Document rxxov81MNpVYMZeVkq3eMYyzq

i. RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES i* I MANUAL ! I ' ) ii j i PUBLISHED BY j ^ " '^AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION f AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS i t' 1963 Copyright, 1553 American L-.ccstrlai Hygiene Association American Conierer.ce cl Indus?rial Hygienists Copies Available ire shaun and 3?.u.\:?:r:.0, Inc. 3i:< 1233 Ann Aroor, s'T'.ci". c3.ct/ -4>'.>% Respiratory protective devices arc perhaps the oldest method of controlling occupational diseases; however, health and safety personnel are generally less informed about the applications and limitations of these devices than about any outer particular control device. Many boohs and technical reports hare been written on engineering control measures, but it should be notes that no text exists covering compre hensively the field of respiratory protective devices. Because of the limited published technical data is this field, the committee has drawn heavily'upon the experience of respirator manufacturers, representatives from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, and infor mation made available by the American Standards Association. Throughout the preparationof the manual, close cooperation of all these agencies was achieved. ' The manual primarily involves commercial devices; hence, there are specific technical details that cannot be discussed. Obviously, the respirator manufacturers are reluctant to jeopardize their develop ment investment and possible patent rights by disclosing information until such rights are protected. Research and development laboratories are reluctant to give interim progress reports, preferring to make the completed research available in the form of a technical report or of a product. Government classification may also make it necessary to withhold some of the developmeats. This book has oeer. prepared primarily to provide the industrial hygienist and other health and safety specialists with technical information pertaining to the principles of operation of the various types of respiratory protective devices and their selection, use, and maintenance. Safety and supervisory per sonnel will find many of the chapters especially useful. This committee will gratefully receive comments and suggestions for future consideration. The manual will be revised as needed to present new practices and developments. Ecwin C. Hyatt, Chairman Joint A1HA-ACG1K Respiratory . Protective Devices Committee Maintenance is nr. important phase of nay con trol procedure, and this is as true for respirators it is for ventilation equipment. Ns matter .tow veil - respirator is designed or hew seed its per formance, i: connc: give satisfactory protection unless it is maintained ir. good condtticn. This, cr.e of the most important factors ;r, the use of these devices. is ye: the most frequently neglected, particularly vita accentorger.cv respirators ir. which C*.: results of such neglect are r.o: so readily evident. In addition to providing adequate -*rctecricr., proper attention to .T.atn:enar*cc of aspirators ir. use has a definite economic value. Well-maintained equipment lasts longer and rec.uires less frequent replacement. The operations of a maintenance programfrequent and periodic inspections, cleaning, re placing or repairing worn or deteriorated pans, and storage--should be centralized wherever pos sible. They should also be supervised carefully by a responsible and capable person, because proper care and maintenance require a thorough knowl edge of the device. ing cases for emergency devices are designed to protect facepieces cut the device must be properly placed to prevent crimping or pinching. The stor age place should be cool and dry, because high temperatures shorter, the useful life of rubber parts. Self-contained breathing apparatus, either de mand- or recirculating-type, must be inspected monthly. The air or oxygen cylinder must be fully charged to 1.9S0 pounds per square inch (5,$00 psi plus 10 per cent a: 70F, as allowed by the Inter state Commerce Commission), and the regulator must function properly. No attempt should be made to repair or adjust either the reducing or admis sion valve mechanism or the safety valve of the regulator. If the regulator is not operating proper ly, it should be returned to the manufacturer for adjustment or repair. It is extremely dangerous for anyone other than a highly trained mechanic, who