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ST08S2488 TOXICITY OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC SOLVENTS Revised in consultation with the Toxicology Committee By ETHEL BROWNING Reprinted by permission of the Controller of Her Britannic Majestys Stationery Office British Crown Copyright 1953 CHEMICAL PUBLISHING CO., INC. 212 Fifth Avenue New York, N. Y. ST0852489 Revised American Edition 1953 CHEMICAL PUBLISHING COi, INC. 212 Fifth Avenue New York 10, N. Y. Prinied in the United States of America ST0852490 MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL The Right Hon. the Earl of Limerick, K.C.B., D.S.O. (Chairman) Sir Gboffrby Vickers, V.C. (Treasurer) Group Captain C. A. B. Wilcock, O.B.E., A.F.C., M.P. Sir Pbrctval Hartley, C.B.E., M.C., D.Sc., F.R.S. Professor J. McMichael, M.D., F.R.C.P. Professor W. E. Lb Gros Clark, M.D., D.Sc., F.R.C.S., F.R.S. Professor F. G. Young, D.Sc., F.R.S. Professor G. L. Brown, C.B.E., M.Sc., M.B., F.R.S. Professor Sir James Learmonth, K.C.V.O., C.B.E., Ch.M., F.R.C.S. Professor G. R. Cameron, D.Sc., M.B., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. Professor Aubrey J. Lewis, M.D., F.R.C.P. Sir Jambs Spbnce, M.C., D.Sc., M.D., F.R.C.P. Sir Harold Himsworth, K.C.B.. M.D., F.R.C.P. (Secretary) A. Landsborough Thomson, C.B., O.B.E., D.Sc. (,Second Secretary) ST085249 I TOXICOLOGY COMMITTEE Professor E. J. King, D.Sc. {Chairman) A. J. Amor, C.B.E., M.Sc., M.D. Professor J. H. GadDum, Sc.D., M.R.C.S., F.R.S. R. A. E. Galley, Ph.D., F.R.I.C. Donald Hunter, M.D., F.R.C.P. E. R. A. Merbwether, C.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.P. W. D. M. Paton, M.A., B.M. Sir Rudolph A. Peters, M.C., M.D., F.R.S. J. Davidson Pratt, C.B.E., B.Sc. Professor J. R. Squire, M.D., F.R.C.P. J. Walker, D.Sc. Professor R. T. Williams, D.Sc. J. M. Barnes, M.B. (Secretary) ST 0852U92 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION In response to a request from the Home Office in 1935, the Council undertook to investigate the possibility that various volatile substances, used industrially as solvents and often in enormous quantities, might injure the health of the workers handling them. A special Committee on the Toxicity of Industrial Solvents, under the chairmanship of Sir Joseph Barcroft, was appointed to advise on this matter. At the time when the Committee was formed, there was, to quote the Preface to the First Edition of this Report, " a clear need for research into the possible effect of substances that seem open to suspicion, either through having a chemical constitution closely allied to that of compounds already proved to be dangerous or through complaints of ill-health among those who constantly use them. As a first step, however, it was plainly desirable to take stock of existing knowledge of the subject." The Committee therefore asked Dr. Ethel Browning to compile a summary of the available information on such solvents as were then in general use. Issued in 1937 as No. 80 in the Council's Series of Industrial Health Research Board Reports, it was almost the only publication of its kind in existence and, although not exhaustive, was for practical purposes sufficiently detailed to show the extent of the problem and to indicate the most suitable points of attack. Requests for copies came from all parts of the world, and the demand continued for some years after the edition had gone out of print. Consequently, in 1946 it was decided that the Report should be re-issued, having first been revised and also enlarged to include those solvents which had come into use since the first edition was prepared. Fortunately, Dr. Browning was willing to undertake the formidable task of revision, and the Council would like to take the opportunity of expressing their thanks to her for the care with which she has completed it. The original Committee had not met during the War, and the responsibility for supervising the new edition, on which Dr. Browning was already working, fell to the Toxicology Committee, appointed in 1947 under the chairmanship of Professor G. R. Cameron. In discussing what additions or changes might be made, the Committee decided that the new edition, like the old, should be limited to substances used primarily as solvents, and that the Report should retain its original form as a compendium of information rather than attempt a critical review of the published literature. In recent years a number of new books dealing with industrial toxicology have been published. Most of them cover a wider field than this Report, but do not deal so comprehensively with the industrial solvents. This new edition, with its extensive bibliography covering the years up to 1948, should be a valuable source of references for medical officers and others responsible for the health of workers concerned with the manufacture, transport and use of organic solvents. Mbdical Research Council, 38 Old Queen Street, London, S.W.l. ST 0852U93 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I: Hydrocarbons PAGE 1. Benzene.............................. 3 2. Toluene........................... 46 3. Xylene.............................. 55 4. Ethylbenzene .. .. 63 5. Cumene.............................. 64 6. Tetrahydronaphthalene .. 65 7. Decahydronaphthalene .. 68 8. Methylated naphthalenes 69 9. Coal tar solvent naphtha 70 10. Petroleum spirit .. 11. Benzine 12. White spirit 13. cyc/oHexane 14. Methylcyc/ohexane 15. Turpentine 16. Dipentene 17. cyc/oPentadiene .. 18. Dityc/opentadiene PAOE .. 74 .. 79 .. 93 .. 94 .. 98 .. 100 .. 106 .. 106 .. 107 CHAPTER II: Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 1. Methylene dichloride 2. Chloroform .. 3. Carbon tetrachloride 4. jym.-Dichloroethane 5. Tetrachloroethane 6. Pentachloroethane 7. Dichloroethylene .. 122 .. 124 .. 128 149 .. 154 163 165 8. Trichloroethylene 9. Perchloroethylene 10. Propylene dichloride 11. Amyl chloride 12. Amylene dichloride 13. Monochlorobenzene 14. 0-Dichlorobenzene .'. 169 .. 182 .. 185 .. 186 .. 187 .. 187 .. 189 CHAPTER III: Alcohols 1. Methyl alcohol .. 2. Wood spirit .. 3. Ethyl alcohol .. 4. /j-Propyl alcohol .. 5. iroPropyl alcohol 6. n-Butyl alcohol .. 7. sec.-Butyl alcohol 8. iroButyl alcohol 9. ter/.-Butyl alcohol 10. Amyl alcohol .. 202 .. 216 .. 217 222 .. 224 .. 227 .. 230 .. 231 231 .. 