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FILE NAME Talc TALC DATE 1980 DOC TALC492 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Dept of Labor Report - Asbestiform and Fibrous Minerals in Mines Mills and Quarries @ . Asbestiform and Fibrous Minerals i=, in Mines Mills and Quarries partment U.S. E of Labor Ray Marshall Secretory a : MineSafety and HealthAdministration _ Robert B. Lagather Assistant Secretary : y 1980 1111 3 So . CONTENTS Page PPageaPage gePage Se, AbIstnr^/tchroduction rgeees 1 Abstr^/ch ce reese voce eee eter pte ees stag ened anatsads - ~ - e * ry ~ - ~ rete eset E eee ase Rea eR EeE tere Es sese ren * * oy on cy : Acknowledgments erect 2 Review of ces " aspects ees swec nents seen eer sents . ttn en srs eren reessarse resene ce tener eeebransoerercseesios medical Mineralogyand petrology ae eed aera seerarno tes meversenaererrseare?d +2 ee Definitions Definitions .... tert nsesaee 3 Nomenclature inconsistencies 8 Sampling and evaluation of fibrous du exas mples examples exat mples eees re renee Mineral fiber identification problems and some examples Discussion of minerals which may occur in fibrous form Discussion with predictions of ore desposits which may contain fibrous ...... minerals reer 8 scare eeareseer eet eee esnractes : ...... types Possible fibrous mineral occurrences in different rock ...... 9 Basic igneous = Medium igneous rocks eos ,,, seer ors rercseccsaseriowcen os 9 ; Sedimentary rocks Pe oases raeseseveresesearreste Metamorphic rocks ease conclusions Summary and .. Reece veers rrawuerrmosonaersear 12 10 References ... ... sean nse ese ston seta r OH ROHOORHPEL EH ED HED PATO OH . 7 rs > . c AeS Appendix Minerals that may occur in fibrous habits their synonyms and rock types generally expected to contain minerals of a fibrous nature sc sacrcersdveeersaeesr ce sat esense reverse ened commodities 15 . ~ commodities Appendix Mining operations and localities by commodities where ; fibrous minerals may possibly be found toned 23 : _ IN ASBESTIFORM AND FIBROUS MINERALS MINES MILLS AND QUARRIES by Wolter Bank1 _ . | | - . , Dy ABSTRACT One theory of induced lung damage holds that the shape and size of the responsible inorganic materials are significant factors Asbes ciform minerals fibrous minerals or elongated cleavage fragments irrespective of the mineral name applied or definitions employed may therefore become + significant in a health evaluation of airborne dust Many mineralisn ore of deposits and quarries exist in variable habits including the fibrous shape Namesus ch minerals vary depending on locality availability of analytical equipment and personnel these factors workers in traditional usage and other factors the mining and associated industries Because ofmay unknowingly may be exposetdo asbestiform or fibrous minerals 7 an . I Appendix lists many minerals that occur in asbestiform or fibrous habits : or which tend to cleave into elongated fragments Appendix II lists some and selected mines arranged by commodities scattered throughotuhte conter- minous United States where fibrous minerals may be found Actual min~ vis- itations have confirmed the presence of such fibrous minerals INTRODUCTION a _ Experiments on animals and human pathology indicate that the size and shape factors of inorganic substances are significant in the etiology of other pneumocopn nei umoocosnie oss es and various cancera Many miners mineral and processors quarry worke~ smay unknowingly be exposed to asbestiform and to their fibrous minerals which are hazardous health Industrial minerals sold directly in the form of consumer products may also constitute health - risks to | the consumer oo oe discusses This mineral assemblages found in ore deposits and quarries report cices potential hazardous minerals and predicts where fibrous min- : eral health hazarda might exist Mining engineer Industrial Health Branch Technical Support Denver Culo og oe! i en | | i ee ter te ne ee e inte Feree 000175 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author owes many thanks to Dr. Archur M. Langer mineralogist at the Environmental Environmental Science Laboratory of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine New of - City his invaluable discussions and re, views portions of this for York. oO report REVIEW OF MEDICAL ASPECTS Mining and milling industrial asbestos has produced both the pneumoconiosis called asbestosis and neoplasms specifically attributed to after more than 40 years of published research on biological asbestos yet relation- aspects many questions remain particulary the disease response on ship with respect to cancers At an international conference the biolo- gical effects of ingested asbestos held in Durham North Carolina in Novem- ber 1973 Dr. Paul F. Holt of Reading University England alluded to some of with 1 the uncertainties the question Does asbestos matter or doesn't it The term asbestos is ambiguous because it includes many natural inorganic minerals all with an asbestiform habit that differ from each other in chemical composition particle ranges morphology and probably bio- logical effects The definition of and discussion of the term asbestos will be reserved for the mineralogy and petrology section of this report the The pneumoconiosis called asbestosis is characterized by among other of an abnormally high quantity of ferruginous bodies or things presence asbestos bodies in the lungs These are generally golden coated formations usually symmetrical and segimnenlteendgwtihth Thcelubcboreed e connsdiss3tsto of maicfriobnesr in cross section and 20 50 microns which may or may not be asbestos 16 The ferruginous bodies are in fact nonspecific The core fibers may be synthetic materials such as fibrous glass or other inorganic materials that the 38 Recent animal experimental work as stated in the literature demon- strated that fibrous glass palygorskite nemalite brucite