thoroughly understands the construction, op eration, and adjustment of a regulator to attempt to repair or adjust the regulator. L INSPECTION All routinely used respirators should be in spected frequently. Emergency respirators should be inspected at leas; even- 50 days because, though they may stand unused for a considerable time, they must be available ir. first-class condition a: a moment's tice. The tightness of connections should be ...ecked. as well as the condition of the facepiece, headbands, exhalation and inhalation valves, con necting tube, ar.d canister. The rubier parts of emergency equipment should receive particular attention to assure that they show r.o signs of de terioration. Unused rubber parts should be kept pliable and flexible, and prever.tc-c from taking a set during periods of disuse by working, stretch ing, and manipulating with a massaging action dur ing the inspection. If the sides of the exhalation valve gap ever, slightly, a new valve should re place thTdldi* v "___ ~ ' ` Emergency devices should be cleaned after each use. After the device is dry, an ar.tifcggir.g compound should be placed on the -aside o; the lens, damaged lenses ;r. some mas.<s can be re placed by maintenance personnel, wnereas ethers nt.st b replaced by the manufacturer. The carry IL CLEANING Routinely used respirators also should be cleaned after each use, and they should be collected at a central point ax the er.dof each shift for cleanir.gand inspection. Each person's respiratorshoulo bear some sort of identification, such as his in itials or employment number. When a worker reccvies a respirator, he should be briefed on the cleaning procedureand assured that he will always get the same device. If the respirators are serv iced between shifts, only one respirator per work man is needed. If the cleaning is done curing a work shift, each worker requires two respirators. When r.ot in use (for example, during the lur.ch period), the respirators should be stored in clean cabinets at convenient locations ir. the work area. It is generally accepted that washing with a good detergent in warm water, by hand brushing or agitation in awashlng machine, is a sound basic cleaning procedure. According to Drinker and Hatch,1 `there is r.o reason to require special sterilizing .... Scrubbing with warm water ar.d soap, rinsing, ar.c air drying in a clean place is entirely adequate." There area number of procedures currently :r. use for cleaning respirators. When a respira tor is used by only one individual, a practical 127 n. A. 5. Inspect the vnlws, hcunatrags. _:.a other parts: replace with now parts if defective. 5. Insert now filters or cartridges; make sure the sonI is tip/.:. 7. Place in a plastic bo-a for storage. phute pesticides on respirators. following wnshir..,with alkaline soap, it should ho rinsed with 5C\ alcohol vothyl cr iso propyl). Several respirator manufacturers currently soil a cleaner sanitizer.that effectively cleans the respirator ana contains a bactereidal ague:. This bactereidal agent is generally a quaternary am monia compound. Or.e manufacturer marketing a aonthination detergent and quarternary ammonia sal: recommends immersing the respirator in the solution, rinsing in dean, warm (12GCF; water, and air drying. V.'hen the same respirators are used by dif ferent individuals, a good public health policy is to disinfect them before they are re-issued. The literature-'^ lists a variety of chemicals and methods for disinfecting respirators. A number of the procedures are unsatisfactory. For example, forntaldehyde not only is a poor disinfectant, but it is absorbed or. therubber and may cause derma titis. Scakir.g a respirator in a 70 per cent solu tion cf ethyl alcohol for 1 hr may be partially ef fective. Live steam or very hot water (170?), organic solvents, and ultraviolet light should not be used because cf their injurious effects, par ticularly or. the rubber parts. The compounds generally considered to be the most reliable for disinfecting respirators are: <1; a hypochlorite solution (50 parts per million tppm) of chlorine; immersion time, 2 min'/, cr (2/ an alcoholic solution of iodine (50 ppm iodine; 2 min immersion). A concentration of 210 ppm of qu-temary ammonia compounds in water with less than 5C0 ppm total hardness is generally an effec tive disinfecting solution. The disadvantages of the quaternary ammonia compounds are: ;1. different concentrations of salts are required to achieve a