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FILE NAME Mundet Cork MCK DATE 1955 DOC MCK001 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION 85 Magnesia Insulation Manual 85 MAGNESIA INSULATION MANUAL LIBRARY STATE IDAHO COLLECE Pocatello Published by THE MAGNESIA INSULATION MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION | Washington D. C. Tow ee iM wire es see ee oo aod te tees ...' seme & ee Permission to reproduce any portion of this publication excepting material reprinted with the permission of other publishers is hereby authorized provided credit is given to The Magnesia Insulation Manufacturers Association Recognized publications desiring copies of the illustrations may obtain them on request Permission to reproduce any portion of this publication excepting material reprinted with the permission of other publishers is hereby authorized provided credit is given to The Magnesia Insulation Manufacturers Association Recognized publications desiring copies of the illustrations may obtain them on request The Magnesia Insulation Manufacturers Association MIMA formed in 1944 by producers of 85 Magnesia thermal insulation Its objectives are to contribute to greater production economy in industry through the encouragement of research and education on heat insulation materials and their application embodying product improvement and eval- uation fuel conservation and engineering practice In 1949 the Association published and distributed the first comprehensive manual on 85 Magnesia thermal insulation . Since that time new information of interest to all users of the manual has become available and some of the original material is no longer in accord with current insulating practice In this second edition of the manual the contents have been brought up to date in every respect In addition to the manual the Association publishes a develop- quarterly bulletin MIMA NEW'S reporting current ments and uses of 85 Magnesia This is available to anyone interested Case histories of insulation applications in various fields also are available ASSOCIATION MEMBERS The Philip Carey Manufacturing Company Ehret Magnesia Manufacturing Company Manville Sales Corporation Keasbey & Mattison Company Mundet Cork Corporation Pabco Products Incorporated THE MAGNESIA INSULATION MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 1317 F STREET N.W. WASHINGTON 4 D. C. 57664 TABLE OF CONTENTS 85 MAGNESIA INSULATION cal operatingoperating Deod Air AMAn Insulator Lath ag eae Lo. Magnesia- Physical conChemical and Structure of 85 % Magnesia- ; rors te "2 Combination Insulation Physical Properties flInsulationFor Wet Conditions Fire Resistance Ease of Application Design Considerations Calculating Economical Thickness | APPLICATION PROCEDURES 2 INSULATION OF PIPING | ea | a Pipes Parallel Pipes Fittings and Valves Flanges . . INSULATION OF EQUIPMENT Water Furnace Wolls Steam Drums and Drum Heads Steam Headers and Downcomer Tubes Ducts Breechings and Flues Turbines Low Heaters and Exchangers Vessels Rotating Equipment and Equipment Subject to Substantial Expansion INSULATION FINISHES 3... _ bo, Posted Canvas Jacket , Sewed Canvas Jacket Asbestos Cement Finish Lo. Saturated Asbestos Roofing Felt Plastic Weatherproofing Removable Panel Finish Metal Jackets Asbestos Cloth Finish _. MAINTENANCE APPENDIX Ce ee HEAT TRANSMISSION AND INDUSTRIAL INSULATION DEFINITIONS OF TECHNICAL TERMS TRADE NAMES OF 85 MAGNESIA AND DIATOMACEOUS SILICA INSULATION SYMBOLS OF SUPERIOR INSULATIONS ee GLOSSARY OF TRADE TERMS oe . SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX Wherever there is heat Tess Bub wae ee eee ee ee ee Vee ; B ee eee: a - iti PS --- tf il 1 Sar [Pca anal OE rte LUB LUB 1 a ae Erk < D-e "1 a. 2. 85 Magnesia conserves it in the piping and equipment of most public utility power plants 3.85 Magnesia main tains critical temperatures in antibiotics laboratorics - thtehe%power plants insu- lates latelsates % MagnesMiaagnesia power power vessels insu- insu- plants ofof great going going fueland hospitfalosr % MagnesiMaagnesia re- duces % duces costs hospitals , ofice buildngs hoteholtselhsotelhsotelapsrtmen ofice buildbngusildings buildings buildings buildings apartment houses and other other struc- of icetures tures Magnesia 85% MagnesiMaagnesia Magnesia every insulation part prod Magnesiia n Wherever Wherver theretherethere heat ther everyprodmoern ther there place Magnesia thertherMagnesia partMagnesiaMagnesia Magnesia placeplace 85 MAGNESIA INSULATION As a footnote to insulation history the develop ment of 85 Magnesia is generally credited to a Philadelphian in the 1880's It is significant that the Philadelphian had chronic stomach trouble and also that he was in the insulation business To ease his pains he used to eat pieces of magnesium carbonate which was known at that time only for its medicinal - properties By chance one day he left a solid block of his medicine on top of a hot stove Upon returning he was surprised to find the top of the block quite cool although the side in contact with the stove was much too hot to touch The possibilities of the material were clear to him immediately but be also knew that the heavy chalky mineral would have to be made lighter and stronger This he proceeded to attempt carrying out a number of experiments over a period of years Success came in 1886 when he was granted a patent on an insulat- ing material composed of magnesium carbonate with a fibrous binder Thus Hiram Hanmore developed a new thermal insulation which was eventually to become the most widely used product in its field compo- Manufacturers soon standardized on the sition of the new product using not less than 85 basic carbonate of magnesia with asbestos fiber as the binder In use its name was quickly shortened to 85 Magnesia - Although this story tells us what 85 Magnesia thermal insulation is it does not explain its remarkable properties And it fails of course to bring his- tory up to date because today's 85 Magnesia bears about as much resemblance to Hiram Hanmore's product as a modern central power station does to the first Edison station in New where by the by way magnesia insulation was used In the odd years since Hiram Hanmore pro- duced the first magnesia insulation much has been learned about the chemical and physical nature of the material and over that span this knowledge has been applied to product improvement Today 85 Magnesia is much lighter in density and has better insulating properties than its 1886 prototype The changes have taken place as new laboratory techniques and equipment have been developed and as more knowledge has been accumulated about the theory of thermal insulation DEAD AIR AS AN INSULATOR insulating It is well known that to be effective an material should contain a high proportion of air space In simple terms dead air means dead total absence of convection Dead air spaces should be very small numerous and evenly distributed In many insulating materials the air spaces are formed mechanically as in products made from laminated paper or felted fibers Air spaces made mechanically are large enough to be seen by the unaided eye and because of their size are relatively few in number Just the opposite is true of 85 Magnesia In it the air spaces are microscopic and are uniformly dis- tributed 6. Needle crystals of normal carbonate of magnesio magni- before conversion into basic carbonatecarbonate 200 fications 7. Normal carbonate crystals in process of sprouting spheroidal units of basic carbonate of magnesia 300 = 8. Magnesia units after complete conversion to basic carbonate 375 % 9. Single unit of basic carbonate 1,500 x is composed of millions of magnesia magnesia crystals inset 10,000 mag- nifications CHEMICAANLD PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OE MAGNESIA =~ . | To look thisanotwhaeyrblock 85 Mag* n^'siaappearsbe sold material However " a typical cubic foot weighs about 12 lbs Yet chemistry books say that cubic foot of solid mag Desium carbonate lbs over 10 times as much The difference in weight is due to the fact that a cubic foot of 85 Magnesia contains only about 10 per cent solid material by volume The other 90 per cent is air The unusual ability of 85 Magnesia to retard beat transmission is directly related to its physical composition Only recently has it been possible to see this by the indirect method of the electron microscope Under the extreme magnification pos sible with this new laboratory tool the basic physical structure appears as a mass of spheroidal crystals It is evident that a material of this nature could not be produced mechanically but must be the result of chemical change which also brings about physical change That is exactly what happens during the manufacturing process Carbonate of magnesia before conversion into the basic carbonate form exists as a mass of needle crystals These crystals have an average length of about one- or thousandths of an inch and a diameter of about two thousandths of an inst In this form carbonate magnesia is unstable When is _ beat applied the crystals give up some of their dioxide carbon #2 =f ak, TE * As this takes place a changien structure also occurs Each Deedle crystal grows many spheroidal crystals of basic carbonate magnesia Under the continued application of heat the process goes on until the needle crystals have been entirely converted into the basic form of smaller spheroidal crystals The crystalline structure which even under 10,000 magnifications is hard for the untrained eye to ides- tify creates tens of thousands of minute air pockets per cubic inch and gives 85 Magnesia its high insulating value MOLDED FORMS 85 Magnesia is molded insulation for use on a hot surfaces having temperatures up to 600 F. It is manufactured in cylindrical sections for use on piping and in curved segments corresponding to the outside diameter of larger pipes and vessels The cylindrical form is called sectional insulation seo wae . Senet ATs aS ee cele ee PR es ee t-~ - 10. Sectional 85 Magnesia pipe insulation is produced in widewide range of thicknesses and diameters to fit standard pipe sizes New simplified thicknesses permit nesting for double construction Curved segments are available for larger pipes the curved form segmental insulation It is also made in the form of blocks for application to flat or slightly curved surfaces and in ground form for use as an insulating cement 85 Magnesia pipe insulation is made in simplified thicknesses to permit the use of double construction in all pipe sizes and thick- nesses since the outside diameter of the pipe insula tion is approximately the same as that of standard steel pipe Various sizes and thicknesses of pipe in- sulation are shown in Table I page 50 11. Blocks of 85 Magnesia insulation and diatomaceous silica are produced in two lengths four widths and a wide range of thicknesses COMBINATION INSULATION 85 Magnesia is used to insulate surfaces up to approximately 600 F. When surface temperatures are above 600 F it is the practice to use an inner layer of diatomaceous silica high temperature insula tion composed of diatomaceous silica mineral fiber and inorganic binders It is molded in the same 10 forms as 85 Magnesia and has a temperature service range up to 1900 F. 85 Magnesia is used for the layer materials two are used When two materials togetherthe application called combination insulation The diatomaceous appils aippelided the bot surface in sufficient thickness to reduce the temperature at its outer surface to 600 F or lower The combination total thickness used is in accordance with the desired insulating results This double construction effectively utilizes the higher resistance of dia- tomaceous silica as well as the lower thermal con- ductivity of 85 Magnesia molten Combination insulation with staggered joint.con- joint.con- struction also serves to prevent openings due to the expansion of hot piping or equipment This not only avoids beat losses from exposure of hot metal surfaces at the joints with possible scorching of can- vas jackets or other finishing materials but also pro- tects against a possible fire hazard 12. Combination insulation with inner layer of diatomaceous silica and outer layer of 85 Mag- nesia produces desired heat saving on piping of any size for operating temperatures over 600 E. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Average figures for thermal conductivity k factor and density of 85 Magnesia insulin are as follows Density lb per cu ft 0... 12 Thermal conductivity Btu in per => per sq ft ; per F. temp ...... 0.55 400 F 0.46 These figures are suitable for all general calculations For specification values refer to current ASTM and Federal specifications 85 Magnesia is a structurally stable material it does not deteriorate with age nor does it shrink significantly or distort regardless of the length of time it is exposed to heat The snug fit and tight joints of a good installation are therefore retained 85 Magnesia is durable It can withstand an appre ciable amount of compression and the mechanical abuse normally encountered Moisture and condensation do not cause it to disintegrate Heat savings have remained constant for more than 50 years in many installations INSULATION FOR WET CONDITIONS To meet the demandsfor aninsulation which would have special resistance to water damage in the event of flooding of underground conduits contain- ing insulated hot lines and other severe wet condi- tions the Association and its members developed water resistant magnesia insulation | 4 et Shs "aLO ry ,Bg staineg .