pectolite as well caused fibrosis and abdominal tumors and mesotheliomas Some as asbestos the importance of particle ranges and shapes and experimenters stressed reaction to asbestos fibrous were drawn to the conclusion pathologic related to the shape size glass and other fibrous materials seems primarily and durability rather than to other parameters such as surface properties 34 22 and chemical composition 9 6 25 36 7 23 Some investigators believe that the longer fibers longer than 5 micro- ; hazardous as demonstrated by the ferruginous bodies des- meters are more found in connection with asbestosis and some cancers cortihbeerd ianvbeosvteigwahtiocrah baerleieve that the shorter fibers are significantly hazar- dous with respect co mesotheliomas 17 The shorter fibers tend to reach the mesothelial linings smaller fibers tend to migrate to other organs once inhaled and ingested Underlined numbers in parentheses refer to items in the list of references preceding the appendixes 000176 Welsh investigators believe that the fibrous zeolite erionite is responsible for an epidemic of mesothelioma observed in the Turkish village of Karians This belief was expressed at the meeting of the Society forWashington Occupational and Environmental Health held December 4-7 1977 in Washington D.C. The work of Stanton 34 suggests that any durable fiber within a given range of length and diameter may be carcinogenic The discussion in the previous paragraphs indicates thata quandry exists in medical knowledge concerning asbestos exposure and resulting discage Tumors have been produced when various fibrous minerals and inor- ganic fibers have been injected into the pleural cavities of experimental - animals These tumors occur when the fibers are longer than eight micrometers and less than 0.25 micrometer in diameter According to some authorities such shorter fibers do not produce tumors other authorities disagree Shorter fibers would be important contributors to cancer induction if a biochemical mechanism for cancer were involved Other animal experiments with fibrous dusts have also resulted in > fibrotic lung reactions When the fibers have been carefully prepared and characterized the longer fibers are considered responsible for the fibrotic reactions when the animals are exposed through inhalation or tracheal instillation Becausea method of transport of fibers inhalebdy humans from the airways of the lung into the pleura is not known these animal experiments are often discounted for interpreting human data However mesotheliomas occur in humans who are associated with at least three of the commercial asbestos types namely chrysotile amosite and crocidolite No cases of mesothelioma have been reported among Finnish miners who were exposed only to anthophyllite oo asbestos but an excess of lung cancer exists Le, Aside from shape and size factors biochemical mechanisms for cancer induction merit serious consideration A paper summarizing possible bio, chemical mechanisms has been given by Langer and Wolff 17 the Because of the unknown mechanism for cancer induction properties are of fibrous minerals that are important to disease production not known a With the present state of our knowledge it is not possible to examine particle either physically or chemically and be able to say whether it may or may not be biologically active Indeed the several different diseases resulting from asbestos exposure may result from different particle properties But among all the possibilities of health hazards causes the Stanton and Wrench 34 work currently appears to be most acceptable as a consensus opinion MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY Definitions A generic stated earlier the term Asbestos is ambiguous Asbestos is a term for a variety of hydrated ailicate minerals which have one common CRMC 000177 attribute namely the abifliittytheto abboevesedpeasrcarteidptiinotno arreeladteisveclryibseoafdst assibleksyti- applied to the fibers Minerals whiwchehreas the term asbestos is generally form minerals 32 commercial product Recently mineralogists have been applying more refined asbestos fibers and their associated associated terminology definitions to such terms as of asbestos fibers are considered Commercial production and applications fibers entering the environ- usually be be the significant source of asbestos The thesis of this be a misleading simplification indus- ment but this may many workerisn the mining and associated is that potentially asbestiform or fibrous minerals which report tries unknowingly may be exposed to occur as gangue minerals minerals with some degree Cralley et al 5 trheepiorrtexoavmeprles100indcilfufdeerenatnd rightly so minerals found in ore deposits other rock of fibrous structure minerals may be than hydrated silicates These with commercial asbestos and may + or soils not normally associated conventional bqeucaormreiesairborne by natural atmospheric conditions 32 or by mining and milling operations Nomenclature Inconsistencies definition _ A mineral by given is a natural inorganic substance with a which is expressed by chemical composition and with a given atomic structure Presumably it is also its crystalline form and other physical properties re sre homogeneous edatrm of mineral is loosely applied and has many exceptions etn This definition a has been employed many called oe As more sophisticated analytical equipment of intergrown mineralthse old names mineral ape minerals have turned out to be mixtures be a single Se retained Serpentine for example can in common however often are but the term serpentine is still or mixture of several minerals rock name serpentinite generally is usage as a mineral group name and as a when exact rock name This loose practice is particularly true muisenderaas l tihdeentification is economically unwarranted or difficult to obtain now isminerale from different localitiheavse