232 11. Methylirobutylcarbinol 12. cyc/oHexanol .. .. 13. Methylcyc/ohexanol ,. 14. Allyl alcohol .. .. 15. Benzyl alcohol .. .. 16. Diacetone alcohol .. 17. Ethylene chlorohydrin .. 18. Monochlorohydrin .. 19. Dichlorohydrin .. .. 236 236 239 241 242 244 246 250 251 CHAPTER IV: Ethers 1. Ethyl ether 2. /fyS'-Dichloroethyl ether.. 3. iroPropyl ether .. .. 4. Propylene oxide .. .. 261 266 267 268 5. Dioxan.............................. 268 6. Methylal.............................. 274 7. Acetal .............................. 274 8. Paraldehyde .. 276 CHAPTER V: Esters 1. Methyl formate 2. Ethyl formate 3. n-Butyl formate 4. Amyl formate 5. Benzyl formate 6. Methyl acetate .. .. .. .. .. 281 281 284 285 286 286 vii 7. Ethyl acetate .. 8. n-Propyl acetate .. 9. iroPropyl acetate 10. n-Butyl acetate .. 11. sec.-Butyl acetate 12. iroButyl acetate .. .. 289 293 .. 294 .. 295 .. 298 .. 298 ST0852494 CONTENTS CHAPTER V: Emu--continued 13. Amyl acetate .............. 14. sec.-Hexyl acetate 15. cyc/oHexyl acetate 16. Methylcyc/ohexyl acetate 17. Butoxyl......................... 18. Benzyl acetate 19. n-Butyl propionate 20. Amyl propionate 21. /r-Butyl butyrate PAGE 299 306 306 308 308 309 311 311 312 PAGE 22. Methyl benzoate 312 23. Ethyl benzoate 313 24. Ethyl lactate 313 25. Butyl lactate 314 26. Amyl lactate 314 27. Ethyl hydroxy/jobutyrate 315 28. Diethyl carbonate 315 29. Dialkyl carbonates 316 30. Diethyl oxalate 316 CHAPTER VI: Ketones 1. Acetone......................... 2. Methyl acetone 3. Acetone oils 4. Methyl ethyl ketone 5. Methyl iwbutyl ketone .. 320 327 328 328 331 6. Mesityl oxide 331 7. cyc/oHexanone 333 8. Methylcyc/ohexanone .. 334 9. Isophorone 335 CHAPTER VII: Glycols and Their Derivatives 1. Ethylene glycol .. 2. Ethylene glycol mono- methyl ether 3. Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether ......................... 4. Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether monoacetate 5. Ethylene glycol diethyl ether......................... 6. Ethylene glycol mono-n- butyl ether 340 345 348 351 352 353 7. Ethylene glycol mono acetate ......................... 8. Ethylene glycol diacetate 9. Diethylene glycol 10. Diethylene glycol mono ethyl ether 11. Diethylene glycol mono-n- butyl ether 12. Diethylene glycol mono acetate ......................... 13. Dipropylene glycol 355 356 356 358 360 360 361 CHAPTER VIII: Amines and Coal Tar Bases 1. cyc/oHexylamine 2. Dicyc/ohexylamine 3. Ethanolamines .. 365 4. Pyridine......................... 365 5. Picoline......................... 366 367 371 CHAPTER IX: Nitro-compounds 1. Nitromethane 2. Nitropropanes 373 373 3. Nitrobutanes 4. Nitrobenzene 375 376 CHAPTER X: Miscellaneous Compounds 1. Carbon disulphide 2. Acetic acid 3. Acetic anhydride 4. Cresols .... 380 5. Dimethyl sulphate 392 6. Silicones and silane inter 392 mediates 393 395 397 viii ST 0852495 TOXICITY OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC SOLVENTS INTRODUCTION The following Report summarizes the existing available information about the effects on animals and man of the various solvents used in industry. The literature from which the Report has been compiled is widely scattered in various books and scientific periodicals, and although much trouble has gone towards its composition, completeness of the references cannot be vouched for. More over, new work is being published at frequent intervals, and the bibliography must rapidly cease to be up to date. The main object in the collection and publication of these data is the avoidance of poisoning from the use of these solvents, some of which are used on a vast scale in industry. To suggest the ease with which intoxication could occur, and to emphasize the importance of finding appropriate measures for its prevention, the following figures are quoted from statistical records. The Annual Abstracts of Statistics shows that in the United Kingdom in 1950 the consumption of ethyl alcohol as 68 O.P. spirit was 36-8 million gallons; that of methyl alcohol was 72,000 tons. The Ministry of Fuel and Power's Statistical Digest records that, in 1951, the total production of different fractions of benzol, excluding motor and aviation spirits, was 15-2 million gallons, of which 9-2 million gallons were the `pure' solvent; the total production of toluol was 8-7 million gallons, of which 4-9 million gallons were `pure'. Similar figures for other solvents are not readily available, but these few are surely impressive enough to indicate the need for investigation. It is often difficult to determine, should illness occur in a worker or group of workers, whether or not this is due to the toxic action of chemical agents, and, if so, which particular agent is responsible. This difficulty is often in creased by the slow development of symptoms which may occur after pro longed or intermittent exposure to low concentrations. The direct method of determining the possible and relative toxicity of a substance to man is by experi ments with that substance on man himself, under conditions as nearly as possible parallel to those under which a worker is exposed. Experiments on man, however, are not justified, and the indirect method using experiments on animals in the laboratory must therefore be adopted. Owing to the expense and difficulties of housing large animals, preliminary investigations are nearly always made on large numbers of small animals, although no general rules can be laid down which relate the sensitivities to poisons of small rodents and of man. There are many poisons which produce completely different effects in different species of animals, but it is very exceptional for a substance which is toxic to various species of rodents to' be innocuous to man, and vice versa. It is to be anticipated that there will exist qualitative and quantitative differences in response to any poison between man and the lower animals, just as they are known to exist between different species of lower animals themselves. Nevertheless, there can be no doubt that experiments on small animals are of value in giving an indication of the type of toxic action as well as the relative toxicity of the substance under investig ation. Dius the fact that butyl cellosolve (ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether) is five times as toxic to mice as ethylene glycol at least gives