in 1946, pro tons of ore, from which 22,315 tons of lead con an average of 62 percent lead, were made. Pro however, owing to inability of smelters to obt treat all ore produced. Japan.--Since 1925 the Japanese lead industry percent of the domestic lead requirements, and c to rely heavily on imports of lead concentrates a the latter part of 1931 until the middle of 1945 ment concentrated every effort on becoming se supplies. Despite the-urgency for expanded min 1941, wbon virtually all sources of imports were mines wore unable to produco more than 20 pe 688 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 6 requirements. Partly refined lead from Korea and Manchuria filled another 20 percent of the needs, and the remainder was met by heavy withdrawals from stocks accumulated since 1934.: Proved and prob able ore reserves at the seven major zinc-lead producing mines, plus those of five other mines whose reserves are relatively large, total 18,660,000 metric tons averaging 1.4 percent lead and 6.5 percent zinc. Salient statistics of the lead industry in Japan, 1940-46, in metrio tons 1 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1946 Mine production of recoverable lead......................... Smelter production of refined lead............................. Import*: Crude lead and concentrates................................ Refilled lead.............................................................. Apparent domestlo consumption................................ 16,640 27,748 10, 603 02,001 1,294 118,545 10, 400 18,334 20,058 10, 100 30,585 26,019 32,511 38,048 14,182 7,031 10,831 21,092 78,632 950 4,303 2, 680 100,117 27,8G0 30,004 40,034 4,660 12,568 4,420 182 12, 750 > Natural Resources Section Report 65, Zinc-Lead Resources of Japan. General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for tbe Allied Powors, Tokyo, 1047. Mexico.--Labor strikes, poor railroad facilities, and high taxes were the principal factors limiting Mexican lead output in 1946. On December 31, 1945, a general strike of Mexican mine and smelter labor, originally scheduled for December 17, shut off lead output until the end of February 1946, when new wage scales were established and the workers returned to their jobs. During the year an increasing proportion of Mexican lead produc tion was shipped to destinations other than the United States. Be cause of the disruption of European markets during the war, large tonnages of Mexican production were exported to the United States. With the end of hostilities, however, European buyers wero again bidding for Mexican lead at prices which, during most of 194G, wore considerably higher than the ceiling price in the United States. Data on Mexican foreign lead trade for the first half of 1946 indicate that over 90 percent of the domestic production was exported, approxi mately 17 percent going to Europe, 5 percent to Brazil, and 78 percent to the United States. Production at tbe Minas de Guerrero lead-zinc property in the Taxco Mining district owned and operated by Minas cle Guerrero, S. A., a subsidiary of the Eagle-Picher Co., was virtually halted at the end of the year owing to depletion of ore reserves and shortage of labor. Th e company plans to dismantle the 800-ton selective flotation mill-- erected in 1943--and move it together with all mining equipment to tbe Esmeralda mine in the Parrai district, State of Chihuahua. Exploration by the American Smelting & Refining Co. at the San Antonio mine in the Taxco district during mid-1946 reportedly dis closed a substantial tonnage of silver-leaa-zinc ore. If certain con tiguous claims can be acquired, the company will dismantle its flotation mill at Podregal and rebuild it into a larger plant at San Antonio. Newfoundland.--In Newfoundland about 384,000 short tons of ore were mined and milled during 1946, providing 39,727 tons of lead concentrates containing approximately 22,670 tons of lead. LEAD Peru.--A continued shortago of labor and mine were largely responsible for the declin duction from 53,664 metric tons in 1945 to a The 800-ton-por-day flotation plant of the Corp. troatod copper ores exclusively unt approximately equal tonnages of copper milled. Part of the lead concentrates prod part was smelted at Oroyo. The Compania Minero de Sayapullo, fina capital, reopened the old mines at Sayapu Cajamarca. Exploration disclosed a subs zinc-silver-cadmium ore sufficiently large to 100-ton-a-day flotation mill, which was put of 1946. The Banco Minero de Peru constructed plant at Huachacolpa in the Department o to treat on a custom basis lead-zinc ores from in tho district. Exploration by the Picasso Bros, at tbe property in the Castrovirreyna district of t cavelica developed enough ore (including old struction of a 150-ton-a-day flotation mill. Spain.--The mine production of lead co 1939 through 1946, in metric tons was as fol 1930 1040 1941 1 Load concontrates.................................. 31,700 57,800 46,300 45 Lood content............................................ 23,300 42,400 33, 700 32, United Kingdom.*--Consumption of pig le United Kingdom totaled 193,506 long tons 223,591 tons in 1945. Over-all consump recovered from scrap, was 317,195 tons (2 which 27 percent was used in cable covering pipe; 16 percent in batteries; 16 percent i excluding battery oxide; and 15 percent for Stocks of refined lead in the United Kin 1946, totaled 24,300 long tons. Governm (excluding quantities at port or in transit) w U. S. S. R.--Virtually no official productio able on the Russian lead industry during t data, however, presented in the announce new 5-year plan indicated that lead outp recent years. Most of the lead smelted in duced in Kazakhstan. . 1 Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts By HELENA M. MEYER AND ALETHEA W. MITCHELL GENERAL SUMMARY HE lead and zinc pigments industry had to contend in 1946 with Ta continuation of the unbalanced supply-demand relationship that prevailed in 1945 and several earlier years, despito the fact that 1940 was a full peacetime year. Demand for pigmonts as a whole was at near record levels; but shortages of essential crude materials, again notably lead and linseed oil, made it impossible for producers to fill a large segment of requirements. Labor strikes prevented the dis parity from being even greater than it was. Strikes in chief pigment consuming industries, such as the automobile industry, reduced potential demand by such industries, and steel and coal strikes inter fered with construction and other activity that would have increased pigments requirements materially. Presumably the prospective de mand cut off by strikes in 1946 was merely deferred, so that total pig ment needs appear headed for new records in the near future. Various pigments probably will share unequally in supplying the demand, however. White lead production gains, for example, depend chiefly on improvement in over-all supplies of pig lead, whereas the present capacity output of titanium pigments will rise with the completion of plant expansion now in progress. The stringent pigment-supply situation, accompanied by the re moval of price controls in November, led to the highest prices in many vears for pigments covered by this report--for lead pigments the highest prices ever recorded. Shipments of the pigments and chemicals covered by this report were generally at higher levels in 1946 than in 1945. Noteworthy exceptions were litharge and.red lead, which had fared better than other lead pigmonts in restriction orders of the recont past. As pointed out in the report of this series for 1945, whito lead carbonate and sulfate boro the brunt of lead curtailment in that year. The fact that white lead (basic carbonato and basic sulfate) had larger per centage gains in 1946 than other pigments covered by this report, therefore, is not particularly significant, except as a reflection of partial relief from restriction. In 1945 shipments of white lead in oil, for example, were the smallest since considerably before the beginning of the present century, and shipments of basic sulfate were smaller than at any time since before the first figures were published in 1902. 690 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND Despite Government controls on the consu to production through Government assistance and supplies to producers, continued release from Government inventories, and the con miums for overquota production, as well as s plan, the lead shortage became more severe This was duo chiefly to mine and smelter strik year, to labor shortages throughout the y development work for several years. Recei lead from abroad also dropped sharply in 19 the other hand, were abundant as compar domestic production was less affected by strik and refined zinc compared much more favora Producers of pigmonts, however, were not metal when needed. ' Shipments of the competitive titanium-pig a new high record again in 1946 but were inade Plant capacity, in process of expansion, is th nection with this product. Salient statistics of the lead and zinc pigments ind 1841-46 1941 1042 1043 Production (sales)1 of princi pal pigmonts: white lead (dry and in oil).................. short tons.. Litharge.................. -..do___ Red lead....................... do___ Zinc oxido.....................do__ Leaded zinc ozlde_.do___ Lithopone..................... do__ 113, 000 122,280 63, 838 148.833 68,920 176,642 83,039 70,167 91,613 113,091. 48,369 63,378 99,677 143,402 48,128 . 43,828 137, 320 135, 723 Value of products: All lead pigments................. $46,672,000 $39,393,000 $41,897,000 All zino pigmonts.................. 39,210,000 30,786,000 36,260,000 Total......................... .......... .86, 782, 000 70, 179^ 000 78, 157,000 Value per ton received by pro ducers: $147 134' 161 126 118 ' 71 $160 160 171 138 129 79 $103 162 171 137 132 79 Foreign trade: Load pigmonts:-. Value of Imports............ Zinc pigments: Value of oxports............. $1,228,000 12,000 3, 625,000 22,000 $967,000 $1,439,000 4.000 3,000 2,741,000 2,737,000 8.000 ` 5,000 Export balance.......... 4,719,000 3,686,000 4,108,000 1 Reported as abipments in 1946and 1048. 1 Data for basic lead sulfate In 1949 Included under white lead; Bure separately. * Loss than $600. . ; Chief among the outlets for pigments are storage battery, and rubber industries. Sale lacquer materials (figures for which are compi 692 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 ment of Commerce) established a new high record in 1946 for the fourth successive year, being valued slightly below $800,000,000. The withdrawal of price controls in November and the consequent price advances in pigments and linseed oil to considerably higher levels by the end of December contributed to tho record value of paint sales in 1946, although the total would have been much greater except for shortages, already mentioned, of essential raw materials. Auto mobile sales (passenger vehicles and trucks) in 1946 wore 326 percent above the subnormal total for 1945 but 36 percent below 1941. Labor strikes in the steel industry and in tho automobilo industry itself were principal impediments to larger production in 1946. In January 1947 a General Motors executive stated 1 that output of cars and trucks may not reach 5,000,000 in 1947 (3,000,000 in 1946). The distribution of lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts in 1946 presented a number of notable features. Ceramics, which take a relatively small share of the total pigments consumed, increased most in 1946, after making one of the poorest showings during war years. Litharge is shipped to ceramics makers in larger quantities than other pigments covered by this report; in 1946 shipments rose 14 percent and were the largest since 1941. The use of red lead in ceramics virtually doubled in 1946 and also was the highest since 1941. Zinc oxide shipments to ceramics makers established a new high record in 1946, advancing 78 percent above 1945. Zinc oxide's excellent per formance in 1946, when total shipments had been exceeded only twice before (1928 and 1929), was due chiefly to the sharp advance in the quantities taken by the rubber industry. The availability and use of larger quantities of natural rubber were important factors in this movement. Zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, and lithopone sales to paint makers were notably above other recent years; leaded zinc oxide sales for paints were the second highest on record, of zinc oxide the greatest since 1930, and of lithopone the largest since 1941. The use of these pigments in paints has been stimulated by lead-pigment shortages, as previously indicated. Sales of white lead, carbonate, and sulfate for paints, whereas larger than in 1945, were not at a high rato in rela tion to earlier years. Storago-battory manufacture probably main tained the highest pigment-consumption rato of all uses during the war, but shipments oflead oxides, litharge, and red lead for this pur pose declined in 1946. More zinc sulfate was used for agricultural purposes and by manufacturers of rayon in 1946 than ever before, accounting for the record shipments of that compound. Government Controls.--In mid-December 1945 lead chemicals were incorporated under War Production Board lead order M-38. A new Civilian Production Administration lead chemicals order, L-354, estab lished in April 1946, restricted consumers of lead for the pigments covered by this report (except that part of litharge and red lead used for battery manufacture, lead arsenate, and lead arsenite) to 38K per cent of the aggregate quantity each had put into process during the first 6 months of 1944, or 5,000 pounds, whichever was greater. Insec ticides were restricted to 45 percent of the base period. Inventories were subject to the provisions of Priorities Regulation 32. Tho con tinuing acute lead-supply situation led to tho establishment of com * Quoted la American Metal Market, vol. 54, No. 11, Jonuary 16,1947, p. 1. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND pleto allocation control, under lead order M July, over battery oxides (including litharg and basic lead sulfate) for use in the manufa A revision in the chemicals order, July 11, 1 ments for the production of lead chrome pig of the fact that production in the base perio provisions for chrome rather than lead. A f percent was made in the Octobor 8 revisio quantity to bo used for insecticides for th December 31, except by special permission o Administration. Under pressure on all side the Government removed those on the use o 27, 1946. Inventory restrictions, however, Zinc-consumption controls had been remo Office of Price Administration ceiling price with a high lead content were increased effec ing a rise in the ceiling price for lead--the since establishment of the General Maximum During the almost month-long interim in July, producers raised prices for zinc oxide (l porarily. Ceiling price advances on zinc o pound were granted by OPA on October 1 increase since 1942. ' All price controls on this report were removed by order of the Pric November 10, and prices were at their high Outlook.--Havey 2 discussed the outlook f findings apply in large part also the lead gro * ** * However, regardless of what the future lines of consumer products, the soundness of the zin essential character of tho industries in which zinc pig rubber, paint, linoleum, glass, ceramics, pottery, o Commenting on potentialities for the pa consumer of the products covered by this're * * * The paint industry has potential cap moro paint than was made during the war yonrs. handicap them ill reaching their announced goal o is the lack of raw materials, the: principal ones be leaded), white lead (both carbonate and sulfate), zi lithopone), titanium dioxide and linseed oil. The far below present demand * * '* , European Drying-Oil Problems.--Europea varnish, and lacquer, like those in the Unite degree, suffered seriously from shortages o Eleven novel developments in the German p industry were described * recently. The rep tion and operation of .the German paint, ind terials available to the Germans and contain ulas for general types of coatings. The con American products in'general, were superio working qualities, appearance, and durabili * riAvoy, M. L., Markot Outlook for Zino Pigments: Addrosa p Inst., Inc., Apr. 28, 1947, reprinted In the Am. Mot. Marknt, vol. 6 1 Omce of Military Government for Germany (U8), Paint, Lacq Flat Final Report 681,1946,66 pp. 694 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 nevertheless, produced satisfactory paints, varnishes, and lacquers, despite wartime shortages in oils, natural resins, and certain pigments. In doing so they deviated considerably from American practices. Great attention was given to the question of making paints and enamels without, or with minimum quantities of drying oils by a paint making concern with factories in Belgium and France.1 Residual gums obtained from the distillation of crude benzol and of light tar oils were tried. Three types of tar-oil distillation residues are resinol, resigum, and resilin. The article claimed that pain ts can be made with resigum without the addition of any natural drying oil but stated that such paints do not give as good a finish as normal paints. The serious effect of shortages of crude materials, linseed oil in particular, on Biitish exports of paints was pointed out in a recent report.8 The report stated that the prewar value of Britain's export trade in paints, varnishes, and related products was about 4,000,000 a year. "Present" raw material restrictions were likely to cause a drop to 500,000 or less for 1946. Devices practiced by the French paint industry during enemy occupation were outlined 8 in 1946. PRODUCTION Figures on sales have been used in this series of reports for many years as a better guide to activity in the pigments industry than pro duction. Data on lead and zinc pigments produced from ores now are compiled by the Bureau of Mines on questionnaires for lead and zinc. Because lead and zinc schedules ask for shipments rather than sales, for uniformity the pigments schedule was changed to cover shipments. Available data made it appear that sales and shipments in 1945, the year of change, were little different. In reporting ton nages of pigments an attempt is made to avoid all duplication. One of,the chief problems is that finished pigments frequently are blended to make another product. Basic lead sulfate and zinc oxide, for example, are blended to make leaded zinc oxide, and in this instance the pigment weights appear in the total for the last-named class only. Pigments consumed by producing companies to make products beyond those covered by this report--that is, paints, storage battories, and other articles--are considered as shipments. The value of lead and zinc pigments in 1946 totaled $87,790,000, a 16-percent increase over 1945. Lead and zinc pigments each repre sented 50 percent of the total compared with 55 and 45 percent, respectively, in 1939. LEAD PIGMENTS Total lead-pigments shipments declined 4 percent in quantity in 1946 despite the fact that white lead (carbonate and sulfate) showed substantial gains over the low tonnages shipped for 1945. Contrary to their war records, red lead and litharge dropped in 1946, the drops more than offsetting white-lead increases. All pigments were affected adversely by the 'inability of pigment manufacturers to obtain ade- * Digested In Obem. and Mot. Eng., vol. 63, No. 6, Juno 1940, n. 208. 