turned out Some diversely named with the result that the same crystal- of the same mineral identified one name is to be variations line material may have two or more names When so also -- particulary when given priority but the other names are retained example williamsite the gem localities or personalities are involved For bowenite and picrolite material identified as antigorize in the mineral serpentine and yet all names are employed also turn out to be antigorite literatur^ of the minerals may become quite complex with The chemical nature other in varying ratios When only different elements substituting for each involved one may have family mineral groups with end the rich member a few elements are members carrying the names For example actinolite is with a division point established at of the actinolite aeries 000178 10 percent iron according to one authority whereas another authority restricts the name actinolite to members with the iron content between 10 and 90 mol percent and applies the name actinolite to the rich end of the series Other have authorities their own ranges and nomenclatufroer ' mineral families Also the variable nature of amphiboles pyroxenaensd chlorites the common magnesians makes it necessary to classify & particular sample as most closely resembling a specific mineral species or variety And it must be noted that conclusive identification is very diffi- other cult often requiring electron microscopy ray and electron diffraction and sophisticated analytical methods Adjectival prefixepsrefixes may be used with mineral names two examples being asbestos and iron tourmaline or more specific names such as eckermanite or schorl may be used interchangeably for those two minerals respectively Sometimes economiocr technologic conditions determine the mineral's of series name for example if the minerals the cummingtonite of economic value as asbestos the names amosite or montasite are used are depending on the mineral deposit's deposit's location or the mining company working the Some mineral names are used both as a group name and as a specific mineral name montmorillonite is such an example and because of the confusion this engenders attempts are made to apply the name smectite as the group without name Currently mineral names of the montmorillonite group are used much agreement in nomenclature Rock names compound the confusion caused by mineral nomenclature By definition a rock consists of one or more minerals and makes up a struc- tural unit of the earth's crust It generally has a sufficiently definite mineral composition and physical charactesro that it can be distinguished from its neighbors G but not always gradations in composition and alteration effects are pronounced on a local level For example pyroxene is a family name for numerous magnesium minerals pyroxenite is the name applied to the rock unit when it is composed predominantly of pyroxene minerals and their alteration.products alteration.products that is serpentine chrysotile etc. | Amphibole Likewise is a family name for numerous other magnesium minerals amphibolite is the name applied to the rock unit when it is composed predominantly of amphibole minerals For the most part ore deposits are freaks of nature They represent concentrations of mineral substances that can be mined at profit Such deposits may occur in igneous sedimentary or metamorphic rocks which are the three major classifications of rock systems Asbestiform or fibrous minerais also are found in the major types of rocks and are associated with ore deposits These asbestos minerals may be obvious to the eye and may even be or mined for their value their presence may be rogrnized ognized only by trained personnel or even be entirely overlooked CRMC 000179 Sempling and Evaluation of Fibrous | Dusts & digression this point to industrial hygiene sampling techniques as asbestos hazard evaluation Mine At and'sample and'sample evaluation is in order For employ the air sampling sampling and Health Administration MSHA personnel Health Service 2 This Safety method established by the U.S. Public Millipore and counting dust on a cellulose ester membrane membrane and involves collecting airborne air flow rate preparing microscope alides of the sample filter at a known microscope optics at approximately counting fibers with phase contrast with a 3 to 1 length 400-450 diameter magnification Only particles in length are counted than five micrometers ratio or greater and longer not counted altho thu eygmh ay be present in large shorter particles are as tenths micrometer can Presumably fibers with a width as small be seen with numbers be detected by this method thinner fibers are present which can our counting technique although standarized different the electron microscope Thus It must also be noted that is only an index of the total exposure for health evaluation the Government agencies have different standards asbestos minerals but Food and Drug Administration states that theraendarleimmiatsny their presence in a 13 six are of commercial importance the Occupational | only of its composition product to a specific percentage and MSHA enforce standards for as-five and Health Administration OSHA than five Safety averages of airborne fibers greater bestos based on weightemidlliliter of air and the Environmental Protection micrometers in length per The MSHA standard including the Agency has other standards or guidelines in Title 30 Code of Federal minerals specified as asbestos 13. published . Regulations Part 55.5-1 32 not necessarily have the same mineral composition Airborne dust does fibrous fraction may comprise a percentages as the parent rock The fintehan the parent rock In addition greater proportion of the airborne dust that small amounts of fibrous minerals - the nature of fibrous minerals is such methods - yet when the material conventional analytical or elongated of fibers not be