a warning that the former compound may have greater potential dangers for man than the latter. l ST 0852496 2 INTRODUCTION In attempting to relate experimentally determined effects on small animals to probable or suspected effects on man, certain factors have to be taken into consideration. The first of these is the size of the animal. As regards the systemic actions of poisons, depending as they do mainly upon the concentration of the poison which occurs in the blood and tissues, it is generally true that a given amount of poison will produce greater effects in a small than in a large animal. No entirely satisfactory method is known for correlating accurately dosage and body weight, but a useful approximation is obtained by the usual method of stating the dosage as per kilogramme of body weight; however, it will be readily understood that if the minimum lethal dose of a solvent for a rat weighing 0*2 kg. is 1 ml., it does not follow that the corresponding dose for a man weigh ing 70 kg. will be 3S0 ml. Even such an approximate relation does not hold good for the local effects of poisons, before they are absorbed. For example, a given concentration of a volatile solvent in air may produce local effects on the lungs, the intensity of which bears no relation to the weight of the animal. It is now known that individual variation is found in response to all drugs and in all populations of animals. Measurements of toxic effects on animals usually express the average or median toxic dose or concentration, i.e., the quantity that produces the observed effect in half the population studied. Unfortunately the range over which individual variation is scattered differs widely in the case of different drugs. Some individuals will be less, some more, sensitive to a toxic action than the majority. This is of especial importance in human beings when it is necessary to avoid producing toxic effects on any particular individual. There is also the important question of exceptional sensitivity or idiosyncrasy to poisons. It has been found that certain drugs, which have been widely used for many years without apparent danger, can nevertheless produce very serious toxic effects in certain exceptional individuals. It is possible that cases of personal idiosyncrasy would occur with all drugs though they may be only recognized with those that are widely used. Similar cases of idiosyncrasy will no doubt arise from the use of substances in industry, and slight signs of intoxi cation occurring with any new solvent should consequently be regarded seriously, even if other individuals have sustained greater exposure without any apparent injury. Consideration of the available literature on the actions of solvents has shown that many experiments have been made with little direct relation to the condi tions that may possibly occur in industry. For example, the effect of the sub cutaneous injection of a large dose of substance may be entirely different from, and have little bearing upon, the effects which may be produced by prolonged inhalation of small quantities. The Committee had some hesitation in including an account of such experiments, but for some substances they were the only ones available. The results have therefore been included partly for completeness and partly for such evidence as they afford. One other difficulty should be mentioned. The number ofchemical compounds used as solvents is large, but unfortunately the number of proprietary names is much larger, and a toxic substance may be concealed under such a name. It has not been possible to give a glossary of proprietary names, and although many are mentioned in the text and appear in the index, this report will, in general, only be of service in judging the safety of a solvent in those cases where the chemical composition of the solvent is known. MISCELLANEOUS BIBLIOGRAPHY ST 0852497 399 Are, M. (1933). Beitrag zur pathologischen Anatomic der chronitcher Schwefelkohlenstoffvergiftung. Jap. J. wed. Sci., VIII. (Internal Medicine), 3,1. Alters, B. J. and Lewey, F. H. (1940). Changes in hervous system following CS, poisoning in animals and man. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., Chicago, 44,725. And*#, M. J. (1947). 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Lavoro, 37,288. ST 0852500 INDEX Acetal, 274 properties of, 274 toxic effects of, 275 toxicity of; 275 uses of. 275 Acetic acid, 392 Acetic anhydride, 392 properties of, 392 toxicity of, 393 uses of, 393 Acetic ester (see ethyl acetate), 289 Acetic ether (see ethyl acetate), 289 Acetone, 320 absorption of, by inhalation, 321, 325 --, through skin, 323. 326 accumulation of, in tissues, 325 concentration of, maximum permissible, 321 --, in blood, 326 elimination of, 325 estimation of, in air, 320 explosive risks of, 321 lethal dose of, 321 narcotic dose of, 322 production of, 320 properties of, 320 toxic effects of. in animals, 321 --, acute, 322 -, --, symptoms of, 322 -, chronic, 323 --, --, on internal organs, 324 in man, 324 --, acute, 325 -, --, on internal organs, 325 -, --, from skin absorption, 326 --, --, symptoms of, 325 --, chronic, 326 --, --, blood changes from, 327 -, --, eye irritation from, 326 --, symptoms of, 326' toxicity of, basic, 321 --, comparison with other solvents, 321 uses of, 320 Acetone oils, 328 Acetylene dichloride (see dichloroethylene), Acetylene tetrachloride (see tetrachloroethane), 154 Actylol (see ethyl lactate), 313 Adronol (see cyc/ohexanol), 236 Adronol acetate (see cyc/ohexyl acetate), 306 "Alanol" (see tetrachloroethane), 154 Ally! alcohol, 241 absorption of,'241 properties of, 241 toxic effects of, 241, 242 toxicity of, 241 uses of, 241 Amyl acetate, 299 eosinophilia from, 306 estimation of, in air, 300 lethal dose of, 301 maximum permissible concentration of, 301 narcotic dose of, 301 post-mortem changes by, 303 properties of, 299 toxic effects of, in animals, 301 --, --, symptoms of, 302 --, on blood, 305 --, in man, 303 --, --, symptoms of. 304, 305 --, on mucous membranes, 302, 303, 305 toxicity of, 300 urobilinuna from, 305 uses of, 299 Amyl alcohol, 232 absorption of, through skin, 235 concentration of, lethal, 234 --, maximum permissible, 234 estimation of, in air, 234 metabolism of, 234 properties of, 232 toxic effects of, 234 toxicity of, 233 --, relative to other alcohols, 233 