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FILE NAME: Oil Industry and American Petroleum Institute (API) DATE: 1951 Oct DOC#: API080 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Trade Journal Article - Insulation and Application Methods for Heated Piping 'JferoleM tn e n g in e e r COMBINED EDITION Drilling andProducingRefining and Gas ProcessmgmOUandGas PipeRning OCTOBER, 1951 VOLUME XXIII NUMBER 11 GENERAL T h e E n gin eer' F la r e in M a n a g e m e n t............................A-51 5. F. Boidby Freedom is Industry's Need ............................................ A-54 Oil Film Thickness Indicators for Sleeve-Type B e arin gs ............................. Shovel Crane Service .. . .......................... A. K. York A-55 A-58 New Flow M eter.......................................... A-63 Small Gas Turbine Has Wide Power Potential A-68 Features Cinii>r of O il.... ....... .....A-4 With the Editors . . ... A-8 Highlight? in Oildom ... A-IO Petrolic Personalities .. A-12 Dick Sneddon Meetings ....... .. A-18 Petroleum Profile .. ... A-70 Doug'ns Haves Grub am News . . ... E-2 Personals ................. . E-12 The Petroleum Engineer's Continuous Tables ... E-15 (Installment No. 171) Laugh With Barnev ....... E-3d Oil and Gas Trade News E-38 Trade Personals ......... . E*46 New Machinery and Supplies ................ . ... E-55 Trade Literature ......... E*60 Book? ......... ...................... E-62 DRILLING AND PRODUCING Lost-C irculation-- A New F ib rous M aterial fo r . Its C orrection ............................................................ B-7 E. E. Glenn, J r ., and R . Jenkins Effective and T o tal Porosity in the Redw ater D.t R eservoir, A lberta, C an ada ................................ B -14 Walter Rose, Hugh Hay-Roe, R.rG. Knabe, ' F. M. Tunnell Heavy Portable Drilling Rig for Foreign O perations ....... R. E. \ orton and William Ohlandt, Jr. ' B-40 Principles o f Gas Anchor D e s ig n .....................................B-48 Norman C. ffrells Hydrnfrac Methods for Limestone and D olom ite W ells ................... C. E. Clason B-53 Pipe R acks and S a fe H andling o f P i p e ...... ........... .....B-58 Oil O perations d f the Long B each H arb or B o ard ... B-63 Richard Sneddon Water In jection ....................................... B-72 Thomas P. Harris A Sei sniie R esearch Laboratory on W h e e ls......... r . f . Pugh B-78 Improved Drilling: Fluid F ilterL o ss T e s t e r ................ B-84 J . F. Chiitum, ,1/. 11. Standing, IP. T. Cardwell, Jr. Production History o f Main Western Pool, North C oles Levee Field .................................... B-92 IT. J . Travers, Jr., and F. T. Lloyd The Role o f W orkovers in C oastal T e x a s . and L o u isian a ........................................................... B -I0 4 Sidney A. Judson Trucks an d Car%in Oil Industry In crease................... B-107 Presenting ....... News ................ What's lining in Drilling ......... Features --.......B-3 ......B-108 . ....B-116 Exploration Activities B-120 Running Tour With Men in the Industry.-...........B-126 REFINING AND GAS PROCESSING C hem ists Survey Oil R efin ing T ech nology..................C-3 Arch L. Foster New D esign Features in Cat C rack er.......................... ....... C-5 H. K. Wheeler ' F lexibility Achieved by M odernization......................... C - ll Arch L. Foster D esign o f Gasoline Plants-- P art 1 ................................. C-16 0 . L. Lewis First Orthoflow Unit Put on Slrenni in C a adn ...................................... C-22 Montreal Modernization Doubles Refining C apacity ................................................................... C-24 Harry Chapin Plummer Instrum entation in the Petroleum Refining Industry ....................................................................... C-34 The Wohl Equation o f State Applied to Light -H ydrocarbons ............................................... C-35 K. A. Kobe and H. E. ton Rosenberg Cost Estim atin g for R efin eries ..................................... C-39 Robert P. Wilson Insulation and Application Method for H eated P ipin g ............................................ C-44 F actors A ffecting T h rou gh p ut ......................................... C-47 P. M. Reynolds I . . -- f e a t u r e s -, News ........... .......... -....... C-52 Refining and Gas Processing Personal? .. C-62 OIL AND GAS PIPELINING Use o f T ru ck s in the P ip e Line In du stry........................D-3 Frank H. Love C en trifu gal C om pressors fo r P ip eL in e s.........................D-9 C. F. Koenig, III Microwave Com m unications fo r P ipe L ine U se.........D -20 E. B. Dunn . In stallin g H udson River C rossin g....... ............................ D-34 Frank H. Love ' S a fe O peration o f C om pressor Stations . ................... D-37 E. A. Koenig Diesel T y p e Engines O perate on Crude O il................ D-41 Richard Sneddon -- Vast E xp an sion P rogram Underway............ D-48 Im portant Subjects on AGA Convention P rogram ............ D-51 News ......... Pipeline Personal? ........ ........ ........ Features D-52 Pipe Line Projects ... With the Pipe Line D-60 Contractors ......... T U PETROLEUM E N G IN E E R Publishing Com pany, Irwln-Kealler Building. DALLAS 1. TEXAS. W . 1. LOVE, Pr.std.nt-, W . T. BRYAN, 0 * n .r a l Manager and Treasurer. Editorial StalT-- K. C. SCLATER, V i a President and E d ito r-in .C h ie t; ERNESTINE ADAMS, M anaging E d ito r; ARCH L. FOSTER, E d ito r, Refining and G o t Processing, FRANK H. LOVE, E d ito r, OH ond G a t Pipelining.- MARY MORRIS, E d ito ria l A ssista n t; RICHARD SNEDDON, E d ito r, Pacific C oast, 1106 B North louito Strool, Clondala 7 , Californio. Phone, Chapman 5-1951. A d v e rtisin g S ta ff-- T. J, CROWLEY, V ice P re ;ident ond Advertising Monager; New York-- JO E B. WOODS, 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York 17, New York. Phone MUrroy Hiil 4-1880; Chicago---E, V . PERKINS, 53 West Jackson Btvd., Chicago 4 , Illinois, Phone, HArrison 7-6883; Los Angeles-- RICHARD P. McKEY, Bendix Bldg., 1206 South Maple, los Angelet 15, California. Phone, PRospect 3919, Prom otion-- ABBOTT SPARKS, M anager; ROYAL COURTNEY, Assistant C irculatio n M anager. C opyright 1951 by The Petroleum En gin eer Pu blishin g Com pany. Indexed by In d u stria l A rts In d ex ond The En gin eerin g In d e x , In c. Member of A ud it Bureau at C irculation on d A ssociated Business Papers. THE PETROLEUM ENGINEER, October, 1951 A-3 P 732.4 Insulation and Application Methods for Heated Piping S p e c i f i c a t i o n of insulating mate rials and application methods is gov erned by the physical and operating characteristics of the particular heated equipment or surface to be insulated. In the petroleum refining industry, storage tanks, distilling towers, boil ers, heat exchangers, and ducts are covered with the type of insulation, securing members, and finish that will do the most effective heat-saving job. The most common type of plant equip ment requiring insulation is piping-- carrying water, steam, gas, oil, chem icals, and other materials from point to point in the refinery. Pipe insula tion contributes in large proportion to the efficiency of refinery operations and is, therefore, of direct concern to engineers in the field. There are many recommended pro cedures for applying pipe insulation that have produced excellent results for many years with only occasional z maintenance. There are four particu lar conditions the alert plant engineer and experienced insulation contractor T A B L E 1. Molded-type insulation-- thicknesses* for standard-weight steel pipe sizes. Pipe site Nom inal Actual O. D. in. nK 0.840 1.030 i 2.315 1H 1.600 U 1.000 Standard thickness In. Vi Vi Vi M M Double standard thickness in. Ik 1Hi Hi 1H first consider in specifying insulation on a given pipe line. These are (1) temperature of the pipe contents, (2) outside diameter of the pipe, (3) lo cation of the pipe (indoors or out doors) and (4) degree of exposure to external damage. These conditions are most common; among others are orientation of piping (horizontal, ver tical, or diagonal), exposure to mois ture and vibration. Specifications based on such infor mation may be divided into the fol lowing categories: 1. Type of primary pipe insulation -- molded-type or blanket-type. 2. Dimensions of primary insula tion-- length, thickness, sec tional or segmental. . 