detected by - may is crushed and becomes airborne significant amounts example Speil and observed on the filters For cleavage fragmenatrse cite and illustrate a samploef pure serpentine considered this Leineweber based on petrographic examination yet mtousbeeumof gnroandfiebrtoruasnscloumcpeontsitsieornpentine yielded 20 percent fibers under the electron microscope Mineral Fiber Identification Problems and Some Examples often difficult to identify Fibrous minerals collected filters are serpentine yield identical ray For example chrysotile and its host rock from each other by optical diffraction patterns but can be distUinngdueirshtehde electron microscope some microscopy or electron microscopy will turn out to be fibrouisn part granular or massiveLesienrepweenbteirne3p2robeaxbalmyple cited above as in the Speil and minerals not usually listed as A deposit of richterite one of the amphibole contained in the Diablo Asbestos reportedly is suitable for strip mining a commercial asbestos Texas This deposit is Deposit near Van Horn 000180 The energy dispersive ray analysis EDXRA and the selected area electron . are diffraction SAED methods used in conjunction with the transmission and - scanning electron microscope useful tools for identifying fine fibers. but have limitatiosnucsh as not being readily available. dust Visually insignificant amounts of fibrous material are found with vermiculites from the Carolinas yet reportedly significant amountosf fibrous material are found in airborne dust samples The important vermiculite ore deposit at Libby Montana contains easily recognizable fibrous tremolite in hand specimens airborne samples under the phase contrast microscope show numerous fibers which are inferred to be tremolite but electron mic- roscope pictures prepared by Mt. Sinai Hospital personnel demonstrate that chrysotile fibers also are definitely present personal communication Recentlya published paper vermiculite alterintgo chrysotile 19 Chrysotile is one of the few fibers which usually can be identified under the , transmission electron microscope when finely divided analysis _ It is important to tical results McCrone specifiy the method of and Stewart 18 cite a talc when stating analy analysis as follows 1. ray diffraction shows no chrysotile or amphiboles 2 A contrast method similar to the NIOSH procedurteo determine the number of fibers per milliliofte airr shows 1,500 fibers greater than Sum of sample 3. The scanning electron microscope microscope with energy dispersive ray _ analyzer shows about 10 fibers auspected of being amphibole asbestos 40 Dispersion staining shows 150 anthophyllite fibers of sample 5 Transmission electron microscopy 5 shows x 10 anthophyllite fibers liter of sample Fibrous minerals generally are present in talc deposits but until recently have not been suspecteads a public health problem in the general population Now the importance of these fibers has been recognized for calc of cosmetic grade and analytical ray and electron diffraction methods have the a been developed to determine quantity of fibers down to quarter or a half and of a percent 33 30 Reportedly this applies to tremolite o, ther asbestiform minerala Co, or Many minerals adopt different habits shapes in nature They may be platy in one deposit equant crystals in another deposit or acicular or threadlike in yet another In short most asbestiform the m nieneed rall haes ve their different shaped counterparts witsh ame chemical composition Finally as indicated earlier a mineral one of several names depending on the degree upon the analyst's definition of terms substance may be assigned any of completeness of analysis and 000181 Discussion of Minerals which May Occur in Fibrous Form references where minerals that may occur Mining literature contains many are associatweitdh ore or or in fibrous cleaclv eae ve intCoeretlaoinngaitneddusftragrmenits afrlagmmenmiinetral sneral ore deposits | rock deposits or quarried minerals as an impurity or as in the characteristically contain asbestiform desirable ingredient for example as a paint case of some talcs as a list of minerals that may occur in extender . An admittedly incomplete or ore deposits together with some minerals fibrous habits and which occur in rocks of fibrous minerals synonyms and rock terms that immediately imply the presence is tabulated in appendix I. Certain rock types particularly Appendix I reqhuaisreosccfuurrrtheedr teexndpltaonahtaivoen minerals which easily replace chemical elements where eiteration of somewhat similar chemical composition If other other . others into the rock during the alteration process still - have been introduced effects vary in degree from fresh minerals will be formed Alteration of the formed minerals may rocks to completely altered cmraysttearlisalto| Tghreainssizeor fibers recognizable only . range from relatively huge of the electron microscope - under the high magnification of Ore Deposits Which May Contain Fibrous Minerals Discussion With Predictions occasionally of rocks igneous sedimentary As mentioned earlier the three types when altered and metamorphic all carry ore deposits Rocks of each type And these characteristics have certain characteristics in comomfonmi-nesroamlestiwmheisch might have the asbesti- include the formation and presence mineral associations that may habit Knowing the generalized form or fibrous it is possible to infer the presence of in these containing rocks habit in the size range occur not occur in fibrous certain minerals that may or may - fibrous in a of hygienic interest But whether the mineral actually is determined only by direct observation or careful particular deposit can be habit be definitely predicted analysis only can the fibrous fibrous minerals or For example most tale deposits contain one or more deposits are relative- _ minerals which cleave into elongated fragments but some rocks alter easily