uses or, 233 varieties of, 232, 233 Amyl chloride, 186 properties of, 186 uses of, 187 Amyl formate, 285 Amyl lactate, 314 Amyl propionate, 311 Amylene dichloride, 187 Anol (see ov/ohexanol), 236 Anon (see ryc/ohexanone), 333 "Avantine" (see /ropropyl alcohol), 224 Benzene, 3 absorption of, by animals, 10 --, by man, 26 --, --, blood phenol in, 28 concentration of, in factories, 5 --, toxic, 6 --, maximum allowable, 6 distinction from benzine, 3 distribution in body tissues of, 11 effect of inhalation of, in animals, 13 effect of injection of, in animals, 13 estimation of, in air, 6 --, in blood and tissues, 8 excretion of, by animals, 12 --, by man, 26 --, urinary laevorotation in, 27 --, urinary sulphur in, 12, 27 explosive risk of, 5 lethal and narcotic concentrations of, for animals, 14 lethal and toxic concentrations of, for man, 28 manufacture of, 4 mixtures of, with other solvents, 15, 26 poisoning, acute, after-effects of, 30 --, --, in animals, 13 --, --, --, effect of, on blood, 15, 19-24 --, --, --, --, on body temperature, 15 --, --, --, --, on metabolism, 25 --, --, --, --, on resistance to infection, 24 --, --, --, local irritation by, 15 --, --, --, post-mortem findings in, 15 --, --, --, symptoms of, 14 --, --, in man, 28 --, --, --, post-mortem findings in, 30 --, --, --, symptoms of, 29 --, --, predisposing factors in, 28 --, --, treatment of, 31 --, in animals, susceptibility to, 13, 20 --, chronic, in animals, 15 --, --, --, anaemia in, 22 402 ST085250 I INDEX 403 Benzene,--continued Poisoning, chronic, in anlmali, effect of, on alkali reserve, 25 --. --. --, --, on blood circulation 19 --, --. --, --, on haemoglobin level, 23 --, --. --i --, on red blood cells, 16,20,22 --, --, --, --, on white blood calls, 21 --, --. --, --, on immunity reactions, 24 --, --, --, --, on bone-marrow, 17 --, --, --, --, on internal organs, 16 --, --, --, ieucocytosis in, 16 --, --, --, leucopeaia in, 16 --, --, --, phosphatase activity in, 25 --, --, --, symptoms of, 17 --, --, factors related to, 32 --, --, in man, 31 --, --, --, anaemia in, 37 --, --, --, aplastic anaemia in, 39 --, --, --, blood groups in, 34 --, --, --, duration of symptoms of, 37 --, --, --, effect of, on blood, 37-44 --, --, --, -- on blood coagulation, 42 --, --, --, --, on blood platelets, 36,41 --, --, --, --, on differential count, 39 --, --, --. --, on haemoglobin level, 41 --, --, --. --, on internal organs, 44 --, --, --, --, on red blood cells, 37, 40 --, --, --, --, on skin, 37 --, --, --, --. on white blood cells, 38 --, --. --, lag phenomenon. 43 --, --, --, Ieucocytosis in, 39 --, --, --, leucopeaia in, 38 --, --, --, leukaemia in, 39 --, --, --, persistence of effect of, on blood, 42 --, --, --, purpuric manifestations in, 36 --, --, --> regeneration of bone-marrow in, 37, 38 --, --, --, symptoms of, 31 --, --, --, terminal infection in, 36 --, --,--, treatment of, 45 --, differential diagnosis of, 45 --, in man, susceptibility to, 29, 33 --, and vitamin C deficiency, 25, 34 . properties of, 3 toxic effects of, in animals, 10-26 --, in man, 26-46 toxicity of, 8 uses or, 4 varieties of, 3 * Benzine, 79 absorption of, 82 addiction to, 91 comparison of, with benzene, 80 composition of, 79 lethal dose of, 81 mixtures of, with other solvents, 86, 87 narcotic dose of, 82 poisoning (see toxic effects) properties of, 79 tolerance to, 85 toxic concentrations of, 93 toxic effects of, in animals, 81-88 --, --, on red blood cells, 84, 86, 87 --, --, symptoms of, 83 --, --, on white blood cells, 84, 86, 87 --, on blood, 83, 84, 86, 87,91 --, on bone-marrow, 88 --, on fat metabolism, 88, 92 --, on internal organs, 88 --, Ieucocytosis, 84,92 --, leucopenia, 84, 87, 91 --, lymphocytosis, 91, 92 --, lymphopenia, 84, 87, 91 --, in man, 88-92 --, --, on red blood cells, 91,92 --, --, symptoms of, 89,90, 91 --, --, on white blood cells, 91,92 --, on mucous membranes, 91 --, on nerves, 90, 91 --, on permeability of spinal membrane, 83 --, on resistance to infection, 85 --, sequelae of, 90 --, tendency to thrombosis from, 87 toxicity of, 80 --, influence of temperature on, 81 --, relative to benzene, 80 uses of, 80 varieties of, 79, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87 Benzol (see benzene), 3 Benzoline (see petroleum spirit), 74 Benzyl acetate, 309 lethal dose of, 310 narcotic dose of, 310 properties of, 309 toxic effects of, in animals, 310 --, in man, 311 toxicity of, 310 uses of. 309 Benzyl alcohol, 242 properties of, 242 toxic effects of, 243 toxicity of, 242 uses or, 242 Benzyl formate, 286 Butanol (see n-butyl alcohol), 227 Butanol-2 (see secondary butyl alcohol), 230 Butanone (see methyl ethyl ketone), 328 "Butol " (see n-butyl butyrate), 312 Butoxyl, 308 DoButyl acetate, 298 n-Butyl acetate, 295 concentration of, maximum permissible, 296 --, toxic, 296 lethal dose of, 296 narcotic dose of, 296 properties of, 295 toxic effects of, in animals, 296 --, --, symptoms of, 297 --, in man, 297 --, --, symptoms of, 297 secondary Butyl acetate, 298 /roButyl alcohol, 231 n-Butyl alcohol, 227 concentration of, maximum permissible, 228 toxic effects of, 228 --, symptoms of, 229 toxicity of, 228 uses of, 227 secondary Butyl alcohol, 230 tertiary Butyl alcohol, 231 toxic effects of, 232 n-Butyl butyrate, 312 Butyl carbitol (see diethylene glycol mono-nbutyl ether), 360 iroButyl carbinoi (see amyl alcohol), 232 secondary Butyl carbinoi (see amyl alcohol), 232 404 ST0852502 Butyl cellosolve (see ethylene glycol moncwibutyl ether), 353 n-Butyl formate, 284 concentration of, toxic, 285 properties of, 284 toxic effects of, in animals, 284 --, in man, 285 uses of. 284 Butyl lactate, 314 n-Butyl propionate, 311 Carbitol (see diethylene glycol monoethyl ether), 358 Carbon disulphide, 380 absorption of, 384 concentration of, maximum permissible, 381 --, toxic, 380, 381, 382, 383 estimation of, in air, 382 --, in blood, 385 excretion of, 384 explosive risk of, 380 letnal dose of, 382 poisoning (see toxic effects) --, preduncal, 386 --, susceptibility to, 391 --, vitamin B, deficiency and, 384 properties of, 380 toxic effects of, 382 --, on adrenals, 390 --, anaemia from, 386, 390 --, in animals, 382 --, on blood, 383, 390 --, on eyes, 383, 389 --, hysterical manifestations, 387 --, in man, 384 --, on nervous system, 383, 386, 387 --, Parkinsonian syndrome, 388 --, polyneuritic