& a p hoa$t )tmegps* 2,000 F flame produced only small surjace cracks in 85 Magnesia proving fire resistance 13. Boiling water test of water resistant magnesia in- sulation involved 378 hours of intermittent immer- sion with no effect on insulating effectiveness Water resistant magnesia insulation was found by the Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory to be highly resistant to disintegration under test conditions of continuous steam flow while immersed in boiling water This insulation was applied to a standard pipe carrying steam up to 140 psig immersed in boiling water for 7 hours then dried for 17 hours and the cycle repeated 30 times This was followed by an additional hour period of immersion after which the test results were summarized as follows All test pieces were intact Surfaces were considerably rougher than original insulation Joints were firm and in good condition No appreciable shrinkage at joints and no cutting in of bands FIRE RESISTANCE Since 85 Magnesia is entirely mineral it will Deither burn nor support combustion Tests have shown that even when exposed to a 2000 F fame the insulation remains intact and provides protection of piping and equipment In a major fire at a large chemical plant piping and equipment insulated with 85 Magnesia and subjected to several hours of intense beat and bose streams were virtually undam aged Similar equipment without insulation was severely damaged - 15. Intensely hot fire in chemical plant failed to dam age equipment insulated with 85 Magnesia Uninsulated equipment was destroyed EASE OF APPLICATION 85 Magnesia is the preferred insulation of most skilled insulation mechanics It easy to cut and St no bazid very malleable despite its resistance to compression. +" and ofers structural structural on dincult jobs and itrequires 17. In addition to conserving heat 85 Magnesia has other valuable functions such as helping to main- tain comfortable workroom temperatures in this laundry 16. Readily cut and fitted 85 Magnesio Magnesio is noted for ease of application equipment should allow sufficient clearance for the application and maintenance of insulation between units of equipment and between the equipment and structural elements of the building DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS The primary function of thermal insulation is to conserve heat and save fuel It is important that care- ful judgment be exercised in the selection of insulat- ing materials and in the specification of proper thicknesses It is equally important that sound appli- cation methods be employed and that protection and maintenance be given proper attention Insulation serves many purposes other than con- serving heat It is essential to process temperature control it helps maintain comfortable temperatures in enclosed areas containing hot equipment it pro- tects personnel from being burned it protects against fire or fre damage and it prevents undesirable con- densation in hot Bues ducts and other equipment These and other purposes of insulation should be considered in the planning and engineering of all types of structures and equipment Advance consid- Oy LU pe eration of the insulation requirements will simplify construction and result in a more efficient and 18. While basic design should place insulated piping away from traffic locations when possible unavoid- longer insulation able exposures may be protected from mechanical The design and placement of bot piping and damage by metal jackets In cases where supports for insulation such as angles will be required or where anchors for bands and wires securing insulation are indicated the equipment manufacturer or mechanical contractor should be notified so that they may be added at the most expedient time and place If insulated equipment and piping should be located where they can be damaged by material handling equipment such as chain hoists or lift trucks the insulation should be covered with sheet metal or other protective jackets Technical advice and assistance can be obtained from either the producers of 85 Magnesia or from any of the major insulation contractors applying 85 Magnesia insulation Insulation engineers in the 85 Magnesia industry can assist in preparing specifica tions recommending proper thickness insulating for critical temperature control or devising application methods for unusual equipment or conditions Because of their many years of experience with 85 Magnesia contractors have developed special know edge and skills in its application CALCULATING ECONOMICAL THICKNESS It is evident that two factors the annual cost of the heat lost through the insulation and the annual cost of the insulation itself will vary with respect to each other as thickness varies While the annual cost of the insulation increases with thickness the cost of the heat lost decreases The economical thick Dess is therefore found where the value of the sum of the two costs is at a minimum This is illustrated graphically below a WEIS am m YEAR Ty I PER I It | PER <| | ~~ | | | || | THICKNESS OF INSULATION The economical thickness of insulation for a given set of conditions may be calculated exactly and because it is frequently advisable to do so the method is explained and illustrated here In tables of recommended thicknesses the variables which enter into the calculation have necessarily been averaged to make them valid for relatively wide temperature ranges under average conditions However the eco- nomical thickness for a given temperature is always a special case The following information is required Annual hours of operation Rate of insulation amortization Cost of heat production per mil- lion Btu Rate of heat loss through insula tion in Btu pet hr Operating temperature Applied cost of insulation per linear ft Pipe size when applicable The calculation is carried out in several steps It applies equally to sectional or block insulation 19. Economical thickness of insulation From Heat Transfer Through Insulation in the Moderate and High Temperature Fields by L. B. McMillan In the formuly a= mn mn mn y is the sum of m the annual cost of the beat lost and n the annual cost of the insulation To obtain n multiply the applied cost of the insulation per linear foot by a percentage for annual fixed charges To obtain m multiply the heat loss per linear foot from Table VIIA page 58 by the annual hours of operation then multiply this product by the cost of heat per million Btu Total yearly cost y is the sum of and n A good first approach is to find a trial thickness by the rule of thumb which uses in of insulation for each 100 degrees F of operating temperature If y is then determined for several other thicknesses greater and lesser than the trial thickness comparative yearly cost figures will be available The lowest total annual cost y indicates the most economic thickness The following example using assumed costs of applied insulation illustrates a typical calculation 14 EXAMPLE -Determine applied economic insulation aero the thickness of to be to 3 in pipe be steampipe400with nana - steam stea m ... average air temperature of 80 F. The annual fixed steam no bours charges no charges % the annual of operation are 8760 and cost of steambisimeststeambisimest 85 . 0.40per million Btu The insulating material is " Magnesiafollowinsteambisimeg st Chick- insulation assumed costs applied representative - costs are costs shouldbe for a case used _ specific ' ae oe ee _ 1 in nominal - we 0.710.71perlin & 2 2 3 Magnesia insulation for 85 Unit heattransmissions pipe linearfootper bo' ur for various temperaturdeiferdnces ifferences are listed the appendix 1.37 1.70 | 2.08 expressedin Btu in Table VIIin For in 85 Magnesia Step pipe Annual cost of heat loss per linear foot of insulated = unit beat trans- = mission from Table 00 Page ) x annual hours of operation x cost of beat 129x 8,760 hours per year x 0.40= 0.452 per year Step Annual cost of insulation per linear foot of pipe= applied cost per linear foot of insulation x fixed charges = peryear 0.71 x 10 = 0.071 peryear Total yearly cost y = m + = 0.452 annual beat loss obtained Step = = in Step A + 0.071 annual insulation obtained in Step = 0.523 per linear foot Similar calculations for the other available thicknesses give the following results Nominal Thickness Thickness in 1 2 % 3 Btu lin hr 129 96 80 71 65 MM Btu lin yr 1.13 .841 .701 .622 _ .569 Heat Loss Cost yr .452 .336 .280 .249 .228 Total Ins Cost - .71 1.00 1.37 1.70 2.08 Ins Fixed Charge .071 .100 .137 .170 .208 The economic thickness in this example would of course be 2 in Cost lin yr HL & Ins .523 .436 .417 .419 .436 The thickness of insulation for a long steam line will depend upon the quantity and condition of steam ~ required at the delivery end of the line Other factors such as process temperature control preventing excessive temperature rise in working areas or personnel protection will sometimes take precedence over economic considerations in deter- miningmining insulation thickness APPLICATION PROCEDURES Maximum heat conservation and durability de- here may be prefered for the circumstances in- pend upon the use of proper application procedures = volved discussed have Some contractors and large insulation developed their own application techniques which - The application procedures discussed here repre- sent more or less standard techniques which have though they vary somewhat from those described proved satisfactory over a period of many years 20. Applications of 85 Magnesia pipe insulation are made easily look neat and clean last as long as the piping itself INSULATION OF PIPING lations Magnesia and diatomaceous silica + ys 85 Magnesia diatom diatom set pipe insu- straf straf sections cylindrical sections or curved segments ft $ & -_ & diameters 2 ard ard -* steel or wroughtwroiurogn phipte andcandopper tubing Single layer sectional insulation is supplied with a ~ applied jackeoftweight pasted canvas On double layer insulation this canvas is supplied on the outer layer only No applied canvas is supplied on segmental insulation The sections or segments of insulation are carefully Sitted to the pipe with side and end joints butted tightly together If two layers of insulation are used side and end joints of the outer layer staggered with respect to those of the inner layer The insula- tion is secured by various means and finished as dis- cussed in the section on Finishes DA In the case of exceptionallolnyg vertical lines where insulation weight is a factor additional sup port may be givetno the insulation angles or other 10. sundurd sundurd sundurd sundurd techniques techniques which which techniques which have Tv PIPES ---0 0: pee ; wee oo lied a Single Layer When the sections of insulation have been fitted to the pipe unless a different finish is to be used the side and end laps of applied canvas are pasted down smoothly and the insulation may be further secured with wires or metal bands + *". If the applied canvas is removed the in- - sulation is secured in place with not less than three loops of annealed iron wire per section Ends of the wire loops are twisted and pressed into the insula- tion TIE WIRES 21. Single sectional insulation with joints staggered applied canvas removed and sections wired in place 22. Double sectional insulation first layer wired in place second layer held with factoryapplied canvas and metal bands Double Layer The inner layer which has no can vas is secured in place with not less than two loops LAYER of annealed iron wire The outer layer is then applied with joints staggered and held in place with either FACTORY APPLIED CANVAS SIDE LAP PASTED the applied canvas and metal bands if desired or with annealed iron wire End joints of half sections or segments of a given layer should be in alignment to allow freedom of movement with ther- mal expansion of the pipe ; 17 L nage Typical 23. application of % . ! t 4 LO ' Can _ PIPES PIPES Soba PARALLEL a blocks of the same thickness as the pipe insulation are ___ fitted between the edges of the sections of pipe insuls- pipe two is less than insulation insulation added the tion wordsfilled with insulating cement The circumference each sec reassembly firmly secured with not _ being loops of the same thickness These of annealed iron wire per insulation porarily with section surface | sections of insulation may be held in place tem- _ The ends of the loops are twisted tight bent over , ~ adhesive On the two sides insulating- and pressed of the insulation ... TIE WIRES an WIRE MESH -SECTIONAL INSULATION m eal S$ be on ra op on me on oe on en, i ad ree Dannn chi. NO TST cere o- * oy one ap ~ ok UD 7 pee, pales ow ears n - e eee R eS B S BLOCK INSULATION INSULATING CEMENT IN JOINTS 24. Parallel piping with sectional and block insulation applied over wire mesh wrapped around both lines SECTIONAL INSULATION TIE WIRES . EE SauEEnEND CLEARANCE FOR BOLTS EeE e E cack oa ~ 5 SUPPORTINGSUPPORTING INSULATION BLOCK 25. Flanged valve body on piping of in diameter insulation wired in place FITTINGS AND VALVES On Pipe Sizes 3in and Less Fittings and valves are covered with insulating cement bringing the total thickness to that of the insulation on the adjacent piping On Pipe Sizes 4 in and Larger The bodies of flanged fittings and valves the entire surface of screwed fittings and the entire surface up to the bonnet of screwed valves are insulated with block or pipe insulation of the same material and thickness as the insulation on the adjacent piping The insulation is carefully fitted