3. Auxiliary and finishing mate rials. 4. Methods of installing primary insulation, auxiliary and finish ing materials. There are two common types of mineral wool pipe insulation, blanket- type and molded-type. Blanket-type pipe insulation is mineral wool rein forced on one or both sides by a suit able confining material and . bound to form a nonrigid in sulating section. Blanket-type mineral wool pipe insulation is designed and manufactured to have both maximum flexibility and high thermal efficiency and is produced in sizes to fit piping from 2-in. diameter and up. The most common confining ma terials used are either metal lath or wire netting, both of which are se cured by wire or cord ties through the mineral wool itself. Blanket-type pipe insulation is commercially manufac tured in 24-in.-long single-layer sec tions, 1-in. to 4-in. thick, for standard pipe sizes. Standard blankets are se lected having dimensions that will as sure a snug fit to the pipe at specified insulation thicknesses. Molded-type mineral wool pipe in sulation consists of mineral wool com bined with bonding ingredients to form a rigid insulation. This type of pipe insulation combines rigidity and strength with good insulating char acteristics and is shaped to be particu larly easy to install. Molded-type pipe insulation is manufactured in single and double-layer thicknesses. Each section is 36-in. long, a standard length found generally most useful. To insu late small-diameter piping, molded- type mineral wool is supplied in sec tions (half-cylinders), which are fitted together over the pipe. For larger pipe sizes, molded-type insulation is man ufactured in segments (usually four). The manufacturer maintains a toler ance of 1/6-in. for all dimensions so that it will fit tightly. In order to facilitate specifications, standard and double-standard thick nesses of molded-type pipe insula tion for standard-weight steel pipe have been set forth by the industry.* Table 1 gives these thicknesses* for nominal pipe sizes from l/fi-in. to 14 in. and up. Molded-type pipe insula tion may also be manufactured in 1, l 1/^, 2, 2i/, 3, and 4-in. thicknesses for all nominal pipe sizes given in the table. " On large piping, usually 14-in. in diameter and up, it is often very sat isfactory to apply mineral wool insu lating cement, particularly where ir regular surfaces are encountered in combination with the piping. The Com m ercial Standard CS-U7-49, " Mineral Wool Insulation for Heated Industrial Equip m ent/* 2 2.375 H i, 2k, 2 A 2. 875 114, 2k, 3Z\i 3.500 1H> 4.000 m, 2k, 2\M 4 4.500 Hi 2W TA BLE 2. Recommended minimum insulation thicknesses-- m ineral wool pipe insulation. itt * 6.000 Hi s 6.603 Hi 6 6.625 Hi 7^ 7.625 Hi 8 S 626 Hi 9 k 9.625 Hi 20 10.750 Hi * 11.750 Hi 12 12.760 Hi U and up 2k 2 H 2V% 2H 2H 2k 2H 2 Yt 3 *In addition to the th ic k n esses sp e c ifie d above, molded-type p ip e in su la tio n m ay be m anufactured in thicknesses o f 1, 1 2. 2%, 8 and 4 in. fo r all nominal pipe sizes. bThese pipe sizes are not listed a s stan dard for steel pipe in Simplified Practice Recom mendation R57-32, W rought-iron and Wroughtsteel Pipe, Valves, and Fittings. Blanket-type Molded-type T em perature Thickness Pipes Pipes Pipes 2 in. to 4 in. to 6 in. 4 in. 6 in. and up Temperature Pipes below 2 In. Thickness Pipes 2 in. to 4 in. Pipes 4 in. and up 150 to 250....................... 250 to 350..................... 350 to 450................... 450 to 550..................... 550 to 650....................... 650 to 750...................... 750 to 900..................... 900 to 1,050................... 1,050 to 1,200................ in. 1 1 1 1 1A lA 2 2 VA In. 1 1 2 VA lA 2 2 2 A VA in. . 