Document rxDwZO0JXaXzwMbr3p2V4BD07
FILE NAME: Flooring (FLR) DATE: 1996 Sept
DOC#: FLR023
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Journal Article - Quantification of Fiber Releases for Various Floor Tile Removal Methods
for VQaruiaonutsifFiclaotoironTiolef FRibeemroRvealleaMseesthods
JerryRoLbaeurdteNrd.alCe,rcosKsmaathny, JSrc.,hAosMek.,BGalnendnRoWnialllidamFs.,DJro.d,Bson3
departm ent of Occupational Health Sciences, The University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, 11937 U .S. Highway 271, Tyler, TX 7 5 7 0 8 ; departm ent of C ell Biology and Environmental Sciences,
The University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, 11937 U .S. Highway 2 7 1 , Tyler, TX 75708; d iv isio n of Occupational Health, Texas Department of Health, 1100 W . 49th St., Austin, TX 78756
The risk o f human exposure from asbestos-containing material is directly related to the condition of the material, custodial/maintenance activities, and the methods used to reduce the potential expo sure to workers, bystander employees, and occupants o f die area containing die asbestos. Many consider door tile to be noniriable, which is in accordance with the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants regulations, although there is some docu mentation of fiber releases from deterioration o f such asbestos-con taining Tnaffrialt during polishing, removal, or routine walking, due to the friction generated by such activities. This study evaluates sev eral commonly used procedures for removal offloor tile and quanti fies the fibers released during those procedures using data obtained by analyses from phase contrast microscopy and analytical transmission electron microscopy. These data document that fibers are released when floor tile is broken and/or abraded during removal procedures. Hber levels vary with the aggressiveness o f the procedures. A con siderable percentage o f the asbestos fibers identified by the analytical transmission electron microscopy methods specified in the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act are below the size that can be detected by phase contrast microscopy and which are also the most easilyrespired due to their physical characteristics. Crossman, Jr., R.N.;
Wiuams,Jr.,M.G.;Uud qaie,J.;Schosbc, K.;Dodson, R.F.:Quanifcucnof Fea RhA5SforVarious Fioor Tie RemovalMethods. Am. Occup. Envhon. Htc. 11(91:1113-1124; 1996. (".TLphbueilrdiisnkg omfatheurimalasnis ecxopnossiudreersedfrtoombeasdbireescttolsy-croenlattaeidnintog uriael,cdoinedaistiboenstoosfcthoentmenatte(rpiaelr,cdenegt)r,eaenodftfhreiabfiiblietyr soizfethdeismtriabtue trieodnucwinitghitnhethpeoptreondtiuaclt.oAf-nexepfofescutrievemmuasntatgheemreefnotrestrinatcelguydefoar pfahcytosircsasluincshpaesctaiiornmmoavdeembeynat,naaccccersesdibitielidtyi,nvspibercattoirotno, eavnadlupaote tential for disturbance based on the type ofmaterial (surfacing, thermal, miscellaneous).*1-2* a pFalrotiocrutlialre,cwhahlliecnhgiescfloarsspirfoiepdearsmmainscaeglelamneeonut ssimncaetearniayl;apsobseess ttoosaisssoesfsteansftionepleyrdciesnpteargseedbwyisthtainndtahredmteacthrinxi,qauneds tuhsuinsgdipffoilcaurlt aizsebdestloigs,htusmuaicllryoscchorpyysot(iPleL,Ma)t. lMevaelnsyufpiootor 2ti5lespedrocecnot,ntbaiunt
which may be reported as 1 percent or less by PLM analy sis.*3-5*Therefore, asbestos fibers, because of their potentially thin diameters, require analytical transmission electron micros copy (ATEM) as the method o f choice for accurate quantitatioh in air samples and some bulk materials.*6*Tliis is partic ularly important in chrysotile-containing products where many fibrils below the limit o f detection by light microscopy may become airborne and thus inhalable.*7*While it may be caroensbiodeurnedd tahnadt tnhoetaesbaseisltyosrefilbeearssedinupnrloedssucbtrsoskuecnh aosrficorousrhtieldes, wSeebaatshteierinnge,t aals.,befsotuosndfibthearst ewveerne urnedleearsendorimntaol cthoendeitnivonirsonof ment.*8*
Although levels of asbestos in public buildings may usually bwehelonwa,sbeelsetvoast-ecdonletavienlisngofmaaitrebroiarlne(AaCsbMes)t,oisncclaundibneg feixopoerctitleed, insainncepoaocrticvoitnieds.i*ti9o*nTohreis Edinsvtuirrobnemd ebnytaolccPurpoatnetcstiaonnd mAagienntcey b(EuPffAin)ghoapserreaptioorntsedinas1b2esotofs1f7ibsecrhoreollesasine -Nfroemw Jfeiorsoeryt.*il1e0*sTprhaey OrecqcuuirpeastipoonlaislhSinagfeotyf aasnbdesHtoesa-cltohntAaidnminignifsltoroatriotinle(tOoSbHeAc)o*1n1* ducted using least abrasive pads and polishers operating at 300 rpm or less.*11*