and firmly secured in place with annealed iron wire the wire being looped as many . times as necessary to make the blocks secure When block insulation is used a finish coat of asbestos cement is applied to create a smooth finish SECTIONAL INISNUSULLAATTIIOON N TIE WIRES an | 26. Large valves insulated with % Magnesio \ CLEARANCE FOR BOLTS 27. Flanged body of fitting on pipe of in diameter insulation wired in place FLANGES Permanent Type Flanges are insulated in the manner described above for fittings and valves under the heading On Pipe Sizes 4 in and Larger The flange insulation should extend not less than 2 in over the adjacent pipe insulation on each side of the flange The annular space between pipe and flange insulation is filled with insulating material Insulation on pipes is stopped short of flanges and beveled off to permit removal of flange bolts when Decessary The flange insulation is applied in such a manner that it may be removed without damage to the adjacent pipe insulation Removable and Replaceable Type Flange insula- tion of this type may be either sectional or block The insulation is made to encircle the flange long enough to overlap the pipe insulation by at least 2 in at , either side When sectional insulation is used each half tion is wrapped with galvanized wire mesh and cov- ' ered with a thin layer of asbestos cement If block insulation is used a galvanized wire mesh frame in two halves is shaped to fit the flange and covered with pieces of block Wire mesh is then applied to the outside of each balf and a layer of asbestos cement is applied over the inside and outside of both halves of the unit The two halves are then wired in place on the flange Pipe insulation is stopped short of flanges and beveled of to permit removal of flange bolts when necessary TIE WIRE SECTIONAL INSULATION 4 CLEARANCE FOR BOLTS 28. Permanent type flange insulation wired in place Flange insulation may be removed if necessary without damage to pipe insulation SECTIONAL | 29A & B. Remorable and replaceable flange insulation may be made of sections wrapped with wire mesh or of broker previously shaped wire mesh frame Deci shows flange insulation made of shows flange lees ASBESTOS CEMENT red STAPLING WIRE BROKEN BLOCK PASTED CANVAS SECTIONAL INSULATION 30. Flanges and valves in condensate return piping insulated with 85 Magnesia INSULATION OF EQUIPMENT Equipment is generally insulated with block insulation Small irregularly shaped equipment is insuwl ithabt lo ecd k cement in the same man Der as valves and fittings When insulation is applied to the bottom surface of equipment an adhesive recommended by the insulation manufacturer may be used to hold the blocks in place temporarily during installation Where vibration or other movement makes it diff cult to hold insulation applied to metal surfaces in place by conventional means additional support for the insulation may be provided the method of securement depending upon the particular condi- tions *_ If two or more layers of block are required the joints of each layer are staggered with those of the preceding layer The blocks are butted tightly together and all voids are pointed with insulating cement For small and irregular surfaces insulating cement may be used When the thickness required exceeds in more than coat of cement is used the first being allowed to dry before the next is applied 31. Strapping 85 Magnesia blocks to an autoclave in a pharmaceutical research center Ye Li Sate. + at eitled eye 1 7t d) Lome t oA hts ee ry ey UTE fd. AO a eT ame wolin 4s Pent COOLED FURNACE WALLS If access to water tubes with minimum disturbance longest removable areWhere tubes clamps nuts bolts or metal projec to the insulationis desired the insulating blocks are tions are exposed on the exterior side of the water placed with their dimension vertical The tube wall a filler coat of insulating cement thick blocks are fastened in place with light wire cables enough to cover the high points is applied and trow and annealed iron wire lacings The insulation may eled to a level surface before the insulating blocks be finished with asbestos cement or with i applied panel finish Sec section on Finishes 32. Detail of insulation on cooled furnace wall STEAM DRUMS AND DRUM HEADS Blocks of insulation are carefully fitted and placed against the cylindrical surface of the shell They are held securely in place with annealed iron wire laced through steel straps wire or wire cables drawn _ tightly from previously installed anchorages Provision for securing the insulating blocks to drum beads should also be made preferably before the equipment is installed Two beavy wires or wire cables are wrapped around the surface of the shell CABLES LACING WIRES 33. Cylindrical surface of steam drum with double insulation Blocks may be fastened in place with wires laced through steel straps wire or cables anchored to previously affixed angle TWO CABLES HAIRPIN WIRE \/ INSULATING INSULATING BLOCK 34. Drum head with insulation wired in place Lacing wires are fastened to cable around manhole and to hairpin wires looped through cables around drum shell LACING WIRE 24 CABLE looped and hairpin wires are frequent intervals around the cables at +: When theinsulatingblocks being applied nealed lacingwires attached happin res dating wires arethen looped insulating opening to a wire cable around the manhole Adhesive may be used to facilitate application of the blocks 113 oes, pracy bel finish generally used Sec An asbestos cement is catction Finishes round round the mark me the th re i. " . Yur se r rp aR h yoo .% yy e , \ 35. Insulated steam drum heads and related equipment in boiler room of major steel plant DEP aD, Li Se 36. Insulation of nested tubes in the downtake header of a midwestern utility STEAM HEADERS AND DOWNCOMER TUBES Steam headers are insulated with sectional or seg mental insulation each layer being secured to the header with either annealed iron wire or soft steel bands which are attached to angle sections welded to the beader for that purpose The insulation may be finished with asbestos cement or covered with a steel casing Sec section on Finishes When downcomer tubes are widely spaced they are insulated individually with sectional insulation Each layer of insulation is bound in place with annealed wire Closely spaced tubes such as the exposed portion of division wall tubes are enclosed in one or more layers of insulating block which is then covered with hexagonal wire mesh and finished with asbestos cement A removable section of insulation can be provided to allow for periodic inspection of the tube seats without causing damage to the insulation DUCTS BREECHINGS AND FLUES If there are widely spaced stiffeners or other pro- . > When the surface of the duct breeching or Aue jections and if expansion and contraction need not has stiffeners no stiffeners or other projections and no pro- _ be considered insulation blocks are directly "> -. expansion required vision for and contraction is the to thnot e surfparojectce between the stiffeners If the stiffeners i may insulation be applied directly to the surface beyond insulation or being cables metal straps used to fasten the - nbelcoecskssarwyill be over the ~ ., insulation in place Beading may be used on the cor" _ '"ners to prevent the bindings from cutting into the insulation and to guard against later mechanical damage . not project tween Il tween and fired made stiffeners protrude beyond block insulation is built up and wired in place are sa that the tight \ be subener the the insulation pipe or around the projections . METAL STRAPS <p <i < >> n }LV INSULAITNSULATIING NG BLBLOCKOCK 2, 37. Duct without stif feners insulation ap plied to duct surface and held in place with metal straps METAL STRAPS a) INSULATING BLOCK WELDED WIRE FABRIC STIFFENER cS ES KO<S> < 35.Insulation applied on duct with stiffeners Welded wire fabric stretched over stiffeners provides foundation for the in- sulating blocks 27 Where the stiffeners or other projections are closely spaced or where provision for expansion and con- traction is desired metal strips or beavy iron wire fabric mabye stretched over the projections to form a foundation for the insulation The insulating blocks are fastened over this foundation with wire cables or metal straps An asbestos cement finish is generally used Sec section on Finishes Where it is necessary to insulate the interior of a duct breeching or flue in order to protect the metal surface the particular problem must be studied and the procedure engineered to suit the operating coD- . , ditions involved 39. Final stages of insulating ducts in a New England power plant TURBINES ~ Steel anchors are welded previously to the casing of the turbine approximateilny centers All ir egularitiesirregularities of the turbine surfacaree filled and leveled over with either 85 * Magnesia diato maceous silica cement depending upon the temperature involved The insulating blocks are applied over the dry cement surface and secured with wire cables and annealed iron lacings which are tied to the welded anchors For a finish asbestos cement asbestos cloth or sheet metal casings may be used See section on Finishes HEATERS AND EXCHANGERS 7! = a Seo ren : Insulation the cover beads equip ment such beaters exchangers is cut back that bolts be removed without disturbing the insulation The heads of shell and tube bundles which must be opened frequently for cleaning are provided with removable insulation sheet metal covers 40. Sheet metal cover for heat exchanger head being lined with insulating blocks 29 = ANGLE IRON re / INSULATING BLOCKS \ STRAPS 41. Horizontal tank insulation affixed with metal straps anchored to angle irons VESSELS Horizontal Vessels On the cylindrical body of vessels the insulation blocks in each layer if more than one layer is used are held in place with metal bands or straps three being used per ft section of block If greater support is desired for insulation on the under side of the vessel two angle irons of the same length as the vessel may be welded longitudinally to its under side and spaced 120 deg apart equally dis- tant from the bottom center The blocks are then applied and held in place by means of bands anchored to the angle irons Six bands to the block are usually used on the bottom third and three bands for the rest of the circumference On vessel ends the insulation blocks are beld in place with wire laced over the blocks and fastened to a wire cable looped around the circumference of the vessel piping or other projections or behind or through angle iron clips previously welded to the circumference of the vessel The type of finish depends primarily on whether the vessel is located indoors or outdoors See section on Finishes tank end 42. Horizontal insulation wired to cable looped behind rivet heads on tank shell and to ing ring at tank center floct- INSULATING BLOCK Gsneo 43. 85 Magnesia insulation on horizontal tank receives first cement coat preparatory to final finish Conical and Concez Bottom Vessels The cylindrical portions of such vessels are insulated in the same manner as the cylindrical portion of any other vessel In the case of vessels with a cylindrical portion more than 5 ft high an angle iron shelf which serves as a support for the insulation on the cylindrical portioins welded to the vessel at the juncture of the cy- lindrical and conical or convex bottom surfaces The projecting leg of the angle iron extends outward and the welded leg extends upward On the conical or convex section metal anchors such as punched angle clips nuts etc. are welded to the surface and spaced in a pattern of concentric rings with equal spacing between the anchors in each ring and between the rings The rings start a few inches below the juncture of the cylindrical and convex or conical sections and extend to the tip of the cone or the end of the convex section Hairpin wires are attached to each anchor with the wires projecting outward The insulation blocks are ap- plied and held in place with wire drawn through the boles in the anchors The projecting ends of the hairpin wires are used for anchoring lacing wire and metal wire mesh WELDED ANCHORS 46. Pattern of clips studs nuts etc. welded to conical or convex tank bottom as anchors for insulation bindings 47. 