Document v1bBpQoLZnn7qgrjpqrDxKJn8
Cliarig Ih ta PhoP, prtax Corporation, f USA
US00002747
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. .SFACIANTS US00002748
DC-10 (Caafhieafd Fl, SCB| Crash A w al I,AM fCiardi f :1S?S| Aff F (Light wafer} me: lea Fees saved oaf of IMQ
. SURFACTANTS US00002749
Engine Fir#, Flay EE 201
KAL FL 27uir 16 LLb b I /71S neopfe on Loarcl
. .SFACIANTS US00002750
E n g lu e R n s , J u n e 2 ? , 201.8
H. $Q3dSf233 passenger/39 c^w ad safalv evacuated
. .SFACIANTS US00002751
4
US00002752
The Fire Triangle
. SURFACTANTS US00002753
The mechanism of film formation on a fuel surface by aqueous film-forming foams -
from "Principles of Fire Protection Chemistry" (1976) by Richard L. Tuve
i. angrnuir- oriented
. U5 FACTAMTS
US00002754
Expansion Ratio
l 2
Density (g/cc)
1 (Solution) 0.50
%Air (by volume)
0 50%
4 0.25 75% 6 0.17 83% 8 0.13 88% 10 0.10 90% 12 0.08 92% 14 0.07 93% 16 0.06 94% 20 0.05 95%
' Crirical Point: air bubbles are completely spherical and they touch each other at one point.
Foam Class Low Expansion Foam Medium Expansion Foam High Expansion Foam
Expansion Ratio* 2 - <20 20-200 >200
* Expansion ratio =Volume of foam generated/Volume of liquid used
Density of Hydrocarbon Fuels (@25-'C): Octane: 0.70; Heptane: 0.68; Gasoline: 0.73
. SURFACTANTS US00002755
Average bubble thickness: 0.05-0.1mm (50-1OOp)
1
'/ Foam solution (A FFF, FP, P, etc.) Exp. Ratio: 6-10
>
Average bubble diameter: ~0.5 mm (500p)
( St~\{IhI e**. f 1 ii fv>~, d**, *i*lv"l i<l*ly I11I*J* li>J-s l1f" es"* \I
I I V#' I i i
I i i ^w# 1W I Iw# i w * #
Reference: FOAMSPEX: Large Scale Foam Application - Modeling of Foam Spread and Extinguishment, SP Report 2001:13
2. 226
P. f>i; - 4 Y / f (LaPlace eq.)
P,: pressure inside P0: pressure outside T: surface tension r: radius of bubble
i l Jii>toeveiiaE1
blib\
(Restoring force)
Elastici tv - b A ftlT /d A i
eoc:
T FLOOR OS US FACI ANTS
US00002756
Reference: Arnaud Saint-Jalmes, "Physical chemistry in foam drainage and coarsening," Soft Matter, 2006, 2, 836-849
iMatt'mt
Borilrr
Oiin Films
Drainage occurs through Plateau borders and nodes by gravity end cepHloro force.
SURFACTANTS US00002757
Air (or oil A -V 3. X -i, A
,,!. vt .
.'V
Water
w ;-r h V Micelle
;
A
A-' 'O'Na1
fi
i.H, '
!!; !:,
H. r:, li2 H-.
/ f: X -... / fi \i.,.A fi"X' ...XC\ ,t.;X f'i'\ A fi X ,!..,/ 0\ ,,i.X
H, H: H-, H; Hj H: H;
URFAC1ANTS US00002758
SURFACTANTS
US00002759
Sodium Octy? Sulfate (Anionic surfactant)
Oleophilic (oil loving) hydrocarbon "tail" Hydrophilic "head" group
Heptane (hydrocarbon fuel)
Cocamidopropy; Betaines and Hydroxy Suitsines (Amphoteric surfactants)
lauryl Poiyglycosides (Nonionic surfactant)
. .SFACINTS US00002760
SLripCitO ji.Y; 20 - 12, l l
Oleophobic (oil/fuel repellent) fluorinated "tail" Hydrophilic "head" group
FF FF
F
'V'S m m m m m |
# ig |ig S w
F FF FF
C6 (6:2) Fluorotelomer surfactant
; Currently available: ; C6 Purity: >99% i PFOA: trace (ppb levels) ; PFOA precursors: trace (ppb levels) ; PFOS: None
versus
F p pp F p f
p f F FF F O
s< w
FFFFFFFF
OH
PFOS (C8)
PFOA (C7)("C8")
"Teflon" Polymer (Repeating units)
. SURFACTANTS US00002761
Fayfar c o m p o n e n t s n AFFFl FEuoiosyiiactants it Hyclrocaffeoa s u r f a c t a n t s (other
components: solvents, water, etc.)