and ly fiber Another example ultrabasicthaitgnesoeurspentinites will be found reasonably certain prediction can be made that carry some fibrous minerals workers mining in the industry may thesis To demonstrate the that many list of some known mines or fibrous minerals a be exposed to asbestiform listing by commodity and noted as or mining areas was prepared this recently published book entitled appendix II was selected largely from a This publication was Ore Deposits of the United States 1933-1967 26 and specific pages are selected because of its timelmiinneesss aonrd caomcmcoedsistiibeisliwthyere minerals are noted for referenced localities of or fibrous habit These examples which commonly occur in the asbestiform the wide geographic range in which were selected specifically to demonstrate fibrous or asbestiform minerals may occur To amplify also are ore deposits carrying other specific references from this publication the examples cited in appendix II 000182 | a . - Possible Fibrous Mineral Cccurrences in Different Rock Types Basic Igneous | Rocks be rocks which are relatively low in Basic igneous rocksmamgeanneinsgiuigmnemaognuesisum minerals Such rocks alter easily In this process many silica usually contain to other magnesians with the minerals changing character Serpentines or serpen- of the minerals formed may of fibrous . their usual complement of fibrous alteration product with arc minerals often tinites are a commzoenolite minerals and their associated minerals Also . . . found in basic rocks , Medium Igneous Rocks magnesium minerals in the Medium igneous rocks also carry rocks are altered as occurs foromf amphiboles or pyroxenes When these for example as in the called commonly when ore minerals are introduced these magnesium mineralmasy alter porphyry coppers of the Southwest minerals to minerals with a fibrous habit | a Sedimentary Rocks' minerals such as attapulgite palygor- rocks some clay become so under Among sedimentary are normally fibrous or they may fine skite meerschaum etc. Some soils are known to contain grade metamorphic conditions In limestones and dolomites vfeirbyrous palygorskite of nocnedrettariintaalreoarsigisnuch3a1 s the Metaline Falls country U.S.A. the Northwest , lead ores fibrous palygorskite have been mineralized and yield Washington mineral is a common gangue whicihs classed as a clay communication John described oral or mountain lTeraetmhoelrite also has been constituent these rocks of Currie MSHA as a component the Abril Zinc Mine Cochise County Arizona has asbestos . Reportedly Sometimes sedimentary beds of pyroclastic in the Permian limestone 35 considerable amounts of zeolite minerals - origin volcanic ashes etc. yield | . . Metamorphic Rocka | rocks pyroxenites vermiculite are metamorphosed that altered When igneous or sedimentary character can develop Basic igneous significantly minerals of a fibrous kimberlites or altered grading rocks become decomposed dunites or to greenstones " or even to over into serpentinites and amphibolites of minerals in turn these often assemblages other fibrous minerals that also may contain develop into mineral assemblages tactices or magnesian dolomites are altered to alteration to minerals of Limestones and with later under certain conditions to serpentinites with assemblages alter in part or completely Limestones Sibrous habits or they may asbestos deposits of Arizona 35 Limestones fibrous assemblages as in the in which occur platy and or dolomitmeasy be altered to tale deposits fibrous smphiboles plus sometimes chrysotile 000183 10 .. minerals an ornamental stone used * Some of the called marble or verd antique or a serpentine complex . as facing material is ascitgunailfliycanatsearmpoeunnttisneof fibrous minerals Other quarries dolomites Such rocks may contain in rocks such as limestones for construction materials cleavable associates . developed rock and tuffs may carry fibrous or trap minerals and . One as- serpentinites such as tremolite chrysotile or zesoollidteits serpentinite waste rock for road- bestos open mine in California are filled with serpen- > and some parking lots or equivalent Maryland area bed material the old chrome mines in the Pennsylvania tinite waste rock from rock consisting largely of cumming- Homestake a gold mine with oafcoiutnstrwyaste rock locally to fill in low spots or drive- grunerite uses some has been used as road and in parking areas Quarried serpentinite - way gravel in the Washington D.C. area 29 Shales and siltstones alter to schists gneisses anfdoqrumarStizliltiemsanwihteen or dolomites calc deposits may admixed with limestones and other similar metamorphic rocks containing schists pyrophyllite pyrophyllite schists from shales fibrous minerals are derived generally SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS asbestosis and neoplasms such as lung cancer The pneumoconiosis called attributed to asbestos as a intestinal cancer and mesothelioma ariensult not known Hence it is causal agent but the exact mechanism of the or chemically and be - to examine a particle either physically is not possible not be biologically active able to say whether it may or may it the various theories proposed one theory is assuming strong Among and durability of inorganic fibers are holds that shape and size . et _ support : important factors isminerals or elongated grains or elongated cleavage Therefore fibrous and other physical characteristics of the composition dust Many minerals in airborne fragments irrespective hazard in significant potential the fibrous shape may possess and quarries exist in varied habits including vary ore deposits The names of such minerals may or break into eliodnegnattiefdicaftriaognmernetqsuirements , the availability of analytical depending upon equipment and personnel and local terminology in terms of asbesti- The term asbestos indefinite If we think more minerals become suspect