Limited numbers of other studies have been carried out to ascertain what fiber release occurs when asbestos-containing floor tiles are removed by procedures not utilizing negative pressure containment and wet methods as required under the AassbbeesstotossaHbaatzeamrdenEtmineprguebnliccyscRheosoplos.nUsenfAocrttu(nAatHelEyR, Ath)e*s1e2*dfaotar aproeseussaunaldlynocot lalsecptaerdt ofofra pperrostooncaoll einxpaosscuireentcifoimc pplrioajneccet. pTuhre pmuabtelirsihale,dasdbaetsatoosfttyepne faanildtcoondetesncrt,ibseamcpolnindgitiionnfo, rmagaet,iotnyp(evoolf umTehaendEcPoAllehcatsiopnurbatleis)h, efidltear pgourideasnizcee, aanddviasnoaryly*s3i*s psproectoifcyoilnsg. that floor tile should be analyzed by ATEM, if it is reported to claotniotanin1912p6e.1r1c0e1n*t1o1*r plelsasceassbaelsltofsloboyr PtiLleMi.nsTtahleledOSinH/19, 8re0guor ebaurllkie.rsaimnptlheeapnarelyssuims bedy Aa CteMchnciactaelglyorfye,asuinblleessmreetbhuotdte.dHboywa e(VveAr,Ta) fiinnatlhreuUlentiotepdhaSsteatoesutwdaisstdriebculatiroend oinfvvailniydlbaysbtehsetosUt.iSle. Court ofAppeals in New Orleans; therefore, the manufacture, distribution, and importation of VAT are not restricted*13*
APPL.OCCUP.ENVIRON.HYG. 11(9) SEPTEMBER 1996 1047-322X/96/1109-1113*15.00/12 O 1996 AIH PII S1047-322X(96)00172-0 1113
1114 R.N CrosjnuaetiL
APPL.OC11C(9U)PS.EEPNTVEIMROBENR.H. Y19G96. \
dieTshien ipsusubelicofbupioldteinntgisalcaenxpboesuardedrferossmedthbey reeimthoevr atol toalf fcloonor tainment procedures or through one of several other proce dures, such as the suggested work practices published by the RoresstialiteenrtegFulolaotiroCnsopveerrminigt,Isneslteictutitoen(oRfFthCeI)re/1m45oWvahl etenchfendiqeruael misaleyftbuepmtoadbeuioldnintgheowpenrecrespotirotnhetihractotnostualltacnotns.taTinhme ednetcipsrioon hceedaultrhesriaskreatnhdelmiaboisltitcyorsidsky., Twoitthaloucot nctoaninsimdeernint gcotnhteroplosteemntiisal sions and residue, while noncontainment may result in expo sreuerenttroaiwnmoreknetrsbydisnuibnsgeqthueenptraocjteicvtitiaensd. to occupants through theTTheexaasutDhoerpsaretsmtaebnlitsohefHd eaajlothin, twrheisceharwchasindveessigtingeadtiotonawssietshs fsiebrieersreolefaasveadiluarbilnegpfrloocoerdtiulererse,-mmoovnailtoinrepdubblyic pbhuaisldeincgosntbryasat t(ilfiigehdt)tomcicormospcaorpeyth(ePCmMer)itsanodf eAaTchEmMe.thTohde,seasdwateallwasertehequleavnel oenfvfiibroernsmdeentetsc.ted by PCM versus ATEM in actual work place 199T4h,eT29ex5a_s36A/1s5b)epstroosviHdeeaalnth ePxreomtepctitoionn frRoumlesli,ceSnespintegmabnedr rteergiaisltsraintiopnubfolircpbeurislodninsgrse,mifotvhionsge rpeesrisloiennst rfeloceoirvceodvterariinnginmg ain atinde8d-.hRoeucromcmouenrsdeedcoWvoerrkinPgratchtiecesefloermtehnetsReinmotvhael odfoRceusmilieenntt Floor Coverings, published by the RFCI in 1990/145 Methods
Study Design
iTnhveestfioglaltoiwoninsgdugreinngerathliscrsittuerdiya: were established for all field 1. lLicoecnasteiodnsasfboersitnovseisntisgpaetcivtoerprtoocreudluereosuwt etrheeevpaoltueantteidalbfyoar
aAsCbeMstoisncothnetawmoinrkatiaorneacs.auNseodsbityesfrwiaebrlee aunsedd/owr hdiacmhahgaedd any friable ACM or damaged ACM present in die area. 2. E(HacEhPAsi)tevawcausumcleaannded/obr ywehtigwhipeifnfigcipenricoyr ptoarttihceulcaotelleacir tthioant owfabsapsealnineosfatmhpeletsesatnpdrothceedbuergesin. nTinhgeobfaasneylinweoarikr samples were collected and analyzed by PCM (NIOSH 3. B74u0lk0,sRamevp.le3s,Aofruflloeso)r atnilde AanTdEMm.a*s12t34-i"c *were analyzed by 4. BPLulMk s/a17m5ples offloor tile were analyzed by ATEM via the 5. ECahcahtfwieoldrkMsietethhoadd/1c8r5itical barriers installed and was under aofdtihffeerseitnetsiahlapdrepsosulyreetohyfl--en0e.0w2ainllcchoevsewriantgerwchoilluemthne. Tthwirod. lsaityeerhoadf 4fumlllipnovleyneethdylceonnetaoinnmtheentwcaollnssaisntdingceiolifnag.s(inTghlee tdyupreeso.)fAcDonwtaoinrkmseintetswhaildl baemniontiemduumndoefrfospuercaifiircchparongcees ppreorcheoduurrew, itthheinwthoerkcriatriecaal wbairthriienrs.thDeunrienggateivacehpsrpeescsiufriec enclosure was sealed using double flap doors taped closed .
sfroomthenreegwataivsenaoiraimr accihrcinuelas.tioTnhebyaisrufcltoiown woarsdcishcehcakregde
using smoke tubes, and there was no detectable flow
porbosceervdeudr.e Tinhveesetixgcaetpiotino,nwfhoirchthiwsaiss cthoendfuucllteAdHwEiRthAno
rheasdtridcetcioonntoamf filnoawtiotnhrfoauciglihtieths/e11w,19o,2r0k5 area. All locations
6. Three air samples were collected in the work area in
volved during each procedure. These were analyzed by
PthCeMsamaned. ATEM. The relative location in each area was
7. Outside samples were taken at negative air unit.discharges
aPnCdMareaansdouAtsTidEeMcounstianignmtheentparnodcewduerreesancaitleydzeidnbiytebmoth2
above.
