Document rxkYwY6zE0LkN0aGOa5p5Jkqr

feature @ /a Intensified research is needed to minimize their dangers Carl CL Qu$tafftonv Federal Water Quality Administration, Athens, Qa. p J'urine the past three years, a special c\ss of compounds, called polychlorinated biphenyls (pen's), has claimed the attention of ecologists and pesticide analysts in this country. These compounds were not discovered in the environment until 1966 in Swe den and 1967 in the X.I.S., despite the feet that they have been available com mercially for 40 yean, interest in pcb's has arisen because (hey are frequently found in fish, bird, water, sediment, and other environmental samples whon such samples arc examined for chlori nated pesticide residue . That a wide variety of samples containing pen s hat been collected from England, Scundinavie. The Netherlands, Antarctica, Central America, and many different 'parts of the U.S. makes them truly ubiquitous pollutants. Polychlorobiphcnylt are made by substituting chlorine atoms for one or more of the hydrogen atoms at the The Monsanto Co. stated recently in a letter to Congressman William F. Ryan of New York that as of August JO, it would no 'anger sell Pen's to customers for use In g- neral plasticizer operations where dispos*' of dn endproducts cant;.`> Se cont idled. Ifter some lag period--the t.mc it takes to eventually dispose of U v rmluas made from pciT** and cu *vifi.v in processor's in ventorses-- u c quantity of PCn`* getting Into the env'ronnent may he substantially reduced. It Monsanto's fanner Customers I, ok for res substitutes, rather lun pur nosing P( n'.r Ironi ii:,uiitfncttn.i\ in la art and tlurvpc, the projet fed Jcert >isc could heeum. a reality < lari (i. CuNlafxon Ml4 Lnsintuuvt.i.il .`ii'iVw# Si Tvctuxiliigr numbered positions of the biphenyl structure. 5' 6' l 3 Aroclor. ren's arc also manufactured in Europe and Japan, under trade names such as Thenocbior and Clt* phen. The various Aroelors are dif ferentiated by a four-digit number, with the last two digits indicating tht percentage of chlorine in the mixture. Properties In the process of replacing hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms, a large number of substitution^ combinations arise. For example, three monochlorobiphenyl isomers are possible, 12 dichloiobiphcnyl isomers,: 21 trichlorobiphenyl isomers, and so on. Theoreti cally, 210 compounds can be prepared by this substitution process; a typical oxampto would be 2,4,6,2'4'-pcntachlorobiphcny). Whenever aromatic hydrocarbons such as biphenyls are chlorinated, the product is a mixture of compounds, in cluding isomers. It is quite difficult to synthesize single, specific chlorobiphenyl compounds in the laboratory unless involved procedures are em ployed. Consequently ftfw of the indi vidual compounds have been prepared in the pure form for study. In the commercial process for tca manufacture, biphenyl chlorinated with anhydrous chlorine in tall cy lindrical lower- with cither Iron filings or ferric chlocu.c ok the c.,,.'lvvt Uw by-product is hydrogen chloride the product is a mixture of several rail's The degree of chlorination deter mined by measuring the specific grjvity of the mixture w, when the product is more viscous, the baU-and-ring soft ening-point lest is used. The v -dc pro cess lakes from 12 to 36 houiv In the U.S., iho solo manufacturer of P< n's is the Monsanto Co., which * markets them under ilat trade mime The three most important physical properties of the tea's are low vapor pressures (they have high boding . oints), lw water solubility, and high dielectric constant* Thry am miseiblc with most organic solvents and compatible wuh many types of.poly mers. Although some individual y ifychlorobiphcnyl compounds arc cry** ullinc, the Aroclor mixtures are either .squids or resins. The chemical properties that make pcb's desirable industrial materials art their excellent thermal stnh.lily. their strong resistance to both acidic and basic hydrolysis, and :hdr general in ertness. They arc quite resistant to oxidation. Monsanto reports, in a tech nical bulletin on pen's, that they can be heated to MO* C under 260 p.&.i. of oxygen pressure "without showing any evidence of oxidation as judged by de velopment of aL.c.?y or fo?-'\.um of sludge." The physiology; ;1 property oi the pco's make then. .Mvmially mv ;fi-..nl contaminant. t ,.% .r.vitoi >. : Tor any pollutant, iw- :,,ciorsarc involved: acute toxicity, xhici. it jtr.iu, a:cly evident bccauiu oi ;i high dv.i.ti , .. e of other maiming ej.vci. ..nd ch v ,, u \* icity, which is the -exult of a v k . cumulation of the v.-on in iho oodv and is a suhleth. effect. U^k^-vacuic toxiciis is ... .i pollutant vv.V be readily rccogm.