85 Magnesia block insulation on convex bottom of ex- traction tank > ; . ROTATING EQUIPMENT AND EQUIPMENT SUBJECT TO SUBSTANTIAL EXPANSION Each case of equipmenotf this type must be studied and the application procedure designed by an |: insulation engineer to the operating conditions .. involved involved for the nation nation in the alper- alper- SD ela eee le a Soe , ; oon oe i? - oy cob : 48. Rotating.com Rotating.com cob di plant is insulatweitdh 85 Magnesia 3 at ee eee or atfa bd 37% ~% =e ss Sa ~ * "ae RA ae se eae 234 INSULATION FINISHES Insulation is generally covered with a finishing material or jacket when it is installed The major pur- pose of this finishing material is protection of the insulation against injury from severe weather condi- '. tions moisture chemicals or mechanical damage and to improve appearance PASTED CANVAS JACKET The weight applied canvas jacket on sectional insulation with metal bands if desired may be used as a finish for many indoor installations Where greater protection is desired the weight applied canvas may be removed and a heavier canvas used instead Pasted canvas jackets may also be employed on segmental insulation and on insulation applied to bent piping and small equipment Asbestos cement is usually applied to provide a smooth surface before the canvas jacket is pasted on oo, Adhesive is used to seal the canvas laps the flap being turned wherever possible to the least visible side of the pipe or equipment On fanges valves and fittings the canvas is cut to lap and pasted down smoothly over the cement coating If uninsulated metal is adjacent to the insulation it is necessary to protect the canvas finish from burn- ing The canvas is stopped a few inches short of the end of the insulation and the exposed length of insu- lation is finished with cement or asbestos cloth 49. buildLionwg pressure jaofcfkiecte ttoniere se: Je oT yt we" steam manifold piping and valves in a life insurance insulated with 85 Magnesia and finished with a pasted canvas es, x: - na - ; os - we at, : os J ata. te : *. r _e : 7 mer . E: eter 3 oe . Vertical Vessels The sides of vertical vessels are insulated with one or more layers of blocks secured inplace with metal bands or strapping three being used per ft section of block large vertical ves sels to provide anchorage for the metal strapping or bands vertical angle irons are welded to the vessel at intervals of approximately 20 ft The blocks are supported on circumferential angle irons welded to the vessel at regular intervals of approximately 12 ft The tops of vertical vessels are insulated with blocks held in place with metal bands or strapping As in the case of horizontal vessels the type of finish depends on whether location is indoors or out- doors 44. Block insulation on vertical tank In actual application blocks would be mitered or pressed over horizontal and vertical angle irons ANGLE IRONS P INSULATING BLOCK STRAP abe pins 1 sow i< aWee) AS TPeaaAsneLa 45. Mechanics apply as- bestos cement over insu- lation on vertical vessel at meat packer's product plant SEWED CANVAS JACKET With the development of improved adhesives a jackets more frequently preferred certthaainnsewed_ canvas be instal The latter lations to prod sechon ce BS She merci cece. - applied laver ofsizedsheathing paper . over the insulationwbere sectional insulationis - used the applied removed and -oz canvas is stretched over the paper and sewed in glue sizing place The canvas is given a coat of = painted desired and To prevent burning of the canvasfinish where there is adjacent uninsulated metal the canvas and OUTER INSULATION LAYER --=-, INNER LAYER - sized paper or sheathing are stopped a few inches short of the end of the insulation and the exposed length of insulation is finished with cement or asbestos cloth pipe insulation q ERg, iae Se oe a. a 51. Seured canvas jackets on piping in a mercury Dapor power plant N NNN \\ N \\ \ 52. HeatersHeatersHeaters finished asbestos finished finishedfinishedfinished finished with asbestos asbestos asbestos cementcement cement . tee 1 htse sipew Cpe aw ppe44wey SJiwopn ae on aeonw Woemecans te os7wrame ns CLE hag sf - au. ASBESTOS CEMENT FINISH Where an asbestos cement finish is is required as requireddirectly to small equipment the cement is applied thethe insulation surface and troweledtroweled to directly on fin- smooth fin- ish For a hard finish portland cement is mixed with the asbestos asbestosasbestos . insulatihoenxagonal equipmenqtuipmenatplied tightly tightly cement equipment On ings , hexagonal insulatioinnsulation insulation whichwhich is including ducts and breech- drawn tightly over includirneginforcingreinforcing described applied appliaed s for the cement described described aboveabove , 37 SATURATED ASBESTOS ROOFING FELT PLASTIC WEATHERPROOFING ae 7". ~ + "Uf ' uneven surface against For weatherproofing an for which fanges felt finish as is impractical such insulation on beads fittings fanges valves and plastic consisting consisting fiber and After the insulation has been of asbestos an asphalt compound is used wired on weatherproofing should a jacket of - The plastic used the beavy saturated and coated asbestos felt is . form supplied by the insulation manufacturer with applied Laps of not less than 3in are provided at out additives unless the manufacturer all edges and side laps on vertical piping are sealed recommends with asphalt cement All horizontal joints in the felt jacket are lapped downward so as to shed water As the felt is applied and the laps are sealed cor- resistant straps or wires are fastened around the felt jacket at equal spacings of not more than 6 in of wire is used the endts he wire loops are twisted tight and turned over to avoid projections care being taken not to puncture the felt When large equipment is to be finished with plas- tic weatherproofing the insulation is given a base coat of asbestos and portland cement and a light- gauge galvanized in wire mesh is applied over the weatherproofing cement and drawn taut with all the edges thor- oughly tied and wired in place The plastic is then applied to a thickness of in when wet and troweled to a smooth even surface On equipment subject to expansion such as frac tionating towers stills etc. it is preferable to apply the base coat of asbestos and portland cement and the finish coat of weatherproofing plastic while the vessel is bot Where there are expansion joints in the insulation the finishing procedure must be specially planned by the insulation engineers i A 54. Tower in oil refinery is insulated with 85 Magnesic and ~ finished with plastic weatherproofing applied over wire mesh ii 1 Ti fff 53. Insulated outdoor steam lines finished with an asphalt saturated and coated as- finished bestos felt jacket pipe elbows are with an asphaltic weatherproof compound REMOVABLE PANEL FINISH is sometimes desirable to have access to equipment such as the water tubes in furnace walls Panels of asbestos board or sheet steel are applied over the blocks The panels are held in place | by a combination of vertical and borizontal strip steel as ot. ~~ 55. Removable panels over water wall insulation held in place with steel battens | ia) Ny) INSULATING CEMENT ) STEEL BATTERS ASBESTOS CEMENT _ BOARD OR SHEET STEEL PANEL < FIRST LAYER OF INSULATING BLOCKS SECOND LAYER OF INSULATING BLOCKS pe 4 e Lend a ret ene 55. Remocable panel finish on water tube furnace wall Panels are asbestos board held in place bystrip steel battens uf METAL JACKETS ASBESTOS CLOTH FINISH is _ Where there is danger of mechanical damage __ Where a resistant or resistant sheet jackets designed the equipmemnaty required asbestos cloth may be used The cloth is in may be provided the steel drawn snugly over the insulation and is held in place jacket to compensate a by cementing all laps Or the cloth may be sewed or expansion withcopper brass wire Asbestos cloth is also permittebyd - sion of jacket the is seams at inter~ plied overadjacent flanges It may be painted apwith vals approximately ft oe - eR 57. Furfural solvent refining unit insulated with 85 Magnesia and diatomace' ous silica and finished with galvanized sheet metal jackets i f . < 58. Turbine drain pipes with in combination insulation and finished with an asbes- 5 tos cloth jacket MAINTENANCE To provide maximum insulating value all insula tion requires regular inspection and routine main- tenance An adequate inspection and maintenance program for average operations can be describeidn ee nine steps mn ames - 1. All equipment is inspected regularly to see that all sources of beat loss are insulated for exam ple new sections of piping . 2. Insulation thickness is periodically evaluated Changes in operations or costs of fuel may war . rant an increase in insulation thickness 59. Important insulation maintenance step is inspection and repair of weatherproof jacketing Repainting provides greater water resistance and longer life 3. Protective jacketing on insulation is regularly surveyed to check for signs of mechanical chem- ical or other damage There may be indications different ope of jacket providing ee "BES cx more protectioins requirejdacket spots thoroughly Scorched op jackets are investi- F*gated sincethey may indicate a crack or struc- ~~" tural damage in the insulation underneath 5. Weather jackets are given periodic in- spection for holes torn and loose laps loose or broken wiring and deterioration of the jacket due to weathering or mechanical damage 6. Weather plastic finish on outdoor fit- . mechanical ..... tings vessels and other equipment is inspected carefully to locate any damage or cracks which may permit water to seep into the insulation It is desirable to paint this type of finish every five years or oftener both to lengthen the life of the protective coating and to seal small hairline cracks . 7. The insulatioins examined formechanical dam- -: age The damaged insulation out re- placetd he same material and method of Cpointed with insulating cement protec- ci alld 8. The insulation is checked after any change in operations Operating difficulties such as leaks _ water hammer etc. may cause damage to insulation so that a prompt check follows 9. If insulation has been saturated with water as a result of fire fighting or flood the insulation should be brought up to temperature slowly to prevent damage to the finish due to generation of steam within the insulation APPENDIX HEAT TRANSMISSION AND INDUSTRIAL INSULATION Heat is transmitted by radiation by conduction and by convection Except in the refractory and refractory fields where radiation is of great importance the chief concern in the design of insulation for industrial equipment is with the means of reduc- ing convection and conduction to negligible quad- If it were practical the perfect insulation for industrial equipment would be a vacuum since there would be no material to convect or conduct heat The Dext best thing to a vacuum is dead or noncirculating air In the manufacture of insulating materials a great number of tiny air spaces or pockets are trapped between the fibers or crystals that make up the body of the insulation The effectiveness of the insulation results from this great number of small air spaces which reduce the sectional area of the solid material and provide a multitude of surface resistances at the boundaries of the air spaces In order to measure their ability to resist the Bow of beat insulating materials are subjected to conduc- tivity tests This is done with 85 % Magnesia and diatomaceous silica insulation by attaching these materials to a a 4 a . 00000 7 om aanas J rt . CEXTEL 1F: . ~ : tssggrigi: Pre i] <a -: cer eree een) - ie ord devi e EFS ore eye aje;? are of ere o3;0 OF 3} 5 ah F) 4 of oo t / oo os ae ns = Ey 2 - ~ IR! E a - = ta APs. oP 2 aeigen ieee =o, af, ~ ~ fs . Sst 3 id ee 7 - Sa 60. Power control board in insulation testing laboratory steel surface applying beat with an electrical beater and measuring the rate at which electrical energ must be supplied in order to maintain a uniform temperature gradient The power input is an accu rate measure of the total rate of beat transfer through the insulation The tests are out in a room kept at constan temperature Pipe insulation is applied on a standard steel pipe equipped with internal beater WindingWs indings of the beater are spaced so as to assure uniform uniform dis- tribution of beat to all points on the surface of the apparatus and auxiliary windingwisndings provide for beat loss from the ends of the insulation A uniform rate of energy input is provided by an automatic voltage } regulator ne ' ! 478 wheat 61. Guarded hot plate thermal conductivity apparatus 48 ~ i ae pee oa teres Sf fale :Fea = F= py) Se hE ~~ ~ ce . sc. od . > -. Prewi =e fh oo Pe + re ses a = ~ re i. . Cc . - - * . 