disinfecting solution with waters of varying com position, and ,2; the possibility c: dermatitis if the quarternary ammonia salts are not completely sieA grow, the respirator. - cleaning-and inspection uveal s.tould be- replaced cr repaired, this i.ioula be aor.e only by experienced personnel with parts specifically designed for the particular device. Filters or chemical cartridges also c-r. be rtlaceo at tms ttmc. v. netnot* seen rup.acemeats each use is recommended, particularly for car tridges and canisters using sorbents. Ill STORAGE After cleaning, inspection, and necessary re pair, the equipment should be stored properly, ir. essentially dustprocf containers, away from sun light, heat (not near radiators or steam pipes), extreme cold, and excessive moisture, blest de vices come in cartons or cases which are suitable for storage; however, if devices are placed a; sta tions and work areas for emergency use, special compartments may be necessary to protect the de vices even in their original containers. Routinely used devices, such as dust respirators, may be placed in plastic bags. The devices should never be stored in such places as clothes lockers cr tool boxes unless they are in their carrying cases or cartons. Respirators should be packed or stored so that the rubber facepiece and exhalation valve will res; in a normal position and function will r.ot be impaired by the rubber setting in a bent or twisted position. Instructions for the proper storage of emer gency devices, such as universal gas masks and self-contained breathing apparatus, are on the * in structions for use and care* bulletin mounted on the inside of their carrying case lid. REFERENCES 1. Drinker, P. and Hatch, T.: Industrial Dust, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, Ir.c., New York, 1954, 401 pp. 2. Industrial Safety Equipment Association, Inc.: Care and Maintenance of Safety Equipment, Safety Maintenance, 115:14-16, 20, Apr. 1353. 3. National Safety Council: Respiratory Protective Equipment, Data Sheet D-444, National Safety Council, 425 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago 11, El., 1957. 4. American Standards Association: American Standard Safety Code for Head, Eye, and Res piratory Protection, 22.1-1355, American Standards Assoc., 10 East 40 St., New Yc.\: 16, X.Y. 5. Michigan Department of Health: Respirators-- Selection, Use and Care, Occup. Health Bull., 4:1-6, Winter 1558. k i ini a wry irrperrar.:. but often neglected. phase of respiratory protection is accrue:.: training cf vac arc expected :c use such protection. It ts - common misconception that training is needed only far the self-contained breathing apparatus. Training is necessary for supervisors, such as foreater, who are ;o supervise the use of ar.y type a: respiratory protective device, as veil as tor those who are to vear it, if a device is to be usee 'atelligently, confidently, and safely. Obvicusiy, a* "ore complicated the apparatus or the more hagardcus the atmosphere ir. vhich i: is to be used, the more extensive ar.d intensive the training must be. Such training should be giver, by a quali fied person, such as an industrial hygienist, a safety engineer, or respirator manufacturer's representative. Training in the use of ar.y respirator should cover the following: 1. Discussion o: the airborne contaminants against vhich the wearer is to be protected, in cluding information or. their physical properties, possible concentrations or changes thereof, mode of physiological action, toxicity, and means of de tection. 2. Discussion of the reasons for using the respirator. 3. Description of its construction, operating principles, and limitations. 4. Instruction in procedures for assuring that is ir. proper vorking condition. 5. Instruction ir. fining the respirator prop erly and checking for the adequacy of fit. 5. Instruction ir. the proper use and mainte nance cf the respirator. T. Discussion of the importance of careful reading cf labels or. the respirator and on its con tainer ar.d of the manufacturer's instructions for its use and care. . An important by-product of training is the sense of confidence ana: the trainee should develop an hto ability to use the respirator properly. If scm-::.anr>gfyldidus~ should happen to the res pirator. or to ate atmospheric conditions, he would iCt rationally r-ther than panic. To conserve space and avoid repetition, only these toe.r.s cf an* foregoing list that require spe cial omp.tasis will be