syndrome, 388 --, post-mortem findings, 382, 391 --, psychoses, 386, 387 --, --, mechanism of action of, 386 --, on sexual function, 391 --, on sulphur metabolism, 384 --, symptoms of, 382, 385, 387 toxicity of, 380 uses of, 380 Carbon tetrachloride, 128 dangerous concentrations of, 130 estimation of, in blood, 132 impurities in, 129, 130 lethal dose of, 134 narcosis from, 141 narcotic dose of, 135 phosgene formation from, 129, 132, 141 poisoning (see toxic effects) --, methionine therapy in, 138, 140, 143, 148 --, persistent effect of, 143 --, post-mortem findings in, 140, 147 --, predisposing factors to, 131, 133 --, susceptibility to, 133, 149 --, tolerance to, 149 --, treatment of, 148 preparation of, 128 properties of, 128 toxic effects of, 133 --, acidosis from, 134 --, amblyopia from, 147 --, in animals, 133 --, --, on blood, 137 --, --, symptoms of, 135, 137 --, on blood calcium, 147 --, on blood urea, 141, 142, 145,146 --, effect of diet on, 138 --, on internal organs, 133, 135, 137 --, on kidneys, 135,137,139, 140, 142 --, --, regeneration of, 138 --, on liver, 133, 135, 136, 137, 145 --, --, regeneration of, 138 --, --, yellow atrophy of, 134, 135, 140 --, on lungs, 141 --, in man, 139 --, --, on blood, 147 --, --, symptoms of, 139, 140, 141, 144, --, on metabolism, 134, 142,146 --, on nerve tissue, 138 --, on nervous system, 136, 145 --, on skin, 147 --, on urine, 142, 146, 148 toxicity of, 130 . relative to chloroform, 136 uses of, 130 --, in me extinguishers, 132, 140, 141,142 Cellosolve (see ethylene glycol monoethyl ether), 348 Cellosolve acetate (see ethylene glycol monoethyl ether monoacetate), 351 Chlorex (see AP'-dichloroethyl ether), 266 Chlorobenzene (see monochlorobenzene), 187 Chlorobenzol (see monochlorobenzene), 187 2-Chk>roethyl alcohol (see ethylene chloro- hydrin), 246 Chloroform, 124 absorption of, 127 addiction to. 128 as anaesthetic, 124 concentration of, maximum permissible. estimation of, in brain, 127 excretion of, 127 lethal dose of, 125,127 narcotic dose of, 125, 127 poisoning (see toxic effects) properties of, 124 tolerance to, acquired, 126 toxkj effects of, in animals, 125 --, --, symptoms of, 126 --, hypoglycaemia, 126 --, on liver, 126 --, local irritation from, 126, 128 --, in man, 127 --, --, symptoms of, 128 toxicity of, 124 uses of, 124 Chloropropylene glycol (see monochlorohydrin), 250 Chlorosilanes, 398 Chlorylene (see trichloroethylene), 169 Coal tar solvent naphtha, 70 distinction of, from petroleum naphtha, 70 properties of, 70 toxic effects of, 71 toxicity of, 71 uses of, 71 Columbia spirit (see methyl alcohol), 202 Cresols, 393 absorption of, 395 excretion of, 395 ) ST0852S03 INDEX 405 Cresols,--continued lethal dose of, 394 metabolism of, 393 properties of, 393 toxic effects of, 394 --, local, 394 --, systemic, 394, 393 toxicity of, 394 --, relative to phenol, 394 uses of, 393 Cresylic add (see cresols), 393 Cumene, 64 concentration of, "hazard index", 65 metabolism of, 65 poisoning (see toxic effects) properties of, 64 toxic effects of, in animals, 64 toxidty of, 64 uses or, 64 Decahydronaphthalcne, 68 concentration of, lethal, 69 properties of, 68 toxic effects of, in animals, 69 --, in man, 69 toxidty of, 69 uses of, 69 Decalin (see decahydronaphthalcne), 68 Diacetone alcohol, 244 concentrations of, lethal and narcotic, 244 properties of, 244 toxic effects of, in animals, 244 --, in man, 245 toxidty of, 244 uses of. 244 Dialkvl carbonates, 316 Ditto! (see diethyl carbonate), 315 "Dichloren" (see under dichloroethylene), 168 or/Ao-Dichlorobenzene, 189 concentration of, toxic, 191 estimation of, in air, 190 properties of, 189 toxic effects of, in animals, acute, 190 --, --, chronic, 191 --, on internal organs, 191 --, leucopenia, 191 --, in man, 191 toxidty of, 190 , --, relative to other solvents, 190 uses of, 189 fym.-Dichloroethane, 149 concentration of, maximum permissible. 150 distinction of, from a-dichloroethane, 149 --, from dichloroethylene, 149 lethal dose of, 150 narcosis due to, 150 narcotic dote of, 131 poisoning (see toxic effects) properties of, 149 toxic effects of, in animals, 150 --, --, symptoms of, 151 --, on cornea, 152 --, dermatitis, 153 --, effect of diet on, 152 --, on kidneys, 152, 153 --, leucocytosis, 153 --, on liver, 152,153 --, in man, 152 --, --, symptoms of, 153 --, post-mortem appearances in, 152,153 --, on urine, 153 toxidty of, 150 --, relative to other solvents, 150 uses of, 149 AP'-Dichlofoethyl ether, 266 concentration of, maximum permissible, 266 properties of, 266 toxic effects of, 266 --, symptoms of, 267 uses of, 266 Dichloroethylene, 165 concentrations of, lethal and narcotic, 166 properties of, 165 toxic effects of, 166,168 toxidty of, 166 uses or, 166 Dichlorohydrin, 251 properties of, 251 toxic effects of, 252 toxidty of, 252 uses of, 251 Dichloromethane (see methylene dkhloride). l:2-Dichloropropane (see propylene di chloride), 185 l:3-Dlchk>ropropan-2-ol (see dichloro hydrin, 251 DichloroinTpropyl alcohol (see dichloro hydrin), 251 Dicydohexylamine, 365 Dicyc/opentadiene, 107 Dielene (see dichloroethylene). 165 Dioform (see dichloroethylene), 165 Diethanolamine, 366 Diethyl acetal (see acetal), 274 Diethyl carbonate, 315 Diethyl cellosolve (see ethylene glycol methyl ether), 352 Diethyl ether (see ethyl ether), 261 Diethyl oxalate, 316 concentration of, toxic, 317 properties of, 316 toxic effects of, 317 --, on blood, 317 toxidty of, 317 uses of, 317 Diethylene dioxide (see dioxan), 268 Diethylene glycol. 