1 ' q 4. ~ a= 7 onl _ . Py tee TY 5 ae : . z o a . td (ee - (= ^' { - - re~w . }Sfim et 5 xs . ee 3 ~ BY - 2 - = 4 . aw - 4 aumnaring = . y CA . we a \ . Sy 4s, ~ wad i ss t : - { = A : e e: : s ZS se ee x a ay at = oe teste Wo . = *, Ne: Sete ~ el eetcal . P ~ ~ SoOS ag aenl EO conan BE so ee ee ~2, nu oe Sa 62. Apparatus for determining thermal conductivity of pipe insulation Temperatures at both boundaries of the insula- tion are determined by constantan thermocouples at the center of each foot of length and dis- tributed around the circumference Thermocouple potentials are measured with a potentiometer to the nearest hundredth of a millivolt Blocks are tested in a similar manner except that they are placed against a flat steel or a refractory , surface These testing procedures have been standardized and approved by the American Society for Testing Materials Certain commonly held ideas concerning insula- tion when considered on the basis of heat transmis- sion prove to be fallacious They are as follows a Surface temperature is an accurate method of determining heat loss from insulation Surface temperature alone measured either by placing the hand on the surface or by means of thermocouples and thermometers is not a measure of beat loss Surface temperature depends upon and will aways convect beat the temperature of the surrounding air the c Insulation affects the pressure drop in a steam proximity of other bot and cold objects the nature of the surface whether dull polished etc. and the velocity of the ambient air Air motion lowers surface resistance to heat transfer stated line Regardless of the fluid there is always a pressure drop in a dude ue to the friction be tween the fluid and the pipe wall With superbeated steam as beat is lost the temperature ~~ another way it increases the rate of beat trans- will drop The pressure remains constant and fer from the surface This cools the surface to Do condensation takes place until the satura a lower temperature than it would have under still air conditions so that more beat may actu ally be lost with the lower than with the higher surface temperature While the variables men- tioned such as air velocity and type of surface have little effect on the total beat transmitted tion temperature is reached for the particular pressure involved If the temperature drops any further the pressure will drop as well and a certain amount of condensation will take place Insulation by keeping heat losses at a minimum keeps the superheat in the steam Under such by the insulation they may have marked effects _ on the surface temperature b Air space between a hot surface and the insu conditions any pressure drop is of a frictional nature only and does not reduce the tempera- ture of the steam lation provides effective insulation A series of Regardless of the thickness of insulation used a tests was conducted at an industrial laboratory surprisingly large loss of steam superbeat may occur to determine the value of such air spaces The results indicated that an air space is of little if the piping system is not designed properly For instance if a pipe size is too large for the flow condi- value as insulation because circulating air car- tions involved or conversely if the flow rate is too ries heat from the surface to the inner surface of the insulation with but little drop in temperature Also the air space proved to be of no value as protection against high temperature low for the pipe size used the cost of insulating such a line to prevent large heat losses would be prohibi- tive The table which follows giving reasonable veloci- _ deteroriation of either the equipment surface or the insulation It should be understood that air other than in microscopic pockets such as are ties for steam Bow based on average practice can be used to advantage in designing steam lines As a gen eral rule velocities in the lower end of the range present in insulating materials is never dead given are used for pipe sizes 12 in and smaller TREASONABLE VELOCITIES FOR FLOW OF STEAM THROUGH PIPE CONDITION OF STEAM | PRESSURE Lb per In Saturated Saturated Superhealed 0 15 30 and up 200 and up SERVICE Meeting shon lines Miscellaneous Miscellaneous REASONABLE VELOCITY 4,00t0o 6,000 6,000 to 10,000 7,00 7,000 to 20,000 Crane Company Technical Paper No. 409 Flow of Fluids The veloocf istteaym in the case of boiler leads should be lower than in large turbine leads because of the check valves which are necessarily installed in these lines A high velocity through the check valve would cause an exces sive preds ropswhu icr h me ay be detrimteoneftfia cielnt operation 47 2 eee sem ge a e Se A a eae a ture of the surface whether dull ae Out 2206 : , Out to to ne t shawcS b HEAT A form of energy which transfers from ode system to a second system at lower temperature by virtue of the temperature difference when the two are brought into communication Se INSULATION HEAT A material having a relatively high resistance to the flow of beat per unit of thickness LATENT HEAT The beat absorbed or rejected by a substance in changing its state without changing its temperature Mb Mbh Symbols which represent 1000 Btu and 1000 Btu per hour respectively MEAN TEMPERATURE The arithmetic mean of inner and outer surface temperatures of the insula- tion POTENTIOMETER An instrument for measuring or comparing small electromotive forces PYROMETER An instrument for measuring high temperatures generally above 900 F. RADIATION The transmission space by wave motion of heat through SATURATION The condition of coexistence in stable equilibrium of two or more distinct phases such as steam over water from which it is being , generated SATURATION PRESSURE The pressure at which vapor and liquid or vapor and solid can coexist in stable equilibrium --- =. -. oe ne wes SENSIBLE HEAT Heat which manifests itself by me temperature change SPECIFIC HEAT The Dumber of units of energy re- quired to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance through 1 degree under specified condi tions such as constant pressure constant volume etc. STEAM Water in the vapor phase Dry saturated steam is steam at the saturation temperature cor- responding to the pressure and containing no water in suspension Wet saturated steam is the same as " above except that it contains water particles in sus- pension Superheated steam is steam at a tempera ture higher than the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure SURFACE CONDUCTANCE The amount of beat Btu transmitted by radiation conduction and cunvection from a surface to the air or liquid surrounding it or vice versa in one hour per sq ft of surface for a difference in temperature of 1 degree between the surface and the surrounding air or liquid THERM 100,000 Btu Used in the gas industry THERMAL RESISTANCE The reciprocal of conduc- tance THERMAL RESISTIVITY The reciprocal of conduc tivity DEFINITIONS OF TECHNICAL ABSOLUTE PRESSURE The pressure of a system referred to that of a perfect vacuum It is the sum of the gauge pressure and barometric pressure through CONDUCTION The transmission of beat and by means of matter unaccompanied by any obvi- ous motion of the matter ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE A reading on the abso Jute temperature scale Absolute temperature is obtained by adding 459.70 degrees to the Fahren- beit temperature ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The pressure indicated by a barometer Standard atmospheric pressure is a pressure of 76 cm mercury equivalent to 14.69 lb. per sq in or 29.92 in of mercury at 32 F. ; CONDUCTIVITY The amount of beat Btu trans- mitted in one hour through 1 sq ft of a homogeneous material 1 in thick for a difference in temperature of 1 F between the two surfaces of the material CONDUCTOR HEAT A material capable of readily conducting beat the opposite of an insulator or insulation Btu The abbreviation for British thermal unit a unit of energy It is approximately the quantity of beat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water from 63 to 64 F. CONVECTION The transmission of beat by the circulation of a liquid or gas such as air Convection may be natural or forced CALORIE MEAN For practical purposes it may be considered as 1/100 of the heat required to raise .. the temperature of 1 gram of water from 0 to 100 C. The kilocalorie or large calorie is equal to 1000 gram or small calories CONDUCTANCE The amount of heat Btu trans- mitted from surface to surface in one hour through 1 sq ft of a material whatever its thickness when the temperature difference is 1 F between the two sur- faces DENSITY Mass per unit volume generally ex- pressed as weight per unit volume i.e. lb per ft EMISSIVITY TOTAL The ratio of the total beat radiating power of a surface to that of a black body ideal or perfect radiator of the same area and at the same temperature GAUGE PRESSURE Pressure measured from at- pressure mospheric pressure as a base such as steam expressed in lb per sq in gauge or psig Incho's 25 1 1/4 avi 1/2 443 7 PHLSseu CC/a PIJE OIAC FOR CC/S 91/6 INSULATION CE/LC OI/C PI/SE RC/S Wis eis PIE E/E RCAC CO/E a/is THICKNESSES THICKNESSES THICKNESSES FOR PIPE PIPE INSULATION INSULATION INSULATION * ST SE ST SU $ INSULATION rsec t/ivp FP seu p THICKNESES p Osct opayt iv > S/L pecyviz ecye z Up C/eL w/EW CLP ep C/izc pO/rS pa/rS Oit Ps/pt tpcyrai p ecvel o/s cC/ip t/ip Vir | Nominel y Taya Oteu O/C LC/orieCYSrle Nominel 3-1 2farig] ria rThictknes vThiclknes PThicEknes OIncEhes cveore coes @ 6 On On A in Ch O/L a/i DIE PT ot PT 2 st on CC/Sct/C CE/C ot wh WE ta 4-1 2 B/t oF vi py PT S ue ce sz t/t- seyruy MPI4Esen Actual Thicknes Thicknes Thicknes Inches fousic [resizeThick Thick SizeSize 3-1 Outer Layer Pipe Size Actual Thick Pipe Thick , fevon [tesai 4 and Ci Pipe Thick Thick c cl ch a/S O/S cl Thick e/i Z/i C/i Thick Thick Thick ch ch Thick SIR 14 tly Sireness Sireness Sireness 91 noss noss ot oez ve ---- ---- t 9/16 | | 3 1/2 1/16 1/2 7/8 3 737/8 737/8 84 849/32 B/E 29/32 2 31/32 2 6 1/32 737/8 ivies 41/16 5 15/32 3/16 Chcez 21/32 3/16 44 1/8 1/2 21/32 2 SO 3 ef CU 4 5/32 gS 4 on byl a rt sa oy at 119/32 29/32 1/2 17/32 15/16 31/32 83 83 94 5/32 2 5/16 CE/St 2 7 1/32 94 4 5/32 5/32 c/it 11/16 4 27/37 ez 2 5/8 91/6 7 1/8 27/3215/32 *Buj 7/8 5 94 4 21/32 5 1 19/32 Boyasnd 6 2 1/32 PMO 19/32 (4 4 4 5 1/4 19/32 10 2 11/32 | 9] 27/8 d] 83 83 8} 6] 3 t 9/16 3/32 1/4 1/4 7 25/32 1 13/167 13/167 PII 9/32 9/32 9I/S 25/32 CE UE ii cL Buj 19/16 93 101/32 3 27/32 11 t/ez 3/4 ecvez 93 11 5/16 Aj; 9 11 3/32 3/16 3/16 4 2eds 1/2 2 1/32 ---- 2 12 31/32 12 14 1/8 7/32 4 C/O4 13/16813/168 tic 2 wie ee 1/32 649 2 OU 7/32 29/16 9 10 3 1/16 11 9/16 17/32 OIE U/Li 17/32 31/32 12 11/16 1 /1615 EA 1/32 il 17/32 3 14 5/8 8 4} 21/32 5 5/32 it} Ole 3/16 1/8 3/16 dyad 4 4g | ueagt 17/32 ei 2 11/16 Uvic 17/32 21/32 17 5/32 21/32 S t 17/32 z 2 5/32 14 2 15 15 1/8 4) 16 21/32 5/32 4 5/32 5/32 40; 5/32 as 19/32 19/32 iF 2 a 3/l 32 15 CUCy /1 A 2E 5U/E8 1717 3/32 2C/e 18 19 3/2 3/2 yOUyND ul il tf el 18 epiemd Joujweu 1 191/329/32 1Or9 eo2 oso": 3/32 1010002 2 1002 Szerz 1/2 ogee 19 Os'y oors 20 1/2 19/32 2223 1/81o/T8SZ'th 1/2 O0'r) 3 00a for11/2 2 etn, 21 w/e 22 1002 23 t/ip t 1/2 C4 4c y 9 d r] 6 OL hi | pl 9L et eSdid 4a34 40 80 0.518 120 NOISWdX3 0.649 0.926 IVWY3HL 1.345 1.495 Pot sadeyody oui wse sri99osa TsABLE TABLEIIII ceara or's : . es 920: Carmi; cies cots O9r'^'9C26 -)rLl OTRiS"O riS'ob SZtah OVc aSlTOUR wveel fO8t1 +ro}e y ; t. "SsARjwedus od) syhnos4 IN INCHES INCHESINCHESPER 100 100LINEARLINEARLINEAR FEET ci99609012prices 05 24 60a%ye^'6loSr's coe L9e'e 680500c"^'vss 92L 6 estou 4 gpuosy 40; wea,h jees edid 960?Lor'y 0L9'P 0987isos 0% 74 Lres ^'co s09Sices 0 9 ote'9 ee) score ca 990 Gre ors 294 ead 8608 cic as7s@$928 $26896's icr ^' Sansa oy Memisg Iron Pipe edig 4ber Pipeoz0'r ol ?Pipe 0 Stl'y 960'P Dog500 F bL9 S3.8473.847 3.847 68c9 4.296 4.296 4.296 9Li$^'eZ 4.47 4.47 686'002"89Or s 6.10 "OD S2Ues0j 19" Ip 0.620 dwe.0.620 0.620OLSOrs 0.8880.888 .O29 or?580 580 0024.5414.541 4.541 084 5.0515.051 5.051 098 088 5.2685.268 Or^'096Ous 7.123 @jduUsIOd a[IyH-*O2yQ 08d yo daeyine> sados oui 1.427 1.427Ol'Ocr'o $s9'0 1.794 oil etch OLSt66 668 800 0 680 aS4y5.260e5.2605.260681C e2y45.8315.831 Sri yOBC'r 6.0676.067 BrisBSE Si 0.40 oo) yGnosyod)2.110 2.110 wsi'o 90C0Soro2.960 Ovl'o 6C60ora 760 760 voy os'lOc" 6.20 6.20 6L0'U *seunjodwes gyCp aeyro) Sore6.8336.83 BUGS Scie 7.10 7.1007.10006C960P 9.460 omy Aue uiqes Aq 10.512 uoitPa yens edig 2.800 sri'o42OC0r 3d.90 4.145 8680SSO 840 840 | Aaa t69l 6.9706.970 Cee 4 9 ie 7.62 7.62 7.62620 C 7.952 7.952 7.952 Or^''c666 C 1100..851142 . 1.625 4iy Moa 8.545 odd pens 3.720 ^'Tt'O$2'0 0^'C05.18 5.18 620976'0 sort940 Src eSor'h 7.989 7.989 7.989 $80'% 8.755 8.75 8.75 02% 9.089 9.089 9.089Ssvc (eiS'c 1.91 11.911 12.473 NOGNYH 12.747 jd any ONid two temperatures 00% oy 09 ou proprtionateproportionate proprtionate proportionate diferencediferencediferencdeiference betwen betweentheveluesveluesgiven for for those those temperatures temperatures tempratues Word,eL acne ite eee a . me on oe d TABLE III NOMINAL WEIGHTS OF WELDED AND SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE - Nominal | Sched 10 Schoo 20 Pipe Size In | Plain | Plain | Ends | Ends a a | | | Schedule '= 5 = Schedule ' > 30 40 Sched Sched 60 B Sched 100 Sched 120 Sched 140 | Plain Ends ee Threods |. | and Couplings Plain Ends ee 0.25 Threads and Couplings |... |. Plain Ends -- = Ploin Ends foee of ee | | Plain | Ends Plain Ends fT Plain Ends 0.32 Sched 160 Plain Ends ses wee " . % 1. see woe wee . eee eee vavon vavon - vavon oe |... fo. wae ee do. o. amm amm amm ees :: :: eee ars see ae oe wee 456 eae cee 456 cee wee 456 ose eee we . . 8 eee 22.4 24.7 vee 28.1 34.3 cee 33.4 43.8 OD OD OD 36.8 42.1 47.4 | 45.7 52.3 | 59.0 | 54.6 62.6 82.0 OD OD OD 52.8 63.5 | 78.6 94.7 99.0 | 158 | 105 141 197 ee 0.57 0.57 . 0.74 eae : 0.86 . 1.14 . 1.68 0.86 7.14 1.69 oe wee bee 1.09 1.48 2.18 . . 1.31 : . 1.94 . 2.85 . 2.28 2.72 3.66 . 5.80 . 7.58 . 9.11 10.8 14.7 19.0 25.0 | 28.6 35.0 | 40.5 45.0 | 53.6 63.3 82.8 ~- 105 123 ~ 171 . 2.29 2.74 3.68 ~-{ 3.00 1... ] .. .. | 3.64 . 5.03 3.77 4.86 7.45 5.82 7.62 9.21 _ 7.67 oe | 10.3 -. | 12.5 os 10.0 14.3 wee 10.9 14.9 19.2 . 15.0 . 20.8 - | 28.6 19.0 27.1 36.4 . 