8. Fuaotlelodw, einacghthareeacowmaspcleletiaonnedobf ythHe EpProAcevdaucrueusmbe/winegt ewviapl
iangggreasnsdivseammpeltehsodfosr.cleTahraensecesaamnaplylessiswweerreeaclsoolleacntaeldyzbeyd
9. AbyftePrCcMleaaranndcAe TwEasMa.chieved, all remaining polyethylene
wmaasdereamvoaivlaebdleanfodrdriesopoccseudpaonfcays AfoClloMwianngdftihnealacreleaasnwinegr.e
10. All area air samples were collected on 0.45 pun pore size,
m25i-xmedmcdeilalumloesteerecsotenrd(uMctCinEg)cafislsteerttseswwitihthb5a0ck-mupmpeaxdtsenin
sion cowls. Staplex high volume pumps were used to
collect the samples. The flow rates were 1 L/min to less
tehnadno1f0.eLac/hmsinam. Fplloinwg rpaeterisowd eurseincgheacnkAedsbaetsttohse Astnaarltyatincds
raoptarimmeatreyr,swtahnidcahrdw. as calibrated using a bubble burette as
11. (AMllAwP)ork5earcscrwedeirteed EaPndA wMeroedeelxpAerciecnrceedditaitni.oansbePsltaons
athbeatuermbaennts.cThohoelsdaimstreicwt oanrkdewrserweeerme pulsoeydeeast obfotthhessictehsooolf
district. The workers conducting the procedures at the
' tchoinrdtrascittoer.were furnished by another licensed asbestos
12. The Texas Department of Health is not an OSHA<115
eonffothricsemsteundtya.gPenecrsyoannadl psaemrspolneasl swaemrpelecsowlleercetendobt ya ptahret
employer of the workers.
.
l
Abatement Methods
R(Feimguorvea1l)o, fwfalosocrotnildeuacttetdheufnidrsetrsiAteH, EdeRsAignaterudleass.RTohoismsit1e0, ldoisctartiecdt, icnosnidtaeianemdiadpdplerosxcihmooatleblyui1ld0i0n0gsoqfuaarlearfgeeetuorbfaflnosocrhtoiloe,l rwemhiocvhawl.aGs r"ofslsooredmedo"vaelacwhasmcoornndinugctfeodru3sidnagysampreencdeeddinwgattheer 9anfdlohoarndtilsepsuhdabdarbse*etno rienlsetaaslleedth2e0tilteos f2r5omyethaen fbloeofor.reThoent9oXa cmoonvcarletoeffltohoer,tailneds wreeqrueirseedcuareglyreaatttaacmheodu.nCt oonfsefoqruceen,tlwy,hirceh resulted in breakage of-the tiles into many small pieces.
m*Amipaurkd ubnardkerathReefdlosohrafttilaep.pHroaxnidmpaotewlyer2 minacyhebseinusdeidamorettehre, wbaitrhmaatyapbeereidn,wshwarpl iennda pneumatic power unit, which carnea the bar to operate in a hammeriike mode.
li\-j
iyy<j
flair Hoodies in floor 'flic vemoval * <m It if
RGURE 1. Urban middle school, room 10, AHERA removal
There were three patterns of tile in Room 10: The pre adpopmroinxaimntaptealtyte9r5n pwearcselnigthotfbthlueef-lgoroaryairneacionlothreanrodoomc.cuApniaeld ypseirscbenyt;PLAMTEoMf thainsaldyiseisshfoouwneddtahne aasmbeosutonst coofnatsebnetstoofs4totob6e tceocntseiddebryabAlyThEiMghearn,al1y6sistoof23thepeortcheenrt.twNoo daisebepsattotserwnsa.s(Sdeee Table 1 for analytical results.) buiTldhiengs,ecwonhdicshitehacdonpsrisetveidouosfltywboereonomussedo faasn aandmelienmisternattaivrye wscahsoaopl,proofxtihmeastaemlye1u2r0b0asnqsucahreoofel edtisatnridctR. oRoomomB Awa(sFaigpuprreox2) ifmulal tpeelyrs9o0n0alsqpuroatreecfteiveet. Dequuriipnmg ethnits, pwrohcicehduirnec,luwdoerdkeTrsypweorCe csuopnptrlaiecdtoaririnresapcicraotrodrasn. cPeerwsointhal 4s0amCplFesRw7e6re3,taSkuebnpbayn tGhe, WoInrkeRroPormotecAti,onfl.o*2or tiles were removed initially using a hdaiendti-lpeofwroemretdhsepcuodnbcarre.tLeaftleoro,rd, utheetopntheeumdiafftiiccupltoywinerreeldeasspiundg bar was used.
RGURE 3. Commercial building, room 8, dry ice removal. In Room B, floor tile was in itia lly removed dry, n tin g
hpraancdti-cheesl.dTshcirsapmeersthiond afcocrorredmanocvealwwiaths etxhtereRmFelCyIs(>lo4)ww, aonrkd sufficient force to remove all pieces of the tile from the floor wtoatshneoctopnocsrseibtelef.l-oBoerc,atuhsee tphreocfelodourretislews wereercehsaonfgiremdlaynadttpancheeud mrioadtisc. pUoswe eorefdbostphudthbearhsawnde-rheeludtilsiczreadpefor rantwdothseampnpleiunmg apteic pdoetwacehreedd sflpouodrbtialer.re(Asunlatelydtiicnalmreasnuyltvsearrye simn aTllasbilzeed2.p) ieces of ingTihneEtahsitrdTeloxcaas,tiwonhiwcahscionnataninuendocacpupproiexdimcoatmelmye1r5c0ia0l sbquuialdre feereetc.teAd,ftear tshinisgleareianvweratsedprepcolleyaenthedy,lenceriticcaolntbaainrrmieernst w-weraes erected for the walls and the ceiling, and differential pressure was established for the area. Work areas were separated and itsaopleadte, ddforuobmlet-hfleaapirdfoloorws.frTohme tahpeprreosxtiomfathtee scqounatraeinfeodoatargeaeboyf each work area was 175 to 220 square feet. At this site, methods for the removal o ffloor tile included heating, dry ice.