*d and i,pro-rcmcdiiii actions wi.l Iv introduced. It, on the other hand. ..cute toxtcity u low, ;hv effect* will go tinuntil I lie ehtoitK effects make .k .r.'.sawx evident. When this happens, ( problem may have advanced ho* )0nJ immediate or easy correction. A<wt toxicity Ail studies of ren's in animats iculie.iie that acule toxicity is noi a signifi cant factor. Their acute toxicitics are the oiicr of those of other chlori nated aromatic compounds. Monsanto ha* sponsored two investigations of the acute toxicide* of AroeJor mix tures. In the first, at the Kettering Laboratory at the University of Cin cinnati. Dr. J. F. Treon and Ins co worker* investigated the toxicity of Aroeior vapor* for guinea pig*, mice, rabbit*, and rats. AH animal* survived I 24-day exposure to 0.33 p.p.m. of Aroeior 1242 for 7 hours per day on 17 of those days. Even after more pro longed test*, there were no severe ef fect* from Aroeior 1242. In the second investigation, itili in process, three groups of beagle* are fed Aroeior 1242, 1254. and 1260, respectively, at a rate Of 100 p.p.m. in their diet*. After three Wt, no significant abnormalities ( c been noted. Similar Studies on fish have been per formed in several laboratories. Dr. Richard Schoettger of the Sport Fish eries and Wildlife Fish-Pesticide Re search Laboratory in Columbia. Mo., reports that 96 hour*Tt.:,ft toxicides of the Aroeior* to (rout range from 1.17 to 60 p.p.m. Compared to oot, whose 96 hour*Ti.aM toxicity is 0.002 to 0.009 p.p.m. for trout, the pc&'s have a rela tively low acute toxicity. With the more sensitive blucgill, the 96 hour-TL.,0 for Aroeior 1248 is 0.278 p.p.m., while that of f>t>T is 0.008 p.p.m. Aroeior loxicilict appear to be inversely propor tional to the chlorine content of the mixture Shellfish, oysters, ;.nd shrimp arc more sensitive to pea's. Dr. Tom Duke, at the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Pesticide Field .Station, re ports 100'/ mortality of juvenile pink shrimp exposed to 0.10 p.p.m. of Aro eior 1254 in water tor 4H hours. This eoneenii.ui<m of Aroeior 1254 will iuse . JOO':#, decrease in shell growth . i uystcis .liter % hours. To achieve the sanu affects with imr in these ex periments, only 0,0000 p.p.m. ami 0.01 p.p.m., respectively, were required. There is very little evidence ih.t Pen's are toxic to insects. .Studies lo dale show that they are less toxic ili.m dicldrin or t>nr. As with Ash. their tox icity appears to be (aversely propor tional to the adorn.c content of the mixture. Based on the above dat., it is un derstandable why the polychlorobiphenyls, commercially available for 40 year*, have only recently attracted attention as toxic environmental con taminants. Chronic toxicity The chrome toxicitics of feu's pre sent a more disturbing situation; several chronic effects have been observed. It was discovered, quite by accident, that t'cn's have a toxic effect on chickens. Professor E. L. McCune and his co workers at the University of Missouri found their chickens dying after they were placed in a feeding house, parts of which had been freshly painted with an epoxy paint. Careful investigation revealed that the toxic factor was Aro eior 1242, a binder in the paint. When Aroeior J242 was fed to the chicks it produced the same characteristic effects ns chick edema factor. McCune re ported: "Gross pathology included hy dropericardium, hydropcriionium, en larged heart, liver, and kidneys, and hemorrhage of internal organs. Mi : \ crnsL-opically the kidneys showed marked tubular dtlaijon and numerous casts." Another chronic effect of hca's is related in wildfowl. The accumulation of high concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in birds resulted in dis ruption of normal breeding behavior and in the formation of thin-shelled eggs. A dramatic cxumplo of this effect has been observed in the case of the brown pelican. On the Anacapa Island* off the California coast, no young were hatched last year from 300 pairs of nesting birds. The shells of most eggs laid were so thin that a dent occurred when the egg was picked up. There are two possible causes for the laying of thin-shelled eggs by wild fowl. One is a low calcium reserve in the bird; the other is the inability of the bird to deliver the needed calcium to its oviduct, where the eggshell is forming. The calcium level in the avian biosysicm and the calcium reserve in the secondary bone structure or medul lary bone, found only in female turds when they are breeding, are controlled by the hormone estrogeo. A high es trogen level i* associated with the for mation ot thi* calcium rexerve. Chlo rinated hydrocarbons, such as dot. Vtiltmw 4, Number ill, O-i.'li.f 1V?0 klS MOMS 0 8 4 0 8 4 i i i i i iuiiuo.