then many form or fibrous or elongated fragments minerals and rocks carrying fibrous minerals is A list of potential fibrous if fibrous may go unnoticed to the average appended Many of these minerals observer that many ore deposits contain gangue A literature search revealed A mine mins es or mining areas . which the of minerals may occur in a fibrous form wide geographical range and selected to expresss these occurren- arzanged by commodity with references to document of deposits is appended together selected mine examples only minerals This list represents Also one must recognize ces of suspect be considered comprehensive means to only ^n by and by no not be fibrous In many cases 3 that the minerals cited may or may a * 4 a ad 000184 21 analysis by an electron aleroscope will confirm whether asbestiforomr ' fibrous mineralarse present in the airborne dust the to Many uncertainties exist concerning mineral terminology and many medical differences of opinion are expressed in the field of asbestos or mineral fiber pathology MSHA and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Heal NICSN have cooperatively undertaken several studies further define the hazards of fibrous mineral exposures Although not these studies involve talc wollastonite and attapulgite mining as complaeste of well the mining recognized asbestos minerals NIOSH also is attempting to simplify count evaluation 11 It is important that persons exposed to fibrous minerala understand the potential for disease and therefore the to Mine Safety and Health Administration MSHA is providing this information to the mining industry MSHA inspectors are actively actively attempting to identify all probable exposures to fibrous minerals and have collected airborne dust samples following the NIOSH standardized procedures to evaluate the hazard and suggest remedial action to the Mine operators should be alert possibility of illness that may . be assoc witi h aanytfie brd ous mineral Those operators whose employees are exposed to recognized asbestos minerals should conduct air sampling programs to and take suitable action assure that the employees are not exposed to asbestos dust exceeding applicable standards When employees are exposed to other fibrous minerals the operators should also take air samples to evalu- ate exposures using the same techniques as for asbestos as as Employees should also be fully informed regarding their exposures and the potential for disease well the necessary controls and actions they may take to prevent unnecessary exposure 000185 12 12 ee REFERENCES Asbestos Health Question Perplexes Experts American Chemical Society . _ Dec. 10 1973 pp 18-19 Chemical and Engineering News H. Brown and R. D. Zumwalde NIOSH Document TR H. Bayer S. G. Cincinnati OH 1975 84 pp E. Campbell W. J. R. 2. Blake L. L. Brown E. Cather and J. J. Mineralansd Their Asbestiform Varietles Sjoberg Selected Silicate ; , BuMines IC 8751 1977 56 pp 40 5. A. H. and A. F. Shride Asbestos in the United States USGS ChMiidneesrtaelr Investigations Resources Map MR 1962 and William S. Cralley Lewis J. Robert G. Keenan JeroefmiRaehspRi.raLblyencFhibers Am^'rican Leinhart Source and Identification Journal v 29 March 1968 Industrial Hygiene Association pp 129-135 Davis J. M. G. The Fibrogenic the Pleural Cavities of Mice Effects Br J. Mineral of Exper Dusts Injected Into Pathol v 53 1972 . M. pp 190-201 - Dement John Utilization Aspects of Fibrous Glass Production and Environmental Research v 9 No. 3 June 1975 Environmental . pp 295-312 John M. , Ralph D. Zumwalde and Kenneth M. Dement , of Reference No. 14 pp 345 352 Discussion Wallingford Regulations Affect Selection of Plastic Machine 9. Dreger Don Do OSHA . Design April '15 1973 pp 105-107 10. 11 12 13. 14 Engel A. ed York Tales Their Geological Features Mining New v 184 September 1949 Milling and Uses Mining Transactions - So pp 345-348 Eng and Min J. v 179 January 1978 pp 133 Minerals George T. and Joseph J. Fahey The Serpentine Hse Faust USGS Professional Paper 384 1962 92 pp oe FR 27076 40 FR 11865 FR Announcements 38 Federal Register asbestos filters and talcs Also found related to the use of : - 21 CFR Parto 121 and 133 16932 in Gillam Dean John M. Dement Richard A. Lemon Joseph K. Wagoner B. Blejer Mortality Patterns Among Victor E. Archer and Hector Mineral Annals New York Rock Gold Miners Exposed to an Asbestos Academy of Sciences 1976 pp 336-344 Hard 000186 13 Mineralogy " Grim Ralph E. Clay 2d ed , 1968 596 pp Co. McGraw Hill Book 7 Inc. New York . mo . Cralley Gross Paul Robert T. P. de Treville Lewis J. and J. M. G. Bodies Davis Pulmonary Farruginous Archieves of Pathology v 85 May 1968 pp 539-546 539-546 Mary Wolff Arthur M. and S. Wolff Asbestos Carcinogenesis Chapter 3 . Langer in the volume entitled Inorganic and Nutritional Aspects of Cancer 1978 ed by G. N. Schrauzer Plenum Publishing Corp. New York PP 29-55 29-55 McCrone Walter C. and I. M. Stewart Asbestos v 6 No. 4 April 1974 pp 13 18 American Laboratory , Mifsud Amparo , Vincent Fomes, and Jose A. Rausell Natural Alteration of Vermiculite to Chrysotile American Mineralogist v 62 Nos 11-12 , 119797 77 pp 1225-1231 Mumpton FrederiAc. kMexico First Reported Occurrence of Zeolites in Sedimentary Rocks of Mexico American Mineralogist v 58 Nos 3-4 1973 pp 287-290 Geology - MumptonFreFderick rederick ed ~ Mineralogy and of Natural Zeolites Mineralogical Society of America v 4 November 1977 XI + 233 pp Demonstrates Letter Occupational Health and Safety Safety Letter New Study of Asbestos Effects January 8 1973 pp 5-6 Mechanism Occupational Health and Safety Letter July been Induce Tumors as it has 8 1974 p 1 Proven asbestos for Asbestos Fibrous Dust Can V. 4 No. 13 Pennington James W. Mercury -- Materials Survey SO 1959 92 pp BuMines IC 7941 . Pott F. F. Huth and K. H. Friedrichs Tumorigenic Effects of Fibrous Dusts in Experimental Animals Environmental