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4\ SaEmPasAa Roney en \ EET PFOA & FACT PFOS DSrHi.EnEkTing Water Health Advisories BL | EP nas established health advisories for PFOA and PFOS based on the aat |} ||o waagteencrys'ysstaesmsesospemreanttoorfs,tahendlsattaetste,petreirb-arleavnidewleodcaslcoifefniccealtsowphroovihdaevedrtihneking wil o: g hB) tphreimhaerayltrhesipsoknssiobfiltihteysfeorchoevmeircsaelesi,ngsothtehseey csyasntteamkse, twhiethapipnrfooprrmiaattieonacotnions. BAY to prothetirreesicdentts. EPAis committed to supportingstates and public hu water systems as they determine the appropriate steps to reduce exposure to PFOA and PFOS in drinking water. As science on health effects ofthese i chemicals evolves, EPAwill continue to evaluate new evidence. & +" | Ee PFOA and PFOS are fluorinated organic chemicals that are partof a larger gand rPFoOfoSchheaumviecpablesenretfhaerrmeodstto eaxstepnesrifvleuloryoparlkoydluscuebdsatnadncsetsud(PiFeAdSosf).thPeFseOA | chemicals. They have been used to make carpets, clothing, fabric for furni~~turersei,stpanatpetro pwaactkear,gignrgeafsore foorosdtaainnsd.oTthheeryamarteerailasolsus(ee.dg,focrofoikrweafirgeh)titnhgaattairrefields and in a numofibnduestrria processes. = 1 Because these chemicals have been used in an array of consumer products, = ip Fy most people have been exposedto them. Between2000 and 2002, PFOS WF as 008 0] wtuarserv.olInun2t0a0r6il,yepihghatsemdajoourtcoofmppraondiuecstvioolnunintatrhielyUsa.grebeyd itstoprpihmaasreyoumtatnhuefiarc- I, E0S lL + glliombiatledpnurmobedroufocfonPtgFoOiinAgoaunnsdesPFSOciAeenltaisttehdacvheemfiocuanlds,PaFlOthAoaungdh PtFhOrSeianrethae NNOORERE T bloofnE oeardlyal the peoplethey tesited,butmthesge studiep sshowtw hat the [ENE F750 mats ana toot ae arg sour of wxpoars thechemior | \ "= mostpeople, drinking watercan be an addisoturcieiontnhesamalllper- 5 | %7- cenoftcomamungitiees where these chemicals have contaminated water a" supplies. Such contaminationistypically localized and associated wiatsphe- & cific facility, for example, an industrial facilitywhere these chemicals were FALeT weprroeduucseeddofrorufisrdefitgohtmianngu.factur therprodoruancltesd at which they I [EPA develops health advisories to provide information on contaminants that can cause human health effects and are known or anticipated to occur in drinking water. EPA's health advisories are non-enforceable and non-regulatory and provide technical information to states agencies and other public health officials on health effects, analytical methodologies, and treatment technologies associated with drinking water contam- ination. In 2009, EPA published provisional health advisories for PFOA and PFOS based on the evidence avail- able at that time. The science has evolved since then and EPA s now replacing the 2009 provisional adviso- ries with new, lifetime health advisories. UsEnvironmental Protection Agency T November20 EPAS00F 16.003 33664433..00000011 E3x6h4ib3it 3643 State of Minnesota v. 3M Co., Court File No. 27-CV-10-28862 STATE 07354701 FACT SHEET PFOA & PFOS Drinking Water Health Advisories EPA's 2016 Lifetime Health Advisories, continued To provide Americans, including the most sensitive populations, with a marginofprotection from a lifetime of exposure to PFOA and PFOS from drinking water, EPA established the health advisory levels at 70 parts per trillion. When both PFOA and PFOS are found in drinking water, the combined concentrations of PFOA and PFOS should be compared with the 70 partsper tillon health advisory level. This health advisory level offeras margin of protection foral Americans throughout their if from adverse health effects resulting from exposure to PFOA and PFOS in drinking water. How the Health Advisories were developed EPA's health advisories are based on the best available peer-reviewed studies of the effects of PFOA and PFOS on laboratory animals (rats and mice) and were also informed by epidemiological studies of human populationsthat have been exposed to PFASs. These studies indicate that exposure to PFOA and PFOS over certain levels may result in adverse health effects, including developmental effects to fetuses during preg: nancy or to breastfed infants (e.g, low birth weight, accelerated puberty, skeletal variations), cancer (e.g. testicular, kidney) liver effects (e.g, tissue damage), immune effects (e.g. antibody production and immunity), thyroid effects and other effects (e.g, cholesterol changes). EPA's health advisory levels were calculated to offear margin of protection against adverse health effects to the most