qR>GoUdRbEar2r.emUoibvaaln. administrative building, room A, dry pneumatic RscGraUpReEr. 4. Commercial building, room 9 RFCI dry-hand-held
1 1 6 R -N . Crosunan et aL
APPL .OC11C(9U)PS.EENPTVEIMROBNER.H1Y9G%.'* k
TABLE 1. Floor Tile Removal by AHERA Regulations Urban Middle School, Room 10
Bulk Sample Analysis o f Three Patterns o f 9 X 9 Floor TBes
ID
Description
PLM
1
2
3*
Tan tile Black mastic Light blue-gray tile Black mastic Dark/light green tile Yellow mastic
None detected None, detected 4-6% Chrysotile 1-2% ChrysotileNone detected Insufficient sample
Baseline air samples
VOL
PCM
AtTotEaMl
*
ATEM >0.5
ID
Description
<L)
(f/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
B-l
Inside containment
750.5
0.046
0.012
0.012
B-2
Inside containment
750.5
0.057
0.006
0.006
B-3
Inside containment
918.3
0.056
0.026
0.020
AHERA Procedure
VOL
PCM
AtTotEaMl .
ATEM >0.5
ID
Description
(L)
{f/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
A-l
Inside containment
741.0
0.042
0.24
0.22
A-2
Inside containment
731.5
0.022
0.13
0.12
A-3
Inside containment
950.0
0.027
0.093
0.087
A-4
Outside hallway
630.0
0.062
--
--
Clearance (Samples for com parison w ere collected within two feet o f the contractor's clearance samples and reported as follows)
VOL
PCM
ATEM total
ATEM >0.5
ID
Description
(L)
(f/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
C-l
Inside containment
1630.0
0.19
0.011
0.008
C-2
Inside containment
C-3
Inside containment
1610.0 1590.0
002.2212
0.009 0.006
0.009 0.006
C-4
Outside containment
1470.0
. 0.34
--
--
NOTE: M ore dun 12 hours elapsed between the completion o f removal and the collection o f the "clearance" samples.
ATEM None detected
-- 16-23% Chrysotile
<1% Ch--rysotile
ATkESM
(st/cc) <0.006 <0.006
0.006
ATEM 2:5
(st/cc) . 0.025
0.012
0.--006 `
ATEM 25
. (st/cc) 0.003
<0.003 <0.003
--.
amnadsthicanwda-shealdccsocmrappleisrhRedFCbIy<Ma)mweonrdkedprawctaitceers/.loPn.ge-mhaonvddleodf floForolslcorwapinegr ainsdaAdbeastcirxip0t0io7nmfoasrtiwc orermk oinveera(cThabolef t3h)e. areas whfeloroemth7e:iFnlvoeosrtitgialetiwonaswraesmcoovneddubcytehdeaattitnhgetthheirsdurlfoaccaetiwonit:h hdaidndn-ohterledapdriolypraenleeatsoercfhroems tothme afkloeoirt panlidabwlee.rMe banroykoefnthdeurtiilnegs their removal from the floor with hand-held scrapers. (See TaMbleas3tiAc wfoarsanreamlytoicvaeldreasfutletrs.)a settling period by RFCI^14*. wloonrgk-hparnacdtliecdesf,lootirnsgcraampeerntdoepdewelatthere troidwgeestdthoewmn asostitchaatntdhea fHloEoPrAwowueltdvbaecusuuimtabwleasfourseidnsttoallpaitcioknuopftahenerewsidtiulee falonodr.thAe frleosourltsw.)as mopped-to dean it. (See Table 3B for analy3tical
*byRdoroymic8e: Tcohoelifnlogotrotilreelienastheisthreoodmry-(Ftiilgeusraen3d)/worasmreamstiocv. eAd 22-Xinc5h ftohoictkmloavyaebr loeffrdarmy'eic, ewwitha,sapplaocleydethinylaenneapbportotoxmim.aTtehlye dmriynuitcees.wMasealseuftreamteenatschofloccaartbioonn dfioorxiadpepr(oCxOim2)atleelvyel3s wtoer4e made using a Drager pump and direct indicating C 0 2 tubes laebvoeul to2fCfeOetzamboevaseutrheed faltotohrisalnodcaatbioovnewtahseafprpamroex.imThateelhyig2h5e0s0t pwpams a. pTphroexliemvaetleolyf C100002 fpopumn.dTinhethCe 0w2olrekveerlbdreecartehaisnegdzroanpe itdhleyfarsamonee. (mSeoeveTdabalger3eaCtefrodrisatnaanlcyeticaablorveesutlhtse.)floor and from usiRnogotmhe9h:aTnhde-hfeloldorsctrialepienrsRinooacmco9rd(aFnicgeurwei4th) wthaes RreFmCoIv(Med) rreescuolmts.m) ended work practices. (See Table 3D for analytical
A11P(9P)LS.OEPCTCEUMPB.EENRV1IR99O6N-HYG.
Fiber Reloues in Floor Tile Removal 1117
TABLE 2 . Floor Tile Removal by Dry Hand Spud Bar, Dry Pneumatic Spud Bar, and Dry Hand-held Scraper (RFQ),,1', Administrative Building
in an Urban School District
Bulk Sample Analysis o f Three Patterns o f 9 X 9 Floor Tiles
ID
Description.