Health Perspectives v 9 1974 pp 313-315 Midge John D. ed Oze Deposits of the United States 1933-1967 AIME| v New York 1968 1880 pp Roberts Willard Lincoln George Robert Rapp Jr. and Julius Weber Encyclopedia of Minerals Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1974 693 pp Rohl A. N. and A. M. Langer Internal Memorandum to Dr. I. J. Selikoff Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York entitled Mineral Analysis of Springs Core Samples from the Green dated July 1 1977 Area Virginia Vermiculite Deposit 000187 {nt and L. J. Selikoff Environmental RoAhclbeAsrttohnurPoNll.utAirotnhuRrelMa.teLdatnogeUrse of Quarried Serpentine Rock Seience v 196 June 17 1977 pp 1319-1322 - 30 Rohl A. N. A. M. Lenger I. J. SeCloinksoufmferA.TaTlcourmdsinaindR.PoKwldiemresntMiidniesral D. R. Bowes and D. L. Skinner Journal of Toxicology and Environmental and Chemical Characterization Health v 2 1976 pp 255-284 Norrish Pedogenic Palygorskite Occurrences in SinAguesrtraAlriiaeh AmaendriKceaintMhineralogist v 59 No. 5-6 1974 pp 508-517 Asbestos Minerals in Modern Technology Speil S. and J. P. Leineweber No. 3 April 1969 pp 166-208 Environmental Researvch2 D. E. and Robert Norwood The Detection and Identifi- Stanley Harold Asbestiform Minerals in Talc Presented at the 1973 cation of Asbestos and of Mines Washington D.C. May Talc Symposium Bureau F. and and Constance Wrench Mechanisms of Mesothelioma Stanton Mearl Fibrous Glass Journal of the National me Induction withAsbestos No. 3 March 1972 PP 798.821 Cancer Institute v 48 Stewart L. A. Chrysotile Deposits of Arizona Bo uO MineIsC 7706 January 1955 124 pp Verry Mesothelioma in Rats After Wagner J. C. G. and V. Timbrell Materials Br J. Cancer v 28 Inoculation with Asbestos and Other 7 1973 pp 173-185 Weiss Benjamin and Edward A. Boettner Commercial Tale and Talcosis 122-128 Archives Environmental Health v 14 January 1950 pp by W G. W. and M Kuschner The Influence of Varying Lengthosf Glass in Guinea Pigs Inhaled Par- Wright and Asbestos Fibers on Tissue Response Oxford and New York ticles IV ed M. Walton Se PergamoPnePrrgeasmson ce 1977 pp 455-473 California 39 Wright Lauren A. ' January 1950 pp 122-128 Talcs Mining Engineering v 187 So oS 000188 13 APPENDIX MINERALS SYNOYMS reFIBROUS HABITS, THEIR THAT MAY OCGUR FIBROUS HABITS + SYNONYMS .-- MINERALS MINERALS MAMIY NERAL MINERALOSCUCIUTRES GENERALLY GENERALY oo SYNONYMS AND AND by MSHA. HABIT Specified as en Chrysotile De. Amosite 2 Do. Crocidolite Co Tremolite asbestos Do Actinolite asbestos ~ asbestos Anthophyllite Cummingtonite Do. _ ' end member of the cummingtoaite- of An member cummingtonite- cummingtonite- grunerite Industrial Industrial forms oF this mineral series 2 8 montasite Montasite Grunerite Riebeckite See 2 and ) above See 7 cummingtonite The fibrous commercial material 1s called ) crocidolite Magnesioriebeckite Amphibole A family name for goup of silsiilciacattee ssiilliiccaattee minerals many which which into elongated asbesti- form break break elongated cleavage cleavage fragments Includes Includes 10 11 , ) (8 13 ) ) 17 18 ) 18 19 ) ) . . 14. Rhodusite Richterite Hexagonite Tirodite Nephrite 1B. Nerheits jade fibrous fibrous variety glaucophane glaucophane manganoen manganoen tremolite grained massive felted actinolite yields jade like hand specimens specimens which jade like material material 000189 16 19.. Byssolite Angreen variety of fibrous amphiboles 20. _ Sodz asbestos Eckermanite . Pyroxene Uralite 24. Wollastonite Also soda asbestos 20 Used as a family name for a goup of silicate minerals which includes fibrous jadeite Often alters to amphiboles or to serpentine minerals An alteration product of pyroxene minerals generally a fibrous amphi- bole of undetermined composition mineral common rock forming pyroxenoid 25. Sustamite Pectolite A pyroxenoid mineral y A pyroxenoid mineral often found with zeolites 27. 28. 29. 30. Zeolites and associated minerals see 26 including Mordenite see Amer Min v 58 1973 pp 287-290287-290 Clinoptilolite A zeolite Natrolite. 21 20 31. Mesolite DO Scolecite D 33. Thompsonite DO 34. Gonnardite 35. Edingtonite 36. Stilbite 37. Epistilbite Okenite 29. Ferrierite 40 Rhodenice Do. Do. Do. Do. A zeolite associate A zeolite A zeolite relative CKMC 000190 Geolinite Laumontite * Erionite 44. Serpentine 45 chrysotile chrysotile 47. chrysotile 48. Antigorite Lizardite 50 Picrolite 51. Deweylite 52 Gymnite 53. Williamsite 54. Bestite Rene 55. Baltimorite ee Lepamclbne Metaxite Bowenite tals a Palygorskite te aah on eaFoe t oe 59. Attapulgite tret en ad Sat 60. Sepiolite ye we neil ee by Dikin Ded EOE 7.olite A zeolite . A zeclite suspected of being the cause - of an epidemic of mesothelioma in a Turkish village A catch name for the serpentine minerals see 1 chrysotile 45 chrysotil4e6 chryso- tile 47 chrysotile 48 antigorite 49 . lizardite See 44 Do. Do. Do. Afibrous serpentin"e probably fibrous antigorite 48 to | Often Often determined be any one of various serpentine minerals A foromf deweylite 51 A massive translucent precious varietoyf cerpentine Probably mainly lizardite see 49 Probably mainly antigorite 48 and chrysotile 1 Antigorite 48 see A fibrous clay mineral Crim Clay Mineralogy 2nd edition p 182 35 A fibrous clay p 181 15 mineral see Grim See Grim 15 000191 Meerschaumn > Hectorite Endellite Halloysite Illite Vermiculite Sericite 68 Pinite 69. Gumbelite 70. Talc 71. Pyrophyllit~e~ 72 Minnesotaite 73. Stilpnomelane alte te aneuhR 74 Brucite . Fae 75. Nemalite 76. Magnesite 77. Hydromagnesite 78. 79. GypsumM Anhydrite 80. Aragonite 81. Calcite 82. Apatite 7 83. Phosphorite VivianitVivieanite Sillimanite Buchholzite See Crim 15 Do. Do. Do. A like clay mineral Do.