sensitive populations: fetuses during pregnancy and breastfed infants. The health advisory levels are calculated based on the drinking water intake of lactating women, who drink more water than other people and can pass these chemicals along to nursing infants through breastmilk Recommended Actions for Drinking Water Systems Steps to Assess Contamination If water sampling results confirm that drinking water contains PFOA and PFO at individual or combined concentrations greater than 70 partsper trillion, water systems should quickly undertake additional sampling to assess the level, scope and localized source of contamination to inform next steps Steps to Inform If water sampling results confirm that drinking water contains PFOA and PFOS at individual or combined concentrations greater than 70 parts per trillion, water systems should promptly notify their State drinking water safety agency (or with EPA in jurisdictions for which EPA is the primary drinking water safety agency) and consultwith the relevant agencyon the best approach to conduct additional sampling, Drinking watersystems and public health officials should also promptly provide consumers with nformation about the levels ofPFOA and PFOS intheirdrinking water. This notice should include specific informationon therisksto fetuses during pregnancy and breastfed and formula-fed infants from exposure to drinking water with an individual or combined concentration of PFOA and PFOS above EPA's health advisory level of 70 partsper trillion. In addition, the notification should include actions they are taking and identify options that consumers may consider to reduce risk such as seeking an alternative drinking water source, or in the case of parents of formula-fed infants, using formula that does not require adding water. US Emvronmenta Protection Raney T 33664433..00000022 November 076 Fre STATE 07354702 FACT SHEET PFOA & PFOS Drinking Water Health Advisories Steps to Limit Exposure a] AtAheniurmdbreinrkionfgowpatitoenrssaurpeplayv.ailInabsloemteo dcraisneksi,ndgrwianktienrgswyastteermssytsotleomwsecracnonrceednutcreatcioonncsenotfraPtFiOoAnsaonfd pPeFrOflSuoi-n roalkyl substances, including PFOA and PFOS, by closing contaminated wells or changing rates of blending of water sources. Alternatively, public water systems can treat source water with activated carbon or high pressure membrane systems (e.g., reverse osmosis) to remove PFOA and PFOS from drinking water. These. tmraeianttmaeinntedstyosteenmssuraerethuastedthbeyy saroemeeffpeucbtliivcewfaotretrresaytsitnegmPsFtOoAdaayn,dbuPtFOsSh.ouIlndsboemecarceofmumlulynidteiseisg,needntaintides have provided bottled water to consumers while steps to reduce or remove PFOA or PFOS from drinking, water or to establish a new watersupplyare completed. [gMaainnysthoAmmeeridrciannkiNnagtiwoantaelrSttraenadtamrednstInusntiittsutaere(AceNrSt)ifisetdanbdyaridnsdetpoevnedreinfyttahcecirrecdointetdamtihniradntparretmyoovraglancilzaaitmis.ons NSF International (NSF) has developed a protocol for NSF/ANSI Standards 53 and 58 that establishes mcitniivamtuedm craerqbuoinredmreinnktisnfgorwamtaetrertiralesa,tmdeensitgsnyasntdemcsonasntdrruecvteiorns,eaonsdmopseirsfosrymsatnecmes othfaptoianrte-doefs-iusgene(dPOtoU)reduce [PFOA and PFOS in public water supplies. The protocol has been established to certify systems (e.g, home. reatment systems) that meet the minimum requirements. The systems are evaluated for contaminant reduction by challenging them with an influent of 1.530% ug/L (total of both PFOA and PFOS) and must reduce this concentration by more than 95% to 0.07 ug/L or less (total of both PFOA and PFOS) throughout trheeamtamneunftacstyusrteerm'ssvsetraiftieeds ltihfeatofdetvhiecterseeaftfmeectnitveslyystreemd.ucePsroPdFucOtAcaenrtdifPicFaOtiotnotaoctcheipstapbrolteolceovlelfs.or testing home] Other Actions Relating to PFOA and PFOS Between 2000 and 2002, PFOS was voluntarily phasedout of production in the U.S. by itsprimary manufac- turer, 3M. EPAalso issued regulations to limit future manufacturing, including importation, of PFOS and its precursors, without first having EPAreviewthe new use. Alimited set of existing uses for PFOS (fire re- ssiesmtiacnotnadvuicattoirons,hymdertaaullifcinfilsuhidisn,g pahnodtpolgartaipnghybaatnhds,ficlommpproondeucntts,ofphaonteotmcihcarnotl)iwthaosgreaxpchlyudperdocfersosmttohpersoedruecgeulations because these uses were ongoing and alternatives were not available. In 2006, EPA asked eight major companies to commit to working toward the elimination of their production aeingdhtusceomopfaPnFiOeAs,haanvde