22.6 33.0 45.3 28.8 41.2 55.0 35.7 | 43.4 54.8 | 64.4 73.2 | 88.6 50.9 60.7 77.0 | 89.2 108 126 67.8 105 140 | 74.7 116 161 eee 85.0 108 137 133 171 131 | 147 165 193 208 239 171 224 275 190 241 304 167 231 | 209 297 ae eo 251 361 ae 297 416 342 484 o. 374 536 a B36.1B36.10 0-1939-B316.9 10-319939 Weights are given in pounds per linear foot and are for pipe with plain ends available with threads and couplings for which both weights ore listed The weights for line line pipe with couplings are slightly greater than shown in A.P.I. Specification L except for Schedules sizes which are commercially 30 and 40 and may be found in vies Weights shown in italics in Schedules 30 and 40 are identical with 60 and 80 weights ore identical with weights for extre strong pipe The Schedule Numbers indicate opproximate valves of the expression 1000 for standard ^/ weight pipe those in Sched TABLE IV AREAS OF FLANGED FITTINGS AND EQUIVALENT PIPE LENGTHS Figures in columns under Area give surface areas in square feet Figures in columns under Pipe Lengths give the number of feet of pipe which has on area equivalent to the area of the fittings STANDARD FLANGED FITTINGS INCLUDING ACCOMPANYING FLANGES Nominal Pipe | Flanged Coupling Size In Pipe Area Lengths 1 % 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 347 347 347 8 9 10 12 14 OD 15 OD 16 OD .320 .383 .477 .672 .841 .945 1.122 1.344 1.474 1.622 1.82 2.17 2.41 3.00 3.43 4.41 5.39 6.18 6.69 .93 .88 .95 1.08 1.12 1.03 1.07 1.14 1.13 1.11 1.049 1.097 1.067 1.19 1.22 1.32 1.465 1.572 1.60 90 Deg Ell ae Area .795 .957 1.174 1.65 2.09 2.38 2.98 3.53 3.95 4.44 5.13 6.17 6.98 8.71 10.18 13.08 16.38 18.50 20.17 Pipe Longths 2.31 2.20 2.35 2.65 2.78 2.60 2.65 2.90 3.01 3.049 2.95 3.09 3.09 3.457 3.61 3.92 4.47 4.72 4.82 Long Radius Ell = Aroo Pipe | Longths 292 1.084 1.337 1.84 2.32 2.68 3.28 3.96 4.43 5.00 5.99 7.38 8.56 10.57 12.35 16.35 20.17 22.92 25.41 2.59 2.49 2.68 2:96 3.08 2.93 3.13 3.36 3.38 3.43 3.45 3.697 3.79 4.20 4.38 4.90 5.47 5.83 6.07 / Aroo 1.235 1.481 1.815 2.54 3.21 3.66 4.48 5.41 6.07 6.81 7.84 9.37 10.55 13.18 15.41 19.67 24.81 27.91 30.32 Pipe Longths 3.59 3.40 3.64 4.08 4.26 3.99 4.28 4.59 4.63 4.67 4.53 4.69 4.67 5.23 4.47 5.89 6.78 7.10 7.23 Cross Aro 1.622 1.943 2.38 3.32 4.19 4.77 5.83 7.03 7.87 8.82 10.08 12.00 13.44 16.78 19.58 24.87 31.48 35.48 38.34 Pipe Lengths 4.72 4.47 4.78 5.34 5.56 5.70 5.56 5.97 6.01 6.06 5.81 6.01 5.96 6.66 6.95 7.45 8.60 9.04 9.15 EXTRA HEAVY FLANGED FITTINGS INCLUDING ACCOMPANYING FLANGES | Nominal Pipe | Flonged Coupling Size In Pipe Areo Lengths 1 2RAM 1 1 1 12 R AM % 112RAM 11122RRAM 1 12 R AM 11122RRAM 1 12 R AM 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 OD 15 OD 16 OD .438 .510 .727 .848 } 1.107 1.484 1.644 1.914 2.04 2.18 2.78 3.46 3.77 4.44 5.20 6.71 8.30 9.52 10.05 1.273 1.172 1.459 1.363 1.463 1.619 1.57 1.624 1.558 1.497 1.603 1.733 1.670 1.762 1.846 2.01 2.26 2.43 2.4 90 Deg Ell Area 1.015 1.098 1.332 2.01 2.57 3.49 3.96 4.64 5.02 5.47 6.99 8.62 9.76 | 11.44 13.58 17.73 22.31 25.28 27.18 Pipe Lengths 2.95 2.524 2.674 3.23 3.41 3.807 3.782 3.938 3.834 3.756 4.031 4.318 4.324 4.541 4.82 5.31 6.08 6.43 6.475 Long Rodius Ell Area Pipe Lengths 1.083 1.340 1.874 2.16 2.76 3.74 4.28 4.99 5.48 6.02 7.76 9.73 11.09 13.17 15.60 18.76 25.70 29.34 31.73 3.148 3.08 3.762 3.473 3.665 4.08 4.087 4.236 4.170 4.134 4.475 .4.874 .4.874 4.913 5.228 5.538 5.622 7.02 7.47 7.575 Tee Area 1.575 1.925 2.6B 3.09 4.05 5.33 6.04 7.07 7.72 8.52 10.64 12.33 14.74 17.23 20.41 26.65 33.63 38.04 40.94 Pipe Lengths 4.578 4.425 5.381 4.968 5.378 5.815 5.768 6.001 5.897 5.851 6.136 6.177 6.531 6.84 7.245 7.987 9.18 9.68 9.775 Cross Areo 2.07 2.53 3.54 4.06 5.17 6.95 7.89 9.24 10.07 10.97 13.75 16.83 18.97 22.10 26.26 34.11 43.15 48.79 52.35 Pipe Lengths 6.02 5.816 7.108 6.528 6.865 7.582 7.535 7.843 7.692 7.534 7.929 8.431 8.405 8.773 9.322 10.222 11.75 12.4 12.5 83 TABLE VA EQUEIVALENTQUIVALENT EQUIVALENT PIPE PIPE LENG Tyee Figureirn columnswent tel pive sumeer preci STANDARD PIPE SIZES OFBRASS ANDCOPPER PIPE .. Nominal Size In _... Actual Dimensions In eee . 00 ID Woll Co, Lb per Ft _ Brass Copper 1 % 1 2 2 3 % 4 Ah 5 68890 68890 68890 68890 10 11 12 .405 .540 .675 .840 1.050 1.315 1.660 1.900 2.375 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.563 6.625 7.625 8.625 9.625 10.750 11.750 12.750 .281 .376 .495 .626 .822 1.063 1.368 1.600 2.063 2.501 3.063 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.063 6.125 7.063 8.001 8.937 10.020 11.000 12.000 From Revere Tube and Pipe 1949 .062 .082 .090 .107 .114 .253 .447 .627 .934 1.27 .126 .145 .150 .156 .187 . - 1.78 2.63 3.13 4.12 5.99 .219 .250 .250 .250 .250 8.56 11.2 12.7 14.1 15.8 .250 .281 .312 .344 .365 .375 .375 19.0 24.6 30.9 38.0 45.2 50.8 55.3 .259 .457 .641 .955 1.30 1.82 2.69 3.20 4.22 6.12 8.75 11.4 12.9 14.5 16.2 19.4 25.1 31.6 38.9 46.2 51.9 56.5 TABLE V DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF COPPER WATER TUBES TYPE Size In Nominal Size | Actual OD Woll Thickness in ID In K odd odd odd odd % 11 WNN WNN WNN NOVAW NOVAW NOVAW NOVAW NOVAW 10 12 .500 625 .750 .875 1.125 1.375 1.625 2.125 2.625 3.125 3.625 4.125 5.125 6.125 8.125 10.125 12125 .049 600 .0.49 .065 .065 .065 .072 .083 .095 .109 .109 .120 .134 .160 .192 .271 .338 .435 402 57 -652 345 .995 1.245 11 1.959 2435 2.907 3.385 3.857 4.335 3.741 7.523 9.449 11.315 Sala Sala .127 .218 .333 .436 .778 1.217 1.723 3.014 4657 64637 8.999 11.684 18.133 25.886 45.162 70.123 100.554 WeiP go htr .269 .344 .418 .641 839 1.04 1.36 2.06 2.93 4.00 5.12 6.51 9.67 13.9 25.9 40.3 57.8 L . . . . . .500 625 .750 875 1.125 .035 .000 .042 .045 050 % 1 223 2 1.375 1.625 2.125 2.625 3.125 .055 .060 .070 .080 .090 430 545 ae 666 .725 1.025 1.265 1.505 1.985 2465 2.945 .145 .233 .348 ae 325 1.257 1.779 3095 4.772 6.12 .198 .285 .362 .455 .655 884 1.14 1.75 2.48 3.33 3 Bansw Bansw Bansw Bansw 12 12 3.625 4.125 5.125 6.125 8.125 10.125 12.125 1.100 .110 .125 .140 .200 .250 .283 3.425 3.905 4.875 5.845 7.725 . 9.625 11.585 11.585 9.213 11.977 18.666 26.832 46.869 72760 105.047 4.29 5.38 7.61 10.2 19.3 30.1 40.4 M wa wa manaw manaw manaw manaw manaw N N 2.625 3.125 3.625 4.125 5.125 6.125 8.125 10.125 - 12.125 From Revere Tube and Pipo 1949 .065 .072 .083 .095 .109 .122 .170 .212 .254 2.495 2981 3.4.59 3.935 4.907 5.881 7.785 9.701 11.617 4.329 6.979 9.397 12161 12.911 27.166 47.600 73.914 105.993 2.03 2.68 3.58 4.66 6.66 8.92 16.5 25.6 36.7 Factor .220 GNV Sadid 19aLs 1A QV auV@ no 14 24 Vertical . PER DEGRE FAHRENITFAHRENHIT TEMPRATURE TEMPERATURTEEMPERATURDEIFRENC DIFERNCE DIFERNCE BETWENBETWEN SCitrOlve FROM LOSSES ssorHORIZONTALHORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL HORIZONTALTABBARLEETABLE BARE STEEL PIPES PIPES PIPES AND FLAT FLAT FLAToSURfFACES SURFACES SURFACES 90 74 SPL FROMHORIZONTAL FLAT FROM AND HORIZONTALHORIZONTAL BARBEARBEARE STEEL PIPES AND F FLATFLATSURFACSEUSRFACESSURFACES RG HOUR DEGREEDGRE FAHRENHEIT FAHRENHEIT TEMPERATURE PIPE AND HOUR DEGREEDEGREE DEGREE FAHRENHEIT FAHRENHEIT FAHRENHEITFAHRENHEITEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE PIPE zy et | | Surface Air Citprc Crisr9'or| OLUTION OLjia CO )^'S1bj turin rial At 0001 ae CUI]TempTempDiference Diference Deg BetwenBetweenBetwen | | | Between lr [te OF} loci O78] andSurrounding Surface Surface and Surrounding | | [9141 COL] | Surounding Air Surounding Air Ol LU'Ut] StU] 9018 | et ae Air et ot}taf2C'OL} 01 (co n MOL! | 4.47 150 250 300300 350350 450 500 500 590600 650 650 700 700750 800850850900 900 1000 1000 1050 1100 ClO OCS 48 : 2.76 3.10 3.75 3.75 4.10 4.10 4.86 5.30 5.30 5.75 5.75 6.70 6.70 7.25 7.25 7.81 8.40 9.02 9.02 9.73 9.73 10.42 11.20 1198 12.81 13 less fide | || | | | 4.79| || 7.18 8.94 9.67 10.34 8.94 3.35 3.68 4.03 4.03 4.40 4.79 5.23 5.23 5.67 6.61 6.61 7.18 7.18 7.73 8.37 8.94 9.67 9.57 10.34 1.04 11.04 12.65 13.3 liow 2.70 3.08 8.94 5.60 7.11 8.25 9.57 2.98 3.62 3.29 3.96 4.33 4.72 5.16 5.60 6.56 6.56 7.17 1.64 8.87 8.28 5.25 9.57 11.04 83 13. 2.94 3.24 3.57 3.91 3.91 4.28 4.67 5.10 5.10 5.54 6.50 6.50 7.05 7.05 7.59 8.19 8.13 8.81 9.51 9.51 10.14 10.96 10.92 1170 5.49 6.99 8.13 9.45 10.92 2.57 2.85 3.14 3.47 3.47 4.18 4.56 4.56 4.99 5.43 5.89 6.38 6.92 6.92 7.48 8.07 8.07 8.68 9.38 9.38 10.07 10.85 10.85 11:63 2.52 5.89 6.972.48 8.08 7.07 10.85 3.76 5.43 2.81 3.10 3.42 3.42 4.13 4.51 4.51 4.94 5.38 5.84 6.32 6.86 6.86 7.42 8.01 8.01 8.62 8.62 9.32 10.01 10.79 10.79 1:57 3.38 3.724.08 4.46 5.33 10.73 2.20 2.74 3.03 3.35 3.35 3.69 4.05 4.43 4.43 4.86 5.29 5.29 5.75 6.24 6.24 6.78 7.33 7.92 7.92 8.53 8.53 9.24 9.92 10.69 10.69 11:52 2.16 3.031.33 3.66 4.404.404.83 5.26 5.72 6.75 6.75 7.89 8.508.590.21 9.8910.1606.66 11,44 g oo9 3.013.3.33313.33 3.66 4.02 4.40 4.40 4.83 5.26 5.26 5.72 6.21 6.21 6.75 7.30 7.89 7.89 8.50 8.50 9.21 9.89 ips 2S) oss] 3.64 2.12 2.68 2.96 3.27 3.27 3.67 3.67 4.35 4.35 4.78 5.21 5.21 5.67 6.15 6.15 6.70 7.83 7.83 8.45 8.45 9.15 9.83 10.60 10.60 1140 | 2.93| 3.273.6 37.5 4.354.78 4.745.18 2.10 2.08 2.65 2.93 3.25 3.25 3.5 3.55 4.31 4.31 4.71 4.74 5.18 5.63 6.00 6.12 6.66 7.76 7.76 8.39 9.08 9.79 10.53 2.62 2.913.22 4.28 4.71 7.76 9.08 9.76 6.70 8.35 1.29 2.60 2.89 oy 3.20 3.53 3.53 4.26 4.26 4.68 4.68 5.12 5.57 6.06 6.06 6.60 7.14 7.73 8.35 9.05 9.73 10.50 | I | | vr} | rl 2.04 9.73 2.SA 7.87 O'y 3.18 3.51 3.51 3.86 4.24 4.66 4.66 5.09 5.55 6.03 6.03 6.57 6.57 7.12 7.70 8.31 9.02 3.49 4.64 4.645.07 5.53 9.70 10.47 1126 10.45 Orse s 13.0 13.03 13.03 14.28 13.29 eel 13.14.17 13.14.17 14.09 rool ces 03 12.30 13.96 13.93 13.93 12.6 13.90 7.67 A.79 1:20 12.03 84 2.01 2.54 2.82 2.82 3.13 3.46 3.46 3.833.834.19 4.61 4.61 5.04 5.50 5.98 5.98 6.52 6.52 7.07 7.65 8.96 9.64 9.64 10.42 2.78 2.80 3.09 3.42 4.17 4.A 5.02 5.45 5.96 6.19 6.19 7.04 8.91 9.99 9.99 10.36 2.50 3.44 2.78 3.09 3.79 4.A 3.77 4.134.56 5.00 5.47 5.45 5.45 5.963.476.47 7.67 7.02 7.60 8.281.21 10.36 2.49 2.76 3.07 3.40 3.40 2.49 2.76 5.BA 7.5 2.47 2.74 3.06 3.06 3.38 3.70 4.08 8.02 1.13 Osi] 2.72 2.72 3.03 3.03 3.35 2.99 5.70 5.70 6.21 7.86 2.70 2.99 3.30 3.64 3.26 3.39 4.31 4.71 6.72 2.97 3.26 3.39 3.94 3.94 3.75 4.11 4.54 4.54 4.98 5.43 5.43 5.91 6.45 7.00 7.5A A. 19 9.57 9.57 10.34 4.54 4.10 4.52 4.96 5.41 5.41 5.BA 6.42 6.97 7.55 4.93 8.17 9.55 9.55 10.32 7.52 9.51 4.08 4.98 4.93 4.795.25 5.84 6.39 6.94 7.52 8.02 9.51 9.51 10:28 11:06 7.78 8.4 9.86 4.39 4.79 5.25 6.21 | 4.71 5.12 5.12 6.04 6.04 6.55 6.55 | 6.04 7.78 7.86 8.4 8.4 9.86 9.86 10.64 11:42 | | | 7.63 8.21 8.21 8.83 8.83 9.54 10.23 | 11.80 1.94 13.76 1.93 13.74 1 .90 oor} 12.75 14.06 | 12.60 14.43 | = 13.57 1.85| 2.09ul 2.36 7.63 2.93 2.93 3.25 3.61 3.98 3.98 4.0 4.82 5.77 5.77 5.775.77 6.27 6.83 6.83 7.40 8.01 8.01 8.71 9.39 9.39 10.93 J1O.76 1.76 1@22.n6j4 ; edig oars ybi t Al +] 4Hw c L4 P1404, Buyrus Bulzo4 p r $ 94 8 6oO} 4] yi AT} alog ve WOE fP1ses js04y poy for Surfaces four for foot He Surfaces loses linear as losses than dnsquare persquare transmison savings ' some various insulating transmision various pa er listed was calculated calculated paper method very general under 010 equations genral actual )201d sb 204 used used 6L ) . Ppsdmuop actual equations used CUO ' 50 10) 400) DOP {PUod <20jING, 4)0 AI euDnbs UO} UO s6 [1118 10d sedod ( 6060) uUsUOy Sty JepUuN iy 104 Uy sejsuoK ayy transferheat transfer SsupyAd heat jo 8)u0js3 leC constant depending constant upon constant Aq HE Btu { shope of the Li long AqQD5 1.016 zontal ward and horizontal Wy -0.89 horizontal bejoydBujro, 1.26 499 jeguor POEL (Oy ' ays 40) 1.394 ey cylinders constants 1.394 qj for horizontal downord suroundig "2010 "01d oq dtiahmeatenr height vertical plane bt The effect diometer D cylinder diometer Uy diameter in YQup-z of cylinder B10w 100) 5 ) ty dng org aus 40 of 460 in org the T 0 plus pus 2eau0d diference A F F sionbs BOG60) UO hemisevaityttransfer transfer the Bujpusdep most difernce saul) oy! radiation 4NO} /0" Sa204 BwOK radiation emisvity industrial ING sod Oy) asphalt asphalt rrooofifnigng surface {Dj4 jo edoys plane The effect diometer us = (40 and surounding temp uoda dng pojucs oy ves 104 4Q) #4) Aq 40) YOK) of For below Dd >) highly highly peraisuad temp suroundigsuroundig banjo,40) of the Tes0 of surface T aq temp objects 6 OF, uod @)qQuy yyy - ' 4 "b a20ym basis basis bilography biliography bibliography shope type 6q 80-yane dow oafi,, se20jsneSOswus JOsanpuy puysjod d Ajydiy bup jeow by jo 10.4 Ayares dus, +4 4yo Sep jueQuy - #4) $0 0704 downward when when plates AO ay downard aproximately pub aad eq becomes value of 4d value aproximately 4'9 O9y oe constant 10 wd + 4 Pes0j240 MQ sepuyjAr Uoemseg YU! enor 3 bup Sep sy>ejqo j (4 V) sno}204 worjypus *e20jsa8 bup) puw 960280 @20j2n8 SOU0Y 4q jo Buy) wyi Surpnous glass convos as brick surfaces convos yo stoneas metals may = 0.02 Guay dwejy = + ow sy sw b Bao 1 1 i an 7 : TABLE VII HEAT MAGNESIAPIPE INSULATION Th JAI Nklisprepl LOSS FOR 85 bril shines Nklisprepl : NOMINAL are 19 1.- PIPE SIZES 12 INCH THROUGH I u FOR 18 INCH ation, 9.07 19 t HEAT LOSS EXPRESSED IN BTU PER LINEAR FOOT PER HOUR FOR INDICATED PIPE TEMPERATURE Nomino | Nominal Pipe Size Insulation Ia Thickness In 150 70 1 9 1% 8 2 ^' 24% 6 3 3 4 1 124 1 1 223 2 223 and 1 W222 21 W222 and 1 1222d 1222d 1222d 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 12 29676 29676 29676 29676 20987 10 20987 20987 20987 % 12M 16 1 16 1122M 9 2 9 1122M 7 2 1 17 12 222 9 2 9 222 Temp Temp Pipe Dog F Temperature of Surrounding Still Air BD F 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 530 Diff Between Pipe and Surrounding Still Air Dog F 120 270 220 770 320 370 420 G 7 22002 MAN GMANN GG223 29253 88775 KIXTY 14 22002 MAN GMANN GG223 29253 88775 KIXTY CON 22002 MAN GMANN GG223 29253 88775 KIXTY CON 22002 2) GMANN GG223 29253 88775 KIXTY CON 22002 19 24 GG223 29253 88775 KIXTY 32228 32228 32228 32228 32228 NRECON NRECON NRECON NRECON NRECON NRECON 18 18 15 14 22222 . 22222 22222 22222 22222 222DR 222DR 222DR 222DR 222DR 12222 12222 26 12222 12222 39 COX 33 Ci; COX 27 COX 23 & 22 2 23222 57832 23222 57832 23222 57832 23222 57832 23222 57832 32338 50773 32338 50773 32338 50773 32338 50773 32338 50773 52933 52933 52933 52933 52933 62078 62078 62078 62078 62078 64530 64530 64530 64530 64530 25928 25928 25928 25928 25928 26292 26292 26292 26292 26292 20 20 ER ER 58247 58247 58247 58247 58247 32542 32542 32542 32542 32542 110 75 72 64 58 ZK6X8 75 ZK6X8 ZK6X8 ZK6X8 22654 22654 22654 22654 22654 282 282 282 282 66 30322 TENN 12222 6X2AM 60547 NXOX5 104 TENN . 