Document v1y355JZZM6dpOoexNz8BbaYb

Environmental Health Perspectives VoL 51, pp. 91-96,1983 Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Expressed by Lymphoid Cells from Rats with AsbestosInduced Peritoneal Mesothelioma towards Rat Fetal Cell by R. H. Stevens,* D. A. Cole,* H. F. Cheng,* J. A. Hodge* and L. A. Will* Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) directed towards rat fetal cells was evaluated in Fischer F344 young inbred male rats having asbestos-induced peritoneal mesothelioma. The tumors were induced by exposure to Canadian chrysotile B fibers and the CMI delineated by the injury and destruction brought about to 6- to 10-day-old primary fetal cell cultures by the so-called educated peripheral blood lymphoid-cells (PBLC) obtained from the cancer-bearing rats. A significant cytotoxicity was found to be expressed by the PBLCs, suggesting that during the development of mesothelioma, a cellular retrodifferentiation occurs, thereby educating the effectors to recognize a common determi nant existing in both the tumor and fetal cells. Educated PBLCs were produced from rats having endodermal tissue cancers (adenocarcinomas of the small bowel, colon and pancreas) and were found to also be cytotoxic to the fetal cultures, yet no injury was apparently inflicted upon cultured meso thelioma target cells by these effectors. These results suggested that the tumor education was spe cific and that probably a unique and different fetal component was being recognized by the effector cells obtained from the rats with lesions arising either in the mesodermal or endodermal tissue. Fur ther support for this concept was the failure of an antibody, specific to an oncofetal protein existing in endodermal lesions, to apparently recognize any common oncogenic proteins in the mesothe lioma. Preliminary studies have also been accomplished which suggests the existence of natural kill ing immune responses existing to the mesothelioma target cells. These results, in contrast to other recently reported findings, certainly intimate that asbestos-induced mesothelioma indeed results in host antitumor immune responses and that immune therapy along with immunodiagnosis may in ac tuality prove to serve an important clinical role in the management of this form of cancer. Introduction Numerous biochemical and immunological studies accomplished during the past two decades have ex tensively documented a close relationship existing on the molecular level between the degree of cellu lar differentiation and cancer. It was reported in these multifarious studies that cancer cells often possessed many of the molecular properties only as sociated with the fetal state, thus leading Uriel (1, 2) to postulate that cellular differentiation occurring during ontogeny and retrodifferentiation existing in "`Radiation Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. fDepartment of Veterinarian Microbiology, Iowa State Uni versity, Ames, IA 50011. cancer represents an inverse sequence of nucleocytoplasmic events. This resulting expression of fetal characteristics by cancer cells arising in the adult was proposed to represent an alternative of two convergent directions of a single chain of potentially reversible events. Consequently in comparison, the differentiation of a stem cell and retrodifferentia tion of a tumor could be assumed traveling through similar stages of nucleocytoplasmic expression, al though in an opposite sequence. This process of can cer being a state of retrodifferentiation has been proposed to be a means for morphological and func tional simplification which would uniformize origi nally distinct cell phenotypes and lead to a lower de pendency by the tumor on environmental require ments. (5). 92 STEVENS ETAL. Furthermore, it has been postulated that the de velopment of fetal characteristics by a tumor is a method whereby the malignant cells, like the fetus, might escape immunological destruction being lev ied upon it by the host (4). The concept of cancer possessing expressed fetal characteristics while being silent in normal adult differentiated cells has been extensively pursued in an attempt to develop a bioassay for identification of the disease. One of the most widely investigated fetal proteins found existing in cancer has been the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a glycoprotein originally isolated from human colorectal tumors nearly 17 years ago (5,6). The concentration of this oncofetal protein has been utilized under a variety of circumstances to evaluate clinically both tumor recurrences and the responses to palliative surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy of patients having various forms of cancer such as of the colon, pancreas, stomach, bi liary tract, breast, cervix, body of the uterus, ovary, lung, and neuroblastoma (7, 8). However, recently an analogous study of patients having mesothelioma failed to detect the presence of any carcinoembryoniclike material existing in such tumors (0). The in vestigators concluded that one possible explanation for the lack of CEA being present in such malignant cells was that ontogenetically, mesothelium and endoderm are quite different tissues; consequently, the antibody that was specifically generated to rec ognize the endodermal (colon) lesions might thus have failed to identify