included an the discussion of specific traaning for the various types cf respira tors. However, all of the items should be covered adequately in the training program. n. SPECIFIC TRAINING FOR VARIOUS TV?Da OF RESPIRATORS Supervisory personnel should' be trained to select the proper type cf respirator for the job. A choice from several makes of the proper type and design of respirator might be left up to those who are to wear them. Such a procedure tends to less en the workers' apparent inborn resistance to wearing a respirator. Since the maintenance of respirators is dis cussed Ir. Chapter 12, no specific instructions on this matter will be given here. However, instruc tion ir. proper maintenance of respirators is a very important part of any training program. A. Particulate-removing Respirators The particulate-removing (mechanical filter) respirator is the simplest type, yet there have been many instances of misuse because of Inade quate training. These misuses have included such practices as wearing the respirator upside down, wearing it without filters or without exhalation valve, ar.d discarding the entire respirator be cause the filter -plugged up." Trained persons would no; have committed these blunders. 5ir.ee tie main field of use of particulateremoving respirators is for respiratory protec tion against contaminants that have no immediate unpleasant effects, the worker usually must be convinced that it is necessary for him to wear the respirator. This can be accomplished in a factual manner without undue " scare' tactics. Instruct the trainee how to check the respira tor to be sure that it is in good wearing condition. Then allow him to actually check a respirator as follows: 1. Check the exhalation and inhalation valves to see that they are in place and no: misshapen, and that no dirt or lint is on the valve or valve seating surfaces. 2. Check the body o: the facepiece to see that the- face-cantacting-periphery is clean and has no: beer, unduly softened by body oils, distorted, or hardened. 3. Check for the presence and condition of gaskets and special spacers, if any. 125 v. .Up!-.;.' ::i;*;u..t part*. and repair or ro- pucv nanmgcn >r Cite.'ttv. '4r'.. Instruct tne ;r-:r.v ;:.>w te wear the respira tor properly. Sir.cc tin. most import.:::; par; cf this pua.. o: training is to the respirator to h;s face. show aim hew to test tor proper face tit, then remove the respirator from his taco, ar.es have aim go through me procedure several tiroes ay k;::icl; until he is confident that he car. co it prop erly. Stress the importance at` maintaining a prop er taoe i'it. A converter.: means tor testing the fare tit is to close of: the exhalation valve and ex hale pertly into the facepiece. The face i'it is satis factory if a slight positive pressure car. bo built up in the facepiece without ar.y evidence of out ward leakage of air at are periphery. mstruct in the need to change the filter and too procedure tor changing it. Train in the proper maintenance ot` the respirator, particulariy if a centralized system for respirator maintenance U r.ot used. 5. Gas- and Vapor-removing Respirators 1. Chemical Cartridge Respirator Discuss the following limitations of the chem ical carmidge respirator: It is for use only against the type of contaminant listed on the cartridge label, in concentrations r.ot exceeding the maxi mum giver, or. the cartridge label. It will r.ot af ford respiratory protection against particulates unless a particulate-removing filter is indicated and present. Instruction and training in checking ar.d fitting me respirator should he the same as described for particulate respirators except that the trainee should check the carriage (and particulateromeving filter, if used) to see that it is of the proper type, is in good physical condition, and is seated securely against its gasket. It is desirable aha: the mai-.ee check the fit .of the facepiece by actually wearing the respirator, equipped with oraar.tc vapor cartridges, ir. an atmosphere contain ing approximately 100 parts per million (ppm) of Ucimy: acetate vapor vbanar.a oil). 3e:ore Cats tost is made, ar. organic vapor cartridge- should be a;'::xcr^:crift respirator" in lieu of any other type of cartridge-. special test chamber is r.ot needed for this train.r.g since such a concentration can be built up in any room, without damage to its contents, by evaporating 17.h milliliters (ml; of iscamyl ace tate for eoc.t 1,000 cubic fee; ,f;3; of room vol ume. T.w.myl acetate can la. detected by odor in *.