Document v6GxwgBQdvGqZ2VNa0em1KaB8

FILE NAME: ZD^D/ DATE: DOC#: ^D/6 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION:WWZZtZ ZZWZKZ, . - . "" PROCEEDINGS-I-0th Annual Convention of the International Association of Industrial Accide"nt Board.s and Conunissionsi Quebec, Canada, October 3-7, 1954 I Workmen's Compensation Problems 1954 [ . BULLETIN 130 UNITED STAT.ES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James P. )IjtdwH, Secretary Bl'RK\U OF Lrnon ST:\NDAlWS . Paul E. C<irsk~, Hir(ctm iqs,)~ A'.\'~UAL MEETINGS AND OF:F1CERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT BOARDS AND COMMISSIONS =i- -1 Aiw.uru Imeetings D,;te Place I I I ! i 1 - - - I President Secretary-Treasurer 1 ----1 Wash---1- ... 2 "' ~ ' 19JV _________ , G 7 ~ '3 lP -l 11 1 12 192"---------1 l:J 11 I Jr, lL 1'. 1 l'. I rn :.::o ~: ! ..:::l .;;----1 -----1 '2:~ _, '.!5 2t> 27 '.'o :wc~ --1 31 32 2.<l I ,A i ,:;I;. .-L , :).\: u~~ ~ i 4(J' Apr. 14, 15, 1914..... -.. .Tan. 12, 13, 1915 '.. 6cpt. 3<)-0ct. 2, 1915----- ~Apr. .,, 28 -v- 1 1916 --~------ Aul(. Sept. 21-25, 24-27, 1917. 1918 . . . . ----------i S"pt. Zl-26, Sept. Sept. 2!J 24, 19-23, 1Jq922<Ll... .. -.-.-.---.-.Ij Oct. (}-1J, 1922........ - .. ::;('pt 24-2f'i, 1!12.1, ___ . ____ 1 Anf'. 26-2.X, 1924 _________ '.u!'. 17-20, l\l2fi ..........1 S<'pl. 14-17, Rcpt. 27-21, Hl27 _________ ""P' 11-14, 1928...... - .. Oct. 8-11, :92\1 .......... 1 Sept 22-26, !9JQ _________ Oct.;,-,, 1931............ tpt. ~l.r-29. 10~2......... Sept. 11-H, 19.)3_________ S21it. 24-28, HllL ________ 11 ::-.E:pt. 3i)-0c.t ~' lOG!i _____ , ~eot.,?,i-2-1: l~.)G __ "'"' "'..J111y " 190...... St'p:. 20-1~, 19~.i~---- ---~Ppt. 25-2"\ 1939_________ . ,p. S-12, 1940.......... ~ept. S-11, 1941.......... 1 Oct. 2;,..~: 194~---------i' Sept 11-14, 1944_________ !\"v. 26--29, 194~ ....... .\.ug. 25-21'. 1~46 _________ Scpt. 28-0ct. 3. 1947-----l Sept. 13-10, i948......... Oct. 3-fi, W49 __________ - ~Gj1 ?5-28, 19UQ _________ Oet. l-'i, 1951_ __ , ________ j ~t.-v. lfY-'2(1, H!b2 ________ , l~et ~-~, HVi:L---~------~j vet._,-,, 1954____________ J,ans!ng, llfich __________ I fohn E. Kinnane ________ ,. Rirhard L. Drake. Clncago, Ill... -------1-----do___________________ Tk Seattle, do___________________ , Do, Coluu1bus' Ohio-------- {FWloalyldacLe .DJ.)aYp:agpclte.t_. _._._.______ ,j.}L A T arr..: ri.. Boston, Mass ___________ Dudle\vM. Holman..... ' Royal Meeker. Madison. Wis ___________ F. M. llcox___________ Do. Toronto, Ontario______ . George A. Kingston..... 1 Do. San Francisco, C::tllf_____ Will J. French ... -------\ Charleo H. \\nil!. Chicago, Ill ............ Charles S. Arnlrus....... 1 EthFlburt Ste\..1::. Baltimore, Md...-...... Robert E. Lee............ Do. SL Paul, J\11nn __________ F. 1. Duxbury _______ Do. Halifax, NoY:~ Scotw. ___ -, Fred VY" . .A.rmstrong _____ Do. S.;lt Lake City, Utah __ 0. "F. McS!ume .....-... 1 Do Ifartford, Conn_________ F. M. Wtlliams.--------1 Du. Atletnta, Ga........ - .... H. M. Stanley.......... Do. P:>.t.e1son, N. J. _______ ., Audrew F. Mcllr!de ... .,1 Do. Ruffalo,:-.!. Y ........... FrnnC'es Perkins......... , Do. Wilmington._DcL...... 1 Dr. Walter 0. Stack... ., Do. Rwllmond, \a __________ Parke P. Doans........ .: Columbue. Ob!o ________ 1, W. T. Leonard .......... i Do. Du. Chie~go, IlL------------j ILE. \YenzeL __________ 1 Ch,,,.:;. E. Ilhldw111 Boston, \1ass __________ Joseph A. Parks _________ D1..l .\shcvilit. N. C ________ 1 _i J. Dewe.y DorsetL------ Ver.th") A. Zllllm(r. '12opcka; Ka1~s ____ 7 G. Ciay Ba~e.r_ _________ i !Jo. rork Ilarb01, Mame____ D. D. Gar""1n ......... i t1o. c;1arleston, \V. Va______ 1\.lllwaukee, \\"is ________ 1 A V . o 0. yta ~f:.ithews Wrabetz ________ __________ 1 1 Do. Do. R1cilmond, Va __________ Winnipeg, ;\famtoba____ li.1rrL,lmrg, Pa.....- .... Boston, ~.fass ___________ Winston-Salem, N. C ___ Portland. Or('g __________ Y--------1 rroronto, Ontario_______ I New York, N. St Loub, 1\10.----------: ~111'.vaukec, \V1s ________ 1 l>ctrou.1f1d1 ___________ i '?\.i1~:m !k:'ch, Ffa_______ ; Co1onad(1.! C:;.l~L--------! QucbPC1 ( hilUd3 ________ i "" H. K1ckels, Jr....... [ C. K. ~ewcombe . . . . . . . Wm. H. Chesnut________ 1 Emma S. Tousant_ ____ _/ T. A. W1lson............ l L. 0. Arens ____________ .! D. J. Galbraith _________ \ Mary D0nlon........... : Spencer II. Given~- ----~ Harry A. Nelson ________ 1 Jame.:) L. Hill___________ RuyIJ;,ond E. Barnes____ JSo. a\c\l~i.H. .l\l1L~Ocrd<o:nnaiclrd,_(_J_. _c ____ Do. l>o. Do. Vo. Do. Du. 11ar!:>hall fJ3WSOn, Do. Do. \Vtil L. Cciunollv Do. - D)_ Do. Paw E. Gi.:rsJ:.' 2 Special n..~trn.g. rv Contents OCTOBER 4-MORJWNG SESSION JoACHDI (;REMER, Q. C., President, IAIABC, Presiding President's Address, Joachim Grc:nier, Q. 0., President, Quebec \\ orkmell's Compensat.ion Commission __________________________________ _ The Future of iVorkmen's Compensation, Arthur Larson, F11dt:>r t>ecretnry, U. El. Department of Labor_ _________________________________ _ 11eport 0'. the Secretary-Tr<>a~urer, Panl E. Gurske, Director, Bureau M Labor Siaurhrds, U.S. Department. of Lab>r ______________________ _ A11nour1cement. of Conunit.tee8_________________ . ________________ _ !'15e; 1 5 13 16 OCTOBER 4-AFTERSOON SESSIOtf EucE:..E E. SPARROW, Chairman, Ontario Workmen's Con'pensuliua Board, Presiding Heport of Hehabilitat.Jon Committee, Elmer H. Kennedy, Su1iervisor :)r '{chabilitatio1:, \Vashington State Departmeut of Labor and I::,.!ustriP" Panel-Rel:abilitation of Injured \Vorkers, Chris. W. PritcharJ. Co>nmi~;ioner, Briti,11 Columbia V1-orkmen 's Compensation Board, 21.Ioderator________________ . _________________ __ .\.lexander P. Aitken, 111. D., Chairman, Subco<hlllitt.1.."t Jn Induffrial Relations, American Coi!<'ge of Surgeons_________________________ _ "\Yilli~ C. G0rthy, Dir':"ctor, Institute for the Crippled 1mJ Disabled, N'ew York, N. Y __ .. ------- ------------ ------- _------- ______ _ t> (''.1ri::-. in J \\'. rx;n " Prilc ation h[ird, Board _ Cu1nrni..,sior1cr, _____________ _ llri fr,h _______ _ C:0Jn1nbfa ______ -- _ \\"orkrnei, _________ " _ nr. G. Gingras, 2\fodica1 Director, Rehabilitation fost,ltute of !lfont.r, LI __ 1'iscus3ion . ____________________________________ .. _________ . _____ _ Demon sl.nition of ba<Sketba!l game by group of paraplegic~ .. -.._. _______ . _ OCTOBER 5-MORNf.'\!f; S.RSSJON Jon~ :'.\fot)LI'.\', Commissfoner. U!inois Indmtrial Crmimission, Vin' Presid.Pm, ! "1 ! A RC. Pie.,i.ding Hcpvrt of Legi~lati()n Cumniittc>P, .Joseph P. J\Tiller, Chairrrn.P, Tvt'an:J. Incln~trial Board "-----w----------------- ------- "-~ v l :- 31 31 35 4.3 4-9 74 76 7:- VI CONTENTS Report of Snbeorrnnit,t~e 011 Second-Injury Funds, f\ . .J. Holderman, Chairman, Illinois Industrial Commis:-<ion __________________________ _ Problems :md Methods of Handling Small Risb and Excluded Employees Who :\fa,y \Vant Voluntu.ry Coverage, W. S. McCormick, As~istant. 8eeretary, ,\etna Casua!t,:v & Surety Co ___________________ _ Panel--Adequaey of Workmen's Compensation, Harry A, Nelson, Director, Wisconsin I11dustrial Commission, Moderator______________ _ Jacob Clayman, Secretary-Treasurer, Ohio CIO Council_ ____________ _ \\'illiam H. Zucker.. l)irector of Studies, Commerce a.nd InduEt.ry Association of 1'\ ew Y 0rk:, Jnr ______ . Earl F. Cheit, AsFL;iant Profc-so;or of Business Adminisi,ration, Sehool of Commerce and li'inance, St. Louis 'Fniversity__________________ _ Di8ct;sPion _____________ ---------------- -------- _____________ _ ocromm 5--AFTJWI\'OON SESSION A drivc: to EH. Anw' de Be.uprn w a;; planned for the dekci'at<:s OCJ'OJIER (,_JfORl'flNG SESSION J '\ME:;< T. YocELLE. Chairman, Florida Imbtstrial Commi>sfon. Prc.~idi 11 p. Report of Statisries Coiwaii tee, David :',L \Yalker, Re"retary, Pennsylvania De.r;artment cf Labor :md Industry__________________________ _ <kcnpational Crrnrer II11zaHi:". \Y. D. I! uepcr, :\L D . Chief, Environmental Caneer Secti.on, Cance!' lni:;titmc. U. S. Pul:lic Health SerYice, Washingt.on, D. C ____________________________________ - _________ _ AccideHt Prevcntiun /bc-<H:iation l-1.der the Qt:ebec Y(orkmen's Compensation Law, L. IL 1'. Clegg-, President, Quebec _\.ssociation for the 1'reventio11 of Indnstri:ll Accident,; ____ -----------_----------------- Report of .\.dminisiration and l'roccdure Committee, Mary Donlon, Chairman, ::-Jew York workmen's Compensation Board _____________ _ The Safety Pro<!ram l>ider the Albertl.L ',Yorkmen '5 Con,peusation Law, 0. M. l\facle.:iJ, Q. C'., Ch.::.irrnan, Alberta \Yorktnen's Compcnsatiori '.