PLM
ATEM
A
Red Tile
10-15% Chrysolite
24--29% Chrysolite
Black Mastic
5-7% Chrysolite
--
B
Gray Tile
10-15% Chrysolite
24--36% Chrysolite
Black Mastic
5-5% Chrysolite
--
C
Brown Tile
7--10% Chrysolite
23-34% Chrysolite
Black Mastic
2--4% C hrysolite
---.
Baseline A ir Sample (collected only in R oom B due to activity in R oom A)
VOL
PCM
ATEM total
ATEM >0.5
ATEM 25
ID
Description
<L)
(f/cc>
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
1-A
Rm . B, NW quarter
1479
0.042
0.003
0.003
<0.003
Room A--Dry Hand Spud Bar *
VOL
PCM
ATEM total
ATEM >0.5
ATEM 25
ID
D escrip tio n
<L)
(7cc)
(it/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
2-D
SW third
292
0.021
0.74
0.63
0.11
2-E
S middle
322
0.040
1.2
0.98
0.20
2-F
N middle
284
0.062
1.3
1.1
0.16
R oom A --D ry Pneum atic Spud Bar (Day 1)
"
VOL
PCM
ATEM total
ATEM >0.5
ATEM 25
ID
Description
<L)
(f/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
2-1
SW third
248
0.079
6.4
22--JK
S middle N middle
228
0.12
204
0.12
6.0 8.3
5.7
0.70
5.4
0.57
7.6
0.73
Bulk Sample Analysis o f Three Patterns o f 9 X 9 Floor Tiles
ID
Description
PLM
ATEM
A
Red Tile
10-15% Chrysolite
24-29% Chrysolite
Black Mastic
5-7% Chrysolite
--
B
Gray Tile
10-15% Chrysolite
24--36% Chrysolite
Black Mastic
3-5% Chrysolite
--
C
Brown Tile
' 7--10% Chrysolite
23-34% Chrysolite
Black Mastic
2-4% Chrysolite
. --
Baseline Air Sample (collected only in Room B due to activity in R oom A)
VOL
PCM
AtTotEaMl -
ATEM >0.5
ATEM 25
ID
Description
<L)
(f/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
1-A
Rm. B, NW quarter
1479
0.042
0.003
0.003
<0.003
(continued)
1118 R .N . Croam in et a l
APPL.OC11C(9U)PS.EEPNTVEIMROBNER.HY19G96.
Table 2 . Continued
Room A--Dry Hand Spud Bar
ATEM
ATEM
ATEM
VOL
PCM
total
>0.5 , ",
5
ED
Description
<L>
(f/ec)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
2-D
SW third
292
0.021
2-E
S middle
322
0.040
2-F
N middle
284
0.062
R oom A---D ry Pneum atic Spud Bar (Day 1)
0.74
12
0.63 0.98
0.11 0.20
13
1.1 , .
0.16
*
VOL
PCM
ATEM total
ATEM >0.5
A Tk E5 M
ED
Description'
<L)
(f/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
2-1
SW third
248
0.079
6.4
5.7
0.70
22--JK
S middle N middle
228
0.12
204
0.12
6.0
5.4
8.3
7.6
0.57 0.73
R oom A---D ry Pneum atic Spud Bar (Day 2)
1
VOL
PCM
AtTo tEaMl
ATEM >0.5
ATEM 5
ID
Description
<L)
(f/cc)
(it/cc)
(it/cc)
(st/cc)
3-D
S middle
446
0.082
3-E
N middle
483
0.11
3-F
SW third
446
0.14
Not analyzed/overloaded Not analyzed/overloaded Not analyzed/overloaded
R oom B-- D ry Hand-held Scraper (RFCI 'W ork Practices*14*)
ATEM
ATEM
ATEM
ID
Description
VOL <L)
PCM (f/ec)
total (st/cc)
>0.5 (st/cc)
5 (st/cc)
2-A
W middle
760
.0.032
13
2-B
NW quarter
929
Tom
--
2-C
E middle
890
0.033.
1.0
13
0.066
--
--
0.97
0.046
R oom B-- Dry Pneum atic Spud Bar (Day 1)
VOL
PCM
AtTo tEaMl
ATEM >0.5
A TE5M
ID
Description
<L>
(f/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
2-L
W middle
70
0.088
2-M
NW quaner
70
0.074
2-N
E middle
70
0.074
Volume, too low Volume too low Volume too low
Room B--Dry Pneumatic Spud Bar (Day 2)
VOL
PCM
AtTo tEaMl
ATEM >0.5
ATEM 5
ID
Description
<L)
(f/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
3-A
E middle
3--U
NW quarter
437446
oln 0,092
35--1C
W middle E middle
469
0.093
582
0.094
3-HK
NW quarter W middle
582 582
0.048 0.059
Not analyzed/overloaded ' Not analyzed/overloaded Not analyzed/overloaded Not analyzed/overloaded Not analyzed/overloaded Not analyzed/overloaded
NOTE: The containment area w a cleared by die owner upon com pletion o f all work that disturbed ACM. N o samples were collected as pan o f this study.
A11r(9r)iS_EuPuT-EuMr .BoEnRv1u9s9u6r a ti I U.
Fiber Releases in Floor Tile Removal 1 1 19
Torch TABLE 3 . Floor Tile Removal By Propane
Commercial (RFQ],1141
Building in East Texas
Heat,
Hand-held
Scraper
(RFO )/14*
Dry
Ice,
and
Mattie
Removal
by
Abatix
007
or
Amended
W ater
Bulk Sample Analysis o f Two Patterns o f 9 X 9 Floor TllesA
ID
Description
1A
Tantfle
Black mastic
2A
Tan/Brown mottled die
Black masdc
PLM 4-6% Chrysolite
ND 7-10% Chrysolite 2-4% Chrysolite
i 1 ATEM 13-18% --Chrysolite 20-27% Chrysolite --
Baseline Air Samples*
VOL .