\:ry low vapor concentrations. If me pa rson vrear- tha rc.pir..t>r car. eater and remain in tite test atmosphere for a minute or two without detecting the odor of ij.oar.tyl acetate, the- respirator is properly fitted. I: r.e detect the odor of iscamyl acct.ne. he should retreat to fresh air, readjust the facepiece, and then repeat the test. If leakage is still noted, he should retreat to fresh air and recheck the respirator, as previously. If the res pirator is to be worn in air containing contami nants other than organic vapors, replace the or ganic vapor cartridges with cartridges of the ap propriate type, after a satisfactory face fit test. There are many occasions when it is neces sary to conduct fitting tests in the field. A field check is illustrated in rig. 13.1. The .reliability of the face fit is checked by pouring a few drops of isoamyl acetate onto a piece of cotton and waving it gently near the periphery of the facepiece while the wearer breathes normally. The concentration is likely to be above ICO ppm, but it does serve to check the face fit and is commonly used in the field. Fig. 13.1. Field test of face fit of respirators using isoamyl acetate. RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES MANUAL PUBLISHED BY AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS Copy?:;;-.:, 1963 American Industrial Hygiene Association American Coaiorer.ee o; industrial Hygienists Q 446 i Copies Avai.a'uie i;o~: 33ACX AND F.ZI.D, tnc. Res.iiraicry protective devices arc pcrur.ps :.-.c olc.es; method o: controlling occupational diseases; .lowever, .:oui:.i ./.a safety personnel arc generally loss '.r.i'ormca aboe: the applications and limitations of tr.cse ccviccs Man aucec any o:r.cr particular centre; device. Many boons and technical reports nave been written or. engineering control "ensures, cut it should be noted that no text exists covering compre hensively the field c: respiratory protective devices. Because at the limited published technical data is ails field, the committee has drawn heavily upon the experience of respirator manufacturers, representatives from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, and inferr.taticn made available by the American Standards Association. Throughout the preparation of the manual, close cooperation of all these agencies was achieved. The manual primarily involves commercial devices; hence, there are specific technical details that cannot be discussed. Obviously, the respirator manufacturers are reluctant to jeopardize their develop ment investment and possible patent rights by disclosing information until such rights are protected. Research and development laboratories are reluctant to give Interim progress reports, preferring to make the completed research available in the form o: a technical report or of a product Government classification may also make it necessary to withhold some of the developments. This beck has seer, prepared primarily to provide tie Industrial hygienist and other health and safety specialists wit*, technical information pertaining to the principles of operation of the various types of respiratory protective devices and their selection, use, and maintenance. Safety and supervisory per sonnel will find many of the chapters especially useful. This committee will gratefully receive comments and suggestions for future consideration. The will be revised as needed to present new practices and developments. Edwin C. Hyatt, Chairman Joint AIHA-ACGIK Respiratory Protective Devices Committee C 4464 ..C. prJvV.'.-ro. :...i ;s :.i true tor respirators a respirator is ecsigaeo or acv. -J.ee io :^r unless is raatr.tn.r.ec rcca cor....tier.. Tats, ere ot the nest mportrr.: factors tr.c use c: tr.eso devices. is vc: ruost ircqucr.i.v rcglectcc. par::cul_rly with aoaerr.ercer.cy respirators ir.. which : results o; seer. neglect arc no: so readily evident. tr. audition :o prov.atr.g adequate .spirators ;n use has a definite economic value. '.Vell-rnatr.iat.-.od equipment lasts longer and re* quires less frequent replacement. the operations c; a maintenance program -- frequent ar.d periodic inspections, cleanir.;, re placing or repairing worn or deteriorated parts, ar.d storage--should be centralized wr.erever pos sible. They should also be supervised carefully by a responsible ar.d capable person, because proper care and maintenance require a thorough knowl edge c: the device. r. ixspicttox All routinely used respirators s.