{uanL _____ . ___ - _____ - - _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - OCTOREU 6-AFTf:H.iYOOlY SE.SSW!Y ,\HTIH R LECLEHC. i\'I:. D., Chief, Jledical Oljicr~r, Quei>ec wIJrbnen's Com.pen:;ution Commissi'm, J'>resi1li11g Report of Medical Comm1t.fre, E. C. St<'ell', :\L D .. Con1nli~siuner, On- i~-irlo \\~urkracr/s Cor~:jJC~~;~~:.:-:::. 1~n~::-'~--------- 'h'ilm-"Team Play in j< l.ior," ____ -------------- ------------ __ -----Jic:<rt Disease aHd Cmpioyment, L(011fl.r,i .J. (';ol<' ,\ :tt<r, '.1f. ]J .. X :i.tiuutl Chairman, C;1,rcliac-ln-I11dt1titry ()orn1nitiLce, :\..nteiien.11 ]IPa,,:t A.ssod::itim: _____________________ _ Pnae 84 87 95 97 102 110 119 122 12\J 144 153 Jfi'.3 1~n l 7-1 l7R CONTENTS VII PunpJ--1\01"e in Jndu,.;t.ry, !\L.ry Donlon, Chnirma11, New York 'Vorkmen's Compcnsat.run Board. :Moderator_________________________ _ Fr:u,k Tamel, I nterna 1ion:1l Hcprcscntativc, International Brotherhocd of BoilermakerF, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers of t.hc ArnTican Federation of Labor ____________________ _ DaniP] Spair, Director, Division of \Vorkmen.'s Compensation, 'New Jcr>0y Department of Labor and Indu8ll"J'---------------------- _ L. R, Lcppard, Ph. D., Physiei~t., Division of Industrial Hygiene, (lm.ario Depr; r(,ment of HeB ldL ________ - ______________ .. __ - _____ _ D1;,ru~~ion ____________ . ________________________________ ---- ____ _ Heport of Xornin:.tin!J. CornnuttP and Election of New Officers ____ ----- OCTOIJEI<. 7-j\fORN!NG SESSION lru;,..,. L. CorntEY, Q. C,, Ch1tirmrm. Afonitoha Tr7orhml'11"s Comp1nsntie11. Bortrd, Presiding HPport of i:iafet)' CurnmitteP, ,l,J,1m Bell, Chairman, British Columbi:i Workmen's CompeitRHtion Roard_ __ ____ ____ ____ __ ___ ____ ____ ____ __ H(;port of Ame:rican L.u A,,soei.ttiott Pro1wsal for l)i1iform Extraterritorial Provision, )..,.,i' lcy St. Clair, Co;m~ei, Libert.') Mutual Insumn<:e Co., Bo:d on, l\11rns _____ .. _ . ______________________________ - ___ -- ___ Panel-Prmc1ple:" and C\kthua, of }~xpeditiJ,g Ht'arings and Settlement of Claims Ill Co11t.es.ed C'ases, .jarnes J. Heid, Yice Chairman, South Cnr0lina Indu~tn:..! Cou:~nission, J\.foderator______________________ _ :-0.. \\'. :\facdona:J. Chairn;an, CalifcnTia Industrial Accident ('omrui:-.::-iou _______________________________________ - ___ ~- __ - ____ - _ _.: ThcoJore P. I.ya.11, Cn:,:rrnan, l\Iichigan \\"orkme11's Compensation Cnnmi-;sin11 -- ______________________________ . __ . ____ ____ ____ ___ Willrnn, Tl . .\-ick.+., Ji., Corn11ll~'ioner, \'irgiuia Induslrial Cornnis- $iOlL_ - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - _ - - - - - Present:iti(l1 uf Film "Tlmp To l\Iake Ready" by lnstitu1 e for Crippled and Disabled ______ ---------------------------------------------- OCTOW:R 7-AFTEln'001Y SE'SSJON JO.\Uil\I 1;Hi:,ri-;R, 1~,.,.,,.,i,fe111, !.1l.IUC, Presidinr;, ]{(port of .\ucJ ~ing Cumu,i:.1e(, \\'ii!~:nn ~1TcC:rnley, l-. S. Dc:partment of Labor__________________ .... _____ --------------------------- HP),ort of Hc,olutions Committee, Jame& J. He;d, Vice Chainaan, South Carolina Indu~1.rial Commission ___________ ----------------------- Pnsc11t.alion of Pres1derit.'s Plaq1ic, \\'illia1,i II. ~i:kcls, Jr., Commis.. ~iorH"r. \'in~ini~ Industrial Commi-~0n _____ _ Presenta1.io11 of Secn~tnry-T1casurcr'c, l'lfurne, l'rP~i<l:llL Greninr ________ _ _\fJi)~Hd1x ;\- ()fiicer.s a')-,<l .\TeinlHr~ uf iJH' ;\;...-~o~iarion for 1~,154-05 _____ _ .\.ppend1x H-----C'c-,11-.; tttlt;on of tlJt' lntcnwtional .\sHHh1ion of f:-,iustri11J 'rriJ<'1't ! 1 (trd~ n;1J Cor?1:r1i;...:;-~o~ ..\pp,1,di: C (;f!ici-! \tiu.d.1liee 'l'. 1he Fuitict.h ,\1111\,al :\foetin1.; _____ . Pap 181 181 186 190 198 199 :201 202 205 205 208 212 215 216 219 221 221 222 22d 228 126 1954 MEETIN(; OF IAIABC Occupational Cancer Hazard~ W. D. HuEPEn, M. D., Chief, Erwironmemal Cancer Section, Cancer Institute, U. S. Public Health Service, W'ashinglun, D. C. A. Scope Occupational cancer hazards have plagued mnnkind for thousnncls of years. Undue exposure to agents of our n;,t11rnl environment such as solar radiati<m or infections with the worm, Schistosoma hcrnatobium, ha\e doubtlessly been rt>sponsibk for tho oceurr(ncr of cancers of the expo::md skin arnoug uut.<loor 11 urker:, alll ul callc<r of the bladder among farmers of the :\ile \'allc~ cnn during prehif'toriC'. times. Ilowenr, it. was not un ti! the a<hen t of mod urn ind lls1 ri iii i,.;m sonw 150 years 11go that. oceupational and indust r.\-r0lat hl n~cnt"' have attained a preeminent po,.;iiioll in tlw hrnnan cn.n('nr prnhl<nt. Not only arc oecupatimrnl ('nrcinogcns th(' only y,ell d<finPd k1w11r1 causes of human camers, hut their Bum1H1 and \':uiety han' st(':tdil.1 incrcasud sine<' Pott in 1775 first nlat<'d the oc<11rr'.'l1C<' of '"'"'tal eanenr among chinUH',\' SWC'eps to thl'ir ,~xpn-'uru (o soot. Our re1d k110wkdgn an<l apprrC'iai ion of on11 p:t (.ion :d ('!LIWT 111" ldu('l!lg a:;<nts HS phcnonwna o!' mod,rn 1nd11,.,tnalism dnte,.; li:ick so1;w. Frnc1m l. I IIi; j j 1 I J l i i I~ '1J ~ ~ OCTOBER 6-MORNING SESSION 127 /!) ,}'('HI'S wit Ii tJH discmcry of the rnl1tt ion lH'twecn tlw oc:currrnH~<' of skin ('11Ilccr and au occupational cxrnmrn Lo coal tar (fig. 1). The d11t a given in the following tables (l and 111) briefly surnmul'ize t!w salif'llt additions to the mformnLion on occupational cancer hazanls m1Hfo since that time. They list the various diemical arid ph.rsical ag<nts so far recognize<l or strongiy suspected as causes of cancer in man. Th<>~- show, morpover, the different. organs and tissues representing the target organs of these agents and the number of occupational cancer <'Hscs placed on record or known to lwvc be(n rrcogniznd as cnus'd hy them. TABLE 1.--0ccupohonril Cancers RProrrhd 11. tl:c United Stale8 a.. d f.',;rci{ln Cuuntri,:s up 10 J.<;ii:J -~gpnt SitL'S of c tnr>rr _'\iun h('r of _...; lPilh( r 11 ,111r1J ('l'-C'-, ('(l'l('Vf Ci"!>~ 11:1 l'.~.A. in Eun)l'f' Trfd Arsenic______ __ ________________ 8L in ______ _ 7 Coal tar, pitd1_ ___________________ ' __ drJ _______ _ 110 Petrol<'um ____________ ------- ______ do_ iO Hhale oils_------------------- ______ do i Lignit 0 r.ar and paraffin ______________ '___ do _____________ _ Crco"ote oil_ _________________________ do_ _\11thr~<(~'1ti. 011____ " _____________ ' __ do_:__ _ Boot-carbo:1 hlaek _____________________ do _____ _ Aromnt ic- amhc:'_ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ _ Bht!c:cr ____ :3f>J-- ;Q(; Hocmtgen- and ra<lrn11i-racl1ation 'Hki11 __ ___ 1L('t1k('1t1J:L ("! j i; l Lt1I 1L( ___ - - -.A..r.-5e1 ii c__________ ______ _________ L 11 n~ __ "blJCSlO>'------------------------- ___ do _______ : 22 Chromat<'~-- _____ ---- _______________ do _______ I 15 _.lo ___ _ q 'f :\il'keL __ S" -al ca\- l it.. () \ ;~ ;l l ~iJ !\1"' J Cu~:tl t~.r, pitth __________________ _ Lt:11g 0 l'ctroJeum _________ - ___ _______ ____ ,;<> lknzoL _________ -- __ _ _ _________ Lcu~.:_c~riiia ___ : 11 ! 'lifl'llif.!; --- ___ , l'<oj,ropyl_ ______ ------ Lar.n1x _- -- - : -1 1 :\ a"a! ,.,illll:' - : {i l l"T) - Had1oaetin, eheml lab ___________ ---1:) :~--";JaJ~IaLl'i - <:irn1s_j :~ i ::} 2,) 3, 150 20 i ] ' \10ll 11 JO 20 l~lO 1. 200 ' ' ) \ \ l :~ h.ilJ lG G3 (j;) 8l ;)] r)::; :J:; 31 () 0 () J () Tutal ----- i :;;o - - ----~-- 7 1 tl~O 32 a, :go \l\l l. U07 H -1] 20 ] 01 l, GOO ( ?) 2H (',.)0 2;) ,1.,5 140 R4 ;") 1 53 -10 2 f\ S4 :i 8, 400 1 App11Ydnrnte. 128 1954 MEE'l'ING OF IAIABC TAHU~ lA.--Timc Table of Discoveries of Occ11palional Cancer.~ ! I ;x;,wun Nfl.me ofa~ent Date ~;:wc::----1-- ~~~ans atfreted - l;;a;~;:;~~ ----------- -- --- - - - - - - - - 1 - - - -- __!________ Chern1t'als-O,pnie: I I , 1 I I I S~>0t ___________ ------ _ ; 1775 P~ltt_ _________________ Skin (scrotnm) ________ ; Oceuprf.10n~1L Coal tnr (lignite) _________ ! 1876 Voikrrw.nn ____________ t Skin__________________ ! Do. (funics) _________ Coal tar (b1turorn011s) ____I 1802 Coal tar (anthrac1tt') _____ j 1910 I Butlm. _______________ l_____ do.. ____ ----------- Zweig______________________ do _________________ Do. Do. Co.11 tar I 1936 Kawahate. ____________ ;1 Lung __________________ [ Du. ::=:::: l- ~~:;.~:e~~~-ii:::=: ~;~ g;~~,'.~~~-~-~::::::::::: ~~~~!;~-~~:::::::::::::I g~: Pm~1ffi11 ml (~lrnk .d:l)_ ! 1o;;;1n ! H(l1 ' <lo ___________ r Do. rei:roleum still coke ______ : 1890 1-----d" ----------------: J\~trolf'nn1 pirafUr, oiL. __ JQJO l>crv1lle and Guer n10npro- Do I I fJO. J'c+rokum lubricatmg oiL 19:JO Do. :g~:,;b~:~::::::::::::i:::::E::::::::~::::::::i Pli1lc lubncatmg cril ______ JHIO Ilo. 10Z8 : l)f'lore & 13orgDmano_; Hlood-formmg tisi:;ut'::-_! Ilo. ---1 Arorn:ltir arnin"s (flye J8V5 1 H(hn ___________ HltddPr, meter, JnJ- 1 J)~i. l I interm\ 11h1tcs). 