356 absorption of, by skin, 357 properties of, 356 toxic effects of, in animals, 357 --, on bladder, 357 --, on kidneys, 357 --, on liver, 357 --, in man, 357 toxicity of, 357 --, relative to ethylene glycol, 357 uses of, 356 --, in cigarettes, 357 Diethylene glycol monoacetate, 360 Diethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether, 360 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, 358 lethal dose of, 358 properties of, 358 toxic effects of, in animals, 358:. --, from cosmetics, 358, 360 --. from ingestion, 359 406 INDBX ST0852501* Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether--continued toxic effects of, on kidneys, 359 --, in man, 360 --, on nervous system, 359 toxicity of, 358 uses pf, 358 Dihydroxydiethyl ether (see diethylene glycol), 356 Dimethoxymethane (see methylaD, 274 Dimethylacetonylcarbinol (see ducetone alcohol), 244 Dimethylbenzene (see xylene), 55 Dimethyl carbinol (see /iopropyl alcohol), 224 Dimethyl ketone (see acetone), 320 Dimethyl sulphate, 395 mode of action of, 396 properties of, 395 toxic effects of, 396 toxicity of, 395 uses of, 395 Dioform (see dichloroethylene), 165 Dioxan, 268 absorption of, by skin, 272 concentration of, maximum permissible, 269 lethal dose of, 269, 271 narcotic dose of, 269, 271 properties of, 268 tolerance,to, 271 toxic effects of, in animals, 269 --, on blood, 273 --, on internal organs, 270, 271, 273 --, on kidnevs, 270,271, 272, 273 --, in man, 272 --, post-mortem findings in, 271, 272, 273 --, symptoms of, 272 toxicity of, 269 uses of, 269 Dipentene, 106 Dipropylene glycol, 361 toxic effects of, 361, 362 Dissolvan C.A. and D.N. (see acetal), 274 "Dukeron" (see under trichloroethylene), 17.1 "Emaillet" (see tetrachloroethane), 154 "Enodrin" (see under dichlorohydrin), 252 Estisol (see ethyl lactate), 313 Ethanol (see ethyl alcohol), 217 Ethanolamines, 366 properties of, 366 toxic effects of, 367 toxicity of, 366 uses of, 366 2-EthoxyethanoI (see ethylene glycol monoethyl ether), 348 Ethoxysilanes, 398 Ethyl acetate, 289 concentration of, toxic, 292 lethal dose of, 291 narcotic dose of, 291 properties of, 289 toxic effects of, in animals, 291 --, --, symptoms of, 291 --, on blood, 292 --, in man, 292 --, --, symptoms of, 292 toxicity of, 290 uses of, 290 Ethyl alcohol, 217 absorption of, by inhalation, 219 --, by Hn, 220 concentration of, in internal organs. 220 --. toxic, 219, 220 estimation of, in air, 218 lethal dose of, 218 narcotic dose of, 218 oxidation of, 217 poisoning (see toxic effects) preparation of, 217 properties of, 217 toxic effects of, in animals, 218 --, --, symptoms of, 218 --, on internal organs, 219 --, in man, 220 --, --, symptoms of, 221 toxicity of, 217 --, relative to methyl alcohol, 217 uses of, 217 Ethylbenzene, 63 concentration of, dangerous, 64 metabolism of, 64 toxic effects of, in animals, 63 --, in man, 64 toxicity of, 63 Ethyl benzoate, 313 Ethyl ether, 261 absorption of, 262 concentration of, maximum permissible, 262 decomposition of, products of, 261 "ether habit" 265 excretion of, 262 explosive risk of, 261 impurities of, 261 lethal dose of, 263 narcotic dose of, 263 properties of, 261 toxic effects of, in animals, 262 --, on blood, 265 --, in man, 264 --, on metabolism, 263 --, symptoms of, 263, 264,265 toxicity of, 262 uses of, 262 Ethyl formate, 281 concentration of, toxic, 283 lethal dose of, 282 narcotic dose of, 283 properties of, 281 toxic effects of, in animals, 282 --, --, symptoms of, 283 --, in man, 284 toxicity of, 282 uses of, 282 Ethyl glycol acetate (see ethylene glycol monoethyl ether monoacetate), 351 Ethyl hydroxy/sobutyrate, 315 Ethyl lactate, 313 Ethyl oxybutyrate (see ethyl hydroxyfro- butyrate), 315 Ethylene chlorohydrin, 246 absorption of, by skin, 247,250 concentration of, maximum permissible, 246 poisoning by, conditions conducive to, 250 --, post-mortem findings in, 249 properties of, 246 toxic effects of, in animals, 246 --, --, symptoms of, 247 --, on internal organs, 248 ST0852505 I ND BX 407 Ethylene chlorohydrin--conilnutd toxic effects of, in man, 248 --, --, symptoms of, 249 toxicity of, 246 uses of, 246 Ethylene dichloride (see sym.-dkhloroethxne), --, "toxic encephalopathy", 347 toxicity of, 345 uses of, 345 Ethylidene diethyl ether (see acetal), 274 Eusolvan (see ethyl lactate), 313 Formal (see methylal), 274 Ethylene glycol, 340 concentration of, toxic, 344 lethal dose of, 342 properties of, 340 toxic effects of, in animals, 342 --, on internal organs, 344 --, on kidneys, 3437344 --, local irritation from, 343 --, in man, 344 --, post-mortem findings in, 344 --, symptoms of, 342, 344, 345 --, on urine, 344, 345 toxicity of, 340 --, relative, 341 uses of, 340 Ethylene glycol diacetate, 356 Ethylene glycol diethyl ether, 352 lethal and narcotic doses of, 352 Ethylene glycol monoacetate, 355 Ethylene glycol mono-*-butyl ether, 353 concentration of, toxic, 354 "hazard index" of, 354 lethal dose of, 353 properties of, 353 toxic effects of, in animals, 333 --, on blood, 355 --, on internal organs, 354 --, in man, 355 --, symptoms of, 354 --, on urine, 354 toxicity of, 353 --, relative, 354 uses of, 353 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, 348 concentration of, toxic, 349 lethal dose of, 350 properties of, 348 toxic effects of, in animals, 349 --, on blood, 350, 351 --, on internal organs, 350 --, on kidneys, 348, 350 --, in man, 350 --, on urine, 351 toxicity of, 348 --, relative, 349 uses of, 348 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether mono acetate, 351 properties of, 351 toxic effects of, in animals, 351 --, in man, 352 Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, 345 concentration of, in atmosphere, 345 estimation of, in air, 346 lethal dose of, 346 properties of, 345 toxic effects of, in animals, 346 --, on blood, 347, 348 --, on internal organs, 346 --, on kidneys, 346, 347 --, in man, 347 --, on nervous system, 347 --, on urine, 347 Gasoline (see petroleum spirit), 74 Glycol chlorohydrin (see ethylene chloro hydrin), 246 Heptanaphthene (see methylcyc/ohexane), 98 Hexahydrobenzene (see eydbhexane), 94 Hexahydrocresol (see methylcyc/ohexanol), 239 Hexahydrophenol (see cyctohexanol), 236 Hexalin (see cyclobexuiol), 236 Hexahydrotoluene (see methylcyc/ohexane), 98 Hexalin acetate (see cyc/ohexyl acetate), 306 Hexamethyldisiloxane, 397, 398 Hexamethylene (see cyc/obexane), 94 cyc/oHexane, 94 concentrations of, maximum permissible, 95 --, lethal and narcotic, 95 manufacture of, 94 properties of, 95 toxic effects of, in animals, acute, 95 --, --, on blood, 97, 98 --, --, chronic, 97 --, --, on internal organs, 97 --, --, on metabolism, 97,98 --, --, symptoms of, 96, 97 toxicity of, 95 uses of, 95 cyc/oHexanoj, 236 concentration of, maximum permissible, 237 lethal dose of, 237 narcotic dose of, 238 properties of, 236 toxic effects of, in animals, 237 --, in man, 239 --, on metabolism, 239 --, symptoms of, 238,239 toxicity of, 237 uses of, 237 Hexanon (see cyc/ohexanone), 333 cyc/oHexanone, 333 concentration of, maximum permissible, 333 properties of, 333 toxic effects of, 334 --, on metabolism, 334 toxicity of, 333 uses or, 333 Hexone (see methyl frobutyl ketone), 331 cyc/oHexyl