*iii', i ii'iiiiiHi h ii .ictiv.de cn/v'ucx in die Invi' which li;insl\*mi cvtiO'VU ut;o a mow voter-soluble o'iDi'i'imii tn.u *< readily eliminated tVo.u the biiJ\ Nod>. Tim means that when estrogen level' aw low, calcium reverve**, will al-o b* k*w, ami there fore vcryjitile calc.urn will Ik* avail* able tor Mrong egpshcll production. DicUrin ;uul rcu*s arc more elective than dot in Ibis tyjn- of eiuyme-iiidne- lion activity. Arcelor 1262 has an es tradiol degrading potential four lo five time* that of //,/' noc or technical grade dot. The ability ot' the female bin! to deliver calcium lo her oviduct during Ihc Iasi 20 hours, when the eggshell is being formed, is related to the func tioning of the enzyme carbonic an- hydr.ise. When bird* that have ex hibited the ability to lay normal cg;*s arc injected with a metabolite of Dr T (m>B) just prior to the formation of the eggshell, they will lay thin-shelled egg*. This indicates that dot alt.0 in hibit*. the activity of carbonic anhydrasc. the enzyme that controls Ihc flow of calcium from ;hc blood stream of the bird into its ovinuct. Since dicldtin seems to have no elTcct on carbonic nnhydryse. we may assume (hat neither do the pen's. How ever, these compounds delay breeding time significantly. Many ornithologists feel that late breeding has a stronger influence on the reduction of bird populations than docs the laying of thin-shelled eggs. If this it true, rcu's are a more potent threat than dot to our declining bird populations, es pecially for preJatory birds that ac cumulate fairly high levels of een's be cause they eat smaller animals that al ready have concentrated res'* in (heir own tissues. Other investigators have produced evidence to show that pen's arc simi lar to dot in their activity. Dr. Joseph Street at Utah State University has shown that when pen's accumulate in the liver, they induce microsomal cn- aynvj activity by bringing about more rapid metabolism of drugs, insecticides, and other foreign compounds. He fed rats a diet containing 1u p.p.m. of Aroclor 1254 or Aroclor 1260. After 10 day. on this diet, ihc test animals were administered hexobarbifol at a dose o: iOO p.p.m. to induce sleep. In comparison with a control group, the steeping time for these rats was reduced by 65 to JtflCy-. Street also found ihnt Aroclor, when fed at the Kit KmiroiimcnUd Ncii'fHv Si T<(ino(oey same level, wilt reduce dicldrin stor age in adipose tissue by 90 to 95%; in crease aniline oxidation by 200 to 300%; and increase epn detoxication by 430 to 470%. In addition, the pen's cause activation of org.inolhiophosphatc compounds, which adversely af fect the system. This latter effect coun terbalances the detoxification of diddrin. Normally, when a substrate activates an enzyme, it is converted to a watersoluble form that will bo eliminated from the system; however, this is not the case with ren's. Became they re main in Ihc system for prolonged pe riods of time, their enzyme induction activity is always present. In this way the normal concentration of important body chcmicaK may be lowered to the HONS 084085 point of bringing about malfunctions in the system. For example. Street be lieves that (he pcu's bring about steroid degradation, which can lead to altered endocrine relationships. Tlic chronic toxicity to man is as follows: Like the chlorinated naphthalenes, the chlorinated diphenyls have two distinct actions on the body, namely, a skm eil'cct and a toxic action on the liver. The lesion produced in (he liver is an acute yellow atrophy. This hopato-toxic action of (he chlorinated di phenyls appears to be increased if there is exposure to carbon tetrachloride .it the same time. The higher the chlorine content of the diphenyl compound, the more toxic it is liable to he. Oxide* of Chlorinated diphenyl* are more ill'll* 1110 UlU'SldlAed IIUI- Inc 'Mil Iv'Mon is known as ca.m.ic.ic, .uni v0ii4isi\ ot sin.ill jVinpio and d.nk p-smcntation of Ihe exposed .uvas, initially. Later, comed-mes .uni piiMuics develop. In persons who have suiTered s\>iemie imoxie.iiion. ihe usual and symptoms are nausea, vomiting, of weight, jaundice, edema, and abdominal pain. Where ilw* liver ilam.i;je has been severe, the patient may pass into coma and die. $<., .V. living, "Dantii'roti.r Proptniv.t of huluurial Alo'rnalx," 3rd '/.. I'im Xostnnnl-liaidiold, New York. /V6.v. Hcptachlor Lindane Aldrin - Hcptachlor Oxide DDE P,P' OOT t j . t! ' ; i . o,p` DDT \ A \ The uhisjuiiN of ren's is related to the wide spccitum of applications that have been found for them. The largest single use of