PCM
AtTotEaMl
ATEM >0.5
ATEM 5
ID
Description
<L)
(&cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
C101 C102
Room 9 Room 7
918
0.029
0.030
0.020
828
0.037 -
0.039
.028
0.010 0.011
C103
Room 2
828
0.026
0.022
0.017
0.005
Floor Tile Removal Applying H eat with Hand-held Propane Torchc
VOL
PCM
ATEM total
ATEM >0.5
ATEM 5
ID
Description
<L)
Wee)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
C211
Room 7
C212
Room 7
739
0.022
0.60*
0.38
850
0.006
0.52
0.34
0.22 0.18
C213
Room 7
892
0.011
0.25
0.12
0.13
M astic Rem oval w ith Amended W ater and Extended-handle Floor Scraper (RFC! W ork Practices*14')
VOL
PCM
ATEM total
ATEM >0.5
ATEM 2s5
ID
Description
(L)
(/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
C301
Room 7
522
0.035
0.34
0.13
0.21
002
Room 7
540
0.027
0.26
0.15
0.11
003
Room 7
552
0.027
. 0.18 '
0.083
0.099
Floor Tile Removal Using Dry IceD
VOL
PCM
ATEM total
ATEM >0.5
ATEM 25
ID
Description
<L)
. (C/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
C208
Room 8
666
0.024
0.36
0.25
0.11
C209
Room 8
703
.0.019
0.31
0.23
0.071
C210
Room 8
760
0.024
0.19
.0.15
0.036
D ry H and-held Scraper (RFCI W ork Practices*14')
*
VOL
PCM
ATEM total
ATEM >0.5
ATEM
ID
Description
<L)
(f/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
C104
Room 9
--Pump Stopped--
C105
Room 9
522
0.17
lJ
0.63
0.67
C106
Room 9
509
0.15
0.96
0.51
0.45
(continued)
4___1_2__0_____R.N. Crossnun et al.
APPL.OCCUP.ENVIRON.HYG. C
- 11(9) SEPTEMBER 1996
Table 3. Continued
Mastic Rem oval Using Abatix 007 Mastic Remover
ATEM
ATEM
ATEM
VOL
PCM
total
>0.5
5
ID
Description
(L) .
'(f/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
(st/cc)
C203
Room 9
1840
0.054
C204
Room 9 .
1890
OT.052
C205
Room 9
1950
0.048
Clearance Samples for Commercial Building in East Texas
ID
Description
VOL <L)
(PfC/cMc)
0.30 0.52 0.32
AtTotEaMl (st/cc)
0.20 ` 0.42 0.22
A>T0E.5M (st/cc)
0.10
0.10
0.10
I
ATEM (st/c5c)
C401
Room 7
1187
<0.004
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
C402
Room 8
1187
<0.004
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
C403
Room 11
1345
<0.004
0.004
0.004
<0.004
C404
Room 1
1100
<0.004
0.016
0.010
0.006
C405
Room 3
1288
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
. <0.004
A` BTahseesleinteypsaems -pwleesrewmeriexetdaktehnroauftgehrotuhtetahreeabuwialdsinclgeaanreeda. and the containment was erected. The floor was being walked on as these samples were taken. DcTChoeldrewwaassalpitptllieedbr3eatoka4gem. Tinhuetelsabinoreaatcohrylorceaptoiornt .nSotoemdeafltleoroerdtislterubcrteuarkeasgperoocbcaubrlyrecdafursoemd binystuhffeichieenatt.release, or perhaps from brittleness due to the cold. This was usually lim ited to 2 to 4 pieces when breakage occurred.
maFstoicllowwaisngrermemoovvedal uosfinthgeAflboaotrixtil0e0a7ndmaassteitctlirnegmpoevreior.d,Tthhee area was then hand-rubbed with the least abrasive buffer pad to lcoleoasneinngit waansd dtohneerebsyidmueopppiicnkge.d (Suepe uTsainbglea3sEqufeoergaenea.lyFtiincaall results.)