2 2 VA 1A 2 2 2A 3 4 f U p to 275____ . td . . 775 tO 350..................... 350 to 425..................... . .. d o .......... 425 to 600................. 500 to 600.................... td . . . d o ......... p ' ........... Dbi. std ... Std. H i". 2". Dbi. std. Do. C-44 THE PETROLEUM ENGINEER, October, 1951 ' insulation thickness required by pipe temperature is built up on the pipe in separate layers; it is recommended ` that each layer be no thicker than 94 in. Each layer should be allowed to dry thoroughly before application of further insulating cement." More heat will be saved on any pipe line if the thickness of the insulation is increased; however, the cost of in sulation per foot of piping also in creases. There is, therefore, an eco nomic thickness of insulation which will result in maximum heat savings per dollar of cost. Table 2 gives rec ommended minimum insulation thick ness for blanket-type pipe insulation, 150 F to 1200 F, and molded-type pipe insulation, from below 275 F to 600 F. For each type of pipe insulation, the recommended minimum thicknesses are given for three ranges of pipe diameter. Note that the data for mold ed-type pipe insulation refers to the standard and double-standard insula tion thicknesses given in Table 1. The thicknesses tabulated in Table 2 are recommended for indoor applications. When piping is placed outdoors, as is common in the petroleum industry, it is recommended that the insulation thickness be increased not less than l^-in. Because earth is of some insu lating value, thickness may be de creased Va'in. when piping is installed underground. Application of Blanket-type Insulation Usually applied on straight piping and long-radius bends of 2-in. stand ard pipe size or larger, blanket-type pipe insulation (Fig. 1) is first wrap ped circumferentially around the bare pipe. The longitudinal edges are then secured by tying or lacing with 16- gage galvanized soft iron wire, pre ferably on the under side of the pip ing. The mineral wool blanket sections are tightly butted together on the pipe to provide an unbroken insulation cov ering. The materials and method in which blanket-type insulation is finished de pends upon whether it is located in doors or outdoors. There are four generally accepted materials for finish ing insulation on indoor piping, (1) mineral wool insulating cement, (2) roofing-felt, (3) asphaltic mastic or emulsion and (4) canvas. Insulating cement is applied over the blanket- type pipe insulation in two lay ers. The first layer is trowelled on and allowed to dry before the second is applied. As the second alternative fin ish, asphalt-saturated roofing-felt is wrapped around the piping, lapped at least 2-in. and often sealed with an asphaltic compound or lap cement. Roofing-felt should be securely held over the pipe with copper wire or gal vanized iron bands spaced on ap proximately 6-in. centers along the pipe. To apply an asphaltic finish to in door piping covered with blanket-type pipe insulation, a ^ -in . layer of min eral wool insulating cement is first applied and, when dry, is covered with 1-in. galvanized-wire netting stretched over the surface and tightly wired in place. Asphaltic mastic or emulsion is then trowelled into the wire netting to provide a %-in. dry thickness (or about Y^-'m. when wet). As a base for a canvas pipe jacket, a layer of flameproof paper, i^-in.-thick asbestos paper or a Y i'in. layer of in sulating cement is first applied. Hie canvas jacket is then sewn or pasted ovef the base material. To insure a tight cover on a sewn canvas jacket, the stitches should be spaced at no more than 1/3-in. intervals along the pipe. When blanket-type pipe insulation covers piping located either outdoors or exposed to moisture or accidental damage, it is usually finished and weatherproofed by sheet- metal jack ets, roofing-felt or an asphalt com pound. A sheet-metal jacket should be at least 28-gage, single or double-gal vanized. The seams are lapped down- Precision fabrication! I * ' You can depend on McNamar's years of ex perience to give you the best