Their inherent _ - -a
^ ^a/a^iy ha-init provides fuel repellency to foam.
Their a t n n a k e it possible for the foam solution (16 -18 dyne/cm) to spread spontaneously on hydrocarbon fuel (Ss/F > 0 )
Impa rt fia a ijis is ia rita to foa m.
Hydrocarbon Surfactants:
Used mainly as a foaming agent. (Remember pure liquids don't foam!)
Inherent oleophilicitv (oil/fuel loving) leads to easy fuel contamination of foam.
Provides low interfacial tension between foam solution and fuel to meet the positive spreading conditions.
. SURFACTANTS US00002762
,^
4 (W.D. Harkin (1922))
[A measure of the driving force for one liquid to spontaneously spread across another.)
> S ; Liquid 2 spreads spontaneously on liquid I; ,* Liquid I spreads spontaneously on liquid 2
Example: AFFFfoam sohdfon (d-H ,0} spontaneously spreads on the surface of cyclohexane (d-0,78} forming a duplex fdw dld-dOp thick).
AFFF F3 (RF6)
24 24
16.4 4.3 26.4 2.4
+4.3 -11.9 -4.8 0
Surface tension unit: dyne/cm
*Reference: Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski, Ted H. Schaefer and Eric M. Kennedy,
"Perform ance o f Replacem ents fo r Fluorine-containing A FFF/' 3 rd Reebok Foam Sem inar (2007)
. SURFACTANTS US00002763
Attract! Heptane
Fluorine-free Poem Bobble
AFFF Foam Bubble
, \U /,
'tvC ni ,i <
* Air
' V \ . `HTiA#i -AVir "
Hydrocarbon Surfactant (Hydrocarbon tails; Oleophilic}
|'V W ' Fluorosurfactant{Fluorocarbontails: Oleophobic)
Repel! Heptane
:Ik---:-kJ;--ikM:ksik'kk-lLk-jkk'k''''n':'w' t'is,''
. SURFACTANTS US00002764
www.voutube.com : "Flammable Firefighting Foams"
FLUOR O S U5 FA CI AN T5
US00002765
AF FF Foam
FLUOR O S U5 FA CI AN T5
US00002766
f3 fo a m
FLUOR O S UR FA C AN &
US00002767
Test Foam Agent
Flammability and Sustained Burning
Iso-Octane
Gasoline
n-Heptane
Cyclohexane
Product A (6%) Product B (3%/6%) Product C (3%) Product D (3%/3%) Product E (3%/6%)
All ignited and burned away
Product 1 (AFFF-3%) Product 2-AR-AFFF-3%/3% Product 3-AR-AFFF-3%/3% Product 4-AR-AFFF-l%/3%
None ignited or burned at all
Note: Due to its high (>38C) flash point, Jet A1 -contaminated foams could not be ignited at ambient temperature.
Reference: Chang Jho, International Fire Fighter, 41, Issue 36 (2012)
. iUSFACIAMTS
US00002768
Test F3 Foam
Produc 1 (3% AFFF Base) Base + DX1025* (0.035%F in concentrate) Base + DX1025 (0.042%F in concentrate)
%F from DX1025
None 0.035
F la m m a b ility (Cyclohexane) Flash/Sustained Burning? Yes/Yes Yes/
Product B (3%/6% AR Product) Product B + DX1025 (0.42%F in concentrate) Product B + DX1025 (0.60%F in concentrate) Product B + Dxl025 (0.65%F in concentrate)
None 0.42 0.60
Yes/Yes Yes/Yes Yes/Yes
j C j j.. Ti.