1 Ohemlcel Age. British Paints for Abroad: Vol. 66, No. 1429, Noverubor 10, 1040, p. 004. Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, Paint Technology In franco During tbo Enotuy Occupation: Vol. IflO. No. 20, November 11, 1946, pp. 87-89. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN quate supplies of pig lead, and the demand from satisfied. The value of lead pigment owing to first the easing and then the rem cussed under Government Controls); the 1 above that for 1939. Average values of a substantially in 1946, and by the end of th at high rates never before attained. Lead pigments shipped by domestic manufacturer 1046 Pigment ' Short Value (at plan clusive of cont tons Total Av Baslo lead sulfate or sublimed lead: White.................................................... Blue....................................................... Red lead......................................... *.......... Orange mineral.......................................... Litharge....................................................... White lead: Dry........................................................ In oil *.................................................... 2,235 1.660 47,381 230 138,798 27, 382 23,788 $318. 900 237,800 7,063,888 50.906 20,566, 070 4, 346, 124 6.662,118 ' Basic load sulfate included under white lead (dry) In 1946; Bur * Valuo of orange mineral included under rod load 1q 1946; Burea * Wolght of white lead only but value of paste. Lead pigments sold 1 by domestic manufacturers ' in short tons Year White lead Basic lead or sublim Dry In oil White 1942................................................... 1943................................................... 1044................................................... 1046................................................... 1940................................................... 35,806 30, 626 40, 400 27,382 9 41, 892 47,774 80, 042 30, 200 23,788 24, 009 7, 229 4, 752 6. 263 2,236 c) Reported as shipped In 1946 and 1040. * Basic lead sulfate included under white load (dry) In 1946; Bu ZINC PIGMENTS AND S The more favorable supply-demand rel pared with lead, pointed out in the chap continued and was accentuated in 1946. ments of leaded zinc oxide were second on only 1 percent less, and shipments of load-f only to those in 1928 and 1929. Lithopone a record in 1946 but were at a relatively h total value, zinc pigments were 21 percent above 1939. Average values for all produ were higher owing to the October increas and to tho removal of ceilings by the g effective November 10. 696 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 Shipments of zinc chloride totaled 57,316 tons (50 B.), continuing at the high levels of the preceding 2 years. Zinc sulfate sales estab lished a new high record for the second successive year. Zinc pigments and salts shipped by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 1946-46 1945 1046 ' Figment or salt 8hort tons Valuo (at plant, ex clusive of container) Total Avcrago Short tons Valuo (at plont, ex clusive of container) Total Avcrago Zlno oxide 1................................................. Loaded lino oxide *................................... Lithopone................................................... Zinc chloride, 60 D.................................. Zlno sulfate...................... .......................... 127,955 02,598 130,101 60,230 20,854 $17, 708,706 8,290,073 10,046.310 2,828,474 1.712,058 $138 132 78 60 82 167,851 07,971 147,001 67,310 24,631 $22,GG0, 450 9, G04,007 11,840,600 3,133,801 2, 192, 700 $144 143 81 65 88 Zlno oxido containing 6 percent or more lead Is classed as leaded zlno oxide. In tbis tablo data for leaded tine oxide Include a small quantity containing less than 6 percent lead. Zinc pigments and salts sold 1 by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 1942-46, in short tons Year Zinc oxide Leaded line oxide ' Lithopone Zinc chlo ride (60 B.) Zinc sulfate 1942..................................................... 1943................................................... 1944. ............................................... 1946 ............................................. 1946................................................... 99,677 143.402 140,676 127,955 157,861 48,128 43,828 64, 395 62, 598 67,971 137,320 135,723 142,905 136,161 147,001 62, 374 63,707 67,645 66.230 67,316 14,331 16,649 17,156 20,854 24,931 > Reported as shipped In 1945 and 1946. * Includes a small quantity containing loss than 6 percent lend, 1043-40. CONSUMPTION BY INDUSTRIES WHITE LEAD - As was to have been expected, aliipmcnts of whito lead (dry and in oil) roboundod in 1946 from the low levels for 1945. Owing to the stringent provisions of War Production Board chemicals order M-384, through which white lead (carbonate and sulfate) was called upon to bear the brunt of curtailment in the use of lead in 1945 (discussed in the report of this series for 1945), shipments of white lead (dry) in 1945 were the smallest since 1934 and of white lead in oil the smallest since considerably before the beginning of the present century. In 1946, for the first time, the Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to show data on basic lead sulfate separately and must combine them with figures on white lead in order that lead pigments totals may be pub lished. White lead and basic lead sulfate shipments gained more in 1946 than the other products covered by this report. The increased tonnages could not fill the large demand for white lead pigments, however, and inadequate pig-lead supplies interfered with greater production. Both white lead carbonate and sulfate are used chiefly in paints, and 92 percent of the combinod tonnago was so used in 1946, LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND A better break-down of the "Other" class pro quantity shown under the "Paint" class. , Use in ceramics in 1946 followed the uptrend in u this purpose. _ The facilities of the International Smelting Chicago, Ind., for the production of white le purchased by theEagle-Picher Co. in 1946. Production of white lead (dry, includi amounted to 42,597 tons and of white lead 1946. In 1945, 26,329 tons of white lead ( white lead in oil were produced. Distribution of white lead (dry and in oil) sales 1 short tons Industry 10-12 1043 76,837 1,812 4,900 83,030 . 66,441 1,444 8, 282 70,167 > Reported aa shipments In 1946 and 1946. * Data for basio lead sulfate in 1946 Included under white.lepd;. Bu separately. . " - BASIC LEAD SULFATE : '"> . ' - -M Basic lead sulfate, along with lead carbona by the provisions of Or.der M-384, as pointed series for 1945. Figures for 1946 cannot be p are included under White Lead (dry). The r was merely a gain over the smallest tonnago figures were published in 1902. This pigmen The figures for shipments in the accompan stantial tonnages used as an intermediate pro of leaded zinc oxide. The basic lead sulfate included in this report in the quantities sho and not in tho figures for basic sulfate. Distribution of basic lead sulfate sales,1 1942-46, b Industry 1042 1043 - Paints.................... Rubber.................. Storage batteries.. Other...................... 7,733 80 688 8,410 4,802 131 3 001 6,697 > Roported as shlpmoots ia 1946 and 1940. . i Data for basio lead sulfate In 1940 Inoluded under white lead; Bu separately. ... : RED LEAD i The stringent supply situation in pig lead i factor in the 31 percent1 drop in shipments of this pigment was far from met by supplies in 708066--48------- 46 698 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 pigment had stayed at high levels throughout the war. Storage bat teries and paints, by far the chief uses, both took much less red lead than in 1946, dropping 28 and 43 percent, respectively. Use of red lead in ceramics virtually doubled in 194G and was at the highest rate since 1941, accounting, however, for only 4 percent of total shipments. Production of red lead amounted to 29,874 tons in 1946 compared with 48,185 tons in 1945. The value of red lead as a structural paint was recently described.7 See the discussion under Litharge for a recent report on German red lead practice. Distribution of red lead sales,1 1942-46, by industries, in short tons Industry 1942 1043 1044 1046 1040 23, 646 21.017 039 2.868 48, 309 26,610 22,271 622 3, 869 63,378 30,211 IS, 074 878 4. 809 63,972 26. 725 10,438 620 3,692 47,381 19, 116 9,318 1,228 2,866 32, 626 1 Reported aa shipments in 1946 and 1946. ORANGE MINERAL Shipments of the small-tonnage orange mineral were cut almost in half in 1946. Ink manufacture took 63 percent of the total. Distribution of orange mineral sales,1 1942-46, by industries, in short tons Industry 1942 1943 1944 1946 1946 Other............................................................. 93 60 63 206 28 22 23 16 78 27 128 79 284 230 123 1 Reported as shipments in 1946 and 1946. LITHARGE Shipments of litharge fell 4 percent in 1946 from the peak rate established in 1945 but exceeded all earlier years except 1945 and the slightly lower 1944. The serious shortage of lead in 1946 had an im portant bearing on the lowered rate of production and shipments of litharge in 1946, because manufacturers of litharge were unable to fill demand for their product. Storage batteries took 5 percent less litharge than in 1945, accounting for 57 percent of the total ship ments; the quantity used for batteries was exceeded only by the previous year. In addition to the litharge used to make batteries, the storage-battery manufacturers themselves produce from pig lead a black or suboxido of lead which they use as a substitute for litharge. The quantity produced in 1946--46,000 tons--was 18 percent below 1945, marking a considerably greater drop than was registered by litharge. Black oxide figures are not included in the Bureau ofi i Du d d . E, J., Jr., Physical and Chemical Phenomena That Account for Rod Lead's Metal Protcctivo Ability: Paint Industry Mag., vol. 66, No. 10, October 1946, pp. 340, 342,344-348. LEAD AND ZINC FIGMENTS AN Mines totals for litharge. Insecticides, w in the face of gains for other uses, fell 21 p siderably more than tlie average. Shipme gained 14 percent in 1946 and were the lar oil refining and the manufacture of varnis upward against the trend for total litha which ranked as the fourth most importan percent from 1945. Methods of producing yellow in Germany were recently discussed. Litharge production totaled 133,266 ton 141,258 tons in 1945. Distribution of litharge sales,1 1942--46, by in Industry 1942 1943 Storage batteries................................................. Insecticides.................... ..................................... Ceramics............................................................... Chrome pigments.............................................. Oil refining..........................................i.............. Vamlsh................................................................. Rubber.................................................................. Linoleum.......................................................... ... 43,630 14,830 9,626 7,344 4,771 3,423 3,460 343 4,187 91,613 64,984 20,236 9,866 9,361 6,227 3,463 4,302 98 6,674 113,091 i Reported as shipments In 1946 and 1946.. The manufacture of red lead and litharge in a recent report.8 , ZINC OXIDE Shipments of zinc oxide (lead-free) gained the largest since 1929, and had been exceed of 1929 and 1928. All classes of use, excep in the larger tonnage; as before the war, none warfaro in 1946. Consumption in rubber percent and took 53 percent of the total, 1942, when it also took 53 percent. Pain 1946 and were the largest since 1930. St lead in the past 3.years, owing to inadequa lead, have increased the calls for zinc oxide a Floor coverings and textiles made the small A further break-down' of this class was ma rayon took 73 percent of it in that year. any other use, as in 1945, gaining 78 percent lishing a new record. This use made the po war but, following the sharp gains in 1945 the same percentage of the total as in the Production pf lead-free oxide amounted t with 139,374 tons in 1945. Of the total for 1 by the American process from ores and prim Office of Military Government for Germany (US), Obrome Yel Co.: Flat Final Ropt. 811, May 13, 1946,10 pp. Office of Military Government (or Germany (US), Lltbargo an 807, May 14, 1946, 18 pp. 700 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 by the French process from metal and scrap, and 0 percent by other processes, compared with 77, 17 (revised), and 6 (roviscd) percent, respectively, in 1945. The facilities of the International Smelting & Refining Co. at East Chicago, Ind., for the production of white lead and zinc oxide, were purchased by the Eagle-Picher Co. in 1946. According'to a recent statement,10 zinc pigments are now the most widely used of all white pigments and their use is increasing. The statement apparently refers to the United Kingdom or to some par ticular region, because titanium pigments rank first in the United States. Distribution of zino oxide sales,' 1942-46, by industries, in short tons Industry 1942 1043 1944 1945 1946 Rubber....... ......................................................... Coated fabrics and textiles.............................. } Floor coverings................................................... Ceramics.............................................................. 52,717 25,122 6,224 2,034 13,680 99,677 67,898 20,862 0, 033 3, 203 21,801 14,016 143,402 69, 518 24,999 9,603 3,063 27,686 15, 256 140,675 63,447 28.014 12.177 6,086 2,053 17.178 / 1 127,955 83, 776 34, 785 10,022 2,848 9,056 17,364 157,861 1 Reported as shipments in 1945 and 1940. * Of which 9,303 tons were for rayon. LEADED ZINC OXIDE Leaded zinc oxide shipments in 1946 were second only to those in 1941, being 1 percent below the peak year. It has been pointed out previously that this pigment's advantageous position during the war stemmed from the fact that it is made almost exclusively from ore rather than scarcer metal or scrap. Shipments of leaded zinc oxide for paint have been at high levels for several years, partly because of the diversion of business from other white pigments in smaller supply. This pigment continued to be used almost exclusively for paint. The figures for leaded zinc oxide include basic lead sulfate used in blending, as indicated under Basic Lead Sulfate. Leaded zinc oxide production totaled 71,016 tons in 1946 compared with 62,519 tons in 1945. The totals can be broken down as follows (comparison with 1945 in parentheses): Over 5-35 percent lead, 59,564 (48,678) tons; over 35-50 percent, 7,150 (10,091 and a revised total of 10,057 for 1944) tons; and most of the remainder in 1946 was over 50 percent lead and in 1945 was 5 percent or less. Distribution of leaded zinc oxide sales,1 1642-46, by industries, in short tons Industry 1942 1943 47.062 1,070 48,128 42,303 42 1,483 43,828 Reported as shipments in 1945 anti 1940. Motel Bulletin (London), No. 3142, November 5, 1946, p. 17. 1944 02, 223 119 2,063 64,306 1946 58, 852 200 3. 540 02, 698 104 G 64,816 166 2,989 07, 071 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND, Z LITHOPONE The lithopone statistics in this report are ordinary lithopono sold as such plus the ordin of the high-strength product. This mothod o conceal the operations of one company, which output of the high-strength product and has b in some years. In 1946, as in 1945, two com plants, produced high-strength lithopone. S increased 8 percent in 1946 and were the large insufficient to supply total demand. Sales to m gained 13 percent--more than the total gain--w of floor coverings and textiles were slightly low ber manufacturers took 64 percent more than for only 1 percent of the total. Separation of for floor coverings and textiles shows that 7,62 fabrics and textiles and 7,541 for floor cove 5,150 and 10,671 _tons respectively, in 1945. P down of statistics on floor coverings and textile the actual break-down for 1945, therefore, ma that for 1946 than is apparent. The use o manufacturers, which had been rising prior to 1 the 1945 rate in 1946; it amounted to 3,011 ton tons in 1945 and contrasted with 6,488 tons reported for use in ink manufacture likewise continued relatively unchanged in 1946. Tho in 1944, 864 in 1945, and 830 in 1946. A to making ink is regularly shown by one manufa from that sold for paint, but the tonnages give companies. Exports aro included mainly und one company classifies part of its exports accor Plant capacity for the manufacture of litho total 157,000 tons in 1946. Production of lithopone amounted to 148,9 pared with 136,460 tons in 1945. Distribution of lithopone sales,1 1942-46, by indu Industry Faints, varnishes, and lacquers1.................. Floor coverings and textiles............................ Rubber.................................................................. 1942 100,216 16,776 1,047 11.282 137,320' 1943 103.860 16,999 1,078 14,786 135,723 > Reported as shipments in 1045 and 1940. 1 Includes a quantity, not separable, used for printing Ink. ' Consumption of ordinary lithopone in the p lithopono has trended downward almost contin 19,400 tons, was used iri 1937. ` In 1946, 6,350 purpose or slightly belotv one-third of the all-t 702 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 lithopone figures in the following table are included in the totals for ordinary lithopone in the precoding table. Titanated lithopone produced in the United States and ordinary lithopone used in its manufacture, 1942-46, in short tons Year Titanated lithopone produced 1942................................. 1943.................................. 1944.................................. ill Ordinary llthopono used Yoar Titanated llthopono produced Ordinary lithopone used 9,900 1946................................... 8,400 1940.................................. 8,300 9,200 7,600 7,800 6,360 ZINC SULFIDE In 1946, as in several earlier years, only one company produced zinc sulfide, and the Bureau of Mines is not at liberty, therefore, to publish figures for this pigment. ZINC CHLORIDE Shipments of zinc chloride, in terms of 50 B. solution, totaled 57,316 tons in 1946 compared with 56,230 tons in 1945. These figures include the zinc chloride equivalent of zinc ammonium and chromated zinc chloride produced. Complete figures covering distribution of zinc chloride shipments by uses are not available. Production amounted to 57,088 tons in 1946 and 56,793 tons in 1945. ZINC SULFATE Zinc sulfate shipments established a new high record in 1946, for the second successive year, rising 20 percent above 1945. The curve of zinc sulfate shipments has increased sharply during the past 10 years or more, the total for 1946 being 171 percent above the aver age for the 5-year period, 1935-39. Agriculture led other uses by a substantial margin in 1946, taking 43 percent of the total, and dis placed rayon, with 31 percent, which stood first in 1945. Both uses established new peak records in 1946, the former gaining 63 percent over 1945 and the latter, 13 percent. Chemicals, flotation reagent, and paints all dropped in 1946, the last being only 7 percent of the quantity reported in 1943. If a more complete break-down of the chemicals classification were practicable, some of the other classifica tions probably would be increased. Electrogalvanizing and the manu facture of glue showed substantial gains in 1946, the former taking the largest tonnage since 1941. The dry weight of zinc sulfate shipments, by uses, was reported for the first time in 1945. In compiling data for 1946, the 1945 figures were found to require revision and necessary changes are covered in the accompanying table. In 1946, 25,004 tons of zinc sulfate were produced, compared with 21,362 tons in 1945. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND ZI Distribution of zinc sulfate sales,1 1942-46, by indu Industry 1042 1943 1944 Gross weight Gross weight Gross weight Gross woight Agriculture..................................... Rayon.............................................. Chemicals....................................... Flotation reagent.......................... Textile dyeing and printing___ Olue.................................................. Electrogalvanizing....................... Paints and varnish processing.. Other................................................ 4,123 3,149 2,696 366 60 760 219 1,917 1,163 14,331 3,329 4, 637 1,642 1, 282 213 636 187 2,439 1,386 16,640 4,974 6, 964 1,469 1,131 293 278 1,330 1,737 17,150 6,646 6, 72 2,617 1, 23 63 26 26 68 1,993 20,864 1 Reported as shipments in 1946 and' 1946. * Revised figures. . PRODUCERS AND PLAN The report of this series for 1945 contained lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts of their classes of product. Since this list was prepare zinc oxide facilities of the International Smelt East Chicago, Ind., have been taken over by th RAW MATERIALS USED IN MANUFACTUR ZINC PIGMENTS AND ZINC S Figures covering the raw materials used in m salts were not available when the report of thi prepared. Data for 1945 are given below, an appear in the next annual issue of this volume. Lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts a a variety of materials, including ore, refined meta materials as scrap. In 1945, 92 percent of the derived from pig lead and 8 percent from ore used to make leaded zinc oxide, about 9 perc sources. The proportion, for zinc pigments in from ore and concentrates, 9 percent from slab from secondary materials; about 20 percent foreign. The following tables give the source of the me facture of each pigment and salt. Pig lead is either directly or indirectly, in the manufacture o red lead, and orange mineral and is used also i basic lead sulfate. The lead content of leaded basic lead sulfate, which in turn was made from to pig lead in the table. Zinc oxide is the on considerable slab zinc is used. Ore is employe of zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc and basic lead sulfate. A substantial proportio 704 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 pone (46 percent in 1946) and most of that in zinc chloride made in the United States are derived from secondary material. For a number of years before the United States entered World War II, there had been a large increase in the quantity of secondary zinc used in the manufacture of zinc oxide. Tho scarcity of supplies of both metal and scrap caused the proportion of tho total oxide made by the French process, which uses only metal and scrap, to drop sharply in 1942 and to continue low in 1943-45, despite the fact that the percentage from metal and scrap rose in 1943 and continued upward in 1944 and 1945. The production of zinc oxide from metal and scrap accounted for the following percentages in relation to total production: 41 percent in 1939, 16 percent in 1942, 19 percent in 1943, 22 percent in 1944, and 25 percent in 1945. Lead content of lead and zinc pigments produced by domestic manufacturers, 1944-45, by sources, in short tons 1044 1045 Pigment Load hi pigments produced from-- ' Ore Do For mestic eign Total lend in rig load Second ary ma Pig ments terial Load in pigments produced from-- Ore Do For mestic eign Hglead Total lead In Bocondnry ma pig ments terial Baslo lead sulfato... 2.700 Leaded zinc oxide.. 14,076 17,684 2,063 01,143 48,411 130,363 254 710 354 2,003 247,226 61,143 48,411 136,353 264 3,410 17,392 ....... ..........2,807 14,430 ....... ............. 1,453 30,742 43,636 131,116 100 327 629 .......... i' 39, 742 43,086 131,110 106 3, J34 10.410 260,072 17,243 1,453 216,605 l 231, 202 Zino oontent of zino pigments and salts produced by domestic manufacturers, 1944-45, by sources, in short tons 1944 1045 Pigment or salt Zinc In pigments and salts , produced from-- Ore Domes* Fortlo cJgn Slab zinc Second ary ma terial > Total zinc In I'lRrueitis and salts Zinc in pigments and salts produced from-- Ore Domes For tic eign Slab zinc Second ory ma terial 1 Total zinc in Pig ments and salts Zinc oxide....... ......... 86,075 Leaded zinc oxldo.. 26,803 Llthopono................ 0,427 Total pigments 121,305 Zino sulfate.............. 1,607 10,180 6,141 2,020 18,268 008 16,108 16.108 13 30 11,370 121,835 66, 605 C2n 32,654 25.395 13,070 20,335 11,474 26,978 180,824 102,374 12,660 12,673 2,410 6,061 2,383 18,240 4,197 2,008 26, 435 808 IC, 462 15,462 22 34 12.161 700 12, 207 25,074 12,472 3,280 111,368 30, 208 26,670 108,345 12, 404 6,514 i Theso figures are higher than those shown In tho report on Secondary Metals--Nonferrous boenuse they include rJoc recovered from byproduct sludges, residues, etc., not classified as purchased scrap mnt-oriol. * Excludes lino sulfide, data for which Duroou of Minos not at liberty to publish. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND Z PRICES Total and average values received by produ pigments and zinc salts are given in tho tables report. Average values for all pigments gain Following the raising of tho ceiling price on pig for pigments and pastes with a high lead conten tive June 7, 1946--the first advance since maxim lished by the General Maximum Price Regu changes represented an average increase ove prices of 20 percent, or about 1% cents a poun Producers raised prices for zinc oxide (lead-f ceilings in June 1946 during the almost mon operation of the OPA. Ceiling prices at March were reestablished at the end of July and were for the first time on October 14., All price controls on the products covered b moved by general order of the President, ef Immediate gains were 2% cents a pound for lith red lead, 1 cent a pound for zinc oxide (lead-free) for the leaded grades of zinc oxide (depending less than % cent for'lithopone. Further gains w the'end of the year, when prices for pigments were at the highest rates for many years and highest ovor recorded. . Range of quotations on lead pigments and zinc pigmen (or delivered in the East), 1943-46, in cen (Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter] Product ;. 1043 1944 Baslo lead sulfato, or sublimed lead, less than carlots, barrels.......................................................... 7.60- 7.75 Whiteload, or basic load carbonate, dry, carlots, barrels................................................... ................... 8.25 Litharge, commercial, powdered, barrels............ 8.00- 0.00 Red lead, dry, 06 peroont or less, less than car- lots, barrels............................................................... 9.60-10.00 Orange mineral, American, small lots, barrels.. 12.00-12,60 Zinc oxide: American process, lead-free, bags, carlots... 7.25 American process, 6 to 35 percent lead, bar* rels, carlots.... .................. ....................... ......... 7.26- 7.38 French process,red seal, bags,carlots.......... . 8.60 French process, groen seal, bags, carlots___ 9.00 French process, white seal, barrels, carlots.. 9. 76 Lltbopone, ordinary, small lots, bags............... 4.60 Zinc sulfldc7 less than carlots, bags, barrels........ 8. 60- 8. 75 Zinc chloride, works: Solution, tanks........................ ......................... 2.60 Fused, drums........................................................ . 6.00-6.60 Zinc sulfate, crystals, barrels................................... 3.86- 4.60 7.608.009. 60-1 12.00-1 7.26- a 606.00-6 i 3.66- > Quotation was roduced to 3.05-4.40 cents per pound in Sept. 11,1044 Reporter, which addod ''works, freight allowed/' to the description. FOREIGN TRADE11 The total value of exports of lead and zinc 1946 was 13 percent below 1945, accounted for in of several small items from that classification u Figures on Imports and exports complied by M. D. Price, of tho Bur U. 8. Department of Commerce. 706 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 was well in advance of any year in the 1929-41 period and also exceeded 1942 and 1944. The tonnages of zinc oxido and lithopono each exceeded any lead class several times, and the value of zinc pigments exported was 3.4 times that for the lead group. Zinc pigments; exported. rose 28 percent in value, while lead pigments declined 40 percent. , Value of foreign trade of the United States in lead and zinc pigments and salts, * 1945-46 1946 1946 t Imports Exports Imports Exports Load pigments: White lead................. Red lead..................... Litharge...................... Orange mineral..... Other lead pigments. Zinc plgmonts: . zinc oxide.. ! - Lltbopone.. , . Zlnosulfldo. Lead and tlno salts: | ; Lead arsenate.................................. Othor lead compounds................. Zinc chloride.................................... Zlno sulfate........ 1....... ................... Other slno salts and compounds. Orand total 1 Beginning Jan. 1, 1946, not sopurately classified. 1 Data not available. $64 1,660 6,997 7,017 24 7 31 18 16,776 <) 16,793 24,441 $611,688 386,663 414,167 920 8,831 1,421,169 1,203, 361 1,049,061 25,399 2,278,721 735,005 <) 93, 690 62,119 119,747 1,010,521 4,710,411 $339 3,800 4,670 4,312 13,033 6,420 68 324 8,808 5 405 17,226 <>> 17,725 39,666 $183,807 292,461 374,683 .8 860,801 2,022,902 888,666 <0 2,911,467 333,981 8 o (0 333,081 4.006,320 lead Figments and Salts.--Imports of lead pigments are of little consequence, red lead, amounting to 54 tons, being the chief item in 1946.. All classes shown separately in the export group were shipped from'the United States in smaller quantity in 1946 than in 1946; white lead, the chief class in 1945, with 4,079 tons, dropped to only 910 tons in 1946 or to the lowest level in many years. Litharge, lead arsenate, and red lead ranked above white lead in tonnage in 1946. Red lead exports amounted to 4 percent of total domestic shipments in 1946, or the highest proportion attained by any lead pigment. Lead pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United States, 1942-46 Year Short tons Rnsic enrbonato white lead Red lead Llthargo Subnxido of lead Othor lead com pounds Total value ....................... ................. 048___JJi...11........................... . '048... CO 1 1 2. 64 2 16 7 11 10 10 o 11 > Less than.l ton. ' "" 1 > Includes also lead pigments, n. s. p. f., $97 (622 pounds); lend arsenate, $6 (652 pounds). $6,841 3, 349 , 6,982 7,636 * 13,038 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND Lead pigments and salts exported from the U Year Short tons White lead Red lead Litharge OraDge mineral 1942......................... 1943......................... 1944......................... 1945......................... 1946......................... 2,249 4, 692 3,062 4,079 910 1,391 1,635 2,117 1,922 1,356 1,999 1,610 2, 391 2,512 2,180 ' 7 7 13 3 o 1 Boginning Jan. 1,1946,!Dofseparatelylclasslfled. Zinc Figments and Salts.--Zinc sulfate co item in the import class but amounted to on zinc oxide gained 54 percent in 1946 and wer exceeding shipments of lithopone from the Un time since 1937, when exports of these pigmen tons, respectively. Lithopone exports , were record tonnage for 1941, having dropped alm aftor; tho 1946 tonnage was the smallest since lithopone exports each amounted to 7 percen by domestic producers. ' ' Zinc sulfate had been the chief zinc chem until 1945, when it was surpassed in quan chloride. Separate data on these compounds January 1, 1946. Zinc pigments and salts imported for consumption In . Short tons Year 1945......................... 1046......................... Zinc oxide Dry In oil Lithopone Zinc sul fide 13 10 (') (i) 41 , 1h 6 (!)) 1 (0 (0 * Less than 1 ton. ' Zinc pigments and salts exported from .the Un Year Short tons Zlno oxide Lltbopone Total value 1 Year 1943................ 1944.................. 6,013 6,019 5,611 17,036 $2,913,695 17,320 2,898,253 11,661 2, 194, 203 1945.............,1 1940................. i Includes also--1042: Zinc aulBde $6,328 (37,69Hpounds); lino chlorid fate, $53,624 (1,026,664 pounds); other tlno salts and'compounds, $76,02 $29,623 (78,387 pounds); lino chloride $67,300 (761,801 pounds)iulno aul zinc salts and compounds, $22,087 (139,040 pounds); 1944: Zinc bu Hide, $47,133 (711,953 pounds): tine sulfate, $83,666 (2,029,8011'pounds): othe (167,474 pounds); 1946: Zinc sulllde'$25,300 (173.475 pounds); sine chlo sulfate $02,100 (1,243,826 pounds); other tlno salts and compounds, $119, January 1 none of tbs foregoing olass.es separately recorded. 