cihnedimciactaeldstthhaatttdheegyrhaadveetpohPaFsOeAd,ofurtoPmFeOmAi,ssainodnschaenmdicparlosdtuhcatts dbeygtrhaedeentod PoFfO2A0,15. All from emissions and products by the end of 2015. Additionally, PFOA i included in EPA's proposed Toxic hSausbsatnanocpepoCrotnutnriotlyAtcot'rseSviigenwifaincayntefNfoerwts UtsoreeiRnutlreo(dSuNcUeR)thiesscuheedmiincaJlannutaoryth2e01m5arwkheitcphlawcilel aenndsutraekethaacttiEoPnA, as necessary, to address potential concerns UsEnvironment! Protection Agency 3 33664433..00000033 November 2016 PAR00F-16.003 STATE07354703 FACT SHEET PFOA & PFOS Drinking Water Health Advisories Other Actions Relating to PFOA and PFO, continued EPA has not established national primary drinking water regulations for PFOA and PFOS. EPA is evaluating PFOA and PFOS as drinking water contaminants in accordance with the process required by the Safe Drinking Water Act (SOWA). To regulate a contaminant under SOWA, EPA must find that it: (1) may have adverse health effects; (2) occurs frequently (or there is a substantial likelihood that it occurs frequently) at levels of public health concern; and (3) there is a meaningful opportunity for health risk reduction for people served by public water systems EPA included PFOA and PFOS among the listofcontaminants that water systems are required to monitor under the third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCM 3) in 2012. Results of this monitoring effort are updated regularly and can be found on the publicly-available National Contaminant Occurrence Database (NCOD) (https://www.epa.gov/dwuemr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring: tuletf3). In accordance with SOWA, EPAwillconsider the occurrence data from UCMR 3, along with the peer reviewed health effects assessments supporting the PFOA and PFOS Health Advisories, to make a regulatory determination on whether to initiate the process to develop a national primary drinking water regulation. In addition, EPA plans to begin a separate effort to determine the range of PFASforwhich an Integrated Risk Information System (IIS) assessment is needed. The IRIS Program identifies and characterizes the health hazards of chemicals found in the environment. IRIS assessments inform the first two steps of the risk assessment process: hazard identification, and dose-response. As indicated in the 2015 IRIS Multi-Year `Agenda, the IRIS Program will be working with other EPA offices to determine the range of PFAS compounds and the scopeofassessment required to best meet Agency needs. More about this effort can be found athttos:/ www. epa.gov/rs/irs-agenda. PT A ACE CL TERT hese health advisoriesonly apply to exposure scenarios involving drinking water. They are not appropriate foruse, in identifying risk levels for ingestion of food sources, including: fish, meat produced from livestock hat consumes contaminated water, or crops irrigated with contaminated water. he health advisories are based on exposure from drinking water ingestion, not from skin contact or breathing. he advisory values are calculated based on drinking water consumption and household use ofdrinking water during food preparation (e.g. cooking or to prepare coffee, tea or soup). To developthe advisories, EPA onsidered non-drinking water sources of exposure to PFOA and PFOS, including: air, food, dust, and consumer Iproducts. In January 2016 the Food and Drug Administration amended its regulations to no longer allow PFOA nd PFOS to be added in food packaging, which wil likely decrease one source of non-drinking water exposure. UsEnvironments! Protection Agency a 33664433..00000044 November 2016 EPASOD16003 STATE 07354704 ea + EPA's Drinking Water Health Advisories for PFOA and PFOS can be found at: https://wwu.epa.gov/ ground:water-and-drinking-water/drinking-water-health-advisories-pfoa-and-pfos + PFOA and PFOS data collected under EPA's Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule are available: itps://www.epa gov/dwucmr/occurrence data-unregulated-con taminant-monitoring-ule + EPA's stewardship program for PFAS related to TSCA: httos://uwi. pa. gov/assessing-and-managing: chemicals-under-tsacanjd -polfluoroalkyl-substances-pfass-under-tsca + EPA's research activities on PFASs can be found at: htp://wwiu.epagov)chemical.research/ perfluorinatedchemical-pfc research + The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry' Perflourinated Chemicals and Your Health webpage at: http://wwwatsdr.cde.gov/PFC/ SEPA EAUnngvieitnercdoynSmteantteasl Protection UsEnvironments! Protection Agency s 33664433..00000055 November 2016 EPASOD16003 STATE 07354705