rco's is related to their electrical properties--ns coolant-insu lation fluids in transformers. For this purpose the Aroclors arc also sold under such trade names as Chiorcxioi (Allis-Chalmcrs Mfp. Co.). Oykanol (Federal Pacific Electric Co.), lncrletfn (Wvsimghotwc Electric Co.), Noflamol (Wagner Electric Co.), Pyranol (General Electric Co.), and Thcrminol (Monsanto Co ). Other tes of 1`t'u's include formula* .ion inio ballasts for fluorescent fix ture*.; impregnation of cotton and as* besten for braided insulation of elec trical wiilag: u plasticiser in wire and cablo coatings; capacitors and askarcltype transformers; and plasticizers of vinyl ch'oride polymer films Because of their thermal stability and fire re sistance, the aco's also find application in high-pressure hydraulic fluids, spe* cializcd lubricant* and gasket scalers, heat transfer agents, and machine tool cutting oil*. Miscellaneous uses in* dude: formulation into some epoxy paints; protective coatings for wood, metal, and concrete; adhesives; and in carbonless reproducing paper. One of the primary manufacturers of carbon* less reproducing paper also sells Ato* clors in an encapsulated form. Generali)' the kinds of applications described above mean (hat the pen's will be in many types of products th.it eventually find their way to the domes tic market. When used in manin.icturc of ballasts lor fluorescent fixtures they { II be found in kitchens, bailuooms, stufes. and offices throughout the coun try. Wherever olllcu forms are used that do nol use carbon paper, one may find pen's formulated into the micro capsules of dye that comprise the re Gas chromatogram A is of a standard pesticide mixture, B is typical of Aroclor 1254, and A + B is the chromatogram of a 50 : 50 mixture of both. The concentration of Aroclor 1254 is approximately ID times those of the pesticides in A. hence it is un derstandable why PCB's were not readily recofnizad in pesticido chromatograms. Cat chromatonraph (Packard 7620) conditions: gas flow 80 ml./min. nitrogen; tom* peratures--*oven, 210* C., inlet. 230* C., detector, 216* C.; Ni*' electron capture detector; 5' x l/" glass column packed with 8% &E-30 on Chromoeorb Q 80-90 mesh. MONS 084086 producing layer of the business form, pen's have also Wen found on ibe transparent receipts used in credit carJ charge forms. As plasticizer* they can be expected to appear in many con sumer plastics. Since the chronic toxicitics arc so significant, it becomes important to know just how extensively the pen's are distributed in the ecosystem, and just how they find their way into the environment. RumwaJcf in En gland, brown seals oil' the coast of Scotland, white-uileJ cables in Sue* den. cod in the Baltic Sea. mussels in The Netherlands, ndelic penguin eggs in Ihe Antarctica, brown pelican eggs in Panama, Arctic terns, shrimp in Florida, river water in Japan, waters in the Great-Lakes, human hair, and human adipose tissue--sample* of all these have been found to contain pen's. Volume 4. NumU.r .u. O-iotwr l70 til thus mAmp them a class OI widely dispersed pollutants. Readily absorbed The properties of Pen's make llicm iiwIuMiially useful aic die same properties Hut cause them to persist in the environment. Those in- elude thermal Mobility, resistance to oxidation And hvdrohsis, soluMity in a wide rattle of organic solvents, water insolubility. high dielectric constant, and compatibility wnii many types of macromolccuics. The r resistance to oxidation and hydrolysis also makes pen's more stable and persistent than DPT. Consequently, they could even tually accumulate to a highc- concen tration than dpt, especially if the use of nor is sharply eurt..iled in the U S. The solubility of vcn'% in nonpolar solvents explains why they arc readily absorbed into fatty tissue and into the liver. Their resistance to oxidation or Other types of chcnocnl degradation explains their persistence in the en vironment and accumulation in animal tissue. The latter effect is enhanced both hv their insolubility in water and solubility in organic solvents. Their chemical inertness and resistance to metabolism account for (heir low acute toxicity. But us they slowly build up in a living system their con centration Approaches toxicity levels at whieh point chronic effects make themselves evident. It has been established that fish-eat ing birds will accumulate large conccn- tiations of pen's, as in the ease of the while-tailed eagle, which has been found to have as much as 14,000 p.p.m. of Fee's. Peregrine falcons, taken off the coast of California, were found to have as much as 2000 p.p.m. in their lipid tissue. When shri.np were exposed to 10 p.p.b. of