-.ould be in spected frequently. Emergency respirators should be inspected at least ever:.* SO days because, though they may stand unused fer a considerable time, they must be available in tirst-ciass condition at a moment's ties. The tightness of cosaections should be ..coked, as well as ate condition of the facepiece, heaebands. exhalation and inhalation valves, con necta-.; tube, and canister. The rubier pans of c-mcr.cacy equipment should receive particular attention to assure thi: they show r.o signs of de- tcriorsKcniw bhuseerrubber parts Should be kept pliable and flexible, prevented from taking a set during periods c; disuse by wording, stretc.i- ire, and manipulating with a massaging action dur ing :r.o inspection. 1; the sides of :.*.e cxnalatior. valve gap ever, slightly, a now valve should re- Incrgorcy devices should be ;.caned a;:;;c r use. .-.::er t.ic advice is cry, an mti*cu9irg pound should u- .ilacco on tr.c ..-.side o; .c.-.s. Daniauca leases ;r. some raasas can be re placet. by maintenance personnel, w.-.oroas otaors r.i.st .c repiacec ay tae manufacturer. The carry- caocs tor emergency devices are cesigr.ed :o protect facepieces but the cev.cc must be properly placed to prevent crimping or pinching. The stor.. :e piace sr.ould be cool ar.d ary, because nigh icinperatures shorter, the useful Ike of rubber parts. Self-contained breathing apparatus, e::.*.er cerr.a.-.d- or rocircula:;r.g-type, must uc- inspected ..tenthly. The air or oxygen cylinder mu*; uc ..lly citarged to 1,020 pounds per square inch (1,300 us; plus 10 per cant at 70F, as allowed by the Inter state Commerce Commission), and the regulator must function properly. Xoattentp: should be made to repair or adjust either the reducing or admis sion valve mechanism or the safety valve o: the regulator. If the regulator is not cperatmgproperly, it should be returned to the manufacturer for adjustment or repair. It Is extremely dangerous for anyone other than a highly trained mechanic, who thoroughly understands the construction, op eration, and adjustment of a regulator to attempt to repair or adjust the regulator. IL CL2ANKC Routinely used respirators also should be cleaned after each use, and they should be collected at a central point a; the end of each shift for cleani.-.gind inspection. Inch person's respirator should bear some sort of identification, such as his in itials or employment number. When a worker reccvies a respirator, he should be briefed on the cleaning procedure and assured that he wiil always get the same device. If the respirators are serv iced between shifts, only one respirator per work man is needed. If the cleaning is done during a work shift, each worker requires two respirators. When no: in use (for example, during the lunch period), the respirators should be stored :r. clean cabir.ets at convenient locations ir. the worx area. It is generally accepted that washing with a good detergent in warm' wrier, by hand brushing or agitation in a washing machine, is a sound basic cleaning procedure. According to Drinker ar.d Hutch.* "there is r.o reason to require special sterilizing .... Scrubbing witn warm water ar.d so.-.p, rinsing, and air drying m a clean place is entirely adequate.' There area number o: procedures currently ,r. use for cleaning respirators. When a respira tor ;s used by only one mcivicual, a practical 4465 s or c.----- - - C:; respirators. iiilO'..'..'.,' .Leo..-- .etr.v. cr ;so prcpvl). ;L1 a Lc.:::..' uitLotivolv c.~.:s :.:e .es pirntor ar.c contains a bnctercidnl TLs -.ciorcioai .'.cent is cer.erally a quaternary am.- mum.:. comjoor.d. Cr.o manuiacturc-r mnr.tenr.g 2 corr.oinattor. osier-gen; 2nd quartorr.arv orr.mor.ta sL: recommends immersing the respirator :r. the sc._::cr.. rinsing in dear., warm \ 120" water. Whentr.o same respirators arc usee by dif ferent ir.mviceois. a gooa public health policy is to disinfect i.tcm before they are re-isseua. The l::era:ore2-5 !