11ey. Isopcopyl uil_ ___________ _ 195'.! ' \\"cl, B:nyth l\' XaJe __ , l\"n~d sinnslS, l.1Iy:1x. i I )o. lung : : ::: : : : : ChcmA1rsee.lmlsc--_I_n_o_r_g_a_1_1i-c---------ii 1J~~tHt73 i ;;::;~~j;;~~;;:~::::::::::!1_ ~k-i~;,;-.:~:::::::::::::) _\Jc,;1~~;11,; 1q.{Q J.ShL':::Lo-, ----------- __ _ J:1,):J ;1;:1~~1~~~::~~~~~~ ~~ ~~ -~ ~~: I\13.) J:(,J'.? ~~;:,:,~~::~:'.:~'.~I::::::::::~~~~i~:.: I Occ~Et10n:1J. t"i1cnf1'lL ____ --------j ~asnl C'aYtty and s1- i Do. 1 nuses, lung. I'h~ ::-iv,:: .<Zeut-=: 1_';7l'1\'J0]11 t r'..Jiafi(m _____ I 1S94 ! 11(,. I En\ill1nn1r:r1t d. ~\,.~,~~:~:. i::: ::::~ ::::::::::::: ::: ~l~~l~,~~~~::;llcll. H1w~'t~~cn-n:;.'!1:1tirn. _____ _ RaU10,icu \ L' :,ubst1nrC'R _i }Clfl2 1~;')f ~ j l_ 1 ]"22 Jo79 i ~' 2:3 i :: :::: :::: ::: ! I YonJ qi1e, Sel1wa1tz A: Blood-forming t1s~ut'"~I Occu1ut1on:il . I I v111! z--.11nenrock I I l H...ck_ - _______________ 1 Bone__________________ l\1ed1e1rn. 1. : Haertirw ,\.Hrs~~---- L-ung __________________ Occup:11t1Jn:1L :.\lcX<"1I, \Yard and 1 Skin __________________ ! Du. \\"ill1<. I ]\129 1 L'W~\y ______________ _! B1ond-formi::ig tis~ucs_I Do. :rm .\Lil tlsnd _________ ---! iloncL-----------------1 Do. fif\'\-,,,-er-, dJ1 iluii,.,;,,<T1P1lna1r 'tr'''1pt~~rtf'(~ nf th"s0 figurec; ns reilc1_i ll!~ tlie acl ual srupe c.J' tlu 01eupa1 i(1llal e:lllC!'f liaz1tnls would seri1H1.-J_\' 1;1; rni~l1;L1li11g- for thl'- foll<>\1i1ig rrasons. The prPscnc(' of ocn1pui '.unul ca11crt l1a7.~U'tb bas so far h(WTl established for only r fuw workl'r gro1 1p;-; havinf! C<)JJtart with rmc or several of tho earcinogPnic a,_;euts listi'.d '1Yl1iln. fr1r 111,_,tR.1111, ii is rrr-1wrnll.v known that \\orLrc 11mploypd in gas works and ('Oal tar distilll'rir..~; or <nga~ed in tlw eknnmg of pr-1rokurn :-till- ~:,d li.,yiug skin and l'Pspini.tory eonta<:t with coal n,ud ['Pt rnlt'UJll pitl.'h nnd tar sb111\ an 1'\'.<'1s;.;iYe litihility to <"anc1r qf Uu"' skin, flltd n_prL1~1,ntl.\~ td;-,o, ol tho lllng, 1!1cic doc . ;, 1101. c:~i>~ ~u~s official record of si1 nil ar cailc<im 11;-; eorn plicat.ions among 1'11<t n><lo workmc: in ulun1i rnn 11 prod \l(' t ion plant" wh<'I"i' an <xpo,;11 r<> lo I' 1rnw,; I OCTOBER 6-M:ORNING SESSION 129 from t lw ekdrnllli,; consi,;ting of a. mixture of coal tar, pitch, 11.11<1 petroleum col,e 11xi:;ts. H.eliu.hlc information, how(wer, i~; on hand 1' that thnsc \\'01k01-s suffer from cancers of the skin arnl, possibl.v, also the r<,sp;,'a.t.C>r~" tract. The pxtcnt of this 0xposurc hazn1ri. ma:v OC' i estirna1 t>d by t.he fact thnt approximutdy two-thirds of a pound of dectrodo end.Jun is consumed for each pound of meta.Hie aluminum pl'vduccd, of which 800,000 short tons worn consumed i11 the United Statt)S in HJ.15. It ll"i cqua.lly significant that agents which have been reported to have- ca11:-:r<l orr11pfltiona.l rR.ncPrs among workNs of an industry of one f'ountry, <lo not seem t,o have the same effect upon t.he workers of :111 ichntical industry of another country, if th0 avRilable data wuulri lw acC(lflLcd til 1.luir foe<~ value_ Sinec e.i.rcinog<'n,;: hehaYe in their fund:,n1,.n1.nJ disl'asc-p1od11cing pro1wrties likP parhogl'nic microorga,i11.m1s. t ht'l'l' is no sound n.'.nson to :tssumc 1hat. c:nci11ogrn1s 1nake a11y di"' inctions in thril' acti. vit.y or cffoct iyencss for an.v national r0aso1,c:. In fact, i l C<lll be shown 1hat such scicnti!lca.lly incomprelwnsihie cliscrcpttncils are mainly due to local differen1~t'S nf report.- ir>: of occ11p:1tional cancer cases. Tilt t>xistcucc of nn excessive liabilit.y of gas house r<'tort. :1nd col:e 0-.11 fforkors to C'Ull\'('l" of tho lnng has been reported from ,lapan, Cn.n:tda, and Eq;lancl, but. not from any other country (kspite the faet 1ha1 t~w <:''qiosurc conditions for workers ernplo~'ed in such opera- tion" 'tl"l' idenl ic1il. The OC'.CUJTPnce of an appreeiable nu1ubPr 01 n1"-.(~1:ic rn11c<'r" of 1 lrn skiu an10n[! Gcrnrnu US(TS of urscnical i1;~ecticidl'--, w:ts plhctd uu record during r0ccnt ycai"s. If full cndPnce would 1w gi1-<'n to rt>port.s on :uspnic cancers ohs<:nd in tlll' l~nilcll StatPs, 011e \Yuulcl be l1'd to helieYo that arse11icals in our part of tli world nr0 car<"inogenic for almost exclusively m<;<licinal reasons. Again, lt is hard to assume that a.rscnicals woul1l make ~uch distinctions. ~\ similar situation seoms to exist c0ucrrning the earcirw~.. ni(in- lf \;;Lrinting oihi obt.ainr'l from 1wirol1um in di.ffcrent p:irt" nf 1 h(' world. :\.ltLouiJh tliero \n:rc pla('PCl Oll l'C:Corrl by I~r:.glish mvts1 i~ators during- nccut yeMs, s()nn1l hundred cases of skin ea.n eers d.1i(' to oec1:pa<ioual eontaet. with lnlirini.ting oils, prnC"tically 1wt hi ng is oificially knnwn as to the existence of such indus1 ria.1 dis<'h,'"" irnrn the eomlirics on i Lis sid l' of the At hmt ic. OuP sPmns 1.o be cou 1nnt wi1 ii attributing here tlw Engfo.,h ohsnvat ions to th0 -carc1 nog,:111e actj1on oi s1l ale oils 1 tJ h.~ j argt.-:-icull) ~ i.1\ lu~'t.,Ti,!,l ~r;~c of ;\,.b ic.~11 was di:oc<mi i11uC<l during- tlrn 1920':-., and diereforn cHnnot account, for t hu ll!Orc rccPni Eng-li,;1t ('.ttlH:l'l" <is1.;; olJ.,;i:nrcd among spinners, llH:d1:1ll'"", <1:;_>,ine1,1s and other workPr,; lrnvi11)': h~1d exclustYC cou- i nct \\tili lul11vuti11,.; :t11<l cooling uib of Jll'tl'OlPum dcrivatinu, mu 1fJ54 MEETING OF IAIABC It is worth no11ng in lhic; comu<t ior1 that during- t lw la.st 20 ytars, thnre htts bo('IJ nn almos1 corn pkt1 lnck of pu blishtd addi1.io11:; to the list of occupatiounl coal iar, pitch and creosote oil f'ancers of tlw skin from the Unitr<l St n1Ps, altliougil suc~h eanccrs lrnvr he<'n ohscrnd and arr rreord(d ns sud: in in dust rial recPrds, urnl dPspite t ltu foct tha.t the annual reports of the ChiPf lnspector of Factories of England and 'ValC's haYe regularly listncl notifiea1iom; of snch lesion,; to t ht extent of from 100 to 250 ca:oPs per .\'PHr. One ma:v also reflect on ik' fact that tbc bsL published figurL'S on occupa1ional cancf'rs in Anwrica.n dye workcrs appPatod iu l 038 nnd listed loss than mu cases. nU occurri og- ~w1on~ Pmplo:vecs of one cornpanr. During t!rn inltrvlning- 15 ynnr,.., thl' total number of swh cases has risen scn'.-d fold and no oificial clitta hrffc becOJD(' availu!>IL" from any of tho ('tl1cr cnmJhtni1_:s pl'od ll\'ing and h :mdliug careiHo:l'llH' aromatic ami1ws lJscd in tlw prud1!c'1 ion of dy(:-, and n1l1ht1 antioxidants. In contl'ast, rccpnt ri';JHts b.\ En;.dislt imcstiga1ors ,..u1port.ed by the English d1('mic11l iJJdustrip-; hn\p s11ppliP.d ndcqual<' figures on ih<' number, in<'idPTJ<c rnte", and :tttack risks of bladder canc(-r nmo11g Engli,,.h dy" 1t.nd ni11her \Hll kns \\ho !tad lwen "Xj)O-"t'd to the SUilH' c:1r1inO[.".<'nic aru111ati<' tirniw~ wit Ii \\hi('h t lie corn~p011d ing work<>r groups i11 1hie; cow11r.' han otcup11tio11al eont.acL Finally, some con- id era ti on rn 11'-'t lie gi \'t'll to tlw fart that 1he gt'!1<:al po pu] at ion iJ as V aryin;_; cl l'~ I U'S 0 I' <'Oll1 a('(. Wi j]J SCJllt' 01 J1 lP !'.!11'Cill01ft' 11 i1 a.gents throliglt their prl'~eu0 111 illdustrial \\astPs reka"erl into d1<' en\'iron111e1Jtal air rrnd ]1orlil'.-; of \Y1lHr. n111! mll<nag- 'il!hseqtll'il1 the soil and i!H f:111na and llora J>.-ing in q1d1 a pollutid <'tl\ irnrn1un1 and us<'d in part for mnritional 1rnrpo,.,<'s. 11, tl1c past, clnillls :t" !11 the occu1Tcnce of so-ealled ''neighhorboo<l" case<; of caueer liave rarely been made. Th<.: w"ll estaLli~lwd forrnl'r oc<~urrence of arsenic cancers among inha.Li1 ants nf a G<,r1wrn n;.6<n in \Yhid1 the drinking watPr supply was pol! ut<d with HI":w11ic from rninc :olag h .. aps npn~"enti' the first occU1Tc11ce of 1iii.., 1.1 pl. FoH'.l\\ing tilt~ <!is('O\ '!'_\ of Uad.!<r 1anC'.t'I' 1uz::rd,.: <Jlnong (;c1JJ,::r1 d.\(' \\ ori-;:irs, ii \\a;. a-.;-.;('ned tliat an ell\ 1n>1u11o.11t ul pLlll1 eont a1nrnaiion witl1 carcino;_!.'('lll<' nnmwi i( nlll!IH- ,.,.;,; nsptJn:-ilik for 1Ji,. prod11ction of hlad<Lr r~all(:,rs <l.lll<1llg 1wrs1ms L\i:1;,.; in thl' viiinit.1 uf this plani \Ylllle 1h1 anu:d (xist(nce of :-.11C"l1 101Hlition;.; \\ "" d(111,.d at. that. 1inw by ot!H'r im'(':-.tiga.tor~. tlll' n:('('JI1 d('!llOllst mt ion ui' "nti;~~h hn1l1 '"d r_~t.::."': 1 ' ul' 1J('~'." lliu~,;.~ Jl~ui\.. ... ll\. L <ln~111~ uppt::u a~ !lOl unruasonahl<' possibi!itip~; "'!11<'.