12222 302 30322 6X2AM 60547 NXOX5 TENN 12222 30322 6X2AM 60547 NXOX5 TENN 12222 30322 6X2AM 60547 NXOX5 TENN 12222 30322 6X2AM 60547 NXOX5 ---- 70 64 59 282R 282R 282R 282R 70 28229 11823 22222 22238 78 94 22269 72222 11823 22222 22238 25277 74 22269 28229 72222 11823 22222 22238 25277 22232 22269 28229 11823 22222 22238 25277 - - s 22232 22269 72222 28229 72222 11823 23 2238 22238 41 22232 59 28229 72222 See Table 1 for actual thicknesses of imulation 8 520 ENGAN ENGAN ENGAN ENGAN ENGAN ONCE ONCE ONCE ONCE ONCE 22263 22263 22263 22263 22263 141 22 22 22 22 12222 12222 12222 12222 12222 164 127 22 22 87 TABLE VII Cont'd HEAT LOSS FOR 85 MAGNESIA PIPE INSULATION FOR NOMINAL PIPE SIZES INCH THROUGH 18 INCH Nominal Pipo Size In % 3 % 4 4 SA ^' Nomine Insulation Insulation Insulation Thickness In 1 NNM NNM NNM - 1 NAM NAM NAM 1 1 NNM NNM NNM 1 18 NM NM NM 1 14 NM NM NM " 14 NM NM NM 1 1 NM NM NM 150 70 18 16 14 10 9 24 21 14 11 10 24 17 15 14 12 21NN 21NN 21NN 21NN 21NN 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 ZENEW ZENEW ZENEW ZENEW ZENEW Temp of Pipe Dog F Temperature of Surrounding 200 250 300 350 1400 450 Temp Diff Between Pipe and Surrounding Still 120 270 220 270 320 370 Still Air 500 Air Dog 420 80 F 550 F 470 MANO MANO MANO MANO 17 44 35 & 22 22 33 33 & 22 22 39382 39382 39382 39382 39382 692331222mm 692331222mm 692331222mm 692331222mm 692331222mm 692331222mm - 692331222mm 692331222mm 692331222mm 692331222mm R3423 88 R3423 74 R3423 57 R3423 47 R3423 44 107 23377 79 23377 66 23377 59 23377 54 60447 100 60447 81 60447 71 60447 59 60447 53 104 113 70 57 54 129 96 80 71 65 119 97 87 74 65 126 113 114 82 95 68 80 63 73 152 113 94 84 80 141 114 104 96 77 176 131 109 97 96 164 132 121 102 90 166 129 108 90 83 201 149 125 110 104 189 151 137 114 1C2 600 520 202 145 121 101 94 226 167 142 123 113 213 170 154 126 115 23322 76 81339 126 153 179 210 239 269 23322 58 81339 96 115 135 156 191 226 23322 48 81339 81 98 114 131 145 170 23322 41 81339 77 90 101 113 129 146 23322 37 81339 62 75 87 98 114 130 32322 71 22225 120 148 174 200 228 257 32322 55 22225 93 114 138 163 161 200 32322 47 22225 79 97 114 132 150 169 32322 40 22225 68 83 99 115 131 147 32322 39 22225 65 79 94 109 124 140 www.a 85 107 135 163 193 223 255 287 www.a 70 92 115 139 166 193 220 247 39 57 76 95 115 136 157 179 202 www.a 48 65 81 97 99 102 137 173 www.a 36 48 59 71 84 98 111 124 wwwww 109 145 181 218 258 299 345 392 wwwww 82 108 135 163 193 224 255 266 wwwww 64 85 106 128 152 176 200 244 wwwww 55 74 .93 .93 113 133 153 175 197 wwwww 48 65 82 110 117 134 153 173 TABLE VII Cont'd % IZES HEAT FOR INOMINAL PIP~ MAGNESIAINSULATION FOR INCH THROUGH 18 INCH Nominal Pipe Size Ee dL. 7 8 9 Nominal Insulation . Thickness L la 223 223 223 18 N 21 m * NM NM - Temp of Pipe Dog F Temperature Surrounding 200 netenne orn ane Surrounding Still 70 120 250 300 3.50 Temp DiffBetween 270 220 270 of + 400 450 Still Air 80 F ; .500 550 37600 Aw D^g D F ^g F 420 470 520 322 623 322 623 322 623 88 116 146 177 210 243 278 71 95 95 119 143 169 196 225 235133 52 70 89 109 128 147 168 389 3222 2X78 3222 2X78 90 119 150 182 216 250 79 105 132 159 285 320 3222 2X78 187 216 248 281 3222 2X78 65 87 108 129 153 178 204 231 56 75 97 119 139 159 181 204 9222 74 108 142 180 218 257 296 339 9222 55 81 107 136 165 195 382 9222 47 70 94 226 257 288 118 143 169 195 9222 42 63 84 108 132 154 176 212952 221550 |e -10 -10 NM Sed 4.1 4.1 NM 33 NM 26 23 12 18 49 NM 38 NM 26 23 ... 16 cee oo 18 ; 18 NM NM NM 18 NM 24 _ NM 13 NM NM NM 3132 3132 3132 3132 ; 6523 6523 6523 " . 6523 5223 5223 5223 5223 ROGS ie ROGS ROGS ROGS 115 93 80 51 ER55 ER55 ER55 51 102 82 68 58 116 92 77 --66 133 108 88 79 149 120 101 BE 171 133 114 99 132 104 85 73 193 152 124 109 152 123 157 76 175 134 120 107 196 158 134 118 224 175 151 132 254 201 164 146 191 154 133 94 219 172 149 133 247 194 178 146 279 224 184 166 321 253 207 179 230 186 160 112 ~ 271 220 190 132 263 210 178 159 313 249 211 183 298 230 203 175 362 278 245 199 332 274 228 200 450 338 271 237 38E 459 305 251 297 215 258 315 254 220 153 338 300 249 173 408 347 279 193 364 286 244 222 426 2 328 278 252 49.5 370 312 282 407 327 287 223 460 373 321 267 523 - 420 355 312 469 402 314 274 535 442 358 313 601 482 = 403 352 530 445 344 301 604 491 392 330 679 537 440 386 TABLE VII HEAT LOSS FOR 85 MAGNESIA AND DIATOMACEOUS SILICA COMBINATION PIPE INSULATION FOR NOMINAL PIPE SIZES INCH THROUGH 18 INCH HEAT LOSS EXPRESSED IN BTU PER LINEAR FOOT PER HOUR AT INDICATED PIPE TEMPERATURE Nominal Nominal | Insulation Thickness | Pipe Inner Layer Outer Layer In In In Temp of Pipe Deg F Temperature of Surrounding Still Air 80 600 700 . 800 900 1000 1100 Temp Diff Between Pipe and Surrounding Still Air Deg F 520 620 720 820 920 1020 F 1200 1120 % 2 None 81 100 119 139 161 183 207 * 2 None 90 111 132 155 179 204 230 1 20 None 101 123 148 173 200 227 258 11... 2 None 115 141 168 197 227 259 292 14 2 None 123 142 181 212 245 280 316 2 FFFFFNNGG FFFFFNNGG FFFFFNNGG FFFFFNNGG FFFFFNNGG F F FN G F F FN G -NMN2 116 142 18 106 130 130 -NMNN2 97 118 -NMNN2 89 109 -NMNN2 83 102 -NMNN2 -NMNN2 eee aes 168 158 141 130 122 see eee 196 182 165 152 wee ose 225 210 aoe wee oes 213 197 eee 240 223 3 FENNnn^/^/mmm 14 128 8-88 186 218 251 FENNnn^/^/mmm N2MNEMINEN 115 8-88 168 197 eee FENNnn^/^/mmm N2MNEMINEN 106 130 155 181 FENNnn^/^/mmm N2MNEMINEN 98 8-88 144 169 tae aes nae FENn^/^/mm N2MNEMINEN wae tee eee 203 233 264 297 FEN n ^/^/m m N2MNEMINEN wee wee wee 186 214 cee we FEN n ^/^/m m N2MNEMINEN wee wee eee 173 199 FENn^/^/mm N2MNEMINEN cae wee wee 163 188 see soe FENNnn^/^/mmm N2MNEMINEN eae wee wee wee eee 252 284 FENNnn^/^/mmm N2MNEMINEN fee eae eee ves ner 233 262 FEN n ^/^/m m N2MNEMINEN vee eee woe soe wee 238 267 FEN n ^/^/m m N2MNEMINEN eae wee eee wes eee 224 251 FEN n ^/^/m m 23 soe eee cee eae oe 210 237 TABLE VII Cont'd) HEAT LOSS FOR 85 MAGNESIA AND DIATOMACEOUS SILICA COMBINATION PIPE INSULATION NOMINAL SIZES 7 22 9 2 9 9 IINNSUSLATUIIONLSULNATIONATIOINSULATIONN INSULATION INSULATION INSULATION FORFOR FOR NOMINAL NOMINAL NOMINAL NOMINAL NOMINAL FIRE SIZES FIRE SIZES INCH THROUGH 18INCH 4 INCH THROUGH THROUGH THROUGH INCH 4 INCH THROUGH 10 INCH INCH Nominal zt Nominal {| Insulation Thickness Pipe Size Inner Loyer 18 In In pf ; Temp ofPipe Temperature of Surrounding | 600 700 800 900 1000 Temp Dit Between Pipe and Surrounding Still 520 620 720 820 920 . Still Air 1100 Air Dog 1020 80 F 1200 F 1120 4 14 14 148 182 217 254 292 2 197- 231 Iv ot 1 -2 124 11 nl 3 Sanne 1010 151 137 cn 164 aes nee| eae aes ene N INMININ2 ses wee aes 236 271 308 346 N N INMININ2 ee ree rn 229 INMININ2 INMININ2 - of @ @ @ @eeii...,. ae s. a . 22MMM INMININ2 wee wee woe wae wee 274 309 2309 87 22MMM INMININ2 257 5 1 18 173 211 252 295 340 153 189 140 171 129 157 224 205 189 262 wae wee Lae ban - vee a 272 313 249 286 227 _ MNNNNNMNNNNN MNNNNN MNNNNN MNNN MNNNNN MN NMNNN MNNNNN 2 189 172 157 144 oe 231 211 191 177 vee 277 253 229 211 eae se a 233 217 204 322 297 see eee 311 283 257 oe 242 _ 268 251 234 332 305 _ 373 343 a 312 290 329 272 cae 358 324 wee vee 281 372 419 TABLE VI.B Cool'd ) HEAT LOSS FOR 85 MAGNESIA AND DIATOMACEOUS SILICA COMBINATION PIPE INSULATION FOR NOMINAL PIPE SIZES INCH THROUGH 18 INCH Nominal Temp of Pipe Deg F Temperature of Surrounding Still Air 80 F Nominal | Insulation Thickness | 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Pipe Size Inner Outer Layer Temp Diff Between Pipe and Surrounding Still Air Dog F In In In 520 620 720 820 920 1020 1120 2 3 3 **** 3 **** 33 **** 3 **** eee eee ane eee oot . . vas oe 228 aoe 261 wee eae 352 322 332 308 eee 397 363 375 348 8 14 **** 235 293 350 409 14 **** 209 257 305 358 1% **** 188 230 276 14 **** 171 210 251 eee cee 2 **** wae 315 369 425 2 2 2 23 25 Far) 21 3 3 3 31 3 ~ * ~ 14 ~ 21 3 14 ~ * ~ 2 284 331 382 262 307 239 280 ieee 313 358 287 335 274 313 vee tee vee 445 see ase 418 383 395 364 354 sae 502 eee eae 471 431 443 410 399 .10 11 14 275 338 403 472 NMFNM 242 297 356 wee 1 NMFNM 216 270 322 15 NMFNM 2 NMFNM 2 NMFNM 198 o. eee 244 ae. eee 291 363 326 tee 425 382 wee 489 440 2 - 2 2 25 2 33 33 3 NMFNM - NMNEN NMNEN NMNEN 14 NMNEN NMNEN 275 eae 322 eae 363 334 309 309 wae wee 415 383 356 wae wee 524 tae see 491 445 458 wee 591 sae wee 550 502 518 TABLE VU Cont'd) HEAT LOSS FOR85 MAGNESIA AND DIATOMACEOUS SILICA COMBINATION PIPE INSULATIFOONRNOMIPINPE SAIZESLVVV INCH THROUGH 18 INCH Nominal Nominal Temp of Pipe Dog F Temp^'ratureof Surrounding Still Air 80 F f Nominal Iner Insulation Thickness| 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Inner Layer Pipe Size Loyer Temp Diff Between Pipe and Surrounding Still Air Deg F 12 WWWW2222 14 315 386 " 453 - 541 WWWW2222 2 276 339 405 eee WWWW2222 23 247 303 361 WWWW2222 3 231 284 339 see eae . .- tee wee eee eee WW22 2 WW22 2 368 431 505 339 397 . see tee 2 14 tae oe wae 592 667 w 3333 2 3333 23 . 3333 3 . 3 3 1 2 wee 384 356 333 sae 445 445 411 384 eae 553 503 eee 521 477 625 567 aes vee 588 535 14 14 14 14 2 14 25 14 3 22225 14 22225 2 22225 % 341 301 269 243 wee 418 370 330 298 aes 499 442 394 eae 458 405 366 584 see wee 534 475 429 tee 615 a wee 22225 1 ~ 2 5 255 ~ 3 333355 12 333355 2 333355 28 . 333355 3 . 333355 15 333355 2 eee 490 440 407 373 sae 410 376 354 564 506 toe wae 475 435 408 660 wae , wee 594 541 aes wee 557 509 717 vee wan eee 668 eas wee 629 573 16 14 18 383 471 563 659 1 2 338 414 493 ees 14 25 301 370 441 TABLE VU.B Cont'd HEAT LOSS FOR 85 MAGNESIA AND DIATOMACEOUS SILICA COMBINATION PIPE INSULATION FOR NOMINAL PIPE SIZES 1 INCH THROUGH 18 INCH Nominal Nominal Insulation Thickness Pipe Size Inner Loyer Layer In In In 14 2 2 2 2 y a) y 29) y <6) % 3 3 3 31 4 4 3 * ~ * 3 112 ~ 2 M - NZMINEN NZMINEN NZMINEN 14 NZMINEN NZMINEN NZMINEN Temp of Pipe Deg F Temperature of Surrounding Still Air 80 F 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Temp Diff Between Pipe and Surrounding Still Air Dog F 520 620 720 820 920 1020 1120 | 274 wae . . . . . 336 eae oe 505 452 410 371 ees wee 591 527 477 see 545 456 445 414 ane 457 421 392 . aoe 680 eee aoe wae 626 557 wee see .529 486 452 eee os eee eae vee sae eee see 659 604 ees eae 614 559 581 536 eae 742 wee tae 692 631 652 602 18 14 INNNNMEN 423 519 620 727 1 IN N MEN 368 453 545 .: 14 INNNNMEN 328 404 483 NNNN INNNNMEN .. ce 558 652 750 NNNN IN N MEN 495 570 eee NNNN IN N MEN G INNNNMEN Z IN N MEN 409 oe 599 538 wee 689 619 m INNNNMEN m IN N MEN m INNNNMEN m IN N MEN 3 INNNNMEN 3 IN N MEN 4 14 A 2 . . : . . .. . wee 500 461 429 ee sae 577 532 494 a 730 660 a 671 618 629 586 821 . a 755 691 709 654 INSULATION a HEATHEAT . 009 os TABLE MAGNESIA 19, i. 2, 7 7. a ror 1 MAGNESIA INSULATION MAGNESIA MAGNESIA BLOCK INSULATION VERTICAL VERTICAL POSITION 2 NOILSOd | | i TW1LY3A 10 ANIVMdW3L20 Thicknes 56 5 VA NI % QV 5 3 3 $801 2 23 ivaH 104 3 1 LV3H a ee TEMPRATURE ip PER FOOT PER FOOT 08 Hf ., aly Bag ! Ogr -atgyze jites HOT BTU TEMPERATURE 89 89 9 : cy i. 9< Surface iytig Surface TempSurface 250 Deg Temperature Temperature Surounding Surounding Still 80 120 Ose puo 50 70 89 6c 108 127 SZ 26 68kB20jING ) 4 ooc O7Z 50 Be lc 96 ez 02 . 20 UdeMmieg 38 160S7 516 44/Q OL1 St 31 ez ev 47 tl 91 13 due, 007 Ot1 ov 92 02 9k Ct tt Ul 11 OZ Lz 20 6 Ut 31 y se ; ty 9 c z 001 4 aa ute ee ' VopjnsulSHOuy>d}4) uy ilz Ye C ue yv ; COMBINATION COMBINATION BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK INSULATION INSULATION INSULATION INSULATION VERTICAL VERTICAL VEa RTICAL POSITON POSITION | P OSITION theae ve O'1ZI O Oit9 64 O Z0i 0 C46 , VIS Iner SAO DVW L IG 1 aNVOS Mad aMNLVIdW3L WIA GNV NG 3D NI V4aNS 2DVL 10H Av VISNDVW 03S24uax9012 WNOH % 5501 3d $8 IDAHO iv3H L0 4 NOILVGWODIDAHO STATE (4 08OOLk 4 20} Aly Seg e _ oes ee ee @oe aes ee uve ee ee ene OLE o sol sae wf 0 01 626 8 89 $ 06 8 c8 . jus ay 520600 026 e Temp Temp Dif Betwen Betwen Surface Surface Surounding Surounding Surounding Stil , Deg 1100 1100 ee e @e eas ee 520 Sujpnesgjo 73.4006 54.2 54.2 e 6.7 6.7 es 92.1 92.1 ee ee 8 86 U 28 ee ee ee 8 62 Bld 9 59 sae ve en ese @e Ssnjoduies) 48.1 4* beg008usemjeg Ozz 0801 1 26 ee ee 82.2 82.2 9% 0 S9 96.3 Cyd r 99 1 09 ape e ene vt eos te ace eos es due; jig e2Dj10Ng0 2due,0z9 0 06Tek 99C'ss ee 84.7 es ee 98.8 ee ae ee ean eae ee ve eve ve ee ee @owe 009 02s ye c'z9 Crs LBP @e oae aoe ae ce ee ee aoe | a epee ose ute ee 132.0 132.0 es @#ee *seho7 SCOUNr ay Yl 4 Ww c se5ng YL | uL z YZ Cc 65.6 65.6 YZ c 75.5 r nz UOLojnsu) *aedoy ::: ul Kl Z ::: seu j . <XI uI z ut Z ve v a2 ::: 83.8 93.0 93.0 57664 e?7 TRADE NAMES OF 85 MAGNESIA AND DIATOMACEOUS DIATOMAC1E2OaUS" DIATOMACEOUS DIATOMACEOUS DIATOMACEOUS ! INSULATION147.9 12INS1ULAT.ION9 tI0 NAS.Uo iLsa . Ae TION oan | b 85 MAGNESIA INSULATION " TRADE NAME | MANUFACTURER Superlite Thermalite M 85 Magnesia Featherweight Custom Molded Precision Molded The Philip Carey Manufacturing Company Ehret Magnesia Manufacturing Company Manville Sales Corporation Keasbey & Mattison Company Mundet Cork Corporation Pabco Products Incorporated DIATOMACEOUS SILICA INSULATION Temp Temp Enduro Superex Temp Type M Type 19 Prasco 15C Prasco 19C The Philip Carey Manufacturing Company The Philip Carey Manufacturing Company Ehret Magnesia Manufacturing Company Johns Manville Sales Corporation Keasbey & Mattison Company Mundet Cork Corporation Mundet Cork Corporation Pabco Products Incorporated Pabco Products Incorporated Trade nomes registered or copyrighted by manufacturers SYMBOLS OF SUPERIOR INSULATIONS MANVILLE JM PRODUCTS GLOSSARY OF TRADE TERMS ASBESTOS Asbestos products such as asbestos cloth jackets asbestos tape asbestos paper and as- bestos cement all made of mined asbestos fiber are used as finishing materials where high beat resistance combined with nonfiammability is desired BANDS Metal strips sometimes called strapping made of steel finished in black or gold lacquer aluminum brass galvanized steel stainless steel zinc bronze and monel metal They are used as fastening on insulation finished