-;sts a variety 0: chemicals and meir.acs for disinfecting respirators. A number of the procedures are unsatisfactory, "or example, formaldehyde not only is a poor diS'.r.tic--but it is absorbed on the rubber 2nd may cause cerma::::s. ioalvir.p a respirator in a 70 per cent soluticr. c: ethyl alcohol for i hr may be partially ef fective. Live steam or very hot water U137), organic solvents, and ultraviolet light should no: be used because of their injurious effects, par ticularly or. the rubber part3. The compounds generally cor.sideroc to be the most reliable tor disinfecting respirators are: (1; a hypochlorite solution (50 parts .per million i.ppmi of chlorine; immersion time. 2 min), cr <2; an alcoholic solution ox icciae (50 ppm iodine; 2 min immersion). A concentration 0: 111 ppm 0: qu_tcrr.ary ammonia compounds in water with less Liar. :20 ppm torn! hardness is generally ar. e.fccLvc disinfecting solution. The dti.;ava;;m,cs of the '^uarr..'i-ry ammonia compounds -re: .1. different co.ioemraticnT^f salts are required to achieve 2 ...i.meeting cdution with waters of vary..-.; compemne.:, ar.a .2- tae possibility 0; d_rr.*.:.:.::s tr.e rmsea from respirator. "liters or cncmicai cartr:dscs Lao c...: -w- oar.isters using soro*.r.t. S.GRACE A.ter clear.:.'.., inspection, am roc salary re pair. the equipment shou.d be stereo properly, :r essentially dustpreef containers, away from surli.'h.t, real ir.o: rear raciaiors or steam pipes;, extreme cold, arc excessive moisture. Most de vices come m cartons or cases w.m.i are suitable for storage: however, if devices are placed a; sta tions and work areas for emergency use, special compartments may be necessary tc protect the de vices even in their original containers. Rouilr.oiv used devices, such as dust respirators, may be placed in plastic bags. The devices should never be stored in such places as clothes lockers cr tool boxes unless they are in their carrying cases or carters. Respirators should be packed or stored so aha: the rubber facepiece and exhalation valve will rest in a normal position and function will not be impaired by the rubber setting in a bent or twisted position. Instructions far the proper storage of emer gency devices, such as universal gas masks and self-contained breathiegapparatus, are on the "in structions for use ar.d care* bulletin mounted on the inside of their carrying case lid. REFERENCES 1. Drinker, ?. and Hatch, T.: Industrial Dust, 2nd Id., McGraw-Hill Book Company, !r.c., New York, 1954, 401 pp. 2. Industrial Safety Equipment Association, Inc.: Care and Maintenance of Safety Equipment, Safety Maintenance, 115:14-16, 23, Apr. 1233. 3. National Safety Council: Respiratory' Protective Equipment, Dam Sheet 0-444, National Safety Council, 425 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago 11, HI., 1937. 4. American Standards Association: American Stancard Safety Cede for Heac, Eye, ana Res piratory Protection, Z2.1-1S55, Am. tricar. Standards .-.Sacc., 13 East 40 S:., New Yu.-.: 15. N.Y. 1. Mlcaigar. Department 0: Heal:.*.: Respira:---a -- Selection, b'ao ar.d Care, Occup. He--;.*. 2--1., 4:1-6, Winter 1S58. ' C 4466 ... ever. m. o: me items s.-.ouic ue covcrcc ..a.,.__u..' ..: :.:o training program. . 1'.*. la'.r._ 13 .*..VCSS.".rV 101' Si*3 eiW.S Ol'S. Si.C.1 -1-3 formula V...J ..re :o supervise lac use oi a.-.v tv.io o; respiratory protective device, as wail as :or :aoso w.-.w are to wear i: a device is to be -sea ` n:c..igom.y, conticunc.v. ar.d safely. Govicus.y, ae more complicated the apparatus or the more hazardous the atmosphere ir. which i: is to do used, the store extensive ar.d intensive the training mas; do. Sac.; training should do giver. by a quali fied person, such as an industrial hygienist, a safety engineer, cr respirator manufacturer's representative. Training in tse use oi any respirator should cover t.-.o following-. 1. discussion ot tne airborne contaminants against which the wearer is to be protected, in ducing information or. their physical properties, possible concentrations or changes thereof, mcce c: physiological action, toxicity, and means of de- 2. discussion c;' the reasons for using the respirator. 3. description a; its construction, operating principles, ana limitations. -1. Instruction in procedures for assuring `-hat is in proper working condition. 5. Instruction in fitting the respimtor prop erly ar.a checking for the adequacy of fit. 5. Instruction in the proper use ana mainte nance c: the respirator. 7. discussion of the importance of careful .-c-aaiafcf'. IssK-lS'Or, the respirator ar.d on ics-ccn- aia. ill de included m me discussion c: i*ic:~c t.taixixc for various types cr 3zs?taA7oas _ lorv.sory personnel should be trained to clcc: m.c groper type of respirator for t-a.