1182 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 to 6,646 tons; alloys, 16 percent to 14,056 tons; and collapsible tubes and foil, 342 poreent to 2,126 tons. The several increases were at the expense of accumulated Government and consumer stocks that in tin content at the beginning of the year wore closely 33,300 tons and at the end 20,400 tons. Tin-plate ouput (including terneplate) rose sharply from 311,100 tons in 1945 to 439,000 in 1946 and exports (excluding torncplatn of about 5,000 tons in each year) moved upward from 27,174 tons to 112,545. The controlled price of coke tin plate for homo use was increased in August from 32s. 6d. to 34s. 3d. per base box, f. o. b. markers' works. The export prices were increased several times from 35s. at the beginning of the year to 47s. 6d. f. 6. b. port in the last 3 months and averaged 41s. 9.45d. for tho year. Thero was considorablo range in the actual prices, which varied with country of destination. A 5-year plan for the modernization of the British iron and steel industry, estimated to cost 200,000,000 had been approved by the Iron and Steel Federation but had not been agreed to by the Board of Trade up to February 1947. The plan envisaged tho oxpendituro of about 50,000,000 in south Wales, where output is predominantly plate and sheet. A hot-strip and three cold-rolling mills and modern tin-plate mills are to be built. There appeared to be reluctance to provide electrolytic facilities beyond the plant now under construction at Ebbw Vale. Mine production has declined uninterruptedly from 1,999 tons in 1938 to 793 in 1946. The East Pool and Agar mine that had been worked for more than a century closed in 1945 leaving only the South Crofty and Geevor mines in operation. In the year ended March 31, 1946, the latter crushed 44,943 tons and recovered 552.6 tons of concentrate or 27.54 pounds of black tin a ton. The Ministry of Supply purchased all Cornish tin on a cost-plus basis. An interroga tion in tho House of Commons brought out that tho cost was about 456 (82 cents a pound) a ton in 1945. Titanium By HELENA M. MEYER AND R. LO GENERAL SUMMARY ECORD consumption of ilmenite by man R pigments featured tho titanium industr Makers of titanium dioxide operated at a but were unable to supply the unpreceden for their product. The rising use of titaniu years has made increasing inroads into mark by other white pigments. Titanium dioxide d in 1946, however, as in 1945, by the inability o pigments to meet their market demand, ch material shortages. A lower rate of domestic p 8 percent less than in 1945--was due princip and shorter work week at the world's largest ti N. Y.; but the gain of 15 percent in import domestic drop, and stocks were augmented by during the year. Inventories of ilmenite on h could fill consumption requirements at tho almost a year, Labor strikes at coal mines and steel plants structural materials, heavy machinery, and e expansion by three domestic titanium dioxide of the expansion in progress early in 1947 will Rutile production was at a new record rate over 1945. Because of this high rate and consumption, domestic producers could supply for the first time since the mineral has becomo o Imports dropped 45 percent to tho lowest le inventories at the close of 1946 were sufficient fo at the 1946 rate. Increased possibilities for use of titanium m construction field and for other engineering us cess developed by the Bureau of Mines for were pointed out in a recent report, discussed br The decision of the District Court of the Uni New York that certain factors in the titanium guilty of monopolistic practices, mentioned in for 1945, was appealed. The case was argue Court on February 3 and 4, 1947, but a decision at the time this report was written. Ilmenite prices were reduced from $28-$3 Atlantic seaboard, quoted nominally at tha 1941, to $19-$20 in December 1946, with the 1184 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 reduced from 60 percent to 57-60 percent. Prices for rutile have been unchanged at 8-10 cents a pound, 04 percent Ti02, for several years. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Ilmenite output foil 8 percent in 1946 but was second only to the production for 1945. On the other hand, rutile production rose 4 porcent to a new high record in 1946. Shipments of ilmonito con centrates in 1946 ranged from 44 to 60 percent Ti02 and shipments of rutile concentrates from 93 to 94 percent Ti02. Production and mine shipments of titanium concentrates from domestic ores in the United States, 1942-46 Ilmonito Rutilo Yoar Produc tion (short tons) Shipments Gross weight (short tons) TIO, content (short tons) Value Produc tion (short tons) Shipments Gross woight (short tons) TiOi content (short tons) Value 1942........................... 1043........................... 1944........................... 1945........................... 1946........................... 77,208 203.551 278,610 308, 516 282,447 93,307 211,715 280,701 308,518 282,708 41,328 94, 283 128,095 141,852 130,624 $l,80A, 821 3,738, 970 7, 371,279 7,359,170 4,878,917 2,048 3. 987 8, 022 7,179 7, 453 2,649 3,941 6, 770 6,837 7,614 2,4(10 3,039 6,312 6,414 7,046 $410,966 610,870 1,088,112 860,920 996, 989 Florida.--Humphreys Gold Corp., operating under lease from llutile Mining Co., and its parent company, the Titanium Alloy Manufactur ing Co., near Jacksonville, has increased the capacity of its sand washing plant (for recovery of rutile, ilmenite, and zircon) to 7,500 tons daily. There are 316 spirals in all at this plant.*1 Riz Mineral Co., producer of ilmenite, rutile, and zircon near Vero Beach, ceased operations the latter part of October 1946. New York.--Production of ilmenite at Tahawus, Essex County, by the National Lead Co!, dropped in 1946 compared with 1945 as a result of the labor shortago and reduced work week. New Jersey.--The Calco Chemical Division, Amorican Cyanamid Co., placed its revamped titanium-pigment facilities in operation at Gloucester City at the end of 1946. The plant was acquired from the Sherwin-Williams Co. in 1945. North Carolina.--The Yadkin Yalloy Ilmenite Co., subsidiary of the Glidden Co., produced 17,102 short tons of ilmenite (averaging 52.4 percent TiO?) at Finley, Caldwell County. Virginia.--Rutile and ilmenite were produced near Roseland, Nelson County, by the American Rutile Corp., subsidiary of the Metal & Thermit Corp. The Calco Chemical Division of American Cyanamid Co. produced ilmenite at Pincy River, Nelson County. A study of the ore body at Piney River indicates that most of the ilmenite is primary and occurs in an igneous dike formation suggesting greater continuity of tho ore body.2 Wyoming.--The Iron Mountain deposits were examined8 in 1943 by the Bureau of Mines and a diamond-drilling project was set 1 Engineering And Mining Journal, vol. 147, No. 10, October 1010, p. 101. 1 Davidson, D. M., Grout, F. F., and SworU, O. M.t Noloa ou tho Ilmonito Deposit at Fluey River, Vri.: Eeon. GeoJ., vol. 41, No. 7, November 1940, pn. 738-748. 1 Frey, Eugene, Exploration of Iron Mountain Tltanlferous Magnetite Deposits, Albany County, Wyo.: Bureau of Mines Kept, of Investigations 3908, 1940, 37 pp. TITANIUM up under the strategic minerals program; drilli completed November 1, 1944. Samples combinin deposit were submitted to Bureau ol Mines metal The chemical composition of a typical specimen of tite ore was; Ti02l 10.5 percent; Fe, 36.05 percent SiOj, 16.6 percent. . CONSUMPTION AND USES Consumption of ilmenite gained 6 percent in a new high record; but titanium pigments, the were in insufficient supply to meet demand, none facture of titanium dioxide took 99 percent of t uses took less ilmenite than in 1945. The,use. o percent to the smallest total since 1941. Rutile is welding-rod coatings, which took 84 percent, and which took 15 percent. Consumption of ilmenite and rutile in the United States : in short tons Product. Ilmenite Gross weight , Estim TiOk too 1945 Pigments (manufactured titanium dioxide)*..................... Welding-rod coatings *............................................................. Total consumption...................... .................................. 1946 Welding-rod coatings *................................................ ............. Total consumption............... ......................................... 371,' 691 115 8,611 701 381,178 399, 042 105 4,085 * 461 404,283 18 ' 3 187 20 2 202 i "Pigments" include all manufactured titanium dioxJdo, consumption of was 2,258 tons in 1945 and 938 tons in 1940. 1 Consists of ilmenite used as a steel flux and rutile used in lamp-elec dcoxidlicr. ' ,1 Titanium Pigments.--Production and sales of established new high records again in 1946, bu duction rate was inadequate by a substantial ma and still growing demand for the product. As poin mg statement of this report, the continuing pinch materials for tho manufacture of competitive w for white lead carbonate and white lead suli'ate, an lithopone, and zinc sulfide) accentuated tho string in regard to titanium dioxide. Since 1939 titaniu utilized in greater quantity ' than, any other wh Bureau of. Mines is not at liberty to (publish figur ments. According , to information roceivod from 1186 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 turer, the use pattern was unchanged in 194G from 1945, when he estimated that 75 percent was used for paiut, varnish, and lacquer, 10 percent for paper, 2 percent each for floor coverings and rubber, IK percent each for welding-rod coatings and textiles, and 8 percent for other uses. Testimony in the United States Department of Justice antitrust suit against factors in the titanium-pigments industry brought out that production of titanium pigments in tlio United States had risen from 100 tons (TiOa content) m 1920 to about 128,000 tons in 1941 and was 110,000 tons in 1943. Estimated foreign production was about 1,000 tons in 1920 and 23,000 in 1938. Welding-Rod Coatings.--Production of titanium-coated welding rods was 133,000 short tons in 1940, marking a continuation of the decline since 1943 and the smallest total since before 1941; 267,000 tons were produced in 1945, 382,000 in 1944 and 481,000 in 1943. Of these rods in 1946, 53 percent were coated with natural rutile, 33 percent with manufactured titanium dioxide (extracted from ilmenite), 8 percent with both varieties of dioxide, and 6 percent with ilmenite. The drop in welding-rod output was due to termination of war demand. Titanium Alloys.--Titanium alloys are discussed in a report de scribed under Technology. Other Uses.--Titanium in the form of metal had been available in only very small quantities prior to recent experimental work by the Bureau of Mines (see section on Technology). The Bureau's report stated that the large-scale use of ductile metallic titanium would vppear to depend only on its availability in suitable form and at a irice no longer marking it a rare and precious metal. STOCKS Ilmenite and rutile stocks increased 40 and 46 percent, respectively uring 1946. !.ocks of titanium concentrates in the United States at end of year, 1945-48, in short tons ' ItW5 1946 Stocks Ilmenite Rutllo Ilmenite Rutile Qross weight Esti mated TiOj content Qross weight Esti mated TIOj content Gross weight Esti mated TIOi content O ross weight Esti mated TiOj content ie............................ tributors............. usumers................. '-eminent............ 1,670 6, 760 ,264,248 Total stocks... 272, 698 774 3, 254 131,732 135, 7GO 694 4,064 1,681 3, 891 10, 130 658 3, 739 1,404 3,668 0,419 1,309 3,919 375, 998 381, 230 613 2.155 105, 541 108,309 533 8,488 1,896 3,801 M, 808 501 7,079 1,621 3,658 13,660 lucludos Ilmenite and rutile content of mixed zirconium-titanium concentrates. PRICES Ilmenite, 60 porcent Ti02, continued to be nominally quoted at '8-$30 a long ton, f. o. b. Atlantic seaboard, until June 1946, when -60 percent TiOa was quoted at $24-$26; in November it dropped TITANIUM to $22-$24 and in December to $19-$20 a lon cent Ti02, remained at 8-10 cents a pound. tanium, ton lots, at $1.23 per pound of conta percent grade and $1.35 for 20- to 25-perc carbontitanium, 15-20 percent Ti at $142.50 percent carbon and $157.50 for 3- to 5-perc metal, 96-98 percent, was listed at $5-$5.50 a manufactured titanium dioxide remained at 14 FOREIGN TRADE 4 Imports.--Ilmenite imports in 1946 increase with 1945. India furnished 90 percent of th except for a small quantity in October, there that country in the last 7 months of the year. increased during the year. Imports of rutile the lowest level since 1940. Titanium is im only in the form of mixed zircon-rutile-ilmen are separated into their component minerals Titanium Corp. (subsidiary of the Americ Ventures, Ltd.), Carteret, N. J.; Orefraction, and Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co., Niag short tons of ferrotitanium and 12 tons of titan were imported in 1946. Titanium concentrates 1 imported for consumption in ` by countries, in short tons Country of origin ILMENITE Canada................................................................. India and Dependencies.................................. 1942 235 1,287 4,640 1.166 1943 390 65,437 8,960 Total as reportod.................................... Australia: In "zirconium ore" 1................. Grand total.............................................. Value of "As reported"--.................. BUTILE . Australia........................................ .................... Total as roported.............................. Australia; lu "zirconium ore" *..................... Grand total............................................... Valuo of "As reported"........ -............... 7, 227 3,180 10.407 $60,400 1.311 4.966 140 6,423 4,102 10.525 $623,917 74, 787 3,300 78,093 $380,161 2.802 4,920 1.095 818 9,635 4,703 14,338 $823,624 i Classified as "ore" by the U. 8. Department of Commerce. * All Imports of titanium from Australia In 1942-46 wore In mUod Totals of mixed concentrates are derlvod by addition of the U. 8. Dep ports of ilmenite, rutile, and "zirconium oro" from Australia. Those t of Mines (on the basis of surveys of Importers) Into the throi componen Ilmenite and rutile over the quantities reported by the U. 8. Depart categories are entored as "In'zirconium ore/" Includos 309 tons not recovered from mixed concontrates. < Includes quantities renortod by the U. 8. Department of Commerce Africa, from which no rutile production bas been rocorded. * Figures on imports and exports compiled by M. B. Prioe, of the B U. 8. Department of Commorce. t 1188 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 1946 Exports.--Of tho concentrates exported in 194C, 32 porcont went to Canada, 22 percent to Swcdon, 22 percent to the United Kingdom, 7 percent to Netherlands, and 7 percent to Switzerland. Of the pig ments, 74 percent went to Canada and 13 percent to Latin America (largely Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, and Argentina). Practically all of the ferro-alloys went to Canada. Total titanium products exported in 1946 were valued at $3,400,000. Exports of titanium products from the United States, 1942-46, by classes Yor Concentrates Short tons Value Ferro-alloys 1 Short tons Value Dioxide and pig- Tetrachloride and monts other compounds Short tons Vq Iu o Short tons Value 1942............................... 618 $117,886 422 $60,938 8,870 $1, 707, 433 24 1043............................... 676 103.947 760 117.402 9,766 1,830,344 728 291 61.828 793 127.146 10,926 1.861,467 375 1945............................... 609 221,961 744 122.887 J2,824 2,3J5, 662 75 1946............................... 1,386 200,866 660 63, 723 10,314 3,092,607 0) $13,660 442, 691 215,606 40, 718 (*) i Includes metal and non/errous alloys, 19-12--44. * Beginning Jan. 1,1946, not separately cla&sJflod. TECHNOLOGY Historical data on tho technology of metallic titanium and its alloys and original research work of the Bureau of Mines in this con nection were recently summarized by Dean and Silkes.6 In a press notice announcing the report the Bureau said: Still considered expensive to produce even under the improved method employed at the Bureau's Intermountain Experiment Station at Salt Lake City, Utah, pure titanium is a light corrosion-resistant metal that combines the properties of stainless steel with those of the strong aluminum alloys. * * * Until about 1900, efforts to produce pure titanium were unsuccessful, but sub sequently a number of methods were developed, one of which was modified by Bureau metallurgists and now attains a production of 100 pounds of metal a week at the Bureau's Boulder City( Nev., pilot plant. In the modified process, titanium is obtained by reducing titanium tetrachloride with pure molten magnesium in the presence of helium under slight pressure. Banking ninth in abundance among the elements, titanium places fourth among metallic elements suitable for engineering purposes, and is exceeded only by aluminum, iron, and magnesium. The metal is about twice as heavy as mag nesium, which is slightly lighter than aluminum. One of the outstanding properties which gives pure titanium an advantage over certain other metals is its relatively high proportional limit, a measure of the metal's elasticity. Bureau metallurgists have determined that the propor tional limit of cold-worked titanium is as high as 75,000 pounds per square inch, compared with the unusually low proportional limit of stainless steel, which is reported to be not more than 25,000 pounds even when fully cold worked. Because titanium thus offers a minimum weight whore continued high stress is concerned, its use has been suggested in many parts of aircraft design and in a variety of diaphragms that are maintained under tension, particularly microphone diaphragms where weight is important. A considerable saving in power is pre dicted in the use of the light metal in textile machinery for high-speed spindles, spools, warp beams, and other working parts. The fact that titanium can be surface hardened is important in the construc tion of parts subject to frictional wear and its lightness and strength, coupled with an expansion property a little less than that of cast iron, make titanium an ideal material for automotive pistons. Other metals, however, possess better Dean, R. S., sad Suites, B., Metallic Titanium and Its Alloys: Bureau of Mines Inf. Giro. 7381, 1946, 38 pp. TITANIUM qduuaalliittiieess fi<or piston heads than titanium because of its les of pen points and styluses. WORLD REVIEW Available data on world production of ilmenite a years are shown in the accompanying table. Brie important producing and consuming countries follo World production of titanium concentrates (ilmenite and countries, in metrio tons [Compiled by B. B. Mitchell] Country 1940 1041 1942 194 ILUEN1TE Australia: New South Wales........................................... 1,638 3, 621 268 12 4,471 4,114 11,477 465 2 Federated Malay States (exports)..................... 2,696 267,376 (') 131,111 51,700 61,086 809 708 7,082 1,000 71 .18, 760 21,136 3,651 3,8 937 1,9 9,100 *601 0) 49,977 60,713 62, 9 0 38,3 66,1 4,840 86 70,042 184,6 Total Ilmenite.......................... .................... 364,632 236,930 200,036 358,9 RUTILE Australia: New South Wales........................................... South Australia.................................. ............. Camoroun, French (oxports)............................... 