( a 11ig:hh- potc11t (':urinrn.z:<n. s11cb a" hdn-naph1lnla1ni11P, j, im dYi'd \\liid1 m1gJ1; li:t\'1' TJI'<";'"'"d ,.,ud1 r,:sulis if tlit~ was(n d i:.;pc1;-,:i! :i.ud h011s<'l-;:t(pine!, llll'!hod,., of 1li<' pl:.r1L wnrc inudcquate. It is 1rnl>ai;l< that tli< futu1"<' o!:lil'l'l'l!CP of c111,<'i"-, of 1lrn lung and hrn<' nrnong indi.,i.!ual;, 1d10 li\'(d IHar iwr.\ 1li11111pmduciug or procl's~i11:,; ;lla111:-: llli:rht fl:1'11i"h ndditin11:d (ndti\<'<' ,,j' OCTOBEH 6-MORXING SESSIO~ 131 ('Hll<'Pr haz.arils rd:it1d to l'111iro111rnntal pl:int pollution if 1H'l',Vlli11m a.nd its <'ornpound:-. :i.n no~. 0111.\- ('.aninog"<nw for ra1s and rnhbit.s lrn1 ab.o for rna.n. ~irni!nr condition,; of industrinl nJ.mosplwric pollution 1>.xis1 around ars,,nic smdwr"- d1ronnltc\ pro(l11ci11f_'. p1an1s. Cto.rbon blaek fa.ct Ol'l L'S and ,ii l rdi rwri(,;, as \\'di as 11 rnnilJJll c-n Tll ills. The rec<nt ('cmpcnsnJion dnims ndvnneed nn 1lw bbsis of an aJl<'g:e<l 1.1xist.('.llt'<' h0t\\tP11 eiganttc smoking :rnd lmqr cnrn1r aho point, to the possibilit.\ of a gr<'ut.Pr fo111rn import nncc of tlw compensation asp0ets conn0et(d \\ itl1 tl1t~ (1ccmTl'L('U ol' eancers from indusrr:v-rl'lalcd som" s, ~rnch nc. 1,\:pos11rc to carcino:Pns contnin('d in !.he (xhanst funrns from (li1sd and gasolmt' c11ginc:s, or present, us additins and o' contaminants in foodstuffs. It appear,; from 1lt<'"''' eonsid('l'ations tlia; tlun' can hc1110 doul>l drnt. 111{' :l.dt1:!l Jll!illlt'l' of o<'l'Upational cn1icer:; is co11,;id(rnbl;1~ highrr than dtl' llli1lllwr uf (':i-;,s jllnc Pd on t'l'Cord. I1 is sorn<' ial('t'l'St, 1uorco\cr, t11al tlw numL-r of l':\:'(S riorded let rnedic11l journals is a.ppn'cinhly higliC'r thall tl1l' Jllllr'b1, oi' occ11p:t1io11al c,weers whieh durillf! the last 20 yl'ars li:tVl' <'1ll1H' for d('ci.;ion h(forp 0rn1wnsation boa1'(!s heciwsP. com;wns:ition d111mc: in 1111my such c:l"Ps han lwr'n sd.1kd out of co11d. \\ itli n f't\\' l'\:('('j1ioi~, stwh :t"' th< in<'i,Ju1c.(' of lu11;; canc('r n,mon~ ~\.nitril'nn d1rnw,1ln 11rnrn1fa"1 t1r,r- nnd :11noiii-". G<'lJll,lll iJ!Hl Cz<cho:--lo\:ck1:111 radio:ictiY<' Ol't ;:1;111r~, of nasal sirnw, brynx :1nd lung t111nnr- :~'!'1111. .\nH'l i<'n;1 i~dprop' 1 :1l 1 nlin1 n1nnufael ur~~s. H.nd of :-::k;n 1,1Ill'''l' ;11lldllg l"'~ngli~~ll l'ti;d 1~1; n1:1n1:Lt<1urcr;--, nnd pr<-H'('f:--.Pr..::.. no 1\l1ni1i, ini'(:,1n:11 io1t i ~i\nlliif '1 1 n:1!1H' il1\i.1c)uee rni:P nf occ;upa1 Jo11nl carnir:: r,f 1 :1, \'tll i\'\!S 1:,;w-.; uJdO'l(! di11'r;1tt occupn1ional population gr0111i:-. >( B. SpP<"ia l Asp'C! .~ (~f Onupa lion a I Cancer-" ~\. foir an<I cr>l11Jll'll'ill ndjudie<!.\ ion of conqwusation elairns for canc.,rs alleg<'dl~- c1111s1d by 011upal;u:i:il ag ats or conditions rrqnin-. il.11 g(;('qna1t' ~dld d~\ t~"! kllfi".1,tl:,:_'l' of' tJin S!ll'C'td ,b,..jJ<' _!))l'tl~ 1;)f t11e-t \ ld:ll1"" ~~IHl {l ;,_. rclat(d to ',lH .__"j(;Ti~1 the flJ'()(lUction h_Y -\,~fi1ch tlH~r J1l~l~T '"' i/l...;1 ;11~,ii--:111: f'::qJI !Ht!1-(){'f'!J1J:11 iol1:i~ ('il\ii-o;~liH'L~ .d (H11.,fi- cin~1l. <ljctnry. io,n11ti( .11:!_~).tual,'1 u., \.1\li ~1 .... :--:p(intaneot~i"'J ci.~it,'?('r:-L 1. jJr-_f;,';,;;;()l/ (~/ //rf ]\I t/i ()l'( lfjJr{i;(,,'i/( ( fr,lrl'. t'' rr11\' :\'!'Jn'"{}(~ CUp:t1~()[l~d l'~t 1 lt'('r' 1 i~. applied l(i n1~1r~~n:d .. t1J111or~ 01 i~~inu1lng .:.n 111di,idtnd:; d1.:.i'J~~ 1!1:\ 1'1>llt.,~ 1 uni! nr n--- 1( -.,1Jl; of J h\ 1 :-,~(u1ar nnd h~ual1\ prolo:1'.~"d {'\. t 1 ni t 1 pf ('tr1:i.;;: O<'<up:.l,i,1nu,l n<1.i~iiii 1 s. t'.lll~titin~~ contwt \'it it :-;0;1i1: {'\:O'./t'i1011:-., pl\ -..:<il . l:c:iwu.I nr pnl'a.-111c ap.nt acting in rn<,per int(n~,q\~. \)('('llp+H:nil '';dJ<'e~-.:: tJ .. L..:. a11 1 1::..11sid h:~ spe('ific ttgL111~; nr l t:l)i(~,_.i1al!.\- 1(l: . 1Pd t() \\'~H d1fi1)P 1 l uc<upHtion:ti cOL(;:1i(J 1 ~-~ \\hi< L l"1.>r2~~ :~~1 ;_,,::':-. 1.il p:::t "1 1~.1 qr,l;t11t!'.\~ \;nrki11- n1:\ i1":\IlH'll1. 'f"he.\ d:ll'lt 1Ln~, ~L 1l1i," :.-:," ''1:-' !n11 l tlH', d( 1 11it'Jd~ 1 1 (H'<1lpnt1ni1~d ''U.!lt',i'~ \\11;( 11 1"('-~1ur :roJll or fq.il(,\\ upon ~(iitH' 1\:11;~ur- l3:l 1954 MEETING OF IAIABC dinary, unfornsecn, accidl\ntnl injury s11st.ainrd at. wo, k and being of 11 nonspecific nature. 2. Types and Natu,re of Occupat?'.ona.l Cnrcinogens.-Occupritiorrnl ngents which a.re known or strongly suspected as having causo<l cancers of various organs in workers who became exposed to them are largely chemieals. Some of these chemicals are well defined, others consist of variable mixtures of a large number of dwmic11l compounds, a. few of whid1 possess carcinogenic propertits. A second group of occupational carcinogons is compos0fl of ngeni,s diarrrctl,rizerl by their ionizing or nonionizing ra<liation. A third ,::-ro ,, l1 i~ r"1wnscnte<l by environmPntal agents and conditions whi~h somt>1 imm have an occupational associniiou, and whieh m:1>- be rC'lat,fd to CLTtai11 infections or scvcrnl specific dirn a.t.ic, gPologic, di1{ nry, aud Ill! Lritionnl conditions, aud which in pa.rt h:WL' morn or less indirec.L relations to c111L.inog-cncsis (tahl1 ~). T.rnu; 2.-0ccupational Carcinngens--1'/wir Route of R.rpos11re and 'J heir T orget Organs General type Svecific t~rpe Houtr ofc:..po;,ure Chemical carcinogens. , Organic chem1- 1. Bt'nzol_______________________ Cutaneous. n.:spir~1- cals-aromn.t!c, r J tOrJ. . polycycj1c, het- I crocyclic BC't.2.-n:ci.plrthylnrr1111c, htn;-,i- R1'SiJlt'atory, c11t:inc- line, 1-:im.lnotI1p11r11ylL.rnra- ow~. ~tlwll it.try. mm(' rn.1geuta :') ,t.Jllll- ; dim ?) 'TJ.rsct n1. :1n ------------ Blood-formiPg o rga us (len!~L'Inld, lyrniihosarcorn:.l., rn:.clorna ~ l'!ogrI1ous 01 ~2-:t~l;;;: (hJaJ rkt, ~uctcr, kidw':-). C'oal t~ir, pitch, soot, a:::;pl1alt, 1 Ci1ta11+'lll"---- tar 01L ('reo<sotC' c11l, anthr.i- t~r~p1r,ltvi _1C'ent' 011 iaI11]J hb.ck, 11~n~tt' 'k111. J,,.w,;. tar and pamtnn o.i. i Syntlll't1c coal oil and tar 1 . ( Bprgius). Sh:Jlc oil and i1arr:.fE:1 c1!l ______ i I PC'troleum fuel ol, diPSl'I t}i:, 1 lubric.4ti!1g nil and .i.!TP!lSC, cuttirn! oil, c.>.rbrJn bb<k, C'uLuwous ___________ _ I ____ do _____ I --------- 1 H.espira1ory ____ ------: C11L11wo,;:- __________ _ Respu:~t()r\- __ _ 'SK ill no. L~iry-nx. ~k.!l . Lung aFphalt. t:1r, c1~k<', er u<ic 1,;r,1ffrn 01!. Aliphatic _________ ' lsoprupylo1:i ______ _ Irwrganic ch0mi- i Ar~Pnic ________________ _ i c:als. N1ek1L ______ _ I c1 . J lf\)IrllUl!L ______ _ Phy~h<ll c~rcinog-pnf: I AsbPstos_. --------X :a,Jiat;rm - __ __ ionizing radiat10n. f Ij Radioactive radiation faip}1a-, I beta. ancl c-n11Jm-radmt1oi'J _ ___ (1(1 ___ ----- ------- :<a,::1 sinus, bry1n, l1.1ng. CuLrni'OlI.S, m;;('"t1vc __ , ::,h.;J, H"spir:it<JI y __________ _ Li:ng. }..'~!s:d cavif y, nasal ::3'm1rn, !r~ll~. Luu~. Do. -----! ".:.':.:.~~~:~ '':;;~ __ ---------1 'l'rtwscutaneous __ C'nnnr-ctJVL' tLJ~lH', bone, I l;luod-forn1.!1g: 01 ;.;,lns. Cutrmpou"'------------: BJ....u:. Tra.t1~cmt.an0ons __ _ C01-:1wrt1\ r u:-.'i1H\ blrinrt I ~rasitic ~rc1n~e-~~s--J 8d1i~~~~~1~1a J~~-~L~t~~~I?~i- [unn,nf!: (,r;,:~ns. H'!"Pir1tt1ry __________ _ ~\:~;,,.: -;1~itb Lt:J~!!. 1 i I11.!11 "tiYt __ (~ 1 Itm1ums ---------- ____________ i 1 Ron(' Hl:H~'lrr. i l I I I 1 i ! j l'j OCTOBER t}--MORNING SESSW::\ 133 Jn addi1 ion 1o t.lwsn l'stulili~hcd occnpu1 ionnl cm'<'inogt'ns t-hl)re nrc a number of potential human oli~it r,a.ncers in expminwn1.11l cnrcinogmts which lrnvc uninrnls and \d1iel1 \\ been shown to exposed during their l'<'gnlar 1P trktts become wcnpntional :1ctiYitiC's. These po- tent iu.l agents which also must 1Je considered in t Ji c aclj udi<.11tion of compemmt.ion cl<lims, arc h~tcd in tables ;3 a;1J 4. TABLE 3.----Potential E11vironillental Human Carcinogeis Ag,nt Site of tunwr Type Cif cxpnsu1r Spt._(']('S Ti, i"'.i""'' nf 1.nn11~:J conracts ~""~'~t~~~"t'l~' ;rs;i~ -:~:~~~-~:I! LByrcmc,pslt1_ _n_o_d_Ps __ _ Sjnithctic____ ------: Utprns ________ _ Hypoplry'-1!':1 ___ _ CarLcnJ Tctrachloriae __ , Lff('r ________ _ Par<r.tl1ral____ C'uL:meo 1 1s____ \fl)\1',l'_,_ H:iL __ _ l\,1bf>1t" CJUllw" 1)J!:'; ~[nti " ____ , _,J .. nul:1ctlll1' l)1tt~u~ :..:ddnnc. Co;-,nH't ic: 1ng1~'dicnt .. l1'd11:-.1111l ~(,lnnr l >\':.'r<,1~11lL'" a2tnt 1i1 ~-t'k.1m;1!..! H.CiT:t l ff1\-1 \t111~,-~sh1ug ag-< ~JL \: ,1)' 11f.-(f1JI ( Jl1od11enon of f1con . :r m1 furn1~aut Chloroform _______ ---- [_____ J.o. Owl_ \fot~::-l' ! 1-\trrnttiaL ________________ _ F,11.it t1\'C uf,nls. :.\l,rnt1f,Hll!il'. _\ 1,,--t]11t JC ~(IJ\( lit :lTJt! F'\t.wtivP of 01]..::. Tl':-;':' r,_, ,!iei. v,.axl:::., '.