- job. A c.ioice from several makes oi the proper type and design o; respirator might be left up to those who are to wear them. Such a procedure tends to less er. the workers' apparent Inborn resistance to wearing a respirator. Since the maintenance of respirators is dis cussed m Chapter 12, r.o specific instructions an this matter will be given here. However, instruc tion in proper maintenance of respirators is a very important part of any training program. A. Particulate-removing Respirators The particulate-removing (mechanical filter) respirator is the simplest type, yet there have beer, many instances of misuse because of inade quate training. These misuses have induced such practices as wearing the respirator upside down, wearing i: without filters or without exhalation valve, ar.d discarding the entire respirator be cause the filter 'plugged up.* Trained persons would not have committed these blunders. Since the main field of use of paraeuiatcremoving respirators is for respiratory protec tion against contaminants that have no immediate unpleasant effects, the worker usually must be convinced that it is necessary for him to wear the respirator. This can be accomplished in a factual manner without undue "scare* tactics. Instruct the trainee how to check the resptra:or to be sure that it is in good wearing condition. Then allow him to actually check a respirator as follows: 1. Check tnc exhalation ar.d inhalation valves to see 1..-1 t.iey are in place and not misshapen. ..r.o t.iu: no cir: or iin: is or, the vaive or valve s^atir, i-rfaces. 1. Cm:.; the body oi the facepiece to see that i... ;.it^*ti.'.mcf.r., periphery is clean arc ..as r.o: .n....y sotter.ed by body oils, ctstw-.;^a, or 2. Ca.t.t for the presence ar.d condition o: __s..o:s ar.a special spacers, if any. 446 remove t.ic respirator iron .-.-.a .r.c_\ ar.c. r.nve r.im so i..ruugr. t.ic procccuru several tines face in is :c close off i.ie oxnair.:.C;i valve ana c.\- r.ale ucatiy ir.u the facepiece. Thu is satis factory if a slight positive ;pressure can sc bull; up in the face-piece without any evidence of out ward leakage e: air at the peripaery. Instruct ir. the need to change the filter and t.:e procedure tor changing it. Train in the proper maintenance of the respirator, particularly it a centralized system tor respirator maintenance is not used. 3. Cos- and Vapcr-renorinr Respirators i. Chemical Cartridge Respirator Discuss the following limitations oi the chem ical cartridge respirator: It is tor use only against the type o: contaminant listed on the cartridge label, in concentrations not exceeding the maxi mum giver, cn the cartridge label. It will not at torn respiratory protection against particulates unless a particulate-removing tiller is indicated IT** jrc$cr<t* mstructian and training in checking and fitting the respirator should be the same as described tor particulate respirators except that the trainee should check the cartridge (ana parttculate- romeving filter, if used) to see that i: is of the proper type, is in good physical condition, and is seated securely against its gasxet. It is desirable :ka: :hc trainee check the fit cf the facepiece by ic^tlyiwoaring the respirator, oqu-.ppee wi:;'. or ganic vapor cartridges, ir. an atmosphere containir.g approximately 13C parts per million (ppm) cf .^cir.'.ya icceiu \*i,50r ci.j. ^Owi'c* mst !.a made, an organic vapor cartridge sr.ouid be affixed ic the respirator :r. lieu cf ar.y ot.icr type - C-r.r specta. test chamoer is re: ruccac f,,r '.ms .r ar.y ream, vunoul damage :o its ce.v.cr.ts, by evaporating n.Uluitcrs la*..; ct i.cnnv. ace tate ter eae.t 1,330 cuoic fee; ,ta0/ ef room voi- properiy t.ttce. If ho cetucia i.ic oner of iscamvi .tee:..to. ..c s.-.oulo retreat to .rear, air, rcacjut i..c taceptcce, mid men rep^..t t.ie test. I: leakage is u.I italic, .`.a sr.ould Vviroat to iresa nr ir." I'cer.ec.c t.ic respirator, as previously, li the rcspirator is to be worr. ir. air containing cor.tamieants otr.cr tarn; organic vapors, repiacs the or-game vapor cartridges with cartridges c: the ap propriate type, after a satisfactory face fit test. There are many occasions wr.en i: is r.ecasoary to conduct fitting tests m me field. A field checx is illustrated in r ;g. 13.1. Die ru.lability oi tr.e face fit is checked by pouring a few drops of isoatr.yl acetate onto a piece of cotton and waving it gently near the periphery of the facepiece while the wearer breathes normally. The concentration is likely to be above ICO ppm, but it does serve to checx the face fit and is commonly used in the field. Fig. 13.1. Field test oi face fit of respirators using isoamyi acetate. 4468