1,641 490 603 934 150 2,620 3, 640 207 (0 2, 360 1,309 1,801 172 2,839 4,406 1,007 4,616 2,153 2,296 77 2,402 4, 1, 4, 2, 2, 3, Total rutile........................................ . 6,355 12,486 17,046 19, i Data not availablo. Estimates for Individual countries Included in worl a Includes 26 tons of garnct-ilinenite. ' 4 i Approximately 20 percent of ilmenite concentrate* is elrcon. < Less than 1 ton. . Australia.--A recent report * indicated that th trated sands containing, rutile, zircon, and ihn minerals, occur at intervals along 300 miles of the CofT's Harbour, New South Wales, and Tin Cq. According to the report, the main output has co the 50-rmle stretch from Byron Bay, New South W Queensland. Preliminary investigations on a lab a view to improvement of plant practice, have re out at the metallurgical laboratory, University o Council for Scientific, and Industrial Research. ' < Chemical Engluoorlng sad Mining Review, Recovery ol Rutllo end Zirc ^?QuconslandClovrmSent*Mlning Journal, vol. 47. No. 641, November 1190 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 Egypt.--Egypt has deposits of hundreds of thousands of tons of ilmenite. Black sands at the mouth of the Nile contain monazite and zircon.** * . Germany.--The titanium industry in Germany was summarized in a recent report.8 The report is quoted in part as follows: The surprisingly extensive wartime researcli and patent applications of Titan- gesellschaft G. in. b. H., the only German manufacturers of titanium dioxide, represent thought-provoking viewpoints in this field. The comprehensive development of vitreous enamels based on titanium in place of boron is claimed not to provide merely a substitute for borax but, rather, products permitting better enamels and the use of fewer coats, with corresponding production econo mies. Titanium dielectrics and resistors as developed, or under investigation in Germany, seem to offer unusual possibilities in the fields of radio and electrical and electronic circuits and apparatus. Titanium carbido as a constituent of cemented carbide cutting tool tips seems to have made a`place for itself beyond that of a mere substitute in high speed finishing cuts where minimum wear is important. Titangesellschaft G. m. b. H. was the solo producer of titanium dioxide and titanium tetrachloride in Germany, and the output of titanium dioxide at the Leverkusen plant, near Cologne, for 1940-42, in metric tons, was as follows: Ore consumed Titanium dioxide produced (equivalent (dry basis) TiOs) 1940............................................................. 30,234 1941............ ....................................... ........... 34, 927 11,730 13, 153 1942.............. ........................... .................... 39,235 15,323 A representative wartime distribution of an output of 1,200 tons a month of titanium dioxide was as follows: Metric tone Paints and similar materials............... 300 Welding rods and metallurgy.............. 300 Vitreous enameling, mainly flux 100 Paper manufacture__________ 100 Silk delustering 100 Electrical ceramics...................... 50 Titanium tetrachloride (manufactured)_______________ Export to European countries 200 50 1, 200 Except for a few experimental batches the pigment-grade Ti02 was exclusively of the anatase crystal modification, whereas the rutile type vas desired for welding-rod coatings and electrical ceramic purposes. Titanium tetrachloride was produced in 1943-44 at a rate of 100 ons a month, presumably primarily for producing fogs for screening military movements. Another report10 stated that production ceased completely on October 16,1944, owing to major damage sustained in a daylight bombing raid, 'reduction was resumed on a limited scale in December 1945. The ;dant equipment did not sustain as much damage as the plant struc ture. * Herlihy, Matin. Egypt's Minerals: Min. Jour., vol. 220, No. 6770, May 4, 1940, p. 346. 1 MoBerty, Ford H., Titanium Products In Germany: Offlco of Military Government for Germany United States) Flat Final Report 773. May 3, 1946, 61 pp. * British Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee Final Report, Titanium Pigments, Tltangeseilschaft, overxusen: No. 461, p. 3. TITANIUM India.--A pilot plant to produce titanium di sludge has been established in the laboratories of t tific and Industrial Research, Delhi, India.11 A pigment factory in Travancore, South India, ha The government of Travancore will have sole ow of mining, exporting, and processing of all minera Malaya.--Thoro are about 300,000 tons of ilm dumps in the tin fields of North Malaya from allu Norway.--Deposits located south of Stavange all of the ilmenite required for titanium product many, according to a recent report.14 The repo serves were said to exceed 30 million tons, with a ti tent of 25 to 40 percent. A representative ana exported to Germany was as follows following c percent Ti02, 34.00 percent FeO, 12.44 percent FcS, 2.79 percent Si02, 3.55 percent MgO, 0.37 percent V2Os, 0.085 percent NiO, 0.015 percent r208, and less than 0.01 percent Cr2Oj. United Kingdom.--Paint shortage and increase tated a paint-distribution plan effective Augus projects are afoot for new titanium pigment facto to 4,000 tons of rutile are consumed annually.1* 11 Foreign Commerce Weekly, vol. 24, No. 7. Aug. 17,1946, p. 65. 11 The Mining Journal (Lonnon), vol. 227, No. 6802. Nov. 2.1946, p.868. Willboum, E. 8., The Relationship of the Geological Survey to the Min Imperial Inst., vol. 44, No. 2, Aprll-June 1046, p. 131. ' '< McBcrty. Ford H., work cited In footnote 9, p. I. i* Chemical and Process Industries, vol. 30, No. 7, July 1946, p. 60. > Metal Bulletin, No. 3085, Apr. 9, 1946, p. 16. , Zinc1 ,.j j ; By RICHARD H.. MOTE AND.,ESTHER B. MILLER .. | ' , . ... . ' General summary____j _ i______ Salient statistics____ _______. Labor problems-....................... Government regulations_______ Tariff................................-......... Domestic production__________ Mine production 1244 Smelter production.................. Horizontal-retort plants___ Vertical-retort plants_____ Electrolytic plants............... Smelting capacity_________ Waelz kilns_______ Slag-fuming plants_______ Active zinc-reduction plants- PAGE .1 1240 Domestic production--Con. 1241 Primary and redistilled sec- 1241 ondary slab zinc................ 1242 Distilled and electrolytic iinc__ 1243 1243 Primary slab zinc, by States... Secondary zinc_________ Byproduct sulfuric acid.......... 1247 1248 1248 Zinc dust 1252 Zinc pigments and salts.......... Domestic consumption............... New supply............................. 1248 Consumption 1254 1248 Stocks__________ 1248 Prices_____________ 1249 Foreign trade 1261 1249 World review 1263 pag e 1250 1250 1251 1252 1252 1253 1253 1253 1256 1257 GENERAL SUMMARY ORK stoppages due to strikes, higher operating costs, and Wprice uncertainty when Government subsidies lapsed tempo rarily at midyear were major obstacles that restricted domestic zinc output in 1946. However, despite a drop in production and imports, the over-all available supply of slab zinc was sufficient to meet requirements and permit expansion of consumers' stocks. Domestic mine production was 6 percent less than in 1945, and the outputs of primary and redistilled secondary slab zinc were 5 and 10 percent lower, respectively. The drop in domestic smelter output was partly offset, however, by an 8-percent gain in slab zinc imports, the quantity of which was the greatest in the history of the zinc industry in 1946. Imports of zinc in ores and concentrates dropped 29 percent from 1945. Year-end inventories at domestic smelters were 31 percent less than at the beginning, whereas consumers' stocks gained 28 per cent over the quantity on hand at the beginning of the year. The St. Louis quotation for Primo Western zinc averaged 8.73 cents per pound in 1946 compared with 8.25 cents in 1945. 1 Tills report tlenls primarily with the smelting branch of th Industry. Full details of sine mining are given In the various Stato reports of this volume. As some tine ore Is used directly In the manufacture of tine pigments, see also the chapter on Leed and Zinc Pigments nnd Zinc Salts. 1240 zin c Salient statistics of the zino industry in the United States, 1 1942-46 : -1 . 102.5-20 (average) 1942 1013 Production of primary slab zinc: Uy sour ces: . From domestic oros....................short tons.. 589, 048 From foreign ores....................................do------ . 12,734 020,957 261,916 604,260 348,060 602,382 By methods: Electrolytic..........................percent of total.. Distilled...................................................do-- Production of redistilled secondary slab zino short tons.. Stocks on band at primary smelters Dec. 31 short tons.. 21 79 43,760 46,676 Primary zinc available for consumption short tons.. 648,472 Price: Primo Western at fit. Louis1.' Average for year............... conts per pound.. 8. 76 Highest quotation..................................do------ 8.00 Lowest quotation.................. ..i...........do------ 6. 40 Yearly avorago fit 'London -- ........... do------ 6.46 Mine production of recoverable zino.short tons.. 724,720 Tri-Stato district (Joplin)...percent of total.. 40 Western States............................................ do-- Other................................................... .....do-- 30 21 World smelter production of zinc..short tons.. 1,435.000 891,872 ' 28 72 63.196 82,498 730,038 8.25 8.26 8. 26 4.63 768,025 31 40 29 1,084,200 942,309 36 65. 48,215 163, 777 806,265 - 8.25 8.25 8. 26 4.63 744,196 27 43 30 2,017,500 LABOR PROBLEMS Most significant among the many labor problems ators during 1946 were the widespread strikes at prin smelters, and refineries that paralyzed the indust half, of tne year. Work stoppages in 1946 began in 21, when approximately 1,300 workers at the Am Refining Co. Murray lead smelter and the United Refining & Mining Co. West Mountain (Bingham mine and Midvale concentrator struck when negotia wages collapsed. Workers at certain Colorado and mining and milling operations of the American Sme and the Phelps Dodge Corp. joined the strike on March 20, respectively. Lead smelters operated Smelting & Refining Go. in California, Colorado, M New Jersey, and Texas also became strike-bound on although these closures did not restrict the output o zinc alone, many zinc-lead operations were forced limited storage facilities for ore and concentrate an tal to cover operating expenses without prompt sale o strikes continued to hamper zinc mining in the We J unc, when new labor contracts were signed. Zinc the Eastern States was impeded by labor strikes at m can Zinc Co. of Tennessee in Knox and Jefferson from February 2 through May 4 and at mines of th Co. in New Jersey from mid-June to August 17. Labor strikes at zinc smelters at East St. Louis a restricted production in January, and a complete smelter at Danville, 111., in March stopped product 793005--48-----79 1242 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 der of the year. Tho Henryetta, Okla., smelter closed in early April owing to strike conditions and did not resume operations until the lat ter part of September. In Pennsylvania, a strike stopped production at tne Langeloth smelter from June to October, and a shortage of elec trical power due to a labor strike curtailed output at the Josephtown smelter in October. The shortage of mine and mill labor continued to be a potent factor limiting domestic mine output during 1946. The predicted return to the mines of former employees who migrated to the cities for highpaying wartime jobs fell far short of expectations. Likewise, a large percentage of the labor supply that entered the armed services during '-he war did not return upon demobilization: however, most operators considered that the manpower supply problem had improved somevhat by the end of 1946. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS Except for a few minor regulations, the zinc industry operated liroughout 1946 free of Government controls. At the end of the year 'riorities Regulation 32 limiting manufacturers' inventories of all :rades of slab zinc and die-cast alloy to 30 days' requirements of a uacticable working inventory, whichever is less, remained operative. Regulations requiring a license for exporting slab zinc and zinc semi manufactures to certain countries also romained operative during the ear. Consumers requesting zinc supplies from the Reconstruction 'inance Corporation reserve stocks Were required to file proof of ccessity. Subsidy payments under the Premium Price Plan for over-quota induction were continued through June but collapsed with expiration f Office of Price Administration and ceiling prices June 30. Upon establishment of the OPA, provisions were made for retroactive remium payments to cover the period when no plan was in effect. The establishment of a Federal Government stock pile of strategic inerals and metals for national defense was authorized on July 23 ben President Truman signed the Strategic and Critical Materials ock-piling Act (Public Law 520, 79th Congress). The act authoros and directs the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, and e Secretary of the Interior, acting jointly through the agency of the vmy-and Navy Munitions Board, to determine from time to time hat materials are strategic, and to establish quantities and dates for <>ck piling. The act further provides that purchases for stock piling all be made from supplies in excess of current industrial demand and a price not to exceed current open market price. Except to provide - r the rotation of any stock-piled material where necessary to prevent - terioration, no disposition of stock-pilcd material shall be made with- t 6 months' public notico and congressional approval. The Presiut, however, may order tho release of stock-piled materials when luired for purposes of the common defense or in time of war or tional emergency. figure 1 shows trends in the domestic zinc industry in the United lies since 1900. ZINC and 104,016 tona Id 1646. ! . ...... TARIFF * The import tariff on'zino-bearing ores remaine (zinc content) and on zinc.in blocks, pigs or slab per pound during 1946. . DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Zinc-production statistics may be prepared on basis. The mine-production data compiled on a in ores and concentrates and adjusted to accoun smelting are the most accurate measure of'outp The slab-zinc production, as reported by smelters cise figure of actual zinc recovery but generally figure owing to overlap or lag botween mine s 1244 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 receipts of ores and concentrates. Over a period of years, however, these variations tend to balanco within the limits of statistical error. MINE PRODUCTION The mine production of recoverable zinc (including that recovered as zinc pigments and salts directly from ore) in the United States decreased 6 percent in 1946 to the lowest level since 1938. The unin terrupted drop in output from the wartime peak in 1942 was essentially due to prolonged strikes at mines and smelters, especially in western United States, and a continued shortage of labor. Zinc mining is centered largely in five areas--the Tri-State area of southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri, and northeastern Oklahoma; Tennessee-Virginia; Sussex County, N. J.; St. Lawrence County, N. Y.; and the Western States (principally Idaho, Arizona, Colorado,,,New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and Montana, in descending order of pro ductivity in 1946). The Western States contributed 48 percent of tho total domestic, output of zinc in 1946 despite a 7-porcent decline to the lowest level of production since 1940. Idaho continued to be the largest producer of zinc in tho United States, although 1946 output was 14 percent below the 1945 production. More than 94 percent of the Idaho zinc output in 1946 came from the Coeur d'Alene region; zinc-lead ores and old tailings concentrated yielded 85 percent of the total zinc. Among the Western States, Arizona took second place over New Mexico by a substantial margin as zinc production increased 9 percent over the ' record output of 1945. About 51 percent of the Arizona total zinc came from a mine at Bisbee, Cochise County; zinc-lead ore accounted . for 87 percent of the total production. Zinc production in Colorado, increased 1 percent in 1946; zinc ore yielded 53 percent of the Stated total zinc and zinc-lead ore, 38 percent. New Mexico output, the/ lowest since 1940, decreased 10 percent in 1946 compared with 1945.-; Over 89 percent of the total output came from mines in the Central ' district, Grant County; zinc ore yielded 91 percent of the total zinc;, produced. Utah zinc output slumped 16 percent to the lowest levej since 1934. Owing to a 5-month labor strike at the United States and Lark group, production of zinc in the West Mountain (Bingham)- district--for years the leading source of zinc in Utah--declined to? about half that in 1945, permitting the Park City region to advance (o/ first place. Zinc-lead ore concentrated supplied 79 percent of the total zinc m 1946, and zinc slag fumed most of tho remainder. Production of zinc in Nevada in 1946 was the greatest in the history of the State.; About 70 percent of the total was mined in the Pioche district, Lincoln County; nearly 92 percent of the zinc recovered was from zinc-lead ore.? The mine output of zinc in Montana declined 4 percent in 1946; inp- ,lead ore accounted for 65 percent of Montana's zinc in 1946, and`'34 percent was from zinc ore and old slag. /I '1 ,l4 , Zincproduction in .the Central States, smallest since 1933, decre' 1 percent from the 1945 output. The Tri-State (Joplin) region m_ tamed .its position, as the principal zinc-producing district, witlr* percent (23 percent in 1945) of the total United States output'.' zin c Mine production of recoverable zino in the United S 1942-46, by States, in short t State 1925-29 (average) 1942 Western States: 2,628 3,999 32,868 29,128 72,519 5, 670 23,361 18, 622 013 32, 216 87,266 64,716 10,197 40,401 116 Utah......................................................................... 44,386 46, 643 676 14,398 216,023 310,035 3 Central States: 71 1,174 1H, 323 044 16.708 226, 989 23,066 . 