the mesothelioma embryoniclike components. We have recently focused our ef forts upon an attempt to establish whether such retrodifferentiation as seen in many other forms of cancer might also occur in the asbestos induced ani mal model of mesothelioma. Our findings now indi cate that rats having such tumors possess immuno logically educated peripheral blood lymphoid-cells (PBLCs) capable of recognizing fetal cells, thus sug gesting that mesothelioma does undergo a retrogenetic expression and a further search for fetal characteristics as possible tumor markers would be warranted. Materials and Methods Tumor Induction Young adult (200-250 g) male inbred Fischer F344 rats (F344/COBS CD F/CrL BR) were obtained from Charles River Breeding Labs (Wilmington, MA) and provided with commercial laboratory food (Purina Rat Chow) and water ad libitum. Tumors were in duced by the weekly intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg for 4 weeks (total = 100 mg) of a saline suspen sion of International Union Against Cancer (UICC) standard reference Canadian chrysotile B, kindly provided by the Medical Research Council, Johan nesburg, South Africa. The control animals were similarly injected with a saline suspension of Norite A carbon decolorizing (Fisher Scientific Co., Fairlawn, NJ) and a second group classified as normal rats were exposed to saline only. Cell Cultures Primary cell cultures were prepared from 6- to 10-day-old rat fetuses obtained from pregnant Fischer animals. The fetuses were removed under aseptic conditions, washed three times in 100 mL of 50mM phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) con taining 100 U penicillin-streptomycin (Grand Island Biological Co., Grand Island, NY), and were finely minced with a sharp scalpel in the culture media consisting of Ham's F-10 containing 10% heat-inacti vated fetal calf serum and 100 U penicillin-strepto mycin. The tissues were then placed in T-25 Falcon tissue culture flasks (Falcon Division of Becton Dick inson and Co., Oxnard, CA) and the cells were al lowed to attach and grow in a humid 95% air-5% C02 atmosphere at 37C. After 5 days, the media and debris were decanted and fresh growth media added to the flask. Confluent layers of cells were regularly obtained within 3 weeks. Cytotoxicity Assay The cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was evaluated by quantitating the increased release of radioiodinated peripheral and integral membrane proteins of injured and killed fetal cells brought about by sensi tized PBLCs obtained from the test rats as com pared with the designated controls. The procedure, which has previously been described in detail (10), consists of the following steps: single fetal cells were obtained from the cultures by treatment with 0.25% trypsin in the PBS at 37C for 5-20 min. A 3.7 MBq (100 pCi) aliquot of carrier-free125I-Na (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL), 6.2 nmole of lactoperoxidase (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO), and 100 nmole of H202 in 1 mL PBS were sequen tially added to 2-3 x 106 fetal cells contained in 1 mL of the PBS and the mixture allowed to incubate for 10 min. The reaction was quenched by the addition of culture media, and the cells were then washed six times with 35 volumes of the media through centri fugation at 400<7 for 15 min in order to remove any unbound radioiodine. Following the final wash, the cells were resuspended to a concentration of 6 to 16 x 103 cells/mL and a 500 pL aliquot placed in each of 24 wells of a Falcon 3008 multiwell test plate. This enzymatic labeling procedure represents a CYTOTOXICITY OF LYMPHOID CELLS 93 very mild method for in vitro radioiodination, as generally greater that 90% viability (trypan blue staining) and 70% to 80% plating efficiency have been observed for the target cells. Spontaneous re lease was less than 10% over the 18-hr study inter val. Effector lymphoid cells were obtained from a freely bleeding tail vein of the animals, and the PBLCs were partially purified by sedimentation through a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient (Gallard-Schlesinger, Carle Place, NY) according to the procedures described by Boyum (11). The PBLCs were washed with 5 mL of PBS and suspended in the culture me dia at a lymphoid celhtarget cell ratio of 100:1 (6 to 16 x 105 effector cells/mL). A 500 pL aliquot of the ef fector cells was then added to each well of the plated target cells according to the experimental de sign for best statistics as described by Brown and co-workers (12). Eighteen hours later, three 150 pL samples were removed from each well, and the quantity of iodine-125 released in the form of radio labeled membrane proteins from the injured and dead target cells was determined by using a Beck man 4000 gamma counter (Beckman Instruments, Irvine, CA). Cytotoxicity was calculated according to the following formulas: Natural CMI = --^C+T)-(T)----- x 100 (T) Tumor CMI = --(ET+r)~ ^c+T)-- x 10o (Ec+D where the released radioactivity is determined under the designated conditions, with ET, Ec being, respectively, the effector PBLCs isolated from the mesothelioma and control rats and T represents the radioiodinated target cells. Significance was estab lished by application of a single-tailed Student's ttest. Results and Discussion Several studies