Aroclor 1254 for 48 hours, they accumulated 2300 p.p.b. of pen's, which represent* a J30-foid con centration in a very short timo. Oysters, exposed to an identical concentration of Aroclor 1254 for 96 hours and then placed in pen-free wu.'cr for four days, still had a concentration of 33,000 p.p.b. of pea's, which constitutes a 3300-fold concentration. This means that even though the concentrations of pea's are in the parupcr-billiou range in the environment, their high lipid solubility cause* (hunt to collect In fatty tissue* of lower animals und marine life. Therefore, specie* al the lop of a food chain will also .iccumiiluie pen's lit their bodies, paii.cuUirly m their lipid tissue ami liver, m much the same way as they accumulate dot and other chlorinated pesticides. Because of the low solubility of pcb's in water, when a solution or dispersion of them is discharged into a river or lake, they will accumulate on the sedi ment in relatively high concentrations. Subsequently, they will redissotve very slowly in the water as conditions change. Therefore, it will usually take a long time to flush out a contaminated area. Accidental occurrence The reason that pen's have not been found in the ecosystem as extensively as dot, and are not present in environ mental samples at as high n concen tration as dot, ix that pen's find their way into the environment accidentally. DDT is deliberately spread because this is the only way its insecticidal proper ties can be utilized, pen's are not in tended to get into the environment, but they do because their unique chemical properties prevent them from being de stroyed by our usual waste disposal methods. Thus, they inadvertently es cape and become widely dispersed. In Sweden, where the use of put has (wen Uuuned, und whevu the muin power source Is hydroelectric, investi gators And Mat the concentrate pci's in the environment it as hi that of dot. There are several ways by * pcb's get into the ecosystem. O these is by Incineration. Produeta taming pel's, such as earbonks producing paper in business 8 plastics (especially polymer (Us sheeting that contain pcb's as \ cizers), spent ballasts from fltio** light fixtures, and objects coated: pea-formulated coatings, all find way to the city dump or indue for burning. The rca's do not bur ore vaporized. They are then ct into the atmosphere, where they c on paniculate matter and are s quently returned to the surface e earth, into the rivers, lakes, and oc In this way they become widely tributed throughout the global *** ment. Another source is protab*v run-off from industrial w.taiea dumps. A third source is the po manufacture and the plant* pen's are processed into other prod They can escape through the plant tiliiliott and exhaust systems irrtc atmosphere amt through its u .imc t mem system into sewers or ddcetly waterways, |tl tiudfwwmiui SrWi.v* I `IVvItitnkiay MCNS 064087 ' i,1 (S HiicfiSMij: to note that the inci oi vuV m ciwiionmcniul tant- yl-s highest in m.lustiiaJi/.cil and ur Iv.ui/Oil .IKMN Hmb* whose prima y .<:>itiit in the San 1-t.u .cisco Hay ;*r.:a . larger concent..ition of rods per unit of body weight thnit those to taled in Raja. Calif., which is compIcK'ly rural. Aquatic life in (he Archi pelago of Stockholm, the most indus trialized area of Sweden, were found to have a higher concentration of ecu s than fish sample* taken from the westcm coast of Sweden, a lest developed area. Sediment samples taken from southern portions of Lake Michigan have a higher concentration of pen's than those from other parts of the lake. Monsanto states that until a rcci u change in marketing policy (see inset, page 114), tales of Arodors were in creasing at the rate of 6% per year. While thin increase does not seem sig nificant, it may be important if the in creased consumption was in consumer product* and thus would find their way into our normal solid waste disposal systems. Such an occurrence would mean a dcAniU increase of rca residues In the environment, and therefore a marked inereusc in their ehronic tox* k*ity effects. . steetlan pen's were mu discovered i.i environ mental samples until very recently for several reasons. First, as indicated how, they haw not been deliberately distributed about (he ecosystem. Sec ondly, because of (heir relatively low acute losicitfcs, their presence wax not immediately evident. Finally, they are difficult to deice) analytically. The ecu's were first detected as in terfering peaks in the gas chromato graphic analysis (f.c) of environmental samples being analyzed for chlorinated pesticide residues. When act's are pres ent in a sample they give a pattern of several cc peaks, whose rctontion