181 9,389 65,874 407 30,394 146, 610 9,426 1 382,944 268,181 2 Eastern States: 93,830 7,091 14,631 11,192 94,040 46,807 43,971 16,991 126,763 '100,809 1 724,720 768,026 7 Despite a decline of 11 percent in zinc prod sharp drop in the output from New Jersey, t tributed 24 percent of the total domestic outp ; Mine production 1 of recoverable zinc in the United S in short tons January... February.. March____ April.......... May........... June.......... . July........... August___ Beptembor. October.... November. December. Month 60,833 65,627 61,184 02, 656 61,862 64,030 60,060 63,673 63,463 06,284 62.038 67,346 749,126 67,289 03,684 69,416 68.621 68, 871 64,640 63,263 61,671 67, 702 61,104 68, 802 63,023 768,025 68 66 62, 66 69 60 00 61 63 04 66, 64 744 1 Monthly data for 1041-44 were baaed largely on smelter receipts, who I Iactual mine output. All monthly fljrurea have been adjusted to final 1 The 25 leading zinc-producing mines in the listed in the following table, yielded 49 perce zinc output. jndtno t o j o d j o o r 1246 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 Sod dl| ?- o' o'^S S d6 N9N3 N3 3NN3N3N3 3. *32 "!2 Ts2 tS? fdS13 "tS? I|3333SS|QSSS NNNNNNNNN NNN 3 3Ji*^<|S:SfloSgS|SS.gssSl-* dSalSlssff 595SA5**^fto-92^=5 cDLoegPocfwW-ff'iS5itoa) *^?Jalia3i! S.bBa~asf0359 f5l-ScZUihi >L^ T3g / * Hllllillil fjfjjipp^l >zsz Ef*bf*zzt*ie*<D :z? :: !i If | j va s 5 : i O* ;o : :8 ' ps SKSt jIJ! iN sfs sis i3 i cowcQOtt ! ''Q q : a :& ; II i <9 a aO 3 ;S fc a ,07 3 :=j ai a* 32 |3: 3-- 334> 3-- ^5 : :. q .aS5 *! :3s 3 ; : 3*3 3 > ifliflalll*3 r?st*lS8l?tsuiIiOsSJs?fI9afaglssS-o?*2gE!f faOa^wagwwoo <?Q655wWi2oAl^al^ ^ rhj2-2h *o<,,oh^cmoc,,ns<=^nCin,,^n 8lo I ZINC Detailed information on the production of mines a United States may be found in the chapters of th with the mine production of gold, silver, lead, and z States. ' Mice production o/recoverable zinc in the United States, by d .1,000 tons or more during any year, 1942-46, in sh District State 1942 1943 Tri-State (Joplin region)..............I Kansas, southwestern Mis- 237,936 200,514 aouri, Oklahoma. Cocur d'Alene region........ . Idaho............ ............................. 78,313 79,934 Now Jorsoy...,..................... New Jorsoy............................... 04,040 02,894 St. Lawreaco County......... Now York, j .......................-- - 46,807. 49,000 Central.................................. . New Mexico............................. 42; 374 62,216 Eastern Tennessee____ Warren (Blsbee)................. . Tennessee.................................. 43,971 41,796 Arizona...................................... 1,449 1,020 Upper Mississippi Valley.. Iowa, northern Illinois, Wis* consin. . 11,126 10,6.3.9. Austinville...................................... Virginia..................................... 16,793 17,139 Red CUR......................................... Colorado............ ...................... 22,880 28,864 Pioche............................................ . Nevada....................... 8,967 11,901 Park City region............................ Utah............................................ 13,029 11,487 . Metaline....................................... .. Washington.............................. 13.620 9,292 West Mountain (Bingham)..... Utah............................................ 22.934 23,406 Summit Valley (Butte)............... Montana.....................^............. 29,313 7,877 California (LeadvlUe).................. Colorado.................................... 3.344 6,612 Big Bug...............................:.......... Arizona...................................... 2,960 3,008 Kentucky-Southern Illinois........ Kentucky, southern Illinois. 8,096 6,930 Smolter (Lewis and Clark Montana.................................... 20,190 24,166 County). Smelter (Tooele County).......... . Utah............................................ (>) 0) Old Hat (Oracle)........................... Arizona..................................... 679 2,450 Pima (Sierritaj, Papago, Twin 1,390 Buttes). Tlntic............................................... Utah............................................ 1,708 2,530 Eureka............................................. ( 40 Magdalena...................................... New Mexico.......... ................. 3.186 . 6,290 Pioneer (Rico)............................ Colorado............... .................. 2,794 ' 8,962 Campo Bcco............................. . California................... ............. Cocblso............................................. 284 Ten Mile........................................ . Colorado.................................... 943 971 Warm 8prlngs................................ Idaho.......................................... 9,260 4,740 Upper San Miguel........................ Colorado................................... 390 1,213 Flat Creek..................................... . California..................... ............ 229 Nortbport.......... ............................ Washington.............................. 086 9J4 Cholon Lako................................... 1,930 Animas........................................... . Colorado.................................... 370 474 Beddlratoo..................................... Montana................................... 1.299 963 Rush Valley...... ............................ Utah............................................ to ,w Harshaw.............................. ......... Arizona...................................... 4,825 3,398 Breckonrldge............................. ,,.. 231 Patagonia....................................... . Arizona.............................. 1,913 1,931 Sheridan......... :......... .................. . 139 619 Wallapai.................... ................... Arizona...................................... 2,244 1,642 Hunter Valley................................ California.................................. Pioneer (Superior)........ ................ Arizona...................j........ 3,884 4,072 Yankee Hill................................... California........ ......................... 407 South Mountain............................ Idaho.................................... 1,486 ; 633 Packer Creek.............................. 1,001 Lfv/ogston.......................... ;.......... Virginia...................................... 108 1, 466 i Includes vory small quantity produced elsewhere In Stato. 1 Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish. SMELTER PRODUCTION During 1946, 21 primary zinc-reduction plants w of which 12 operated with horizontal retorts exclus horizontal ana vertical retorts, 3 with vertical retort clcctrothormic), and 5 with electrolytic methods. The St. Joseph Lead Co. continued experimenta slag-fuming plant at Herculaneum, Mo., in 1946 fo 1248 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 slab zinc as a direct product of the operation that treats lead blast furnace slag containing 12 to 16 percent zinc. "' Horizontal-Retort Plants.--The total number of retorts reported at active horizontal-retort primary plants in 194C was 73,240, a 1-pcrcent decrease from the 74,120 retorts on December 31, 1945, at plants which operated during that year. Of the total retorts reported, 54,272 (74 percent) were in use at the close of 1946, compared with 54,932 (74 percent) in operation at the end of 1945. Vertical-Retort Plants.--Four vertical-retort continuous distilling plants operated during 1946. The St. Joseph Lead Co. operated its `.I electrothermic units at Josephtown, Pa., at about 90 percent capacity iliroughout the year. Of the 66 vertical retorts at the remaining 3 plants, 62 were in operation on December 31, 1946. Electrolytio Plants.--Five electrolytic plants were in operation luring 1946, as in 1945. There were 3,670 cells at the plants on December 31, 1946, ot which 3,128 (85 percent) were in operation ompared with 3,184 (99 percent) at the end of 1945. No new instal- ' ations were reported under construction or planned. Smelting Capacity.--Irrespective of additions or subtractions of melter recovery units, statistics on domestic smelting capacity vary rom year to year owing to changes in metallurgical practices among he various plants. According to reports to the Bureau of Mines, the inc-reduction plants in the United States on December 31, 1946, had stated annual capacity to produce 1,067,800 tons of slab zinc under ormal operating conditions, allowing for necessary shut-downs for '.pairs. This figure, which compares with a 1,054,000-ton reported apacity at the end of 1945, indicates that the 1946 output was 72 orcent of the capacity as compared with 77 percent in 1945. Hori- . ontal- and vertical-retort plants operated at 73 percent of a stated i 11,000-ton capacity (77 percent of a 672,000-ton capacity in 1945), ^ectrolytic plants at 74 percent of a 382,400-ton capacity (80 percent i i 1945), and secondary smelters at 59 percent of a 44,400-ton capacity (64 percent of a 44,000-ton capacity in 1045). No additional smelting capacity was planned at the end of 1946, nud only a small increase of four graphite retorts was under construc tion at one smelter. Waelz Kilns.--Waelz plants have been installed in recent years at si veral midwestern ana eastern smelters to facilitate recovery of additional metals from the ore and to reduce over-all smelting losses. The following companies operated Waelz kilns in 1946: Arkansas: Fort Smith--The Residue Co. Illinois: Fairmont City--American zinc Co. of Illinois. Danville--The Hegeler Zinc Co. La Salle--Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co. Kansas: Cherryvale--National Zinc Co., Inc. Oklahoma: ' Henryetta--Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Co. Pennsylvania: .' Donora--'American Steel & Wire Co. Langeloth--American Zino & Chemical Co. Palmerton--New Jersey Zino Co. , ZINC Slag-Fuming Plants.--The recovery of zinc from has become an. increasingly important source of StatesIn recent years, in the slag-fuming proce in the form of oxidized zinc fume from hot slap o and reclaimed dump slags from old lead smelter The oxidized zinc fume is further treated at electr retort zinc smelters for recovery of metallic zinc. panies operated slag-fuming plants,in 1946, ^Bradley--Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining $ Conce Mnj?ast Helena--Anaconda Copper Mining Co.: UtahTooele-- International Smelting & Refining Co. In 1946 the three plants in the United States of hot and cold slag, which yielded 75,385 tons qf o 41,566 tons of recoverable zinc. The American Smelting & Refining Co. comple the construction of ei slag-fuming plant to recover company El Paso (Texas) smelter. Constructio ^ictive^Zin^-Reduction Plants.-A list of the operating in the United States in 1946 follows Horizontal-retort plants Fort Smith--Athletic Mining & Smelting Co. Van Buren--Arkansas Smelting Co.* I'lmOpairmont --American Zino Co. of Illinois. Danville--The Hegeler Zinc Co. La Salle--Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co. Oklahoma: Blackwell--Blackwell Zinc Co. ... p Henryetta--Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Co. Bartlesville--National Zinc Co., Inc. Pennsylvania^--American zinc & Chemical Co. Donora--American Steel & Wire Go. Palmerton--The New Jersey Zino Co. of Pennsy Amarillo--American Smelting & Refining Co. Dumas--American Zinc Co. of Illinois. . Vertical-retort plants Illinois: Dupue--The New Jersey Zinc Co. ' Pennpalinerton--The New Jersey Zinc Co. of Pennsy Josephtown--St. Joseph Lead Co. , ^eStMead'owbrook--E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co Electrolytio plants Idaho: , Kellogg--Sullivan Mining Co. . Illinois^ ^ Lou;a--American Zinc Co. of Illinois. MontAannaac:onda--Anacond,a C_opper .M..ini.ng Co. Great Falls--Anaconda Copper Mining Co. 1 e TeXCorpus Christi--American Smelting & Refining * Operations suspended January 1046. 1250 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1940 PRIMARY AND REDISTILLED SECONDARY SLAB ZINC Tho output of primary slab zinc in 194G, tho smallest since 1940, dropped 5 percent below tho 1945 production. Although the use of foreign ore declined and the slab zinc produced from this source dropped 10 percent, tho quantity of zinc recovered from foreign ore continued high in comparison with prewar years. Production from domestic ore, lowest since 1938, declined 2 percent to continuo the downward trend in evidence since 1941. ' Production of redistilled slab zinc from zinc scrap declined 10 per cent in 1946. Of the 44,516 short tons of redistilled secondary slab zinc produced, 18,408 tons (41 percent) were derived from primary smelters, and 26,108 tons (59 percent) wero produced at secondary plants. Data on the output of remelted secondary slab zinc are not mdud.ed with those for redistilled metal. In 1946 the production of slab zinc recovered by remelting purchased scrap amounted to 8,212 tons (8,090 tons in 1945). Zinc rolling nulls and other consumers of slab zinc recover large quantities of zinc from their own plant scrap; but such metal is not measured statistically, for it normally does not enter the market as scrap. Primary and redistilled secondary slab zinc produced in the United States, 1942-46, in short tons ' Year Primary Domestic) Foreign Total Redistilled secondary Total (ex cludes xlno recovered by romelt- log) 1942............................................ 1943....................................................... * 1944............................................................. ........... 1946.......................................... ' 1940.......................................... .............................. 020,967 694,260 674,463 467,084 > 294,' 849 na, 973 49,242 946,067 000, 624 018,330 813,803 772,778 1 Includes a small tonnago of foreign slab ilno further reflned Into high-grade metal In the United States. DISTILLED AND ELECTROLYTIC ZINC Of the 1946 output of primary zinc, 61 percent was distilled and 39 percent was produced electrolytically compared with 65 and 35 percent, respectively, in 1945. An increased demand for zinc for alloy die-casting was largely the cause for the gain in output of Special High Grade zinc, the only grade of slab zinc in which production increased in 1946. In contrast to a 7-percent rise in output of Special High Grade, Regular (Ordinary) High Grade decreased 6 percent, Intermediate 34 percent, Selected 21 percent, and Prime Western 10 percent. Production of Brass Special remained virtually unchanged. Tho original first-stage smelter pro duction of Prime Western zinc was somewhat higher than is indicated in the following table, but to avoid duplication the quantity consumed in redistilling was omitted because the resultant Special High Grade slab zinc thus produced is reported. Of tho total 1946 production (comparable 1945 figures in parentheses), 30 percent (32 percent) was Prime Western, 31 percent (27 pcrcont) Special High Grade, 23 percent (24 percent) Regular High Grade, 10 percent (9 percent) Brass Special 4 percent (6 percent) Intermediate, and 2 percent (2 percent) Selected. ZINC Distilled and electrolytio zino, primary and secondary, States, 1942-46, in short tons CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO METHOD Year Electro lytic pri mary Rodl DIstIUod At mo sme 1944 ...................................................................... J946 ...................................................................... 252,087 320,902 317,388 260, 624 281,205 638,885 612,407 661,914 494,637 446,967 ' 2 2 2 2 1 CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO QRAD Year Grade A Spoclal Regular High Grade High Grade (99.99% Zn) (Ordinary) Grade B (Interme diate) Grades O and Brass Special Sele 1942..................... 1943..................... 1944................... 1946..................... 1946..................... 231, 422 293,168 261,210 220, 241 236,184 250.601 303,743 251,595 191,639 180,366 77,627 02,700 56,928 49,106 32,294 80,176 82,072 64.396 76,749 76,296 2 2 2 1 1 i For total production of secondary sine soe chapter on Secondary Metals PRIMARY SLAB ZINC, BY STATE Montana was the leading producer of primar Pennsylvania, which displaced Montana for first second in 1946 and was. followed by Oklahoma which production figures may be released, Illinois, occupied the next three positions, in order of de Montana and Idaho, as usual, produced electroly and Texas made both electrolytic and distilled States confined their operations to distillation alo Some indication of the movement of foreign o within the United States is revealed when 'a break tion of primary slab zinc from this source is consid tons of primary slab zinc of foreign origin recove 'in Montana accounted for 29 percent, Pennsylva homa 17 percent, Illinois 13 percent; Texas 11 ginia, Arkansas, and Idaho combined 9 percen zinc Iproduced from foreign ores and concentra recovered by electrolytic methods and 54'perce Primary slab zino produced in the United States, by 1942-46, in short tons Year Arkan sas . Idaho Illinois Montana Okla homa Pennsyl vania. 1942...................... 1943..:.............. 1944........... .......... 1945.................... 1946.................... 