that have been reported during the past 6 years have noted that mesothelioma cells apparently fail to elicit host antitumor immune re sponses. For example, Embleton and colleagues (13) were unable to detect any cell-mediated immunity using target cultures derived from pleural effusions of patients with pleural mesothelioma and mononu clear effector cells from such individuals. Similarly, Brown et al. (14) reported that asbestos-induced transplantable rat mesothelioma cells do not exhibit tumor-associated transplantation antigens. This was deduced by the failure of such cells to bring forth immune responses capable of inhibiting subsequent growth of the transplantable mesothelioma upon re challenge. It was concluded that this work sup ported the concept that tumors of long latent peri ods fail to stimulate host rejection through cell-sur face expression of tumor-associated transplantation antigens. In contrast, our recent studies have sug gested that such cancer cells do indeed have proper ties capable of inducing host immune responses, based upon our observations of cell-mediated immu nity in rats having intraperitoneal asbestos-induced mesothelioma (15). Several factors among the exper iments could account for the different observa tions, such as the method for establishing immunity, whether or not a primary or transplantable tumor model was being investigated, and so forth. Our current findings now indicate that these socalled tumor-educated PBLCs that are obtained from the asbestos-exposed rats are capable of recog nizing in addition to cancer cell components, fetal characteristics as distinguished by significant CMI being expressed towards fetal target cells (Table 1). We contrasted the ability of these effector cells to lyse the fetal cells to two different controls: rats ad ministered charcoal particulate and those injected with isotonic saline. The total CMI expressed is not significantly different when comparing these two types of controls. The charcoal-exposed animals were not seen to possess PBLCs capable of exhibit ing any different measurable lytic responses toward such targets when contrasted to the saline exposed rats (Table 2). These observations might possibly be interpreted as the education of PBLCs toward some type of a cellular component which is similar in both the asbestos-induced neoplastic cells as well as ex isting normally in the fetal cells, i.e., a retrogenetic expression might have occurred in the mesothe lioma. Table 1. Cell-mediated immunity expressed towards rat fetal cells by peripheral blood lymphoid cells obtained from rats bearing asbestos-induced mesothelioma. CMP Animal Charcoal Saline 1 3.3 0.7 6.6 0.6 2 9.2 0.7 14.0 1.1 3 3.8 0.8 2.4 0.9 4 4.9 1.0 1.3 0.6 5 13.3 0.5 -- Total 6.9 1.9 6.1 2.9 individual values represent the mean SD (N = 36); total is the mean SE for the individual animals. CMI calculated by the differences in observed release occurring in the presence of PBLCs from the test compared to charcoal-exposed rats or test compared to normal saline-injected rats. The differences were significant to p < 0.01 for all of the individual test rats as com pared to their designated controls. 94 STEVENS ETAL. On the basis of our previous studies (16) and the present results, we believe that tumor-bearing rats with both gastrointestinal lesions and asbestosinduced mesotheliomas all possess PBLCs generally capable of recognizing fetal cells (Table 3). Appar ently, there is a definite specificity that is exhibited by such effectors toward tumor targets, with those effectors obtained from animals having GI tumors (small bowel, colon, pancreas) capable of recognizing only tumor targets derived from endodermal lesions and the PBLCs acquired from rats with mesothe lioma recognizing solely the mesodermal-derived targets (Table 4). A large CMI difference was mea sured for the tumor-bearing rat responses because the animals in the study were not controlled with regards to their tumor burden; however, exact com parisons were made to the corresponding controls with regard to age, size, time since exposure, etc. Consequently, the reported errors appear large for group comparisons, but between individual tumor and its specific control, the CMI was always signifi cant to greater than a p < 0.01 level. During the past several years, there have been numerous stud ies documenting the existence of natural cell-medi ated cytotoxicity to tumor cells in mice, rats, and humans (17). The subpopulation of lymphocytes found to be responsible for this natural resistance to cancer have been termed NK (natural killer) cells Table 2. Cell-mediated immunity expressed towards rat fetal cells by peripheral blood lymphoid cells obtained from rats exposed to charcoal. Animal CMP 1 0.0 2 0.7 0.7 3 0.0 4 0.0 5 0.7 0.5 Total 0.3 0.2 a Cytotoxicity was calculated by the quantity of radioiodinated membrane proteins of the fetal target cells brought about by effector cells obtained from rats exposed to charcoal particulate as compared to animals injected with saline only. Individual values represent the mean SE {N = 36); total ex presses the mean SE for the individual animals. (18). Our studies now indicate that such NK effects are also expressed towards mesothelioma target cells (Table 5). While we are currently establishing whether NK cells in addition exert such