Analytical Procedures
buurilnkgSbAoMthPLPELAMNAaLnYdSIAS.TBEuMlk. sTamheplPeLanMalypsreoscwederuerecownadsupcteerd Afo.r(m,7)edThaes dAeTscErMibedanianlys4is0 wCaFs Rdo7n6e3i,nSaucbcpoarrdtanFc,eAwpiptehndthixe proFcoerdtuhree PoLf MChpartoficeelddu/1r8e', random portions of the floor tiles wobevrieoudsissaescbteesdtoisntfoibsemrsa.llTfhreagsemefrnatgsmwehnitlse wbeeirnegdeixssaomlviendedinfoar vsmisaibllleafmiboeurnbtuondf le1s.5w50erneDredmisopveerdsioanndopillabcyedgienndfleeshhea1t.i5n5gQ, no oil and a large quantity of flesh oil was added to the rmeamganiinfiicnagtidoinssperarsnegdinsgamfrpolme. XT7hetosaXm4p0le0.wAassbeasntaolsywzeads iudseinng tciofileodr baansdedpolcnomchorropishmol,orgeyfr(afcretiqvueenintldyicaessc, hboiprepferidnfgreangcmee,netsx), wtinasctiboyn ecshtiamraacttieornistfircos,manmdodsieglns ooff kelnoonwgantioconm. Qpousaitnitointataionnd resFulotsr wdieereAreTpEoMrtedanaasly-asriesa, p1e0r0c-entto. 500-mg samples were sshamavpeldesfrwoemredaieshfeldooinr tailems,ufwflheicfuhrnwaecreeatth4e8n0w eigh5edC..Tfohresaet lienas2t m12l hoofu6rNs aHndCw1e. iWghheednageaffienr.vTeshceenacseh cweaassetdh,etnhedi-srpeesirdsuede wwahserceollietcwteadsorninasepdrewwiethighdeisdtil0l.e2d-fAwmatepro, lyocvaernbodnraiteed,filatenrd, weighed. The residue was resuspended in a known volume of
wcoaatteerdangdrid3s.pAi oftferthderysuinsgp,entshieonpwroeproerttrioannsfoefrraesdbetostofsorimnvtahrerloeswideurewweaigshvtispuearlclyenetssti(ma1t0e%d )atwXerIe6,c0a0l0cualantdedthaenduprpeperoratnedd for asbestos, organic material and calcite and-dolomite. ph a se- c o n t r a st m ic r o sc o p y . Phase-contrast microscopy afonlalloywzeinrgepNreIsOenStHati7v4e0p0oRrtieovnissioonf t3h,eM0.a4y51-p5m,19m8i9xewdasceulslueldotsoe feisltteerrsfiwlteerrsefocrolllaatpesrecdomwpitahriasocnetwoniethvAapToErM, m. Qouunatderdanitns o1f.4th60e nXD40o0il,anadndfibceorsvegrsreliaptpeerdt.haTnhe5-pquunadlroanngts, wwietrhe aasnpaelcytzreadtioast 7e4q0u0al.Atoruolresg.rReaetseurlttshawner3e, rweperoertecdouanstefidbeurssipngerthcce. NIOSH AtrNoAnLmYTicICroAsLcoTpRyAcNoSuMnItSsSIwONereELoEbCtaTiRnOedN oMnICtRheOSaCbOoPvYe. fEiltleerCs-, 7u6si3n,gStuhbepaArtHEE,RAAppceonudnixtiAngporortEocPoAl LdeevscerlibIIedanianly4s0is/C16)FIRn bcorilelafpsuepdoonn agrlarisvsasllidines twheithlaabc,etpoonretivoanpsoroafntdheplafsilmtearsetwcheerde cuanrtbilon10copaeterdce'inntaovfacthuuemsuervfaacpeorwataosr arnemd osmveadll.sqTuhaereys wweerree prelamcoedveodnincalainbraatceedto2n0e0 cmonedshengsraitdios.nTwhaeshMerC. EThpelasstaicmpwlaess wXe1r6e.0e0x0amfoirnaesdbeisntosanfibAerTs.EFMiveat20a0smcreesehn gmriadgsnqifuiacraetsiowneroef aunseadlyfzoerdtohen celaecahraoncfetwsaomgprleidss..TTohbee' AcoHuEnRteAd,a sptrroutcotucorel whaads . ltoonhgavoer gar5eattoer.1Saeslpeeccttedraatiroeaoerlgecretraotenrdainffdrabcetioant l(eSaAstE0D.5) paunnd' feinrmergayll dasisbpeesrtosisvsetrXuc-rtuayresa.naElDysXisR(EADaXloRnAe w) waseureseudsteodctooncfoirnm nonasbestos. The structures were categorized as fibers, bundles.
A11P(9P}LS.OECPTCEUMP.BEENRV119R9O6N.HYG.
Fiber Releases in Floor TUe Removal, 1121
TABLE 4 . Data Summary
PCM C/cc
ATEM total st/cc
Removal Procedures
Mean
Standard Deviation
G eom etric Mean
Mean
DSetavniadtaiordn
Geometric Mean
AHERA
.030
.010
Dry hand apud bar
.041
.021
Dry pneumatic spud bar (Room A)
.11
.024
Dry pneumatic spud bar (all cases)
.092
.025
RFCI dry hand scraper (all cases)
.096
.0073
Dry ice
.022
.0029
Propane torch
.013
.0082
Abatix 007 masdc remover
.051
.0031
Wet masdc scraper
.030
.0046
.029
0.15
0.078
0.14
.037 .10
1.1 6.9
01.230
1.0
6.8
.089
I*
1* '
I*
.096
1.2
0.23
1.1
.022-
0.28
0.086
0:27
.011
0.46
0.18
0.43
.051
0.38
0.12
0.37
.029
0.26
0.08
0.25
ATEM daa incom plete. *
dusters, or matrices according to AHERA. Rcsultswere re corded as asbestos structures greater than or equal to 0.5 fun to less than 5 fu n , or greater than or equal to 5 fim in length per cc and as total asbestos structures per cc.
A second ATEM method, known as EPA Level II, was published by Yamate et alSis>This method was used to analyze all samples, except the clearance samples. The samples were collected and the filters prepared as in the AHERA*21protocol. Asbestos structures were counted at X16,000 and were classi fied as above. SAED and EDXRA were used to identify the structures. The daa were made to conform to the AHERA counting rules and were reported using the AHERA guide linAesl.lsamples for electron microscopy were prepared by the direct method, as outlined above.