41,649 35,704 31,360 29,391 18,720 39,010 176,466 41,129 221,080 36,662 165,362 33,110 124,904 34,832 ,104,0021 103,486 237,686 224,391 179,26P 186,662 102,422 72,043 107,364 106.116 104,126 231,302 218,068 206,315. 200,709) 178,611 'J'oias nn<| Weal Virginia; also MImc h m in mu ; 1252 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 6 ' SECONDARY ZINC In addition to the rodistilled secondary slab zinc (unalloyed) already, reported herein, some remelted slab zinc is produced, and a large quan tity of secondary zinc is recovered each year in the form of alloys, zinc dust, zinc pigments, and zinc salts. Additional information on sec ondary zinc is given in the Secondary Metals--Nonferrous chapter of this volume. BYPRODUCT SULFURIC ACID Sulfuric acid made from the sulfur dioxide gases produced in roasting zinc blende (sphalerite) is an important byproduct of zinc smelting. To utilize a larger proportion of their acid-producing capacity, some plants also consume large quantities of native sulfur. The production of sulfuric acid at zinc-blende roasting plants decreased 17 percent in 1946. Sulfurio acid (60s B. basis) made at zinc-blende roasting plants in the United States, 1942-46 Made from also blende * Made from native aulfur Total Year Short tone Value * Short tons ValueJ Short tons Value * Total Averago per ton 1942........................ 1043........................ 1944........................ 1045........................ 1946.................... 695,242 . |6,670,037 879,266 8.687.148 839,451 8,344.143 786,682 7,944,478 701,080 6,842,641 147,913 166,210 268,927 303,327 207.141 $1,393.998 1,633,476 2,673, 734 3,063,603 2,021,696 842,766 1,034,476 1,098; 378 1,089,909 908,221 $7,964,036 10, 220.623 10,917,877 11,008.081 8,864,237 , $9.46 9.88 9.94 10.10 9.76 i includes acid (tom foreign blende. > At avenge of sales of 003 acid. ZINC DUST All previous records for production of zinc dust were broken in 1946, :.he total output being 10 percent greater than in 1945 and 8 percent ibove the former high point reached in 1944. Zinc powder and blue lowder are not included in the total produced; the zinc dust statisti:ally reported is restricted to commercial grades that comply with overe specifications as to percentage of unoxidized metal, evenness of grading, and fineness of particles. Tho zinc content of the dust pro duced m 1946 ranged from 94.97 to 99.69 percent and averaged 97,91 ercent. Shipments of zinc dust totaled 27,257 tons, of which 1 perent went to foreign countries. Shipments of zinc dust were slightly ewer than production, and as the quantity consumed at manufac turers' plants was small (3 percent of output), producers' stocks icreased from 1,622 tons (corrected figure) at the beginning to 2,148 ms at the close of the year. The average price of zinc dust shipped to domestic consumers in 1946 as 10.6 cents a pound compared with 10.1 cents in 1945. The raw materials used to manufacture zinc dust aro reviewed in the Secondary letals--Nonferrous chapter of this volume. Most of the production > from zinc scrap (principally galvanizers' dross), but some is recov- red from zinc ore, slab zinc, and as a byproduct of zinc refining. ' ZINC Zinc dust1 produced in the United States, 1942 Year Short tons Value Total Average per pound Year : Short tons .1942........................ 1943.................... 1944........................ 22,806 $4,789,060 26,990 5,249,980 26,511 6,408> 244 $0.105 1946........................ .101 1946........................ .102 26,877 28,674 : * All produced by distillation. f ZjNC PIGMENTS AND SALTS The principal zinc pigments are zinc oxide and lith principal salts are the chloride and sulfate. These pro factured from various zinc-bearing materials, inclu scrap, and rosidues. ' Details of the production of zi salts are given; in the Lead and Zinc Pigments and Z of this volume. :' DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION ' NEW SUPPLY The following table shows the 5-year record of p available for consumption in the United States. quantity, in effect, is equivalent to primary slab zinc available each year for shipment to domestic consu y6In addition to primary slab zinc, 45,213 tons of red slab'zinc were made available to consumers m 1946 for a decrease in stocks at secondary smelters. Al remelt spelter were produced from'purchased scrap. Primary slab zinc available for consumption in the United Stat tons ' 1942 . . 1943 1944 Supply: ,,,, 24,212 886,810 36,362 947,374 82,498 i 033.828 66,166 1,072,481 168,777 i 867,226 03,626 1,099,628 Withdrawn: ;, 133,938 97,439 21,67 Stocks at smelters Deo. 31............. -< '-- 82,498 216,436 730,938 168,777 266,216 806,266 I 233,044 264,62 816,00 i Adjusted to exclude Imported slab tine further refined Into high-grade meta 1254 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 CONSUMPTION According to reports from plants representing an estimated 99 the consuming industry in the United States (670 plants in 1946) 801,242 tons of slab zinc (including 3,912 tons of purchased TMT1V Ycre put m Process in 1946, a 6-percent decline from 852,311 tons and 10 percent below the record level of 888,626 tons in 1944. Receipts at consumers' plants during 1946 were 821,930 tons. The apparent discrepancy between this figure and the calculated 866,171 tons of primary and secondary slab zinc and remelt spelter shipped to domestic consumers in 1946 can be attributed to incomplete coverage of the survey, variations in the quantity of metal in transit from producer to consumer at the beginning and the end of the year, and unaccounted-for slab zinc stored in bonded warehouses. , Galvanizing continued as the principal use of slab zinc, although the quantity consumed for this purpose in 1946 declined 5 percent The use of slab zinc fell sharply, owing largely to labor strikes at the brass mills and the increasing use of brass scrap in lieu of virgin metal. The quantity of zinc used for zinc-base alloys reached an all-time high of 212,211 tons, a gain of 62 percent over 1945. Consumption of slab zinc in the United States, 1942-46, by industries, in short __ tons1 Industry and product Galvanizing; < Sheet and strip....... Wire and wire rope... Tubes and pipe........ ................. Wire cloth. ......... Fittings Other Brass products; Sbeot, strip, and plate. Rod and wire Tube........................ Castings and billets. Copper-base Ingots.............. Other copper-base products* Zlnc-baso alloy; Die castings.......... Alloy dies and rod......... Slush and sand costings* Rolled zlno. lino oxide. Other uses: Slush castings Wet batteries....... Desilverizing lead. Ll^ht-metal alloys. Total consumption snstmSrs?1 * caava3a of tt0 p1111113 ln 1042 "ld a somewhat larger coverage in 1943-49 mostly from small ! Icluds *JQ0 US6d In electroga!vaulting, but excludes shemdiziug. J Separate figures not available but included in "Other " ; {"eludes miscellaneous articles not given elsewhere * Included under "Other uses." J Included under "Zinc-base alloy" In 1043-46. ielnot'elMwherft mentioned!"^ l`" dU,t' broD" powdor' all^ chemicals, castings, and miscellaneous Includes 6.68Z tons of romelt zlno ln 1944, 6,111 tons In 1616, and 3,612 tons In 1046 IMS h, lndnslt.es. ZINC The volume of slab zinc consumed for rolled pr short of equaling the 1945 figure. In addition to mills remelt ana reroll the metallic scrap produc cating operations. The scrap so treated in 1946 tons--a 42-percent decrease from the comparab 1945 Purchased zinc scrap in the form of zin scrap, and engravers' plates totaling 3,313 tons we in 1946 (3,652 tons in 1945). Production of rolle and purchased scrap was 92,648 tons, a decrease o total for 1945. Inventories of rolled zinc were 2,5 31 1946, compared with 2,498 tons (revised figure 1945. In addition to the actual shipments of 6 zinc in 1946, the rolling mills processed 50,133 (including that which was remelted and rerolle 32,429 tons of semifabricated and finished produ . Rolled zinc produced and quantity available for consump 1945-46 . 1646 Bhort tons Value Total Averago per pound1 Production: . Sheet zinc not over 0.1 Inch thick.. Boiler plate and sheet? over 0.1 inob thick.................................--- Strip and ribbon zlno ................. . Foil, rod, and wire.......................... Total rolled zinc............................. 16,746 (4,624,274 3.067 717,301 77,176 18,817,101 1,406 669,213 98,334 24,717,970 Imports........................................................ (*> Exports....................... :r........................- 6,418 02,781 1,484,826 (0.138 .117 .122 .100 .126 .137 .086 .040 ' Figures represent net production. In addition, 31,668 tons of strip and InI 11664466 w\ ere rerolled from scrap originating ln fabricating planta In conne Leas than 1 ton. . , ... i Allowances made for chango in producers' stocks of rolled tine. < Revised Qguro. The following table shows the six commercial zinc and purchased remelt spelter consumed by in 1946. Of the 801,242 tons of domestic and fo 37 percent was Prime Western, 32 percent Speci percent Regular High Grade, compared with 38 respectively, in 1945. All grades of zinc were us in the manufacture of brass and rolled zinc prod was the principal grade used in the hot-dip, proce higher grades being used chiefly for electrogalva cations in brass manufacture necessitate the use 66 percent of the total used in this industry be grades. 1256 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 0 Consumption of slab zinc in the United States in 1946, by grades, according to industry, in short tons . Special High Grade Regular High Grade Inter mediate Brass Special Selected Prime Western Remelt Total Galvanizing..................... . Brass products......................... Zino'Oase alloy......................... Rolled zino................................ Zinc oxide...................... s.......... Other uses...................... 4......... 11,614 33,076 207,063 3,864 1,870 * 1,381 14,610 64,230 3.006 36,778 17,300 3,469 Total................................ 260,667 139,301 10,086 11,103 688 11,646 1, 281 36,602 12,870 14,046 36,408 660 64,083 073 261 1,160 266,270 24,613 220 3, 662 : 1,620 2,364 296,203 2,537 776 326 274 3,012 310,760 149,102 212. 211 02,307 19,170 8,603 801,242 STOCKS Producers' Stocks.--Inventories of slab zinc at producers' plants dropped 31 percent in 1946 and were the lowest recorded since 1943. Of the 176;342 tons on hand at the end of tho year, 123,231 tons wero Special High Grade and Regular High Grado and tho remainder (53,111 tons) of lower grades, compared with 169,679 tons and 86,537 tons, respectively, at the end of 1945. Nearly the entire decline can be accounted for by reduced inventories of Prime Western (75 percent) and Special High Grade and Regular High Grade (27 percent). Stocks of zinc ore (60 percent concentrates) in tho Tri-State district (as reported by the Tri-State Zinc and Lead Ore Producers' Associa tion) were 3,677 tons, lowest for the year, at the beginning of 1946. Inventories increased to 6,930 tons on March 23 but declined there after to 3,988 tons on Julv 13. High point of the year was reached on November 2, with a total of 10,614 tons, followed by a general down ward trend to 8,328 tons on December 28. Stocks of zinc on hand at zinc-reduction plants in the United States at end of year, 1942-46, in short tons At secondary distilling plants......................................... 1042 1043 1044 1046 82, 408 1,042 84,440 108, 777 1,829 170,606 233,044 662 233,606 254,766 1,461 266,216 1046 175, 686 766 176,342 Consumers' Stocks.--Stocks of slab zinc at consumers' plants increased markedly in 1946, the total on December 31 being 28 per cent 'over the quantity on hand at the beginning of. the year. Inven tories increased abruptly at the first of the year to a high of about 116,300 tons on May 31, followed by a general downward trend during the remainder of the year. At the average monthly rate of consump tion in 1946, consumers' stocks on hand at tho end of 1946 were slightly more than 1 month's requirements. ZINC Consumers' stocks of slab zinc at plants at the beginnin industries, in short tons Oalva- Die Brass nizers casters 1 mills1 Zinc rolling mills Dec. 31, 1945 ................................. J 33,086 112,701 ' 18,185 Deo. 31, 1940 ................................. 42,678 22,271 20,041 6,317 6,648 i Includes producers of tine-base die castings, zinc-alloy dlos, and zinc-alloy * Includes brass mills, brass ingot makers, and brass products. * Revised figure. * * Stocks on December 31, 1046 and 1046, exclude 416 tons and 407 tons, resp pr ic es The base ceiling price established by the Office o tion of 8.25 cents a pound for Prime Western gr Louis remained unchanged through June 30. A OPA was vetoed by the President on June 29, and of zinc advanced to 9.50 cents, St. Louis. With the OPA by legislative action on July 25, tho for 8.25 cents became effective and prevailed until O OPA announced an upward revision of 1 cent per price, establishing the market at 9.25 cents, St. order of November 12, retroactive to November' prices from all metals and opened the way for a fu on November 12 to 10.50 cents, St; Louis, the hi Prime Western zinc since March 1917. The wei received by the producers for all grades of zinc s cents a pound, f. o. b. plants, compared with 8.6 1946 price of 12.2' cents for zinc, which appears in of this volume, represents the weighted average p grades of slab zinc-(8.9 cents) plus tho increment per pound based upon the total mine output of r $37,954,842 in subsidies for overquota productio and smelter contracts paid by the Office of Metals The general policy of the Quota Committee Premium Price Plan for overquota mine producti (copper and lead were also included) prevailed collapsed with expiration of the OPA and ceiling Upon reestablishment of the OPA in late July pr for retroactive premium payments to cover the p was in effect. The Premium Price Plan was exte 1947, under the same terms as in the past, excep in the subsidy, section of the bill extending the O that "adjustments shall be made to encourage exp opment work and adequate allowances for deprecia The bill further provided that all classes of pr cancelable unless necessary to make individual adj to specific mines. With the abandonment of me November 10, subsidies to mines financially aide Price Plan were computed with average monthly as a base. A compilation of important data sho zinc under tho Premium Price Plan, 1943--46, at levels and the payments made, is givfen in the follo 783065--i8------------ 80 Salient statistics on zinc with regard to operation of Preminm Price Plan, 1943-46 1 1943 ' 1944 1945 1946 Cton 00 Trf-8tate district U. 8. ex clusive of Tri-State u.s. total Tri-State district U. S. ex clusive of Tri-State U. 8. total Tri-State district tT.S. ex clusive of Tri-State U. S. total Tri-State district U. S. ex clusive of Tri-State U. S. total Total production of recoverable zinc '.short tons.. Ceiling production at 8.25 oents a pound.. .do___ Ceiling production, proportion of total..percent.. 200.103 11,930 6.96 540,565 326,251 60.35 740,668 338.181 45.66 200.341 20.911 10.44 515,465 251,105 48.71 716,806 272,016 38.00 140,181 6,672 105 471177 201 633 43.16 611368 210,305 3123 137,858 1253 L63 427,929 161896 38.77 561 787 161149 29.72 Overceiling production under Premium Price Plan: *A" quota only (11.00 oents a pound) ' short tons.. "Bw quota (13.75 cents a pound)........... do___ "C" quota (16.50 cents a pound)______ do___ 92,650 68,243 34,803 146,639 40,045 22,778 239,289 98.288 67,581 65.714 65,770 42,080 171,328 56,015 31,421 237,042 121,794 73,601 41,388 61136 36,192 191,328 39,444 36,009 231716 91,579 71,201 >11594 >31082 > 56,956 >21963 >131 861 >31152 > 41861 < 47,136 >141455 71234 >101,817 >69,398 Total premium production........... ___do___ Metals Reserve mine contracts..... ___ do___ 185,696 209.462 395,158 173,573 258,764 431 337 128,715 266,781 395,496 2,477 4,852 7,329 5,857 6,596 11,453 6,794 1763 8,657 129,894 1711 261,010 1,023 390,904 1734 Total overtoiling production____ ___do___ 188,173 214.314 402,487 179,430 264,360 443,790 134,609 269,644 401053 131605 261 033 397,638 OverceUing production, proportion of total: Production under Premium Price Plan: "A" quota only...........................percent.. "B" quota (also received "A")....... do___ "C" quota (also received "A" and "B") percent.. 46.30 29.11 17.39 27.13 7.41 4.21 32.31 13.27 7.77 32.80 32.83 21.01 33.24 10.87 6.09 33.12 17.01 10.27 29.63 37.19 25.10 40.35 8.32 7.69 37.88 14.91 11.59 >11.31 >2146 41.31 >1115 <31.05 <8.45 < 10.48 >11.01 26.24 > 12.59 * 17.99 12.27 Total premium production.. ...do___ Metals Reserve mine contracts ...do___ 92.80 1.24 38.75 .90 5135 .99 86.64 2.92 50.20 1.09 60.40 1.60 91.82 113 56.26 .68 64.38 1.39 9122 4.15 60.99 .24 69.09 1.19 Total overceiling production. .--do___ 94.04 39.65 54.34 89.56 61.29 6100 95.95 66.84 65.77 98.37 61.23 70.28 Payments under Premium Price Plan: i "A" premium................................... .dollars.. 10,213,269 11,520,444 21,731713 9,646,487 14,283,-080 23,829,667 7,079,337 11671 969 21,751 306 '1801964 <11,491232 <17,293.196 "BM premium.............................. 5,117,644 3,455,281 8,672,826 6,932,208 1809,086 10,741,294 4,801986 1149,882 8,951 868 <1081,379 <1291 471 <9,377,850 "C" premium.................................. . 1.914,183 1,252,814 3,166,997 2,314,401 1,728,271 1041 672 1.935,543 1,981489 1916,032 <1151057 <1383,854 <1531911 >1411,597 >1576.074 >4,987,671 Total premium production.......... ...do___ 17,244,996 16,228,639 33,471636 17,791096 20,820,437 38,613,633 11817.666 20,803,340 31 621,206 11448,997 20,746,631 37,191628 Metals Reserve payments to smelters 1 ___do____ 401680 401 680 875,247 875.247 2 H S3 0>r2 H"i > to o o w <D 05 Metals Reserve mine contracts 1........ 