acetate, 306 concentration of, toxic, 307, 308 properties of, 306 toxic effects of, in animals, 307 --, in man, 308 toxicity of, 307 uses or, 306 secondary Hexyl acetate, 306 cycfoHexylamine, 365 Hydrolin (see methylcyc/ohexanol), 239 4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanone-2 (see diace tone alcohol), 244 3!X ST0852506 408 in Industrial spirit (see ethyl alcohol), 217 --, on blood, 206,210 "Inertol" (see under xylene), 62 --, on eyes, 208, 212,214 Isophorone, 335 --, on internal organs, 209 concentration of, maximum permissible, --, local irritation, 214 336 --, in man, 211 properties of, 335 --, --, symptoms of, 213 toxic effects of, 336 --, on nervous system, 210, 215 toxicity of, 336 --, on retina, 215 uses of, 336 --, on urine, 206 toxicity of, 203 "Kalosche" (see under benzine), 81 --, relative, 203, 206 Ketols (see acetone oils), 328 uses of, 202 Ketone oils (see acetone oils), 328 Methyl amyl alcohol (see methyl irobutyl carbinol, 236 Limonene (see dipentene), 106 Methyl anon (see methyl cyclohexanone), 334 LOsungsmittel C (see acetal), 274 Methylated naphthalenes, 69 toxidty of, 70 Mesityl oxide, 331 Methylated spirit (see ethyl alcohol), 217 concentration of, irritative, 333 Methylbenzene (see toluene), 46 --, toxic, 332 Methyl benzoate, 312 properties of, 331 MethyUwbutylcarbinol, 236 toxic effects of, in animals. 332 Methyl tobutyl ketone, 331 --, on internal organs, 332 --, in man, 333 Methyl ceilosolve (see ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, 345 toxicity of, 332 Methylcyc/ohexane, 98 uses of, 332 concentration of, maximum permissible, 99 "Metbone" (see under methyl acetone), 327 lethal dose of, 99 Methanol (see methyl alcohol), 202 narcotic dose of, 99 Methoxybutyl acetate (see butoxyl), 308 properties of, 98 2-Methoxyethanol (see ethylene glycol mono toxic effects of, in animals, 99 methyl ether, 345 --, --, symptoms of, 99 Methyl acetate, 286 --, on internal organs, 99 concentration of, toxic, 288, 289 --, on metabolism, 99 lethal dose of, 287 toxicity of, 98 narcotic dose of, 288 uses of, 98 properties of, 286 Methylcyc/chexanol, 239 toxic effects of, in animals, 287 concentration of, maximum permissible, --, --, symptoms of, 288 240 --, on blood, 289 properties of, 239 --, in man, 289 toxic effects of, 240 --, --, symptoms of, 289 toxicity of, 239 --, post-mortem findings in, 288 toxicity of, 287 uses of, 286 uses of, 239 Methylcyc/ohexanone, 334 concentration of, maximum permissible, "Methyl acetone", 327 335 Methylal, 274 Methylcyc/ohexyl acetate, 308 Methyl-adronol (see methyl cyr/ohexanol), Methyl ethyl carbinol (see secondary butyl 239 alcohol), 230 Methyl alcohol, 202 Methyl ethyl ketone, 328 absorption of, by skin, 210, 213 absorption of, by skin, 330 acidosis from, 206, 210 concentration of, maximum permissible, amblyopia from, 212, 214 329 concentration of, maximum permissible, --, toxic, 330 205 estimation of, in air, 329 --, toxic, 205, 210 explosive risk of, 328 decomposition products of, 204 toxic effects of, in animals, 329 estimation of, in air, 205 --, on cornea, 330 excretion of, 206 --, dermatitis, 330 formaldehyde formation from, 206, 215, --, symptoms of, 330 216 toxicity of, 329 lethal dose of, 207 uses of, 329 metabolism of, 205, 215 Methyl formate, 281 narcotic dose of, 207 Methyl-hexalin (see methylcyr/ohexanol), 239 poisoning by (see toxic effects) Methyl-hexalin acetate (see methylcyc/o- --, industrial, 212 hexyl acetate), 308 properties of, 202 4-Methyl-2-pentanone (see methyl wobutyl susceptibility to, 211 ketone), 331 toxic effects of, 205-216 2-Methyl-2-pentenone-4 (see mesityl oxide), --, in animals, 205 331 --, --, symptoms of, 208 m-Methyl phenol (see cresols), 393 ST 0852501 INDEX 409 o-Methyl phenol (see cresols), 393 lethal dose of, 163 p-Methyl phenol (see cresols), 393 Methylphenylsilicone, 397 narcotic dose of, 164 properties of, 163 2-Mrthyt-2-^ropanol (see tertiary butyl toxic effects of, 163 --, acute, 163 Methylpyndine (see picoline), 371 --, chronic, 165 Methylene chloride (aee methylene dichlor ide), 122 --, on internal organs, 164 --, on mucous membranes, 164,165 Methylene dichloride, 122 toxicity of, 163 anaemia from, 124 --, relative, 163, 164, 165 as anaesthetic, 122 uses of, 163 concentration of, maximum permissible, cyr/oPentadiene, 106 122 narcotic dose of, 107 lethal and narcotic doses of, 123 properties of, 106 properties of, 122 toxic effects of, in animals, 107 toxic effects of, in animals, 122 --, on liver, 123 --, in man, 123 --, on internal organs, 107 --, in man, 107 --, symptoms of, 107 toxicity of, 122 toxicity of, 107 uses or, 122 Pentaline (see pentachloroetbane), 163 Methylene glycol dimethyl ether (see A1:'-Pentamethylene (see eyefopentadiene), methylal), 274 106 Monochlorobenzene, 187 "Pentasol" (see under amyl alcohol), 233 concentration of, lethal and narcotic, 188 --, maximum permissible, 188 toxic effects or, 188 --, symptoms of, 189 Pentol (see cyc/opentadiene), 106 eyc/oPentylene (see cydbpentadiene), 106 "Perawin (see under perchloroetbylene), 182 toxicity of, 187 PerchJoroethylene, 182 uses or, 187 Monochknohydrin, 230 concentration of, maximum permissible, 183 properties of, 230 lethal dose of, 183 toxic effects of, 231 narcotic dose of, 183 Monoethanolamine, 366 properties of, 182 Naphthene (see cyclohexane), 94 Nitrobenzene, 376 absorption of, 377 properties of, 376 toxic effects of, in animals, acute, 184 --, --, chronic, 184 --, in man, 185 --, symptoms of, 184,185 toxicity of, 182 tone effects of, 377 --. relative, 182, 183, 184, 185 --, on blood, 378 uses of, 182 --, on nervous system, 377, 378 "Perspirit" (see isopropyl alcohol), 224 --, methaemoglobinaemia, 376, 377, 378 --, symptoms of, 378 --, treatment of, 379 "Petrohol" (see Isopropyl alcohol), 224 Petrol (see petroleum spirit), 74 Petroleum spirit, 74 --, on urine, 378 concentration of, toxic, 75 toxicity of, 376 distinction of, from benzine, 74, 76 uses of. 376 Nitrobutanes, 373 1- Nitrobutane, 373 2- Nitrobutane, 373, 376 Nitroqtetbane, 373 Nitropropanes, 373 1- Nitropropane, 374 2- Nitrppropane, 373 properties of, 74 toxic effects of, in animals, 75 --, --, symptoms of, 76 --, in man, 76 --, --, on blood, 78 --, --, symptoms of, 77, 78 toxicity of, 75 uses of, 74 "Novania" (see tetrachloroethane), 134 Phenylcarbinol (see benzyl alcohol), 242 Phenyl