fabrication job on any refinery equipment project . . . We take a great deal of pride in tackling the tough problems too! McNAMAR PRODUCTS-REFINERY TOWERS STORAGE TANKS ACCUMULATORSSEPARATORS HEAT EXCHANGERS PIPIN G -STR U C TU R A L SHAPES MIS CELLANEOUS REFINERY VESSELS. McNAMAR FACILITIES--70-TON CRAN E ROLLS VA" PLATE THICKNESS X-RAY EQUIPMENT NATIONAL BOARD INSPEC TION AUTOMATIC WELDING APIASME CODE WELDING STRESS RELIEVING SAND BLASTING. McNamar Boiler &Tank Co. R EFIN ER Y S A IE S D IV IS IO N BOX >68, TULSA. O KLA H O M A THE PETROLEUM ENGINEER, October, 7957 To obtain moro Information on product advortlfod too pago f-53 C-45 A. Bore pipe B. Blanket-type mineral wool wrapped circumferentially around bore pipe C Joints secured with No. 16-goge galvonized wires 0. Insulating cement E. Asphaltic or other specified finish. FIG. 1. Application o f blanket-type m ineral wool pipe insulation on pipes. A. -Bore pipe ------ ~ - B. Sectional mineral wobt'-p1fS!i,tttt-''a^ l lion C. Canvas jacket or other specified fin ish D. Metal bands. FIG. 2. Application o f m ineral wool sectional pipe insulation, single-layer. galvanized wires 0 . Canvas jacket or other specified fin ish E. Metal bonds. FIG. 3. Application o f m ineral wool sectional pipe insulation, double-layer. A. Bore pipe B. Segmental pipe insulotion C. No. 16-gage galvanized wires D. Insulating cement, when required E. Canvas jacket ar other specified fin ish F. Melol bands. FIG. 4. Application o f m ineral wool segm ental pipe insulation. ward against the weather and secured with galvanized metal bands, %-in.- wide or greater, which are machine- stretched and crimped. It is not rec ommended that the bands be spaced at much more than 6-in. centers along the pipe. The roofing-felt finish is applied in the same manner outdoors as de scribed above for indoor locations. To avoid the possibility of wetting the insulation, it is very important to lap the roofing-felt downward. An asphaltic finish is applied in the same manner outdoors as in indoors, mak ing certain that the asphaltic coat is sufficiently thick and even at all points. Application of Molded-type Insulation The single and double-layer meth ods of applying sectional molded-type pipe insulation are illustrated in Fig. 2 and 3. In Fig. 2, single-layer sec tional insulation is placed over the piping, with all sections tightly butted together, and is covered with a can vas jacket and banded in place. Dou ble-layer application of sectional pipe insulation in Fig. 3 requires that the first layer be wired in place with loops of wires placed on approximately 8-in. centers. The second layer is tightly fitted directly over the first layer with all joints staggered to avoid aligning edges. As with single-layer applica tion, a canvas jacket (or other fin ish) and metal bands follow. Application of segmental molded- type pipe insulation in Fig. 4 is sim ilar to the procedure followed with sectional insulation. Although Fig. 4 shows a single-layer method, double layer segmental pipe insulation can also be obtained. On such large-di ameter piping, mineral wool insulat ing cement is often trowelled over the installed segments before applying the canvas jacket or other finish. A canvas jacket is the most satis factory finish for molded-type pipe insulation located indoors and not ex posed to moisture or abrasion. The canvas jacket is drawn tightly over the pipe and smoothly pasted at all lap ping edges. The metal bands should be secured over the canvas at both the center and ends of each length of in sulation. When factory-weight canvas is specified, insulation and canvas are supplied as a unit. Molded-type pipe insulation in stalled on outdoor piping or in loca tions where accidental damage or wet ting might occur is finished in one of the three ways recommended for blanket-type pipe insulation under similar conditions. All finishing meth ods are excellent; the specifier and insulation contractor select the finish most appropriate for particular con ditions. * * * C-46 THE PETROLEUM ENGINEER, O ctober, 1951