Product F (3%/6% AR Product)
None
Product F + DX1025 (0.50%F in concentrate)
0.50
Product F + DX1025 (0.60%F in concentrate)
0.60
Product F + DX1025 (0.65%F in concentrate)
*0X1025: All C6 (>99%) Fluorotelomer surfactant from Dynax
Yes/Yes Yes/Yes Yes/yes
. SURFACTANTS
US00002769
Test Foam Agent
50% Foam Collapse Tim e (m in) Iso-Octane | G asoline 1 n-H eptane Cyclohexane
Product A (6%) Product B (3%/6%) Product C (3%) Product D (3%/3%) Product E (3%/6%)
>30 4.6 13.4
>30 9.5
7.1
>30 4.5 23.0
12.8
5.5
3.7
14.1
6.7
9.3
9.5 6.3 8.7 7.4 8.7
Product 1 (AFFF-3%) Product 2 (AR-AFFF-3%/3%) Product 3 (AR-AFFF-3%/3%) Product 4 (AR-AFFF-1%/3%)
>30
JetA l
>30 >30 >30 >30 20
Reference: Chang Jho, International Fire Fighter, 41, Issue 36 (2012)
. SURFACTANTS
US00002770
. SURFACTANTS
US00002771
Test Foam Agent
G asoline
Foam Solution over Fuel n-H eptane Iso-Octane* Cyclohexane
Product A (6%) Product B (3%/6%) Product C (3%) Product D (3%/3%) Product E (3%/6%)
None of the foam solutions spread or sealed (All burned)
Product 1 (AFFF-3%)
Product 2 (AR-AFFF-3%/3%)
All foam solutions spread and sealed
Product 3 (AR-AFFF-3%/3%)
(No burning)
Product 4 (AR-AFFF-1%/3%)
^Spreading on Iso-Octane was hard to detect, but sealing was confirmed by no burning.
F3 Foam Solution
R e fe re n ce : Chang Jho, international Fire Fighter, 41, Issue 36 (2012)
. SURFACTANTS
US00002772
Test Foam Agent
! Iso-O ctan e
Fuel over Foam Solution
G asoline
n-H eptane
C ycloh exan e
Jet A l
Product A (6%) Product B (3%/6%) Product C (3%) Product D (3%/3%) Product E (3%/6%)
Spreading (30%)* Spreading ( ) Spreading (40%) Spreading (80%) Spreading (20%) Spreading ( ) Spreading (40%) Spreading (80%) Spreading (20%) Spreading (80%)
Spreading (40%) Spreading (20%) Spreading (20%) Spreading (20%) Spreading (15%)
Spreading (20%) Spreading (20%) Spreading (15%) Spreading (20%) Spreading (20%) Spreading (15%) Spreading (15%) Spreading (15%) 3 ! l&
Product 1 (AFFF-3%) Product 2 (AR-AFFF-3%/3%) Product 3 (AR-AFFF-3%/3%) Product 4 (AR-AFFF-1%/3%)
* Numbers in parentheses Indicate % spread area.
None of the fuels spread over foam solution
R e fe re n ce : Chang Jho, International Fire Fighter, 41, Issue 36 (2012)
. .SFACIN TS
US00002773
t" t- rj em t" f*i
50' <'
H ) LL, U_
.11. u_ u . u. b_ ft.
Of DC f E U_ IL
AVGAS and heptane
*Foam Sealability Test (Annex A): Pan: 59.5 cm dia/10.2 cm depth w/conical bottom Fuel: Avgas
Conclusion : "...b es t-perform ing FfreeF formulation (RF6) provided about 30% o f the durability o f an AFFF fo r protection against evaporation of low-flashpoint flam m able liguids."
Reference: Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski, Ted H. Schaefer and Eric M. Kennedy, "Perform ance o f Replacem ents fo r Fluorine-containing AFFF," 3rd R eeb ck Foam Sem inar (2007) & Fire Technology, 44(3), 297-309 (2008)
. SURFACTANTS
US00002774
m AFFF IMnction
AFFF had:a wuich la tte r foam lifetime than fluorine-free, RF6, when exposed In fieptane^ ftaBrliiatisfi apprafs'lip isd iic s dl^jraitatioit
* The presence of fuel effluences lis g i degradation w iih ifffoam lifetim e changing Ir a n
ewer an hour o n water to j rojnates on n-tieplaiie:, dqgradsion sew : during extinction may be aed: by fuel and: not poof temperature ' '1F6 degradation tim e scale relevant to extinction tim e scales (1-2 m iddles!, could be rilncling eainctiiJii perfunm itE
* Reference: Katherine Hinnant, Ramagopal Ananth, Michael Conroy, and Bradley Williams, "Evaluating the Difference In Foam
Degradation betw een Fluorinated and Fluorine-free foam s fo r Im proved Pool Fire Suppression," ARL-TARDEC Fire Protection Information Exchange M eeting, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, October 14, 2015
. SURFACTANTS
US00002775
;ili^ E ll^
Heat resistance of foam
*Fundamentai differences between AfTF end F3 teems
.SFACIAN TS
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Dynirii Contact Info; Chang Jho, 79 Westchester Avenue, PO Sox 285, Pound Ridge, ?4Y 19576 USA Tap 514 T64-5202 T-m: 314 *764-0533 a-rnail; cha?g.Jh-o@dynaxcorp.com
US00002778