(1di1:e, all..::~;1uds. 1 111.!wdH'It ol L1cqnpr, flonI 1,n]1-,l1 Ch~1P111;Hmd. DD':" (::,.iB1s\p~hlo r {1 lJ !:1(' n; 1-1,l,l-t r!chlon)Ptha1w). Tanrne _____ dc- Oral. .. _________ J{ _ J\1rPnt 1'!"31 _____ fl0 1111dull]UI1 o: ::1 tifi.r...L.1 silk, i,Ji .. de" ).Lu11,LHrlll('. 11'"'-'I ti( Hh'. Fcod r:,it :mmar1t. l11tr1(Lnt of foodstuffs wu1t3, \\ u1~, co11ce, w1.J !<>a). :'"~' d 1rnd ~E11tt rrhioun.\1. and dt: :\n- tl'("". p-Plit 11d ~ lun~i 1!Jul- ____ do Tnyr0Ei L\1'T ------- (1,1L __ ,:', ,;('. _ ,11) T.1,l111T1g t~L'llt. r:1r1~ i1u1t frlC'~l'l\.-atn-c. _\; (; 'l .: ' !i ,! \ ~ , IU) !' i ,r i (11lJ Dll'th) kit!' r.rheo!_ 11l'.1d~lt f -- _<ltl ,'-,\\ ('('f 'J l l' ~: :1 ::!:l ! i '.. 1r ,\1,tJ:!"( '(' I:i: J!i11 tl:.i(' in I .pO."lYC jJ I, '11J f..!(tll, ~ ,...:.(,f1,,11""" ilf h.r'q!:1r Jrlh->, J\.l1th1L:tf'{t lld[lntlJ<..- 1 Skin ___ _ Cutaricuu~- ____ \f1,11sl"' \1 ri.1d .-.! aui- i.ln1'. tC\tlh,. 'rpn~.N 1~.1Jt 1,.tih~H'(i). \~t 1\J(k nf Jll'-f(t;cfdPS. B1rpu~ eo;1l 01J..; arHi tar. _do :-..nhePT.11l('OUb t1tlf', (' "r :'lr lf'> i:I" - - - - - "r (Jt: '~1' ~lc11 l'HTl'I it! . __ . _, 1~<..t __ _ F'i~li1 ! -~-,Ill <'I' !l\.l o::" t .tr'', v. J\t"" gri':"i- " f, It! .il .II\ JI,-,_ 1'11,1.trr \J'1 ><' .\1 1X''Jf1dtll1'. i 111T ;,ulni-,.1Ilt:--, ]'1 .. IJ r>1od !{ lii'JJ. 1 ', ,~ r i lll'lJ .i\ .ii. \ J ~' 11 i f. ~ ' I l i J':J('] LuhnvJ1d. l I'1 lJ ,,r 1, ;!I< :d f 134 1954 MEETING OF IAIABC - , - ---i--;;:ym :;-:---i----i------- TARr.1; 3.--Polential Environmental lluman Carcinogen.'1---Cont.inucd ...\gent; S:.te of tu1nor i)of:.ure' - . Specie-; 'Types of human contnds ---~----------I1---------),--------,-,-------!- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lir,i1t green SF l'f1l- Subcutaneous l'arentcra!_ _____ ! RnL.-------! Te~r.1c dyes. liant hlue FCI' faF.t tissue. i Food and cosmetic dyes. ! green Fe',"..'. . : I I , I , Butter yellow __________ I.1ver ____________ OraL-----------11V1011se_ -----i1 Food dy<: (orient). Rat _________ , Gasoline dye. i ' I l 1 , I .1 Flare color. Cellophane, polyethyl- 1 Subcutaneous__ I ParenteraL _____ _____ do _______ I Film, fiber, plastic-indu>tii,J ene, poiyamide (ny- ! 1 inanufacture and usrs. km), l' .kd1tt< tC'fioP I vrr1pp1nr..' matrr lL polyrnethyl mcthac- rylate. ; Bcrryllium. ___________ ! llone ----- i 1 Parent<'rnL ____ ! 2\lP<licmal ugrnt. ' R:.hbit. _____ 1 MP.ta! alloy, X-ray tulw, He~pirHtory _____ H.at_________ nusphor m~rnufactw~. ScleniunL. __ -1 J.ivcr, thyroid __ 01nl _____ _ 1 I _do. Refractory Yf'f<:::ils 1 Atomw l."nNgy produetwn. Soil contanunant. Colori11g matter of gLl'iS, ccr::unics, paint. r~1bber :l\10ta1 alloys Rubber accrlrrator. Photoell'('tric appa.ratn~ I )('C010J lZPl'. Coh.1lt ___ --------- ____ , Subruh~ntous t1-:.i;;Je Pan'ntera! ______ ,_____ do I F1nproofinf! :wrnt. 1\'fr>d icina] a~ent !v11tal nlloys ancl pl.t! ml!. Colon1lg rnnft(r of gL\<..."-, rcHH!llC~'- paint, ruhh~r. :,_fr '~H'lfl'!.l ~lgt'IH T.\BI.E 1.--C11rcirinwn1c Clienuc{l/1< Eliminated as EnvirU1,111P11tal Hu1t11w Co rc1110(/ens _\g('!1t Sitt' of c,1ncer T~ Jl(' of exposure --------, ----------- IntPIHkd u::;e .Shry1 :'.iubcut':dll'Otl~ to'>'-.ll('. 2-'\r.,yLnninn-fl~..,:.Pn:-..'1 S11b('1::L.ncous tJ~'-ltl I TlbdOPr. ___ _ Lin ]3r,).ltl Tli~nJ11L : .\eoust w d.uf't. i Jlcoa't rarcntcr-..1_______ ::\foU~t ______ 1 Tryfdl>tUC'idal :i~J'YH . Ornl ---------- 1'.:1n~1r,J ____ --------!I ___ do. l~,tl Fo\~ i Ir:::..p; (1.Jc 8. f("d 1Iat :oi1, 11/ F..'cirlence .--fi'or ilh' .:stablislu;1c-nt <1f .- nusal I du- t i0n" li<'i'.n'"n an 1xpos111p 1n th1's<: fl1?,l'JJts and t lw "1lh"<''[l!Plll dl'P'l1>peHllt o i' '" cane<'r of un occupu1 ion:tl g<'1wsis and ~ h1nfore ("01ll)l('W-aill1' 11u111r(~, die followinh pnrcqii;'-'Jt<'s 1m1st l" filfi!led: OCTOBER (\--MORNING SESSIU.I'. LUV (a.) J)t'finitr 1vidence must. be available indicating 1hat 1lw dairrn1nt had occupa1ionnl co11t1wl wit.h rtn)' one of t.lrn vu.riom; ng<'-llts list.n<l, that this contact wa.-i eithrr of prolong.rd nature Pxt.ernlrng as a n1k l over iwriods of at least G months, and wns of adnqunJe intensity for dicitin;::: 11 Cf1,11cerous response, according t.o au~- pr<'vious <'lXJH'rience which might. he aY ailablo on thi::, point. Single l'Xosnres ma~' hn considt'r<'d to be pffective if the casual agent consists of external l ionizing radiation or the exposure mechanism favors the production i ~ of a carcinogenic depot in the tissues from wl1i<>h a prolonged exposure of the l:ost. organism nrny t'nsuc. ! (b) The route of exposure t.o or intto\bt:tion of the can:ino;.;nic 11grnt in addition to its specific chemical properties and metabolic peculiari1ies dl'lerrninP t.be site of t.he organ or tissuc>s in which a cancer j,; clicitPd. Therefon', not any cl:1necr, but only canecrs of s1wcific ,;;ites art' related to any pnrtieulm carcinogenic 1tgent.. (c) The type of l'Xposure does not. nP'd to be continuous or extend up to the tinrn of appean1.nce of the cancer, but nrn_\.. lw in1l'rmitlfm1. In fact. aIL.\' 1ont1ut. with the occupa.tional c11rcinogcnic 11g:ent nrn.y hnn' ce11>-Pd ma.ny n1dnths to ~-ears or, <ltcn.sionally, even dPcades liefo !'e 1h rm~cer bceom('S nrnniff'st. Bffeet iYc careinogenic <'Xposures mn~, lw ::;nstaine<l not onl)- by the ordinary operator"' Pmploy1~d iu {JP( rnti\)Jl:' with oecupatio1rnl carcinogenic: haza.rds, but also by workz~rs enlring- s1wh ope.rations on u, transitory ba"is, sueh 11s supci:vi>-ors, ma:nte111uHP 1wrc;on:wL n'pairnwn, tn1ckl'rs, io:irl<'r-;. :nudinl'n, and '' nrkcn; employed in room:-; and huilllillgcc 1war the hai'.>1nlous \ipPrati<rn', if li01JS(>,k<'l'pi11~ and Pxlinust- disposal urntl10cLs a.re ina<lcqua.t( 11rnl PllYironnwnt al con Larnin :1 tions result. (d) Occupational ~\frdical Stigmata_--- For the t'-;tablishmc11t of 1:.aus;1l relations betwr~cn oecupa1ional expo-rnres to carcinogens and "ubs<qul'ntl>- fip]Wttring cancns, it. is of distinct Yrrhrn to allalyze the me<li(al hislOI',\" uf tlw aff<'('Lt'd pl1 rs01h fur fun('\.ional or anatnmi,~ di,;Pnse rnunift>:t:t1ions l.h11rncteristie of a pntliog1nic action of the p11n ir dl:H c<r<'inogl'l1 allq!.<'(ll:'>' i11nih-1d. :-;udt 11(JJ11un<:d"<l1 1s and oftPn prj111,i:itor_\ or pneflll\'t1ot1s ti.\ mpl0111:> of ctiulopc s;weJiciJy a,.l as ,tiE.:lllaltL or hiol<'gie Jin;.:<r prints supporting not. only the act1wl11 \" of a previousl_\- s11stai11ed spnciiie P.xposun-, ln11 hlso its '<tll:':d nlat1lmship to lhP cnrw.Pr pn'sl'ttl. t-J~mpt1J1rn1tic rnanifcs1 at ions prls-;rssiug such a :<i(.':nifica.IH'l' are., fur im;t unr,., diro!lil' rndio.1" r;:'. <:: :: :.. , l,rnni" 1,11 d1rnrntitis. Hr;-:;Pnir~ dt>rmatosis. chronic solhr dl'rmat:i i:-;. ('\ironic radiation Jll'riostitis, nshP;-:;to"'i" <i' thP iun~, and kuLvmuid !'P:\<'1 inns aftl'r usposun' to lwnzol and iunizi11~- rndiatioit. Clwmicnl a.nal.\:,\'S of tissues for the incrirnina1Pd ,\idni\ 1.l tii-..;, may -;011Hl irn<" 111 of i;c;sisi ance in <'"1 nl>li"lii11f_: pnvio11-.; 10111111[, with nny ,,1wcific ncT11pn1iorrn1 carri ,0'.2;!\PS, s1u;h 11s a:s('Jll<', di! .1rniurn 1wkel, ra.<iioa(\i\ t> snL:-!u11c< ,-, und lwnzol. 136 1934 MEE'l'ING OF IAIABC It is important., howcvc>r, to n<>tc> that both t.JiesC' proeedures are not aJJplicable for 11Jl oecupat io11al canerrs. Some of the carcinogens do not produce any etiologically chara.ctcrist.ic symptoms, in fact, they may not elicit, any preliminary toxic or other disease phenomew1 despite a persist.eat and prolouged carcinog<:nic exposure. Thus, cancers of the blander in dye and ruhbcr workers may develop in the absence of any prcliminrrry local or general 'Yarning symptoms after more than one or two decades of continuous, intermittent, or discontinued expmrure t.o certain carcinog(nic aromatic amines. There also does not <'Xist any parallelism bet.ween the toxic and/or irritative properties of un:_v clwmicul and its potential carcinogenic qualities, nor, is there a relationship bctwet'Il tho degree of t.oxicit.y of any particular carcinogP11 and its relative carcinogenic pot.ency. (e) Extensive l'Xpcrience with occnpationH.1 cancers indir-ates that t.1](1re usually eliipst'S a latent. pe1iod of y1_ars, if not d(cmJes, bd.\w<'n the onset of Pxposu1es Lo a c arcinogeuic agent and the appearance of the resulting canc,'r (tahk' 5). It is ior this re a.son most unlikely t lwt occupationn.l canceTl' lH'tonrn maniff'st within the first yeu,r following the inception of conta<:t with a carcinogenic agent. In fact, all cancers whieh make thl'ir uppPar:l!H'l' durnig tlH\ fin;i. ! hn'e ycars of occupation in a carcinogenic cnvironnwnL sho1ild be sul>jec1 ed to severe scrutiny for a more prolwl1k nonoccupaLioual ori.'"iB before they nrny be f'onsidered from :rn.