with pasted canvas jackets and for securing block insulation to equipment such as . tanks etc the particular material of which the bands are made depending upon the requirements of the installation BLOCKING IN The process of applying insulation blocks to irregular surfaces such as fittings valves ribbed equipment etc. BREAKING THE JOINT BROKEN JOINT In double construction staggering the joints in the outer layer with respect to the joints in the inner Javer ; CABLE Steel cable usually in in diameter used to fasten insulation to equipment surfaces LAGGING Any type of jacketing material such as canvas asbestos etc. Insulation blocks used on steam lagging locomotive boilers are sometimes called MESH WIRE NETTING Also called netting chicken wire bea mesh etc. It is coated iron or steel bexagonal wire mesh mesh size used depend- ing upon the particular installation involved Most commonly used are in and in mesh MITERING Cutting insulation blocks and sections to fit pipe bends and other sharply curved surfaces Mitering can be done with either a knife or a saw or simply by shaping the molded insulation by hand PASTE A cold water paste made from organic ma terials and furnished in dry powder form Also used in reference to liquid silicate of soda paste which is resistant PIPE PROTECTOR Metal cap made of gauge aluminum and fastened with a tongue clasp Applied over exposed ends of pipe insulation PLASTIC WEATHERPROOFING An emulsion mixed with asbestos berof asphalt troweling con- sistency that is resistant to fire and weather CANVAS Cotton cloth used as jacketing for pipe . and equipment insulation Canvas jacketing is used in weights ranging from 2 to 8 oz per square yard Sewed canvas jacketing is generally an -oz canvas CEMENT Finish Cement soft This is a fibered asbestos cement mixed with a resistant binder wetting It may be given a hard surface by troweling and is used where there is little likelihood of Finish Cement berd This is a mixture of soft ce- ment and portland cement generally in the ratio of 1 of portland to 2 or 3 of asbestos by weight It pro- duces a harder finish and is resistant to occasional wetting Insulating Cement 85 Magnesia and diatoma- ceous silica in crushed form It is mixed with water and troweled in place POINTING UP Filling in of voids depressions etc. in insulation with cement REMOVABLE INSULATION Sometimes called portable insulation Consists of molded insulation either block or pipe insulation and a wire form con- replaced structed so that it can be removed and quickly and easily as often as necessary with minimum damage to itself or to the adjacent insulation ROSIN PAPER Sometimes called building paper A rosin sheathing paper weighing about 40 lb per roll of 500 sq ft longi- SHEET METAL JACKET A jacket made of galvan- ized iron equipped with circumferential and tudinal expansion joints when necessary Light met- als are also used in some cases jacketing Legging Cement Prepared from a polyvinyl ace tate plastic emulsion and used to cement material such as canvas to insulation Asphalt lap Cement An asphaltic sealing com- pound used to cement or seal saturated weatherproof jackets CLIPS Small pieces of metal which are welded to a surface prior to insulation application to secure wires or bands holding the insulation FIBROUS ADHESIVE A thick gummy silicate- cement base material having some asbestos fiber mixed with it and used where necessary to aid in applying insulation STAPLES Short iron staples applied with a stapling machine or hammered in with a hammer STRAPPING Signode Acme or similar metal strap- ping that can be pulled tight with tensioning tools WEATHERPROOFING FELT An asbestos felt jacketing impregnated or saturated with asphalt Also available coated with asphalt in addition to being impregnated Another type consists of an impregnated felt layer with an outer unsaturated layer for greater fire resistance . WIRE Annealed iron copper galvanized steel copperweld and monel wire the gauge used depending upon the requirements of the particular installation 70 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. W. H. McAdams HEAT TRANSMISSION McGraw Book . Company 3rd edition 1954 2. Keenon and Keyes THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF STEAM John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1936 3. HEATING VENTILATING AIR CONDITIONING GUIDE American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Annual 4. B. McMillan HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH INSULATION IN THE MODERATE AND HIGH TEMPERATURE FIELDS STATE- MENT OF THE EXISTING DATA ASME Transactions Yol 48 1926 5. H. Heilmon TRANSMISSION OF HEAT THROUGH INSULATION Mechanical Engineering July 1930 Vol 52 6. Marks MECHANICAL ENGINEERS HANDBOOK McGraw Book Company 5th Edition 1951 71 INDEX of ind Adhesive Sbrous description p 70 | al \ Air space as insulation p 7 47 Air velocity and surface resistance p 47 _ Application procedures sec Insulation application on Asbestos description of p 70 Asbestos cemEDI finish application of p 37 insulation of ducts breechings and flues p 28 insulation of fittings and valves p 19 Insulation of steam drums and drum beads p 25 insulation of steam headers and downcomer tubes p 26 , insulation of turbines p 29 insulation of cooled furnace walls p 23 Asbestos cloth finish application of p 40 insulation of turbines p 29 Asbestos products description of p 70 Asphalt lap cement description of P. 70 saturated asbestos felt application of p 38 Bands description of P. 70 Beading application of p 27 Biblography p 71 Block insulation application of p 22 combination 85 diatomaceous silica table of beat losses of p 67 description of p 10 85 Magnesia table of beat losses of p 66 Blocking in description of p 70 Bolts insulation to allow for removal of from Sanges p 20 from heaters and exchangers p 29 Breaking the joint broken joint description of p 70 Breechings insulation of p 27-28 Btu definition of p 48 Cable description of p 70 _ Calorie definition of p 46 Canvas description of P. 70 Canvas finish applied p 17 jacket p 35-36 Cement description of various types p 70 Cement insulating p 10 on fittings and valves p 19 Chicken wire see Wire netting mesh p 70 Clips description of p 70 Combination insulation description of p 10-11 heat losses tables of p 61-85 67 Conductance definition of p 48 49 Conductance surface defnition of P. Conducton dehnition of p 48 Conductivity definition of p 48 Conductivity test test for 85 Magnesia and distomaceous silics p 44-46 Conductor definition of p 48 Conical bottom vessels insulation of P. 33 Convection definiton of p 48 Conves bottom vessels insulation of p 33 Cover plate insulation of p 29 Density definition of p 48 of 85 Magnesis p 11 -- Diatomaceous silica insulation description of p 10-11 trade names for p 65 Division wall tubes insulation of P. 26 Downcomer tubes insulation of p 26 Drum beads insulation of p 24-25 Drying saturated insulation p 42 Ducts insulation of p 27-28 Economical thickness of insulation p 14-15 Emissivity definition of p 48 of industrial surfaces value of p 57 Equipment insulation of see Insulation application on Exchangers insulation of p 29 . Expansion joints for metal jackets p 40 Expansion thermal of pipes table of p 51 Felt weatherproofing see Weatherproofing fel p 70 Finish cement description of p 70 Finishes application of p 35-40 asbestos cement p 37 asbestos cloth p 40 saturated asbestos felt P. 38 canvas jacket pasted p 35 canvas jacket sewed p 36 applied canvas p 35 metal jackets p 40 plastic weatherproofing p 38 removable panel p 39 resistant finish ser Asbestos cloth finish p 40 resistant insulation p 12 Fittings fanged areas of table of P. 53 insulation of p 19 pasted canvas jacket for p 35 Flange insulation application of p 20 asbestos cloth finish for P. 40 pasted canvas jacket for p 35 Flues insulation of P. 27-28 Furnace insulator . application of p 23 ' Enush of p 39 Gauge pressure definition of p 48 Headers steam insulation of p 26 Head's of heaters and exchangers insulation of p 29 of drums insulation of p 24-25 of shell and tube bundles insulation of p 29 Heat definition of p 49 Heat loss annual cost of graph of p 15 from sized piping p 47 Heat loss tables combination block insulation p 67 combination pipe insulation p 61-65 85 Magnesia block insulation p 66 56-57 pipe 85 Magnesia insulatiopn 58-60 borizontal bare steel pipes and fat surfaces p resistant finish sec Asbestos cloth finish Heat transfer rate of method of calculation p 5 Heat transmission theory p 44-47 Heaters insulation of p 29 Hex mesh see Wire netting mesh P. 70 temperature insulation see Diatomaceous silica Insulating cement description of p 70 Insulation air space value of p 47 combination p 10-11 definition of p 49 design cons erations p 13-14 drying of w saturated p 42 economical thickness of p 14-15 effect on pressure drop p 47 fallacies p 46 47 anishes p 35-40 resistant p 12 general discussion of p 7-9 history of p 7 maintenance p 41-4 molded forms p 9-10 repair of P. 42 structure of p 7-9 44 support of p 17 33 theory of p 7 resistant p 12 . Insulation application on bottom surface of equipment p 22 breechings p 27-28 cover plates p 29 downcomer tubes p 26 drum heads p 24-25 ducts p 27-26 equipment general discussion of p 22-34 equipment subject to expansion p 34 exchangers p 29 Sittings p 19 Langes p 20 Bues p 27-28 furnace walls cooled p 23 beaters p 29 irregular surfaces p 22 parallel piping p 19 pipes p 17-19 removable description of p 70 rotating equipment p 34 steam drums p 24-25 steam headers p 26 turbines p 29 valves p 19 vessels p 30-33 Jacket metal application of p 40 description of p 70 ' Jacket pasted canvas p 35 Jacket sewed canvas application of p 36 Joint broken description of p 70 expansion for metal jackets p 40 Lagging description of p 70 Lagging cement description of p 70 Latent heat definition of p 49 Magnesia 85 application procedures p 16-34 chemical structure of p 9 composition of p 7-9 economical thickness of p 14-15 resistant p 12 general discussion of p 7-9 heat losses tables of p 55-60 66 physical properses of p 11-12 physical structure of p 9 trade names fo p 68 resistant p 12 Maintenance of insulation p 41-42 Mb Mbh definition of p 49 Mean temperature defnition of p 49 Metal jackets p to Mitening description p 70 Molded forms p 5-10 Paste descripti mof p 70 Pipe horizontal bare steel heat losses from table of p 56-57 standard size of brass and copper table of P. 54 thermal expansion table of p 51 welded and seamless steel nominal weights table of p 50 79 aaa rey Pips insulation hear loss tables applicatioonf p of combination insulation p 61-65 _ 85 Magneps5i6-a80 . Sse parallel 19 pasted canvas jacket for P. 35 simplified thicknesses table of p 50 Pipe protector description of p 70 Plastic weatherproofing . | application of p 38 description of p 70 . maintenance p 42 |. Pointing up description of P. 70 Pressure absolute definition of P. atmospheric definition of p 48 drop in superheated steam line p 47 gauge defnition of p 46 saturation definition of p 49 Pyrometer definition of p 49 Radiation definition of p 49 Removable insulation description of p 70 for flanges p 20 for inspecting tube seats p 26 for water tube of furnace wall p 23 with metal covers for shell and tube bundle beads p 29 Removable panel finish p 39 Resistance thermal definition of p 49 Resistivity thermal definition of p 49 Roohing felt application of p 38 Rosin paper application of p 36 description of p 70 Rotating equipment insulation of p 34 Saturation definition of p 49 Saturation pressure definition of p 49 Sectional insulation application of p 17-19 description of p 8-10 Segmental insulation description of p 9-10 Sensible heat defnition of p 49 Sheathing paper application of P. 36 Shell of steam drum insulation of P. 24 Shell and tube bundle heads insulation of p 29 Specific heat definition of p 49 Staples description of p 70 . Steam definition of P. 49 flow velocity data p 47 pressure drop discussion of P. 47 temperature drop discussion of p 47 Steam drums insulation 24-25 5 - Steam beaders insulation of p 26 dulation of p 27 Strapping description of p 70 Superheat due sized piping p 47 Surface conductance definition of p 49 Surface resistance air velocity effect on p 46-47 Surface temperature and determination of beat loss p 46-47 Temperature absolute definition of p 48 drop in superbeated steam p 47 mean definition p 49 Therm definition of p 49 Thermal conductivity tests for p 44-46 of 85 Magnesia p 11 Thermal expansion of pipes tables of p 51 Thermal resistance definiton of p 49 Thermal resistivity de^nutionof p 49 Thickness of insulation determination of p 14-15 economical p 14-15 simplified thicknesses pipe insulation table of p 50 Trade p 69 Trade names p 66 Trade terms p 70 Tubes copper water tubes dimensions and weights table of p 55 division wall insulation of p 25 downcomer insulation of p 26 of cooled furnace walls insulation of p 23 Turbines insulation of p 29 Valves insulation of P. 19 pasted canvas jacket for P. 35 Velocity air effect on surface resistance of p 46-47 Vibration anchoring insulation against p 22 Vessels insulation of conical and convex bottom p 33 horizontal p 30 vertical p 32 cooled furnace walls finish for p 39 insulation of p 23 resistant insulation p 12 saturated insulation drying of p 42 Weatherproofing sec Plastic weatherproofing seamless Weatherproofing description of p 70 Weight welded steel pipe table of p 52 Wire description of p 70 loops applications of p 17 Wire netting mesh description of p 70 74