- Belongs to the mica group. DO A fibrous mica A fibrous tale A magnesium hydoxide The fibrous for of74 brucite A fibrous varietoyf 85 sillimanite 000192 hme Sh. 87. Fibrolite 88 Tourmaline 89 Zoisite Epidote 914- Limonite " A fibrous variety of 85 sillimanice A catch name for hydrous iron oxides and iron hydroxides 92 92 Mountain leather 93. Mountain cork A tough variety of asbestos occurring in thin flexible sheets made of interlaced fibers also fibrous minerals such as 60 sepiolite or 58 - palygorskite A white or grey variety of asbestos consistinogf thick interlaced fibers and resembling cork in texture and oe lightness 94. Amianthus 95. magnesium minerals A synonym for asbestos A term referrintgo iron- and magnesium- containing silicates usually the amphiboles the pyro- xenes the olivines biotite micas - and chlorites 96. Basic rocks Igneous rocks often altered in part- consisting essentially of iron- magnesium- and calcium rich | - mineralansd relatively low in silica 97 Serpentinite A rock composed largely of serpentine minerals - - 98. Amphibolite 99. Pyroxen^> 100. Peridotite A rock composed predominantly of amphibole minerals A rock composed predominantly of pyroxene minerals and their alte, ra- tion products i.e. serpentine chrysotile etc. A basic igneous rock composed largely of olivine a mineral which alters easily to the serpentine minerals 000193 20 101. 101. schist 10%. Pyrophyllite schist "103, Steatite 104, Soapstone 165, AgalmatoliteAgalmatolite ; Am impure calc rock. A massive, talc . rock. Agoft, waxy fibroutsale or rock composed soft waxy mineral mineral 106. Marble when impure 107. 107. antique antique 108. Thermophyllite _ 109. Ophite 110. Ophicaleite marble in che trade, but Called 106 , but Calle1d06 marble trade actually serpentine A serpentine serpentine chat rock exfoliates when. A synonym for motled serpentinite serpentinite. A serpentine marble entitled Encyclopedia devoted Ophiolite 111 Ophiolite of Minerals 27 to che volume descriptions of minerals mainly micro devoted the ffoollllowoiwnignmginmeinreraalslsilwleursetrantoitoends in fibrous form 7 412. Agardite 114. Artinite 115. Artinite 116. Aurichalcite 117. Bismuthinite 118. Boulangerite . 7 119. Brannockite ) 120 Brochantice - 121. Cacoxenite q2l. Cacoxenite 000194 Carpholite Connellite- Cyanotrichite Curite Erythrite| Goethite | Guillemite Honessite | Ianthinite Jamesonite Johannsenite 7 Kermesite - Legrandite - Liebethanite | Linarite Malachite . ' Millerite . Mimetite = - 141. Olivenite Pharmacolite Rockbridgeite Schoepite Scholzite 21 000195 22 147 emseyite. 148 Stibnite 149 Strunzite| 150. Tyrolite 151. Uranophane 152. Wakabayashilite Wakabayashilite 000196 23 APPENDIXII BE FIBROUS II --MINING WHERE OPERATIONS AND OR LOCALITIES LOCALITIES MINERALS MAY MAY MAY POSSIBLY POSSIBLY POSSIBLY BY COMMODITIES FOUND the and to Unless otherwise specified the pages pages listed refer one or more of following Chrysotile amosite crocidolite crocidolite anthophyllite tremolite actinolite Page numbers refer to reference 26 See text page-- Iron 26 ke Cornwall Mine PA pp 81-85 Grace Mine PA pp 110 , 117-118 Refers also to zeolites serpentine and byssolite Refers also to serpentine and talc 26 3 Meaabi Iron Range MI pp 525 and 528 oo Refers also to stilpnomelane minnesotaite cummingtonite and amphiboles 26 4 Iron Mountain MO p 299 26 5. Eagle Mountain Deposit CA pp 1604-1605 Refers also to amphibolea Refers also to serpentines Copper 26 6 : Ducktown District TN pp 162-163 222 26 26 7 Copper King Mine CO P. 574 8 Christmas Mine Banner DistricAtZ p 1204 . 26 9. Mountain City Copper Mine - NV p 1080 Refers also to amphiboles talc and asbestos Refers also to cummingtonite Refers also to serpentine Refers also to uralitized gabbro | Lead 26 10 Edwards District NY pp 13 41 26 11 Van Stone Area Stevens Co. WA pp 1515-1517 ' Refers also to calc and serpentine_ Refers also to brucitic fiber . palygorskite and talc 000197 Couer d'Alene District - ID p 1429 New Idria Group CA. pp 1628-1630 1646-1647 New Almaden Mine Santa Clara County CA gruntoegrruinetriete needles Refers also to serpentine and . asbestos asbestos a Refers to serpentine Chromite 26 15. Mistake Mine CA pp 1648-1649 12 . 16 Low's Pit State Line | Pits PA 12 17. Woods Chrome Mine Lancaster County PA Refers also to asbestos and , serpentine Refers to williamsite to chrysotile and Refers deweylite stevensite Gold 26 18. Homestake Mine SD P. 1437 Denver Technical Support See also 12/4/72 Refers Center memo dated to cummingtonite schist Tungsten 26 19. Bishop Tungsten District CA P. 1549| Refers also to talc wollastonite and pectolite Rare Earths Mountain Pass CA p 1526 Asbestos Asbestos 26 21 Clear Creek New Idria CA pp 1628-1630 1647- =: 1648 26 22 Franklin Area MA p 137 Pine 23 Webster and Spruce 4 NC vicinity Refers also to serpentine and | . asbestos |. Refers also to serpentine and asbestos 35 24 24. Arizona near Globe Refers to serpentine . 12 25 Bare Hills aree MD 000198 25 12 26. Staten Island NY Refers to serpentine Magnesice| 26 M agnesite deposit Gabbs NV pp 1617-1618 | Refers also to talc brucite and a . serpentine 37 10 28 Gouverneur NY vicinity Refers also to talc and serpentine 37 39 23. Barstow CA vicinity Refers also to talc and steatite Vermiculite 30. Libby MT vicinity 31. North & South Carolina deposits ; 28 32. Green Springs Charlottes- Refers also to amphibolites ville VA deposit Crushed Stone 29 33. Rockville Quarry Rockville MD . ss Refers also to serpentine talc and deweylite U . See References NOTE Since this report was begun mineral fibers were confirmed to exist at 1 the Eastern Mesabi Iron Range county The Reserve Mining Company tailings disposal problem 2 the Homestake Mine where a health hazard exists 14 8 and 3 at the Mountain Pass earth deposit In addition . questions have arisen re 4 the wollastonite deposits of New York 5 . the attapulgite depofo Ges orgi ia t 6s the Rockville Quarry serpentine. near Washington D. .; and 7 Green Springs vermiculite deposits VA QUS GOVERMENTGOVERMGOVEERMNENTT PRINTING OFFICE 1930-803-102 408 INT BU.OF BU.OF MINES PCH PA 24274/522 CRMC