\ occ.:upat i0a:1l viev, puiut. TABU. 5.--Latent Fuiod.< of Occup,_itional Cancers Org.H! a.nd a!{eHL Skin - - - - - - - - - - - - ' A1.~erugc latent I R:.i.11:...-c~ of penod lat(nt JH:1od Ar~e11ic: I MedieinaL ____________________________________ _ Oceupat ion al_ ____________ . ____________________ _ Tar_______________________________________________ , CrPO~t>1 c oiL _______ ~ __________________ - ___________ ! i1Ii11eral 01!_ _____________________ ------- -----------[ Crllck p:uailin oil_ ______________________ ------- ___ --1 Solar radiaLio11_ _____________________________ --------[ Years J8 I 25 ' 20-24 2!) 50--5-l 15-Hs 20-30 Years 3-40 4-46 1-30 1.)-.JO 1-75 3-35 1.3--lO -I X-radia1io!l_ ------- - _----- ---- --- -- - ---- --- - -- - --- I 1--12 Lunu ~~::~:~~~~~=~====== ====~=-=~= ==~-. ~=== J\iuhl carbouy!_ ___ = = - - ----- - -- -- -- - - - -== - -- -- -- == -- ==-=== -- - -- - =-!! ~~i:~:~~~~cli~ti~~,--== ~ ~== ==== ====== =======-========= =: I 11/addr'r I Aromatic amines _________________________ ----- - ----II 18 15 22 ]l) 2.'">-35 11-- l : i 15-21 !) 17 (,--:m D .2;-i 7-50 2--.rn ___ _!___________ ---- ------ - OCTOBER 6--:M:ORNING SESSIOK 137 (j) A swc(i::;sf11l prod1wLion of citllCt\rs in nx1wriuwnt.1tl 1winu1ls hy the administrnt.ion of an)r articular chC'mi<'ul or oc<'npational a~cnt. suppli(s weigh!~' support. to a rlaim 1hat snch a factor Ptny havr\ an identical effect upon man, ('Spcci:Jly if the iont.C'. nf <'Xposure, t.lw physiochemica,l ;-,tat.us of t.hc agent durins co11,act, an<l the ca11cc'r produced in nxpPrimnntal animals are idt>ntieal "i1li tlw corresponding aspect.s in human exiwriencP. Howevrr, because of th<' pronounc<'d species specifirity of axogenous carcinogcnif' agents, evcn positi\P experimrntal evidcncc provideR mrrdy strongl~r suggcstin but not. entirdr conc!u;.,ive c\"i(kuce ao; t(, tJ1, cxi"Lc'lh '' of caniuoguuic JHope1- ties of such agetds for man. Only humnn experience gives a defini1 o and irrefut al,](' ans\\'l'l" in srnh 1nd t crs. i (g) Pathologi( and l1i,;1ologi(' l'Yidencn i,; in g<'ncrnl of on]~r limited importall<'(' in the ('7.tahli-JmH'llt of the oceupational <'nusntion of t:lll1Cl'l'S, sin('e neither t hi:' <'linial behaYior nor 1lw :rosb appearame and lii".lologic strndul't\ of tHlll't't'>' ar<' Plio]o-,\ SJH'cific. H(rnevcr, l in somr ocn1p:t1 ion al C'~!lll'Ns histolo;,'.icall.\ or hio;tocl1ernically dc111on- I stra.ble manifrstati.ons nre pr<'Sl'llt ,diich ;,tiY(' (:ondusiY(\ <11" ,.;ug:g-estive PYidencc' a:;: to their nad;,11lar ctinlof!_~-. The presC'JH't\ of n.shest.os I lJOdies and a,;IJc:-10,.;i,.; iu n l1m nfl',c1 l'd hy calWl'r pro rides practicid ! i11Hi SC'lt'llt ifi<" pro"!" ,1,.; to t Ji,. n-.:h1..,to! i< origin of sud1 H pulmonary ! ("ill'CillO!l!H ()f :;i111ilnr <":lll,.Otd ,,i_-Hifi\'al'('(' \Hmld ]}(' 1]l(' de:11onstr11( ion ~ i of clirom tlL' d :1H iJ \. Li,, i odw;ll"'al met hods and )q.- i1H'illl'rn.tion of s1cti,111s of the' h:i;: of fill i'1<ln-:Jnal \\-id1 pulrnc;nar.1 careii;om:.. Tl1(' hi,,.toc1wmic1l1 ,:,rno11slrattcn of ar,;enic: in tlie skin affoctcd h~ a <'arcinoma n'P"""unh anotl1e1 illci-,tralion of th," Yalu(' of histologic RllldiPs m tlH detPrminu1 ion of tl1<' etiology of a canr:cr. Likmvise t.lH pn's<lh'l' of ex1.e1ht\'l' emlnrl"riti. <'hang-Ps in a fibrosed subcuta- neous tis:::lll' contarnin;,(" a caninoma or sarcoma would arouse t lie sus- piciou tha1 X-r:1ys or r1Hlioactin t'1wrgy \\'as 1aus:11ly rh,ponsibk for t1w rn:ili~u:1:1t lPsiun 11 a11p11,i1~ from tlH':-,C' t"OJ1~i,l, :a1ion:.: th,u n (:OD!JH''''llt and critical t\;J11atiu1t ui' 1\,,, tiilirc ,\ i1'.i"''' lt'latt1l t> d1('. vxpu,,,rn uf tlH i11<\i\ id- 1111] 111(: ".\JJl)Jlo1nntic ma111i'1-tations of tlie 1n<'p:1rn1(1ry p<'riod, the 1!1122"1 L of 1.lu: hll'llL p1rio,I, 1he site of 1.lw c:i.rlC('r, s011w Jiistnlr,gic or hi,.:to<'hlrnic:al cliarad11rist i<"c; arid t li<' t'xist Pll<'C of <'OJT('~Jh11ldin~~ ob- s,nat ions iJll ('.alW<'t" p1odud.ion iu '"'=JH'l"Jll1lH1.al animab aside frorn pert incnt epid('J11iologi<. d:l1 a rqresmits tlw oi<"i<'Jll ifi<' lin"i" SsP11tin1 for llll'dh'olqrid dP<'isions in li1 i~a.li"1i,; of all'{.;l''l li(Tilpa1 ional can(en;_ C. Compe11s11t.io11 Laws \rurk1n"1,' .., <'011q11'n:-11:io11 laws 1'IJn('1<'d i11 \ :iriom. c1Hmtri1s t1td ,;1~t[t-; J'i'\ <1 .d a !'('JlU:I'kal>k la('i. u:' lll1ifor111it.\ lh to !h1' 1,\ p(oi OJ Ot'('l!]l:ltioP;.! C'1ircino;r,11i(' n~:Pnt~. ind11~tri111oper:t1l\ll'-'11111: \'nnmo;.>:Plli( ;;.~p;;~S ~ :-;.-i ----1 o J "''-" l-0:1~J" .1.VJ..~~.LJ.l.,_\.X V.l' l...:.'\..l..f\..I:H..., hazards, and occupational e1:tncrrs covered. As of Oct.ohcr I. 1()f"i4, full coverngc laws 11pplying t.o ull kinds of O('<'t1p11tio1Jn] disease's including- cancers had h(1en passed m 26 St aks of thr UnitP<I St.at<1s nncl thn Dist.rict of Columbia; schednln eoveragr laws not alwa.\'S covc'rin;.: occupational canec>r:-;, or all t:qH1s, 11'rrc' in force in 20 St.at('s and ll<l oecupat.ional disrase laws had lwnn enacted at that time in 2 Statcs (\fississippi and Wyoming). \Vhilc workmen's <'OifffJ('nsat.ion hrn s based on the prinroiplc of schedule coverage may provide some d1gne of compensation against disability and injuries rpsulting from occupationnl ea111er lrnznrds, suC'h le~al provisions dcsi;wd for the prnk('t io! t of wo rkc rs arc t.ot a11.' ina(kquatn. if not obsolete, in an <'rn of a rapidl~T rhanging and in<Teasing occupational discasc panorama. Such static la\\s rdk('t a lrgnl and sociologie stn1P of mind which is nHtladjust.Pd 10 the> dynamic state of modc'rn mdustr.\'. However, <'Y{'Il tlw bhrnkc't or general ccJYC'l'll)2\~ compcnsation la\1 which is suHicientl~ flixilil() to include noL only tho present but also any future ocC'upatiorrnl cancer ha.z:ards, usually lias n starn1o of J:rnitations which is ina.dequat.c for pro\icling fair proll'dion undct' 1'<'!'1 alll nnd not too unusual circ1m1stat<<'.('~ nwt with 111 O('('!lpat ionnl (~all('!' :Since n<<'11p1ition11l c:HH'f'l'~' mny IH'('Onrn m:i,;,jf,:-;t 1nnny :n'ars 1tft11 ccssation of c'x;1ost1H' to O<'C11p:dirnrnl <':lr('illf,~:,_.11ic :tf:l'U(,,., a stat111or:; tinw d1t11,;P of froi>1 6 months tot) ~?nr-; rn:iy l!1' ~oo "hnrt for O('e:n :;, . iional cn!1<er~ \Yhi('b 1n~1y ap:H-'iu ai'1Pr n Jnn~-,er p1riud. Jt i:-; ad\i~tihl1 1 for dii,_ n:1so11 10 adju:ot all c'Xisiiu;r la\Y:.; in --1:d1 a \\ ay that -.11ch C'Yf"Jt ualit it,., arl' prn1wrly co\ Prl'd. Jn tlH' \\orkmc'11\; e<>llljWihation ia11s t'-"lStlll~ 11, mo~l ~1:u(',.;, ccnain group~ of ,n.rk!'rs rn (;nplO.\'f'<'S. such its <'"J>l'<'ia11_': f:1rm labor and dnml'stic spnant :-:, >l!'<' cxclud(d from c:o\-<'!"1i;!(' h.\ 1!t0 l:tw. .....:llli"' farming as W('ll as liousework h:n-e lwc0mc :wd ar<' in<Tt>.n,,.in;rl.\' lw<omi 11)! O<"<'U pa1 ion~ h:iYing ext ell,ive conL!d with incliis; nnl prud :11 : ~ (pt>s:if'ickti, lil':]n,iclPs, ,.;_n1tlie1 ic fc'lt ilizl'rs. ur'1 i-<;:rnn1in;r :i:..:<'Jt<>-. l1urrno:i:1i fatt<'lli!L.'. a,:1n;s nf ln-\'siod;, lu 1>riranh ar1J ftll'! ni' lu Jn 1n:~('Li;11'i'.',~, 1T-id1~,.d uil~ fu( ;,Hdhl~,'l- pu1;-..: ...,;ti JJHjJlU\ t'!"::. Hiliiiiot q~. d<~l'r;..:PilL', W!l'\I':--~, ;)()lisli('S, dt.\' (',]('.lllill.l: U'.fl'JJ1s), tliC'rn is 110 "01111d ;;C'ic1itific rcasou for <'Xduding- nwmbN-. of s1;d1 O<'('l![ln1ious from covt>rngp b,\' tho worknHn ',,_ <'OlnJH'llSa1 iun la \\s a.rHl from a.dcqlJ a11" pro1c<tion against cancer' arisinf~ fro:n ('.\.j>OHll'<' to potl111trnl ~1!1d JICt unl <wet1pa1 ion nl <arci110g"('llie agp11 ts. IIl l l ! OCTOBER 6----:UORNIXG SESSIO~ 16~ /). l,obor Codes arul Stand<1rd... .\ny at t Pm pt. 10\l"l!!'d achicvin: ari 1tdcquatl' cornpt'ns:t! ion b_v fi11a11cinl me11ns for H cimcerous condition acquired t.hroug-h contact. wiLh o<cupat ional ag'n1s not 0111>' prc,;ia~~ considr'rahl<' c'cHl'lllJiC' difficulti;; lrnt i::: nl"o of qucstionabll' liwna1w nwrit. 1Yhil<' such a. procedure is evidrntl:v the lwst that cnn be dune aft.er nn o<eupatitmal cn1Her has becomr1 an 1-1ccomplish<'cl L>d, t lw wisPr. morn n1iional, and in th<:' long run, more economical approach to a, r0a.sonahle con- trol of occupational cancer hazards lirs ohYiously in 1heir prevention wht'l"l'Ynr this is possiblr. 'l'lus goal can lw aehwvtd to a large dq..:T('C hy tlit t'nfonpnwnt of prnp0r \\'Ork conditions in op<'rn1 ions in wiii<'h canC'cr hazardP- exist, ,.;o tlrn1 <'itlwr an.