times re similar to those of Uteldrin, dot, ooc. aldrin, and hcpuchlor oxide. Be cause the peaks were not large or sharp, investigators tended to ignore them until S. Jensen, in Sweden, and A. Riiebrough, at the University of California at Berkeley, identified them as corresponding to common constitu ents of environmental samples being naiyzed for persistent pesticides. The problem of ihc interferences of fee's with Ihc analysis of oitur chlori nated pesticide* has been largely over come by prior treatment of the sam ple. Several investigators have used column el rocnatography to separate pt n's from chlorinated pesticides. At a recent nu cling, sponsored by il.o i wm\ National Water Quality lab oratory, D.iluth, Minn., a general pro cedure was recommended for separa tion of rcu's from pesticides, In this procedure for biosamples, the sample is extracted with hexane ax in regular pesticide analysis. It is then partitioned with acetonitrile to remove fats, the clcamrd-up extract is passed through a Fluorisil column and then through a silicic acid column. Finally, the sample is analyzed by gas chromatography, with a chloride-specific detector. In this way the pesticides are retained on the silicic acid column for later elution and identification. Research needs To assess fully the significance of i*C(t*s as environmental pollutants, ad ditional research is needed. No one really knows the extent of the chronic effects of these chlorinated hydrocar bons. Some problems that need to be considered are: * Although pen's are known to ac cumulate in human organs we do not know at what concentration they will begin to exhibit toxic clients. Will these chronic effects be similar to those shown in animals---microsomal en zyme activity, calcium metabolism in hibition, and so on? What arc other possible chronic effects? * Which of Ihc many lun com pounds in the commercially available mixtures arc responsible for their tox icity? Can commercial pci* mixtures be modified to eliminate the toxic com ponents? Pure samples arc required to answer these questions. At the present time work is continuing at the pwqa's Southeast Water Laboratory to sep arate each of the Aroclor mixtures into its many components, and to identify each component. * We need to know all the uses for tho Pen's. What is the annual produc tion of pen's? Our knowledge of these facts is limited and needs to be ex panded. These facts should be known if we are to accurately determine how they get into the environment, and take steps to prevent further environmental contamination by them. * In view of the complexity of the isolation and accurate quantitative analysis of pen's in chlorinated resi dues, a straightforward, unambiguous measurement of them needs to be de veloped. What is the fate of Pea's in nat ural waters? More needs to he known of iheir partition coefficient* between bottom Ncdimcnts and water. This is vital if we are to evtimate bow long it will take for a river bed to dean itself of contamination. It will also be useful when assessing the effects of Pea's on murine life that feed on the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and estuaries. We should also learn more about pea solubility in water of various ionic strengths. * Are present waste treatment sys tems adequate to handle pea's? Do spe cial measures need to be taken when pen's are pan of the waste effluent be ing treated? By trying to get some of (beat an swers now, we may find that we arc in a position to control the escape of pen's into the environment before ad ditional damage is done. So frequently, action is taken only after it is evidcat that massive damage has resulted from a particular pollutant. In the ease of the pea's we may have an opportunity to resolve the situation before that happens. Additional Reading Hubbard. H. L, ''Chlorinated Biphenyl and Related Compounds," Encyclo pedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd cd., 5, Intorscionco Publ., Now York, N.Y.. 1964, pp. 289-296. Roynolds. L. M., Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 4, 228 <1909). Risebrough, R. N., et. at, Nature 220 (1968). I- t r-, __ 1 Curl C. Gustafson, chairman of the Department of Chemistry of King's College, Briurclifl Muttot, V. Y , re ceived a Ph.D. in organic chemistry front the University of Delaware in 1957. During the 1969-70 academic year, he was on leave at the PWQa Southeast Water Laboratory in Athens, Go., where he studied trace organic analysis in waste diluents. As a mem ber of the National Water Contami nants Characterization Research Pro gram, he worked with PCS'! and pulp and paper mill effluents. MQNS 084088 Volum* 4. NumWr !0. 0*vf 1970 1)9