A one-way analysis ofvariance (ANOVA), associated with a Tukey Studentized Range Test, was performed on the ATEM logi0 transformed daa. The post hoc experiment-wise error rate, representing the probability ofat least one falsely declared
significant difference, was controlled at 5 percent for the 21 pair-wise comparisons o f the seven treatment means. ARneaplryetsiceanl aRteivsueltsf--loSoyrntoilpessisfrom each site were analyzed by PanLdMthaencdonAcTenEtMrat.ioTnhseranognleyd afrsobmest"onsopnreesdeenttecwteads"cthoryassohtiigleh, basot1h0 ptoer1c5enpteagrceesntcobmy iPnLgMfraonmd 2th4etosa3m6epetirlcee. nTt hbey AavTeEraMge, p1e9r4cepnetrcdeifnfte,rewncitehbAetTwEeeMn tahlwe atwysogainvainlygticthalephroigchederurreessuwltass. cOonnlcyencthrraydsoontilefrowmas "fnoounned dinetethcteedm"asttoics5, atond7itperarncegnetd biny PLM. meOthfotdhepvroardiuocuesdretmheovloalwpersotcceodnucreesnttreasttieodn, tohfeapirrbooparnnee ftoibrecrhs p5)e.rTcch,ewRhFicChIa(v14e)rahgaendd0-h.0e1ld3 sbcyraPpCerM(R(soeoemTa9b)lep4roadnudceFdiguthree h"Aignhaelsyttiacvael rRageesucltosnbcyenStirtaet"ioann,dwFiitghur0e.146).fibers per cc (See
FIGURE 5. ATEM micrograph showing a chrysotile bundle (arrow) visible by PCM. Source was the urban administrative building, room B, dry pneumatic spud bar procedure. Bar ** 1 pan.
FtrIoGnURmEic6r.osAcTopEyM. Smoiucrrcoegrwapash odifechErayssot tTileexfaisbecrosmsemenerocnially bbuyiledliencg Abatix 007 masdc procedure. Bar " 1 /tm
A11P(9P)LS-OEPCTCEUMFB-tlENRV1L9K96UN.HYG.
Rbcr Releases in Floor Tile Removal 1123
P ER C EN T R ES P IR A B LE STR U CTU R ES B YTEM
ATEM results indicated the AHERA^5 procedure gener ated the least number of asbestos structures per cc, with an
ethqouuagl htoso5mjueumn ianylheanvgethbweeenrerecsopnirsaibdleer.eAd lnlofinbreersspiarnadblbeu,nedvleens
wavaesrasiggenoiffic0a.n1t5ly(sloeewTearbthlean4 tahnadt fFoirgaulrleo6th).eTr hfliosocrodniceernetmraotivoanl were considered respirable.
pavroecraegdiunrges6e.9xcsetprut cfoturrdesiepderry cicce, .wTehree gprreoadteusct ecdonbcyendtriaetiodnrys-,
pneumatic spud bar. These concentrations were sigmficandy TDihsceustesicohnniques used in this study are those presently recom
hagigehpeerrtcheannt tdhioffseerefnocrealbleottwheeernredmieovPaCl pMroacnedduAreTs.ETMhecoauvnerts mtheenpdreedseanntds/tuodrieasppcloiendfirimn ftlhoaotratsibleesrteoms ofivbaelr.s Tarheeredlaetaasefrdoimn
faonrdththeevAarTioEuMs flcooourntitlsewreemreovalawlapyrsocthedeuhriegshwera.s(2S8e4e0Tpaebrlceen4.t), anpiqpureecs.iaTblheenAumHbEeRrsAdpurroincgedauprpelirceastuioltnedoifneathceh loeafstth,geenteecrha
sizTe hoef aAsbTeEstMos rsetsruulcttsuarelssotphraotvwideerde ipnrsoidguhtceindtobyditehetyvpaeriaonuds tdiuorninog,fdarsybepsrtoocs-ecdounrteasineinxgcedeudsetd. S0e.1vefn/cocfb2y8 PsCamMpleasnatlaykseisn.
removal procedures tested (Figures 7 and 8). The most com mon structures were fibers and matrices, many ofwhich were
.Two of these samples were collected during dry removal by RFCI(U) hand-held scraper procedures and were reported as
t respirable. Two amphibole fibers were identified during the electron microscopy analyse ofthe air samples; however, this
gcorellaetcetretdhadnu0ri:n1gf/dccryb.yrePmCoMvalanbaylystihs.eTRhrFeCe Io(1f4f)ouhra-nsadm-hpelleds
pwearscennotatgceonosfidreesrpeidratbolebaesbaesstiogsnsiftricuacntutrfeisndgiennge.'raTthede bayveeraagche Tscwraopeorfmthetrheoedsawmeprelersecpoolrlteecdtegdredauterirntghadnry1sretrm/cocvbalybAyThEaMnd.
manedththoeddirsyi-lplunseturamteadtiicnspfuigdubraer9p.roTdhueceddryth-heahnidgh-heesltdpesrccreapnetr spuWdhbialer wtheerepurerppoosreteodfgtrheiastsetrutdhyanwa1ssntro/tccfobcyusAedToEnMev..alu
acgedesu,re9s6.p5roadnudc9e0d.2a,trleesapsetc4ti8v.e9lyp, ebructenaltl oorf tghreearteemr roevsaplirparbole aittiiosnobovfipooutsenthtiaatlahecoalntshideefrfeacbtlse'afsrsaocctiiaotnedowf ditihe tahsebseestoasc-tidvuitsitesis,
struTchtuereasb.ove percentages represent conservatively low esti-' oanfaalysriesspoifraabilressaimzep.leTshiins wpohiincthwthase dmoacjuomriteyntoedf 'fbreyedATfibEeMrs
minagtersuolefsthreeqruesirpeiralebnlegtfhrascttioonbseberceacuosredethdeiAnHtwERo Acatecgoourinest: wFuerrtehetromoorsem,aallnytorebmeaidneitnegctanbolnerebspyirtahbele,ligsehtttlemdicarsobsecsotpoes.-
fthuonseansdtrtuhcotuseregsrgeraeteartethr athnaonroerqueaqlutaol 5tofi0s.a5. Dfuinamtoetleersssatrheanno5t fcooonttatrianfifnicgopramrtiaciunltaetneasnccaenachteivrietideuscaendd ctoanasrpersepaidratbhlreousigzheobuyt
recorded. Therefore, all clusters and matrices greater than or the building.