\ eontaet. of workt'rs \\~tli sud1 agrnts is v1iminnt.cd or ndue(d to an i1wffc.etin lr~\'<'l _\s to itH' foudnm<'n1nl step for at-con1pli,:;l1ing ::-wh a control of O<'L'llpat1mrnl <a11t'1'r liw,,ards, it would fw adYbablr to haY<' all factories, wnrl:shops, lahorntorii,.; ~rn<l other pst.abl1,,hm<'nts prndu<"ing, hnndlinf! 01 1sing known nr suspeeted <arcinogeui(" mntl'rials to regisfr1 \nth Stat<' pnhlie }1ealth and labor ag<'Jll'if's. This information \nnild pro,i1k tlw L,tsis for establishing tlw s11ptn1sion of plant>' h~- h0ulth :ind !ahor g,:11,i,s and would cn'Ht' t IH' propN w:wliinl'i'Y for f:imili'.tl izi;1g rnaflf1)-:1'!'S of such opPrntions ,,ith tlw potential carci11og1:1ic: pro]JtTt;cs of th<' suhstnll('l's and de' i<(~ 11s<'d in tlwir c-s1 al11is1mH'nl,.; ::ud \':ilh tlw rndl101lo. and pro'L'd11!,,.., by whid1 1l1<y rni~h! lJ,, ('\)l,(rol\ul u; ~.:od('d. T'ii 1 J~\l~di\~e tll\\11, t'TH1 ~~ nf ~111~- 11Hd;c:11. -..~11~!tnr..,_. nn(l 1e('hnologie 1(11il :'<ll rnf:.-:11r(';-, to l1f' adopteI <'all bc'~t J.r, 1kt<Tmi:1cd h.\ fl>.;('('!'\ aining tlil' d1::11:1s in \lit' occup:11im1al <:m1t1 inci,:l'lH'<' h111,1n;..; ilJC' 1otal pn]rnl:iti1Il at risk O('C'Urring durin'..: ~'"lH' 10 to :!n year,.; niter i l1ci" in1 roclul't ton. It is thc>r<"fore drsira!Jlc th11 prnyi..,iuns he 1nadn for roll\ irn ly rccordmg iill \'i:rncr C'tlsr-,.; 0{'('1lJTJll~ among \1crkPr groups expo-.('(! {Cl Ot'<'Ujlational rurli11o&:t't1,.c_ .\'.l 1ir1ca;w1,rou~ and t:uicr-ro11s !P:--i0!1'-' ob~('J'Yl'd '.llll\lri'! JlWlllill'l',.. Of ~'II Ji ::1 Olij)S ..;hould fcil" thi,.; 1'1'8S0Il \>1 Hl:id( nu1liinl1l( \\illi the ~ta1<' h\'alt11 n:..u ri<':-. ~\~i ptr,")on~ l1n\i11g kno\dl'tigc <if t iil''-'.l' c:rn1Pff slwult! !;1 lH'Jii ~, ,;no11s(iJk Jor such rqior)- ing. Tht adopii.llt of ,,ucli lll<':1s11i"1'-; rrJJJ<':-l'lll:-- :u1 irnp(lr11rnt :-il'Jl from a pu hii(' ll<'alt Ii vi1\qrnill1. h1'nus1' tl>r'r is n TO\\ illg 1. q~('lley in d1tc1rni111_ tlt1 ('!l\ironllll'rt1:il (':lll~l's n-.;pon~il,]1' i'or :--ignificn.nt <'hangc'-' int hl' inC"idc'.111e rid n:; of sn\ 1rd call<"lffS. .\ ;..:''"'1 ,] .. ,.] 11f ci1111111..;t:111ti,,] ~nrl clir<'ct f'Yid<"TlCI' ill<'rirnin;1tl's J'('C"l'llt cl1a.ng1s in th1>. rndustry-ni11\l'1\ ll\irorn1H11tal fa('cors for tlw "' :.r1lrn&~ :ind piogrl's,;:iYI' in1!1a,.1' in 1h1 i 1:n'...( carH'c"( fr,.qli<'PCV ob-:<'rvnd l"f:V 1954 MEETING OF IAIABC in all ; ndirntrializn<l countries during the past 50 years (grnph 1). A similnr, whil<\llOL a,s marked, rise in mort,ali1y rates has been obse1Tc<l during the last t.wo decades for cu.ncers of the blood forming tissues, e-;pociall:v foulrnmias, for which Lhc crnde mort,ality rate incr<'B-oNI from 1.0 per 100,000 of the population in 1900 to 4.3 per 100,000 in 1944. This development coincides with a marked increased u;;e ot ionizing ra<liation as well n:,; with a widespread industrial and mcdicinnl employment of clrnrnicals having distinct hernatoioxic effects. ENGLAND!. WALES MALUS , CO~APARATIVE TRENDS IN I ,I I I I , 8 RESPIRATORY CANCER i I ,' ~USA MALES MORTALITY 19241950 I I! i .' I J7-- JJ j; i,' l I /. // /i st- ,,,,'i i I I .rl ,/,//,//>' , ~ J3l- , /'/ I / .1 f ,/ / I ,..-/ )T .<....- - //' ' ,.~,./' . / I ,, / ~ ENG.LAND.). WALE F"EMA)'{:S _/- / USA L ,"'" ./ -_..,..-"/ - - - - 1 ' 1 --~- ...-" f[MALE:S j r I --- -~.-~--. --- / ! -i + - - - I -- -- - , - - - - , - - - - , - - - - r - - - - - r - - - - + I - 924 28 32 36 4C 44 46 191s2 GH.ll'II 1. OCTOBER 6--MORNING SESSION Ml l Jt, 11lso nrny be of significance t.hnt. the aire-specific, total allll age- ndjustcd rnortnlity rates per 100,000 population for skin ca11cer in 1 white ma.ks and white frrn11bs in t.he Uniled Stat<'" lw.vP shown 1 bctvvpcn 1!130 aud 19."iO a marked sl1ift in favor of the young<'r ngc j grnups (table 6). \'VheLhcr such clrnngcs in the :1ge (li,.;trilnili<ll of :okin cancc'rs for both sexes may havn resultNl from thn rnod<'!'Il hubit of sun haching or a more i.ntem;c nnvironmen1nl, or<:upntional a11d 1l. dietary contact. of the general pupulation '.v}th arsm~ica1s, or with pro<bcts of the eo aJ tar aud ppt.rolcum indwmy, remairn nt, present a n1;..1tcr vi .,,pct:tilati011. Fur dutenui11ing tho posRihI( c1iu;oal signifi- rnnce of :rneh factors in this dcvfloprneut, it WP<li<l be nccP~sur.\ tc, ascuriain data on occupat.ional, dil'ituy, cnYironotrntal nit<l ha.bitnd co11tacts of llH affrct<d ii:di...-iduals, tlwir complcxio11 :ind rnc:<\ and T.tBLJ.~ 6.-A :;e-~pecific, Total, anrl A ue-adju.;ted illo~r.oltl71 RGf .:s P. ~ ff!0,000 Population for Sb'n C:a11ccr in H'ii.ite Jl aln< an.d lV?11tc l"ut<urc<. r ni!rd 8tales, J 980, f {).ff), ILi/ r) J.950 \Yh1te nrnlrs Ago F'c:-c~..,nt 11.no 191.S E150 cr1n1;r:,1-nr.-~.ocs '1C31-12c4kr__1;_; ______-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--,-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_--_ 25-34 _______________________________ _ 33-14 ___________ -------------------L".-3- ____ . - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - ' ~G~5--6/4l ________________-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_---_ 8735-8a1-1J__o_n__r_-_-_-_-_-_-_-.-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- : All il[::f'S. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - : Ag" :;djt!F'tPrl '-------- --------- --------, 0. Q(\ . 12 . 22 . 73 2. 5 8. 0 23. 7 68. 2 19 +. 2 3. ;j 4. 7 0. 08 . Le . 4G . s::; 2. 1 5. 3 16. 0 52. 3 172. 4 3. 2 3. 6 0. 03 34 81 -1. - ') - I - 0 [) .:t 12. 8 32. (i 77. 5 2. 9 2. !) -(i2 ~ ~~OD +7G +6;; -l-2\! -C-11 I -20 -3x --55 --------------- \\'hitc fcrn:::.I1s ender 15_ ----------------------------2155--2311_. _- _- _- _-_-_-__- _-_-_-_- _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- -_; 35-~ 4_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 45-5L ____ - - _- - - - . _- - - - - _- - - - - - - - _- __ ; .1.i--fi 1 Gii-7L _____ . - - . - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75-~1---------------------------- ___ : .~.._} ;- - -- -- --- --------------------- _____ ,\ JI a go~ ________ _ _.\~r~ ndj1r..;1~d 1 __ () (li Of\ 23 ('.;j I. 5 2. (: ll. '~ 1-1. 6 10:2. 7 2. l 2 \! - ! ! i 0. 07 ' . 13 i I . '""'3 II I . "'",),) l. 0 :2. :; 8. 7 '). q. ..,..\I, i) "! C)"-). t 2. 0 ~. 1 0. 02 . ::n . 72 l. 2 l. 8 3. r_j (j. 8 18. 8 G~ J 2.0 }.~I -71 +i38 +2IB -+ ]] :q -!-80 -: 2.4 ---~~ ~'7X1 - ~~! ------ -- -- ------- l .Adju~i:.c:d for ar.:r rm total popnla.t1<)Ji. oftlw United :--:tatr~ 1 !95tL ---------------- l"t.::: 1954 MEETING OF IAIABC on the location of tlw cimcers in tlw cxpos<'.d or uuexposed part.s of the skin (site cfo;t.rihut.ion). All such <lat.a co11lfl readily be obtained for oceupational fact.ors 1f all occupationd c.rnccrs would be madn notifiable. At the same time this mcasurf' would he instrunwntal in Rscertaining to a much ~.!,TL':.t!Pr degree than hcrptofore the scope of occupational cancer haz1mls !ill<l of the cancers resulting therefrom. Tile cffoctiveness of this procedure is stl'ikingly .illus1..n1ted by a graph (graph 2) pulJlishod several CUTANEOUS CA.NCER IN RELATION TO OCCUPATIO'.\ GRAPH SHOWING THE & FEMALES IN NUMBER OF CASES ENGLAND. WALES & OF CUTANEOUS CARONOMA. IN MALES SCOTU..NO NOTIFIED ANNUALLY FROM 1911 - 1949 INCLUS!VE. 2soy-- 240 230 220 VOLUNTARY I"' NOTIFICATIONS 182 STATUTORY NOTIFICATIONS 210 DUE TO 170 160 ~ALL 150 ~:3 I I ,. ~llOJ ~~~~j~ I ./\ , ,-,.~,j so ~ "- S 40l' r 30 (~NI J 20 1/'{' : i : 1 I ' I j r . J OJJSES. \i OOE TO PROOVCTS .I:; " t :l!: "L \ \ i' "\, ,. OF SH.l.,Lf.: & ,~ ~\,,, \' i \/ \ / \ \' : \ " i.: - - MINE!<AL . f ' OIL,, ONLY. t Q 'l I\ ' 'W: \ \f ... IOi / -1-;z1-z4 "tf'-4'u' ic/,/ i:&.',_,;,.,~,, 'n'~f ..;'3s 'J1:i37 ~e.\YW<f1 '~" ',~'4, ~s1.otc.t..,.~;r \'t.l'<RS. lllo'::l'<.llOl.Z.";:'11' c.i: THE DOTTED POOTION OF THE Gr~PH OENOiES THE NUMBER ev a. t;ON'1tc!UTED SHALE Oil t.ilNE.MA ... 01\.. ONLY. CASES n1itti.1.:! 2. I II~t ;i I1~ OCTOBER (i- -MORNING SESSIOK 143 y<urs ago by l l<'11r.1 in\\ l11d1 Jin ,.hmnd thl' st.rikin!l rii:;c in the nwnlH'r of cnscs of cut nwo us carci11omn. in males and fomalPs in England, Walcs anJ Scotland atHiln1(;~h!t to ncc111hition1tl (xposurf'R to coal tar, pit.ch, shak oil and min<'r,,i o;l :if1('1' st.aiutPI.\' notification went into rffrct. in Hl20. Conclusion"\ l. Tlw nq1i(l d<>1 dopmeni of modcrn industrialism has bl'l;n asso,iatcd "ith i lH 1q1p11ira!l<"" of rnan.\- n<>w oc<"nput.ionF.l lwnlth hazards of\\ hid1 1.lJU,,,, c,tt,,,in l':UH'<'!s occupy an important. posil1on. 2. Thr iJJ<nasin~ rn(P tit which oecupational carcinogens han lwrn dis('\l\'('J'l'd d1uiPg- ne('ll( dec:1dcs su~gests tlint 011iy a fraction. of the :1et11all.' existing- iwlustria.l eniciuog(ns i~ known and that hrretofon u11krnw.