cytotoxic ity towards fetal cells, we can eliminate their contri bution to the present results. This is because, in the definition that we have applied for tumor CMI, the NK levels are eliminated through subtraction: Tumor CMI = [(specific tumor effects + NK) - (NK effects)] (NK effects) Consequently, the values we are now reporting represent increased specific effects brought about by the effector cells obtained from the rats having mesothelioma. Two interpretations can be offered for the fetal cell destruction. One is that the target cells consisted of a mixture containing both endoder mal and mesodermal cells, each type having its own unique fetal characteristic common only to that spe cific type of tumor. A second explanation could be that the effectors were educated to recognize at least two types of cellular components, one found only associated with that specific form of cancer while a second was common to all fetal cells. In an attempt to differentiate between these two Table 3. Cell-mediated immunity expressed towards fetal target cells by peripheral blood lymphoid cells obtained from various tumor-bearing rats. Effector cell source (tumor model)3 CMIb Small bowel Colon Pancreas Mesothelioma 7.4 2.1 W = 4) 15.1 3.1 UV = 3) 17.9 6.1 (N = 3) 6.5 1.6 W = 9) aEffector cells were obtained from rats having adenocarci nomas induced in the small bowel by X-rays {22); in colon by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (23); in pancreas by implantation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene {2-4); and in mesothelioma by the intraperitoneal exposure to asbestos. bValues represent mean SE of a group of N animals uncon trolled for tumor burden. Each tumor-bearing rat had signifi cant ip < 0.01) CMI compared to its designated control. Table 4. Cell-mediated immunity expressed towards tumor target cells by peripheral blood lymphoid cells obtained from tumor-bearing rats. Tumor target cells Small bowel Effector cell source (tumor model)3 Colon Pancreas Mesothelioma Small bowel Colon Pancreas Mesothelioma 20.5 8.3 (7) 8.8 4.0 (7) 7.4 2.8 (7) 0.0 0.15 (2) 0.0 0.04 (7) 21.9 19.6 (6) 12.8 6.5 (8) 7.7 3.1 (6) 0.0 0.09 (8) 0.0 0.06(7) 0.0 0.07 (5) 9.5 2.6 (3) &Adenocarcinomas were induced in the designated tissues as described in Table 3. Values represent the mean SE of a group of N rats uncontrolled for their tumor burden. CYTOTOXICITY OF LYMPHOID CELLS 95 Table 5. Natural cell-mediated immunity of saline control rats expressed to asbestos-induced mesothelioma target cells. Animal CMP 1 26.3 0.5 2 11.2 0.4 3 2.3 0.3 4 8.7 1.7 5 17.9 0.6 6 31.2 0.5 Total 16.2 4.5 aValues represent the mean SD {N = 36) of individual animals while the total expressed the mean for the individ ual animals. explanations, we have been utilizing a xenogenic an tiserum that specifically recognizes a common tumorassociated fetal antigen existing only in endodermal lesions (19-21) in a search for similar fetal proteins in mesothelioma. At the present time, we have been unable to demonstrate that such anti bodies are capable of recognizing any such compo nents in the asbestos-induced lesions. Certainly, the failures to date may simply be the result of onco fetal concentration differences and of the titer of the antiserum being such that it is incapable of de tecting these fetal proteins in mesothelioma; for this reason a monoclonal antibody to the endodermal on cofetal protein is presently under preparation. It is also very possible that the educated effector cell specifically recognizes a component common solely to the tumor and its fetal cell counterpart; as a con sequence, the general fetal cell cytotoxicity may be due simply to a mixture of cell types in the target culture. Wang and co-workers (9) similarly had re ported they were unable to detect any CEA in patients with mesothelioma when employing an an tiserum generated to a colon tumor component. We believe, based upon the results of these studies, that the failures can most likely be attributed to the type of antiserum utilized, and that with the devel opment of the appropriate antibodies generated to the mesothelioma, rather than endodermal cancers, then fetal components will be identified. Additional evidence has now been provided in this study to implicate a role for antitumor immune responses both specific and nonspecific to asbestosinduced mesothelioma in the rat. There appears to be a retrogenetic expression occurring in the cancer cells as shown by the capability of tumor-educated effector cells to injure normal fetal cells. Whether this represents a general phenomenon for all meso dermal derived tumors remains to be elucidated, and we currently are pursuing similar investiga tions with other such cancers. Although our work is still inconclusive, we believe that it is quite pre mature to discount utilizing immunodiagnosis or im munotherapy for patients with mesothelioma. Authors are indebted to Susan Barnett and Patricia Blay lock for their excellent secretarial assistance in the prepara tion of this manuscript. This investigation was supported by grants R01-ES02352-03 awarded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. REFERENCES 1. Uriel, J. Transitory liver antigens and primary hepatomas in man and rat. Pathol. Biol. 17: 877 (1969). 2. Uriel, J. 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