ethane (see ethylbenzene), 63 Oil of Mirbane (see nitrobenzene), 376 Phenylmethanol (see benzyl alcohol), 242 Oil of Niobi (see methyl benzoate), 312 Picoline, 371 Paraldehyde, 276 Propanol (see n-propyl alcohol), 222 iroPropanol (see isopropyl alcohol), 224 properties of, 276 Propan-2-one (see acetone), 320 toxic effects of, in animals, 276 --, in man, 277 Propenol (see allyl alcohol), 241 Propenyl alcohol (see allyl alcohol), 241 --, post-mortem findings in, 277 iroPropyl acetate, 294 --, symptoms of, 277, 278 toxicity of, 276 uses or, 276 Pentachk)roethane, 163 concentration of, toxic, 164 />-Propyl acetate, 293 concentration of, toxic, 293,294 properties of, 293 toxic effects of, 293 iroPropyl alcohol, 224 estimation of, in animal tissues, 163 absorption of, 226 STO 852508 410 INDEX /roPropyl alcohol--continued properties of, 224 toxic effects of, 225 --, symptoms of, 225, 226,227 toxicity of, 224 --, relative to other alcohols, 225 uses of, 224 n-Propyl alcohol, 222 properties of, 222 toxic effects of, 222, 223 toxicity of, 222 uses of, 222 secondary Propyl alcohol (see Isopropyl alcohol), 224 isopropylbenzene (see cumene), 64 isoPropyl ether, 267 concentration of, maximum permissible, 268 properties of, 267 uses of, 268 Propylene dichloride, 185 concentration of, maximum permissible, 185 dermatitis from, 185, 186 properties of, 185 toxic effects of, in animals, 186 --, --, on internal organs, 186 --, --, symptoms of, 186 toxicity of, 185 uses of, 185 Propylene oxide, 268 Pyranton-A (see diacetone alcohol), 244 Pyridine, 367 impurities in, 368, 369, 370 lethal dose of, 368 metabolism of, 369 properties of, 367 toxic effects of, in animals, 368 --, on kidneys and liver, 369 --, in man, 370 --, --, symptoms of, 368, 370 toxicity of, 368 uses of, 368 "Quittnerlack" (see tetrachloroethane), 154 Sextate (see methyleyefohexyl acetate), 308 Sextol (see cyc/ohexanol, methylcyc/o- hexanol), 236, 239 Sextone (see cyr/ohexanone), 333 Sextone B (see methyIcyc/ohexanone), 334 Silane intermediates, 398 Silicones, 397 Solactol (see ethyl lactate), 313 "Solaesthin" (see under methylene dichlor ide), 122 Solvent G.C (see ethylene glycol mono acetate), 355 Solvulose (see ethylene glycol monoethyl ether), 348 Spirits of wine (see ethyl alcohol), 217 Sulphuric ether (see ethyl ether), 261 Tetrachloroethane, 154 absorption of, 159 concentration of, maximum permissible, estimation of, 157 lethal dose of, 157 narcotic dose of, 157 poisoning (see toxic effects) --, prophylactic measures against, 162 --, treatment of, 162 properties of, 154 tolerance to, 162 toxic effects of, in animals, 157 --, --, on blood, 158 --, --, on liver, 158 --, --, symptoms of, 157 --, ascites, 160 --, on internal organs, 158, 160 --, in man, 159 --, --, on blood, 161 --, --, on liver, 160 --, --, symptoms of, 159, 162 --, --, toxaemic jaundice, 160, 161 --, on nervous system, 162 --, post-mortem findings in, 159, 160 --, on skin, 161 --, on urine, 158, 160 toxicity of, in industrial processes, 155 --, relative, 156 uses of, 154 Tetrachloroethylene (see perchloroethylene), 182 Tetrachloromethane (see carbon tetra chloride), 128 Tetrahydronaphthalene, 65 excretion of, 68 properties of, 65 toxic effects of, in animals, 66 --, --, symptoms of, 67 --, on kidneys, 67, 68 --, in man, 68 --, on metabolism, 67 --, on urine, 68 toxicity of, 66 uses of, 65 Tetralin (see tetrahydronaphthalene), 65 "Tetralix" (see under perchloroethylene), 182 Toluene, 46 absorption of, 48 excretion of, 48 lethal dose of, 49 manufacture of, 47 narcotic dose of, 49 poisoning (see toxic effects) properties of, 46 toxic effects of, in animals, 48 --, --, on blood, 51, 52 --, --, symptoms of, 50 --, on bone-marrow, 50 --, on immunity reactions, 52 --, on internal organs, 50, 54 --, local irritation, 54 --, in man, 52 --, --, on blood, 54 --, --, on liver, 54 --, --, symptoms of, 53 toxicity of, 47 --, in industrial processes, 48 --, relative, 47, 49 uses of, 47 Toluol (see toluene), 46 Trichloroethylene, 169 absorption of, 182 --, by skin, 174 addiction to, 177 decomposition of, 179,181 estimation of, in air, 172 ST0852509 TrichloroethyIcne--continued estimation of, in blood, 172 intolerance to, 181 lethal dose of, 172 metabolism of, 182 narcosis from, 170, 175 narcotic dose of, 173 poisoning (see toxic effects) properties of, 169 toxic effects of, in animals, 172 --, --, symptoms of, 173 --, --, on blood, 174, 180 --, on internal organs, 173, 174, 177 --, in man, 175 --, --, symptoms of, 176 --, on mucous membranes, 178 --, nervous disorders, 176, 180 --, optic atrophy, 176 --, post-mortem findings in, 175 --, on sldn, 178, 181 toxicity of, in industrial processes, 171 --, relative, 170 trichloroacetic acid from, 182 uses of, 169 Triethanolamine, 366 Trilene (see trichloroethylene), 169 Trimethylcarbinol (see tertiary butvl alcohol), 231 y 1:1:3-Trimethylcycfohex-3-en-S-one (see isophorone), 335 Turpentine, 100 absorption of, 101 anaemia from, 104 eventration of, maximum permissible, estimation of, 101 excretion of, 101, 104 lethal dose of, 101 poisoning (see toxic effects) properties of, 100 toxic effects of, in animals, 101 --, --, symptoms of, 101 --, on blood, 102, 105 --, haematuria, 103, 104 --, on internal organs, 102 --, on kidneys, 102, 103 --, leucocytosis, 105 --, in man, 102 --, --, symptoms of, 103 --, on mucous membranes, 103 --, nephritis, 103, 104, 105 --, post-mortem findings in, 102, 105 --, on skin, 103, 105 --, on urine, 103, 104 toxicity of, 101 uses of, 100 varieties of, 100 "Westron" (see tetrachloroethane), 154 White spirit, 93 properties of, 93 toxic effects of, 94 uses of, 93 Wood alcohol (see "wood spirit"), 216 Wood naphtha (see "wood spirit"), 216 "Wood Spirit", 216 Xylene, 55 anaemia from, 60, 61 concentration of, in industrial processes, 56 --, maximum permissible, 56 estimation of, m air, 56 excretion of, 57 lethal dose of, 57 mixtures of, with other solvents, 61 narcotic dose of, 57 properties of, 55 toxic effects of, in animals, 57 --, --, symptoms of, 57 --, on blood, 58, 60, 61 --, on bone-marrow, 58 --, on internal organs, 58 --, on kidneys, 58, 63 --, local irritation, 59 --, in man, 58 --, --, symptoms of, 59, 62, 63 toxicity of, 56 , comparative, 56, 57, 58, 60 uses of, 55 Xylol (see xylene), 55 RECEIVED IIRRSOY MAR 13 1956 It* im Uesicai Co. ST085251 0 biochemical research