-n :n,d 1ww O\'l'U]lnti0111d c~u'tino[!C'll<.; rnn:-. ht> ad(kd lo the pnst'ttl i11,iw-.tri,d ('i1\ir01:rnc111 through t!l\' devdopnHnt 1md 11~, ,d 1W1\ dw111icnl,, and prndudiun r11etl1c1ds. :). Tlier(' 1" :; g-roat dcai nf Pvidl'JH'(' indicn1ing tha.1 onl.' a r<'latin1y small fraction of 1ht> C'anecrs prndur,d through contact wit.!1 oceupational narcinogen...; hus b('t'Jl rvco;.:r1izrd :md/or rluced on rrcoro. Blcaus0 of tl1c ,,,;tablislivd \1idr-j)J"<'ad mdustrial contact of large worktr groups witl1 kno1\n oecupn110nal c1>1rinni-'''IlS, tlw potl'n!ial >-C.OJW of th( OC11paii<,;1>d CPdW<"t" pro],Je1n (1id.<1i1l.\ is n11w[1 l!lr)!er ih:rn appart'llt frow :!:~' r;;por~td rnunht-r of ,)<''ll]J:i1ionn! earncr c;1s1's H:tld httz~udo11:-; jqd 1 r:'1tial op\'!'f1tio11 ...... 4. ).f,,([i(\)le:nl rif'eic.;r.ns iH < 1dll]H'n"ntio11 procnd11r,s of rn1.upn1ioual afH'<'l" claim-, !-'lrn:dd b1 l1::~tti tl!l t 10Hqwtc11t H~Jd (Tllic1tl t'Yaluation of tlw f'tHirc 1yirl1<we uht<d ti) r.Ji,. l'Xpo:-;mn conditions of thC' 1laimant, tlw p!"t'S<'!ll'P or afJ...;,;nce and t]J(' type of an,\ C'tiolog,v, specific symptornn1 i(' nianifrsl at ions ohscrYcd dnring tlw latent and devc'lopmont11l p('ri1Jds oi tlw caIH't'I" th? Jc.nc~1h Pl the latPllt. pl'riod, tho site of t.J1P i'H.ll<'t'l'. uIJ:' :-;l)('<"ific. lttstolo~jc and lii,t.od1emicnl chanwteri,;tics, tlH prodi:tt ion (1f <''1l"c'l'~,;;undr1;...: cannr.~ ni ('cqwrirn<'lltal animals h~, tlw in(Ti11111p;1,.,: :1~vi:1. and i;crlrncni eptdmniolo;:::-1 .. d11ta. ~ ,--.;(.h((hd(' cn\T~r:q.~t 1:i\\~ ,11'(' illa_derp1u1P 1'or pro\~iding 11roppr pro1cctirn1 fl'!H.!TlS1 (1rr.11pnt 1onai cnH'lr h:izirds fH'('::ll"'I' of Ihe d~nnmic :--:!nte of 111ndern in1!11-;iry.. ;("-,t11tin.l..': jn 1fie. ccHt;:-,1nn1 addition of l1P\1.v c!wmicuis nnd prndw( ion rnd li1;./s hlucli ma.\ 11it 11d lim'<tllfnr<' unknown (J1"('lJr;11tim1:il r:1rw1 r t1''""!". Tl1: t:Ji;(: 11: !i:,,:t.dio11;, ('Ont11invd iu tJi1, f.'<'llCTttl ('O\'r:1.'!' Ll'\S 11pn':-'<'!l!S 11:' n1ai11 drfrct llt th(' f:tir a111i <'qu!i:d>le ap1lli":11 ioll of tl"' ~\p1' ;>f' ''orl-:11Hn's com)J'J1"'utioJ1 la1\ to n:11;ml ;<lt1HI 1111111r L:iz:tnb. fi. :<111<:' 1l1c J::,.-;1niio11 1)!' oc-11~p:i1;1.:1:il 1-.111.-i': 11:1z;1:d; nnd nut Dnnnti,d ('(1l11ppn-...tttion J'qr <...,1ildi-J 1 1d or111p:t 1 :1111al c:tTH'fJ~ ~tJ1plar:-:, tP f1() d1t 1110:'(' '~ :1':-i;'.}J~ a;1,! !i111n:11J\ 1 l!H'dlt)d of O('f"llP~~ti'llal <":!I1C'CJ' . . . rna'i M.l'.J<.:'lT~G OF IAIABC control, labor codes should be properly adjusted and enforced so as 1> diminate or rea.sonably contain occupational callccr hazards in modern industrie::;. 7. For ascertaining the actual scope of the occupntional cancer problem an<l for the institution of adequate con1 rnl rnnasuros, it is essential that occupationnl cancers and precanc0rous conditions are made notifiable with local an<l State health tmd labor authorities. 8. A comprehensive study of occupational cancer hazards will provide a sound basis for an equally urgent inve8Ligation of die aipf p1.ahtr)egn(t1wexrat!enpsoirornnluotfioinn.dustry-related cancer lrnzards to large parts HIBLIOGUAPHY l. Ht:SEpPrEinR1,"fi"d\Vd., CIl.l,., O19c4c2u,papt.io8u9a7l. Tumors and .\!lied Di~ea,;cs. C. C. Thomas, ReI,n,enptr. eDssc.\e!opment.s in Euvironmcntal Cauccr, A. Hcvi<'W. .\rclt. Pat.liol. A 1\1ethodology for Environmental and Occupational Cancer Suneys. l'ciH. Health Teeh. Monograph J\o. 1. C". S. Public Health Ser..-ire, Department of Health, Education and "'elfare, 1\150, p. 37. TR.~SKO, V. M., Occupationnl Diot:ase Tieportiu~. U. 8. DqJurtme11t of pH.e8a0lt.h, Edueation and l\"elfarc, PubL Hc::dth Scnicc Puhl. :;o. 2S8, l!J;i3, STtll!'iER, L. K., Ree<'nt Trends in lllinoi~ Bull. 48; Xo. 60, 1951, p. Occupaliollal 30. Di,ea~c Le~i-.,bt;oll. ln!\". ?\f Olt<H.S, G. G., aild D.\. VE~PORT, S. J ., Stat0 Co111pen.~a1oty Pr(IY1:-io11~ tn! Oecupat.io11al DiseaseF. Bureau of :'.\line' Iniorn1all1111 CirLd.;r 7G00. C. S. Departn1em of the Interior, HJ52, p. 125. \L,TERs, TH., Industrial Physician and \\'orkllll'JJ's Co1npensation..-C11rre11t Trends in Compeirnation Leg1sla1ion. 231-255, rnv. J. Indu,t. Pyg. and To..:1col. 31: Strnco:.1l\II1'TEE ON LEGISLATION PRINCIPLJ;s, .\ Hational Approach to .\ir Pollntion Legislation. l\Ia1mfarturing Chemists' A:;:<nc., 1952, p. 23. TouRANGEAG, F. J., Health Health of \\'orkm<Jn Are of \Yorkmen: Expo~<Jd .\ppr"riutiull of RiskQ "ot1 \\'hich Ca11ad. M.A. J . .'i4: 3.52, 19JG. in Indu,,lry i11 Pnnincc of Quebec. The Accident J)1even Lion Associations Cn<ler the Quehec 'Vorkn1en~s Cornpcnsalion J,aw H. T. CLEGG, Prl'sident, Quebec . 1ssociation for the Prcn:ntion nf Industrial Accidents i the absence of 11fr. Cle(!,q, his slotnnent was rwrl /!11 .!. .-! ,.,"''"'; / 1, .,.i,, "'', c:~c presiaent, Quebec Association for the Frrvent:o,, of .1 ccideu!s] 1 'rill outline Lr idly the sd.np vf tlH' Yarious :;:Lfo1.\' assoc.i~t1 iuH,.,, ttrnl er, heillg morn fnrniliar ',\'itli tlh~ orga11izat10u \',Lich I l'f'.fJi(,c,t'!l1. tsih1ailtlir;es.ndeavour 10 cluhornt.t, on a f"w of IL'-' rnajor pn,1110tionnl II!i i I ' l I ! OCTOBER. 6--MORNING Sl;SS!Ul'i'" 145 Prern1 I ive Assoric:tio11.~ As you aw no donbL awar01 Seet.iou J 10 oft.ho Qudwc \Vnrkrncn's CompPnsation .AC't. slipulnt<~s th;t1. ind11st.J"i1;; inchidc'd i!1 any of the classes undcr :-:d1ul11k 1, may for111 tliC>m:whcs into an ussocin,ti.on for accidPnt. preYention and may formulatP rules for that. purpose. Further, t lw \Vorkml'l1 's Compensa.Lion Cnnuni:-;sion, if satisfied that. an associatiou so formPd, :rnffir.ieutly rcprnseuts tlic' emplo~c'rs in the industrics incl11ded iu tlie class, may make a spC'rial grant tmntrd the expensc'S of ft!\\. such ttssociid ion. It i-: urnlnr t he:-;c' JH'cni-.,ion,, l hid t IH v u1 iuw, snfut..\ a,.;8oc ia tions 11ore organized and arc functioning: in tlw ProYiltC<' of Queb(w. 1t. might he well to mention lwro that t!H'rn an' '.24 dm:1ws of indu-,trim; uwlPr schedule 1, "ith 5 scpa.rak .Aceidenl. Prenm1ion Associaiions operating ,,ith and for them --4 nf 1lil'se :w-.:o('ia1 i<,ns <'a<l1 C'OY('t" -ing-le cLt::;s(s, narnel>c: 1, 2, 5, and '.22, \\hile t.he fifth :;;-.sociatinn serYt'~ ,.]'. tht' l'l'lllain- ing- 20 clns,.:('S. The la1tl'I' a1'(' :1nwl1~ama1 tl :llld o;wrnte i:'HlN the 1rnmt1 of 1h< Q11ebl'c As,.;01i:11ion for 111, PrenJ>;i(\n 1;1 }ndus1riul Ar:ci clnnts, I ncurpora t<cl. It sl10u[d be pointed mit that s('ltt'dUil' 1 crnbrnc.'''' tlie ind11stric~s therC'in nwntioncd utr~ to tlw a('eidr:nt and tlrnt fund h,,- the :'rnploycrs in ''. :1~ of tts:wssirw th1':-;t' irn!u:-tJ'i(,.; ('OlJ!rih- In scl11:chrk~ 2 are 1he lrn:<irw:,~\'S of nts nu ll1('i1 lwlinlf. rail,niy, sE::c~1 :c,:ilv:a.\', (:-.pic;;.:s, telq!,TapL, Dminiun lPlepllOlH: eorn;;:niies, lia\1~:a1io11, \''win~, 01>srn, tion of ,-e,.,;els nnd mari1:e ff<',Ljn~, bridg1 PJ1 rn:i(li'-". 1Ji, Gv':l'Ill- nH'ni of Ca1111da, the Gu\er11nw11[ d the Pnn itH'<'. w11l!icqrnlific~, comrnis-;iori--. arnl ,.,cl10ol board,;. Emplo)-cPi under schrdulr.1 2 arc indiYiduall:: kiblc 1') puy tli(' roni- pcnsation pro\idcd for l>y th' acL The firsL of the fin' a.ssociations I hnYe rr>ferrncl to earlier is The Q11cber: L11!Y1ben11c n's Accidc 11! Prawtfon .As.c,ociat.io11, f1, c. TLis asso- ciation sr'JTt'S irn!r1siri(s in c.ln'-'"' 1, m;tde 11p <'j :-i1t":1111ih, luml)('l'ing, 11nd "''nc,'l'. Thu.\ Lan l)l]ll'O\.irnately 2,.10\l mcn.:l'r', of" l1i1 li alJOllt \)()()are ::,a\11;1ill upera11:-,. The seto11d j., l71r QudHc !'11/p aril ]'11p11 :So_(1(!f _1,,,'<,'t"l!,;'1r" Inc. This nsso('ia1 t011 serv1s ind1istt1"s in d::i"::; 2 1on1pri0 ing :;nJlll >WO nwrnlH'rs <'lii!:Hf!nd in paJh:J' rnill npcrn1ions and c11t ! 111;c: pnl]J\Y')Ol. ThPsP i\\O QnelH'C Cit~. groups, wl1ik :is the 1."('lllWal separal<', na11ll'n of op<'tn.1<' from 0111 offiT, h'i'E' in 1h1 ir 01'r:di0l1' kn1l 111':n,~e1n's to such 11 eomli;:rnt.ion. Of rt:il intcrt~8t to inc is 111'' 'an tliat ]J(ith tlie,.;n ass<wia!ioJJ:'\ :ire 1'w1e1iuniHg \;iil1 :1 Jl1('1'i1 l 1 :~~,<~b pf 1Jft';-)C ~~rotrJ><..; ha{~ it~ O\\'ll hn~1nt ~H'C('fl1lln1g-~ nnd '":.rh f'P('(i\-('~ "Pp:1r!11(\ ~ 1 1:;:11<.... r:!lin;r c:y:~lr ni. of fLI'"' ,1~r"". :---i1paratr_~ 1101n ~he ( 1 C()JllfJilll"i. 1luy ll:t\"(' ('!.di! i:1:-;p1'('((1l" 11 l1:J :ll't' ;..1:11 Iii '<}11i:;n1i........, nn. 1 ::t io1:~ :,,,.~inn,; of 1lw J>nllil1c'.P wilh a ''!l<'1ifL,d ,.;,.J1.,,i1:,<' J!' ;!J,~\1'<1i:i:1'; 1o l1c 111u1!c.