221 005 280.353 501 358 571 737 311792 89Z529 550.979 157,745 701 724 691 862 60,352 . 759,214 Total overceiling payments-- ........ do___ 17.470,001 16,501 892 33,971 893 11774,413 21,134,229 39,908,642 11244,092 20,961,085 31 205,177 17,147,859 20,801983 37,954,842 Average prices per pound of sine: ` Average premium production-- ........ cents.. Metals Reserve mine contracts... ......... do____ Total overceiling production------- ..........do___ Total production................ ........... 12.893 1Z 791 12.892 12.615 12.124 11.139 1Z 102 9.777 1Z 485 1L69S 1Z471 10.544 11376 13.190 13.482 1Z 936 12.273 11.054 1Z 247 10.300 1Z 716 1Z 146 1Z 746 11.038 13.618 11005 11917 11687 1Z150 11.105 1Z 138 10.460 1Z 627 LZ 391 12.730 11.197 15.218 15.005 15.210 15.106 1Z 861 11.837 1Z857 1L 318 13.645 U. d/4 13.660 12 241 1 From published and unpublished reports of the Office of Price Administration and the Office of Premium Price Plan for Copper, Lead, Zinc, and Manganese. * Production of Tri-State tine from Office of Metals Reserve agency, Joplin, Mo.; all other from Bureau of Mines monthly reports. These data are preliminary and do not exactly equal final annnai totals for the United States exoept for IMS. i January-October. "A", 4*B'\ and *'C" quotas and premium payments for November and December are not separable and are shown with footnote 4. ' < Total "A", *`B", and "C" quotas and premium payments for November and Deoember; separation by kinds not available. 1 Data on premium payments, payments to smelters, and Metals Reserve mine-contract payments from Office of Metals Reserve. All payments shown are subject to correction due to additional payments as a result of retroactive quota adjustments, late reports by smelters and custom mills, etc. * All average prices shown include OPA ceiling price. N o l <tOooi -60: MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 6 The official London maximum price of 31 5s. per long ton, duty., id, for foreign zinc delivered to consumers, fixed by the Britisn inistry of Supply on June 11, 1945, was advanced to 39 5s. on April 1946. Subsequent price advances during the year occurred on July. nd November 13 when quotations rose to 50 and 55, respectively, e London price remained unchanged the balance of the year but was sed to 70 per long ton beginning January 1, 1947. Quotations of London Metal Exchange, discontinued at the outbreak of the war September 1939, were not resumed during 1946. Price of zinc and zinc concentrates, 1942-46 ' 1042 1943 1944 1946 1946 nge price common zinc at-- U. Louis (spot).......................................... Mow York................................................... /Oiidon....................................................... ss New York over London................ n 60-percent tine concentrates: ! `rice per short ton..................................... indexes (1025-29 average-100): `Inc (New York)..........,,............................ `.fad (New York)...................................... :opper (Nejv York).................................. ' -onferrous metals *................................... - U commodities >........................................ cents per pound.. ..................... do___ ......................do___ ......................do___ ................. dollars.. R. 25 8.66 4. A3 4.03 66.28 122 87 80 87 101 8. 26 8.66 4.03 4.03 55.28 122 87 80 87 105 8. 25 8.65 4.63 4.02 55.28 122 87 . 80 87 106 8. 25 8.65 5.18 3.47 55.28 122 87 80 87 108 8. 73 9.16 7.76 1.40 61.12 128 109 93 100 121 verogo price for foreign tine, converted to cents por pound with the pound storling at $4.02U. scd upon price indexes of U, 8. Department of Labor. . age monthly quoted prices of common zinc (prompt delivery or spot) St. Louis and London, and of 60-percent zinc concentrates at Joplin, 1946-46 1 1946 ' 104G Month 60-porccnt zinc con centrates In the Jop lin region (dollars per ton)* Metalilozlnc (cents per pound) St. Louis London ' GO-pcrcent zinc con centrates in the Jop lin region (dollars per ton)1 Metallic zinc (cents . per pound) St. Louis London * . .--................... .................... r.................................. r................... . r... . orage for year.............. $55.28 55.28 55.28 55.28 65.28 65.28 65.28 66.28 55.28 56. 28 65,28 65.28 65.28 8.25 8. 25 8. 25 8. 25 8.25 8. 25 8.26 8. 26 8. 26 8.25 8.25 8. 26 8.25 4.63 4.63 4.63 4.63 4.63 6.34 6. 02 6. 62 5. 62 6.62 6. 62 5.02 6.18 60.00 50.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 (0 60.00 60.00 60.00 00.00 64.00 61.12 8. 25 , 8.26 . 8.26 8. 26 8.26 8.25 9. 24 8. 25 8.25 8.87 10.12 10.60 8.73 6. 62 6. 62 6.62 6. 72 7.05 7. 05 8. 98 8.98 8. 98 8.98 9. 62 9.88 7.76 Metal Statistics, 1047, p. 682. St. Louis: Metal Statistics, 1947, p. 659. London: E4MJ Meta) ini Markets. = ot Inciude Government premium of $29.70 a ton on zinc concentrates payable for overquota pro- o price for foreign zinc converted to cents per pound with the pound sterling at $4.02M. Official price raised on June 11, 1945, and Apr. 8, July 1, and Nov. 13,1946. . > ket due to uncertainty of Premium Price Plan subsidies. . I": ZINC Average prioe received, by producers for zino,1942--46, by ............... pound1 ..... ........... ,, ' 1942 1943 Grade A:1 Special High Grade___..........................-............................. .. liogular nigh Grade........................................................................ Grade B: Intermediate....................................................................... Grades O and D:1 . . Brass Spocial....................... .............................................. .............. ' Grade E: Prime Western.................................................. .............. Prime1 Western; spot quotation at St.' Louis................................ 9.00 9.10 8.64 8.32 8.18 8.23 8.7 8.25 8.91 8. 74 8.71 8.46 7.95 ,8.31 , 8.8 ' 8.26 i Doos not Include ovorqUota premium payments made by Office of Metals R 1 American Motal Market quotes average prices (dollverod) of High Orade a High Grade (f. o. b. New York)--1942-45,9.25oents; 1946,9.73 cent*. ` Brass Spec 1942-45,8.50 cents; 1946,8.98 cents. FOREIGN TRADE4 , Imports.--Total imports of zinc in ores an^ con declined 29 percent from 1945. Of thp 272,b56 tons in'ores and concentrates in 1946, approximately 47.p Mexico, 21. percent from Canada, 18 percent from from Bolivia, 3 percent from Argentina, and l' perce Slab zinc imports increased 8 pordent over 1945(and of any year in the hisitbry.qf the zinc industry, , A.5 in imports fromi'Mexico w'erd more than offset by. t in the quantity of slab zinb imported from Canada. Zino imported into the United States in ore, blocks, pig's, o 1 ' ' i 1 : ' *' 1 'countries, in short tons1 Country ,. 1944 Ore (zinc content): .................. Australia.......................... .-...l ...........................-........................ ' .22,26 42,21 6.30 112,29 -9 177,62 19.01 43,88 Blocks, pigs, or slabs: ' .' . 1' ; 1 : ' 422,69 , 4,48 39, 7 1,34 63,62 i Data Include zinc imported for Immediate consumption plus materiel ente a Substantially all zino shown as roceived from Chile originated In Bolivia an ports. Less than 1 ton. * Figures on Imports and exports complied by M. B. Prioe, of the Bureau o U. S. Department of Commerce. 1262 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 Zino imported for consumption in the United States, 1942-46, by classes Year Ores (zino content) Short tons Value Blocks, pigs, slabs Shoots Old, dross and skim* mings * Zino dust 8bort tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value Tota value 1942................ 283,167 $10,723,983 86,362 $4924,438 1943................ 614646 20,474688 66,266 4 825,874 1944................ 414004 14 674 967 63,626 6,132,877 1946................ 330,397 14,964067 96.710 12,184 873 1946.............. 166,886 4124 471 104,016 14474,860 60 $10,086 8,867 $164929 W 66 4146 226,764 16 4640 4603 800,188 8 2 7,831 477,893 10 4,237 300,429 702 $43,464 *13,860,000 106 17,686 28, M,M1 2S.1H.MJ 302 39,789 27.MMH 77 4,942 24,802,703 1 Includes dross and skimmlogs aa follows--1W2: 3,214 tom, 1160,813: i#,3: 3.032 tona 1210 423-1044- 4 004 tons, *224,006; 1046; 4,323 tons, *231,040; and 1946: 2.fil tons, *188,M2. ' i In addition, manufactures ot tlno Imported as follow*--1942: *10; 1943: *36,366; 1944: *14,223-1946: *3 077; and 1040: $1,939. ' '' * Leu than 1 ton. Exports.--The value of export of zinc ores (and concentrates) and manufactured articles containing zinc of foreign and domestic origin (excluding galvanized products, alloys, and pigments) amounted to $11,199,007 in 1940, compared with $2,956,222 in 1945. In addition to the items shown in the accompanying tables, considerable zinc is oxported each year in brass, pigments, chemicals, and galvanized iron and steel. Export data on zinc pigments and chemicals are given in the Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts cliaptor of this volume. Much of the zinc used m the manufacture of such products is of foreign origin, and when they are exported a draw-back of 99 percent of the import duty is refunded upon the basis of zinc contained in the finished product. Data covering draw-back in 1945 and 1946 are not yet available. Draw-back refunds were made on 7,274 tons in 1943 md on 29,738 tons in 1944. "ino ore and manufactures of zinc, exported from the United States, 1942-40 Year Zinc ore, concen trates, and dross (tlno content) Slabs, platos, or blocks 8beets, strips, or other forms, n. e. s. Zino dust Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value 12................ 1n................ 1................ ( ) 1 8 80 $18 806 38 67 14440 133,938 97,439 21,676 7,782 87,431 $22,828.920 17,107,729 3,717.643 1,126,010 6,626,800 4, 767 3,167 4.020 6, 236 13,846 $1,280,8S9 691,132 1,065,206 1,747,037 4,464 328 1,772 6,859 206 330 366 $417,957 1,263,296 74,478 81,308 89,439 ZINC Blab and sheet zino exported from the United States, ^943-- in short tons Destination Slabs, plates, and block 1944 1946 1946 Sheet 1943 Country: Argentina........ ......................... Australia.................................. Belgium and Luxembourg.. Brazil............ ........................... Canada.......................... ......... Chile.......................................... China........................................ , Cuba........................ ................ Czechoslovakia....................... Finland..................................... France....................................... India......................................... Mexico...................................... Netherlands............................ Portugal................................... Sweden..................................... Switzerland............................. . . Turkey...................................... Union of South Africa.......... U. 8. 8. R................................ United Kingdom................... Other countries....................... Continent: North America.. South America.. Europe............... . Asia..................... Africa.................. Oceania.............. Less than 1 ton. <0 1, $28 13,347 107 2,170 () 6, 818 161 1,329 23, 477 44 M0 962 97,439 13,609 1,652 72,017 7,991 4260 1 1,069 4132 17 1,161 14,669 64 21,676 4.621 1,112 16*820 23 1 0) 110 2,060 441 24 687 141 2,204 "'ii3 17 470 1,336 276 7, 782 300 1,391 6,087 3,706 4,163 1,301 1 643 417 67 1,118 960 0) 4,080 64 2; 491 2 1,181 4,205 179 14 760 124 37.431 136 6,763 26,863 4,679 (`) 79 4160 24 6 66 1 196 144 3 361 3,167 4389 317 74 . 13 322 62 WORLD REVIEW World production of zinc in recenty_ears, insofar as is shown in the accompanying table. World smelter production of zinc* 1940-46* by countries whe tons Country 1940 1941 1942 1943 1 Australia......................................... Belgium........................................... Canada.................. ......................... China.............................................. Czechoslovakia............................. Germany *...................................... Indochina, French....................... Italy................................................. Japan *........................................... Netherlands................................... Northern RbodesJa...................... Norway........................................... Peru................................................. Poland............................................. Spain............ .................................. 77,170 `70,410 164 486 260 <0 37,843 317.600 0,104 39,338 69,214 33,388 6,049 13,402 17,229 178 CO 12,322 U. 8. 8. R....................................... United Kingdom '........................ United States................................. Yugoslavia...................................... 4 86,000 60,026 614696 4,989 Total..................................... 1,620,600 78,945 34690 193,784 214 CO 24 918 317,600 4 261 34800 62,177 34 678 3,718 13,762 4 464 752 0 19,143 <*) 68,677 744 720 () 1,749,200 410 74 474 24 620 195, 769 396 (>> 22,829 314100 6.462 ' 33,646 64 730 61.743 4 163 13,046 7,093 941 (') 72,437 809,088 1,800,000 728 78, 972 27,770 187,342 600 0) 21, m 314000 4,138 15,460 60,948 64,449 4,666 13,620 16, 376 1,226 () 19,200 864.844 1,830, 600 7 16 26 6 4 1 H 1 : .7 .7 1,62 1 Included with Qermany. ........ * Data not available; estimate by senior author of chapter Included in total. * Includes Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland In 1940-44. ' Estimated. * January to June, Inclusive. , * Preliminary data for fiscal year ended Maroh 31 of year following that state t Some secondary metal Included. 64 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1040 Argentina.--The Aguilar mino of tho Colripania Minora Aguilar,1 A., subsidiary of tlio St. Joseph Lead Co., continued to be the leading iducer in 1946, although the property operated at about 60 percent mcity owing to shortage of mino timber, fuel oil, and inability of the Iroad to provide enough cars for shipping concentrates from the :ie. The zinc-concentrates production at the Aguilar mine in 1946' s 29,601 metric tons compared with 25,862 tons in 1945. Australia.--Labor shortages and tho difficulty in obtaining hew uiing'machinery continued to restrict zinc production at Australian lies and smelters in 1946. .1 The production of crude ore at the Broken Hill South, Ltd., for the al year ended June 30, 1946, was 293,130 long tons compared with i,605 tons for the previous year. The Lake George Mining Corp., Ltd., at Captain's Flat, New South i.les, produced 135,244 tons of ore for the fiscal year ended June 30, 16, compared with 164,549 tons for the previous year. The total imated ore reserves remaining at the property on June 30 were 32,753 tons assaying 1.1 dwt. gold and 1.4 ounces of silver per ton, I 7.2 percent lead, 12.4 percent zinc, and 0.7 percent copper. The electrolytic plant of the Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Australasia, 1., at Risdon, Tasmania, which treats zinc concentrates from <ken Hill, New South Wales, as well as from tho company-owned unanian mines, produced 77,299 long tons of slab zinc during 1946. 'anada.--At Trail, British Columbia, tho Consolidated Mining & 'ilting Co. continued to be the principal source of Canadian zinc luction. According to tho company's annual report to stock- lers, slab zinc produced at the electrolytic plant at Trail was ,393 short tons compared with 134,873 tons in 1946. Ore reserves lie end of the year showed a net increase of about 3.3 million tons.* he Hudson Bay Mining &Smelting Co., Ltd., at Flin Flon,Mani-' , according to the company's annual report to stockholders, Luced 1,837,472 short tons of ore in 1946. About 145,900 tons of concentrates averaging 45.4 percent zinc were produced at the .any flotation mill. Slab-zinc production at the company elec- tic plant was 51,328 tons compared with 47,468 tons in 1945.' liorridon, Manitoba, the Shcrritt Gordon Mines, Ltd., milled; .336 tons of ore in 1946, from which 17,291 tons of zinc concentrates' recovered. Ore reserves in the West mine at the end of 1946' 1,368,000 tons averaging 2.12 percent zinc and 2.60 percent; cr; known ore at the East mine was completely mined out during! year. , ; lie Normetal Mining Corp., Ltd., at Normetal, Quebec, during' year milled 186,634 tons of ore averaging 3.64 percent copper and percent zinc, which yielded 20,508 snort tons of zinc concentrate 3 percent zinc), in addition to copper concentrate. Ore reserves: at end were 1,716,000 tons averaging 7.28 percent zinc and 3.68: at copper. Ore reserves at the Waite Amulet Mines, Ltd., were' cd from 2,517,538 tons in 1945 to 1,997,739 tons at the end of ixico.--Labor strikes, poor railroad facilities, and high taxes the principal factors limiting Mexican zinc output in 1946. On nber 31, 1945, a general strike of Mexican mine and smelter ZINC labor, originally scheduled for December 17, shut off zin the end of February 1946, when new wage scales we and tho workers returned to their jobs. . Newfoundland.--The mine, production of zinc, m content of concentrates produced, totaled 87,673 shor compared with 49,350 tons in 1945. . , TTn United Kingdom.--Consumption of zinc m the Un totaled 289,364 long tons in 1946, of which 216,089 tons zinc and 73,275 tons secondary (including remelted) zinc figures for 1945 were 250,383 tons consumed, of whic were primary and 77,060 tdns secondary. Of the total in 1946, 33 percent was used in brass products, 25 p vanizing, 19 percent in zinc oxide, 9 percent in rolled i for die castings, and 7 percent for zinc; dust andmiscella u S S R.--Virtually no official production figu available on Ihe Russian zinc industry during the last1 howover presented in tho announcement March 1946 o Year Plan indicate that zinc output has been declining !' i .