Document rpLR40K30NRJgLLn2aX9qB7we

quenlly it may require dare lor the electrons in a long do circuit to drift from one end to the other. In on no circuit when the voltage reverse* SO or 120 times per second the electrons cannot drift far in either direction, but swing back and forth through short distances in the cirediL Fig. 7 and S give an elementary idea of how electrons flow in a circuit, and how they transmit an electrical Im pulse almost instantaneously. In Fig. 7, the circuit is open at A. Assume that the Urge black dots are the nu cleuses of oopper atoms and that the inner dotted circle represents the three inner orbits with their 28 electrons, as In Fig. 1. The black dot in each outer dotted circle represents the 29th, or free, electron. of etch atom. For simplicity free electrons are all shown hi the same position, even though when the circuit is open they drift at random in the conductor. When the circuit Is closed, as -In Fig. 8, battery potential is applied to it and a mutual exchange of electrons occurs between the atoms as indicated by tbe dots with arrowheads: When atom 1 gives up an electron to atom 2, an electron from 2 goes to 3 and so on through the circuit to atom 18, which gives an electron to atom 1. Thus, when the circuit Is dosed an exchange of electrons between the atoms occurred at the tame Instant, fn this way the effect of a compara tively slow flow of electrons Is fell thtough the circuit el once. This theory verifies to a degree the old belief that an electric current flows through a circuit at the speed of light The chief difference in the old and new theory is in our conception of . what happens in the circuit. The old conception assumed that when a cir cuit was dosed to ah decide power source an eleetrio current flowed out of Its positive terminal and traversed the circuit to the negative terminal almost Instantaneously. The new con ception assumes that electrons are - caused to drift slowly through the cir cuit bom the negative toward the posi tive terminal of the power source, but transmit an electrical impulse at the speed of light. Electron flow through a circuit may be compared to water flow through a pipe. In Fig. 9, assume a centrifugal pump connected In a pipe circuit filled with water and the valve closed. When the pump operates It builds up pres sure on the discharge side of the valve, as shown by the pressure gage, but water does not flow. If we open tbe Positive, Negative Charges t Eioht protortf pad o/fht nonfront nuc/ttty s\ \ fw :: Vjs v K::':?'....."V....r.v..."..f.t.tC.trofH"\iA. ) n Normoal oxygen otom; 2 electrons inner orbit, 6 outer 4 A If on oxygen atom I losetassoonneelelectcrtornonItit bocomes positive ion 4 AOxygen atom wM? IVwoonn eexxcceesss j-'v tron Is o negailvi -Gtott rod oftor hthtg ruMod with tHk hot o pe titin chorge j-i;* W trStick of tteliof trot trhttt rukbod with cofi for bocomct ntootniy chorgtd --------*" Ckawntf* (plant "At soon as we installed the YARWAY trap our trouble ended. Since then, when other traps gave trouble, we put in YARWAYS and they tt)wafS did 0 (Midi belter job. Now we use alt YAKWAY traps," says Maintenance Engineer of large mid-western cleaning firm. (baite^ fompawjA ''YARWAY Traps have been a We- j Saver here. Used many different I makes before trying YARWAY a year ago. Haven't touched them since. ' Trying to get management to buy more.'*--Large Wisconsin dairy. mir/*t$many YARWAY Trap) ,ecf m"ch oa dryers. room and discharge /g^tesifast as it comes through dgpiartn*toil*toheatupbster m,{^itte*dyiemptTitute.,`-^Globt mdVorki, Philadelphia, Pa. "i M| ^taJtiofL us*$ many YARWAY Traps are sJbmtand have been very successIfrjrfbme of these traps have been Ejrt'jfate 1939 and have given Bhalnitlr 110 frouble.Herkimer Power Station, Herkimer, ^aunjoUuf. "troneris sohot it sixties after putting YARWAY trap on in place ofa bucket trap. Runheavyspreads throughtroner bouncckeeat ntdratphseyaanrde dwryil.lPruelplilnagceouwriathil YARWAYS.'*--Farina Laundry Co., Vancouver, British Columbia. JhniAt "Coot bill lost vrinter v/as $5,000 less than previous winter. y .,,d Santtnan (Greenhouses). Wyna moor, Pa- 4 4 AMfter o gloss rod is rubbed with I Hsilk It becomes positively charged and picks up bits of paper 4 C( Stick of sooting wwox offer being I V rubbed with cat's fur has a neg ative chorge ond picks up paper bits M valve water starts flowing In all pans of the circuit simultaneously, Fig. 18. That Is, the Instant water starts flow ing from the pump's discharge, it also flows Into the suction. Even though the water flow through tho circuit may have a velocity of only a fraction of an inch per second Its effects are fell in all parts of the circuit almost in stantaneously. With water, its total volume mores In the pipe whereas In an electric circuit only the atom's elec trons drift In Fig. 8 an electron flow Is Indi cated through the battery solution as through the external circuit. This it not true; no electrons as such flow through the solution, but the effect is the same. Different actions occur In different batteries, some complicated and others quite simple. One of the simplest actions is that of a copper and a zinc plate In sul phuric-acid solution (electrolyte). The electrolyte acta to give a aegilhtii charge on the zJoc plate, and a positMj? charge on tbe copper plate. That l15j the tine plate ia given an excess fj3 onlI/$ifftbjerffb0O7Tmr8t.i.Nn*Tyer*vaWfepr(rhthae#soP6'dn0etvYuecAr bhaege-nooopderneedstamnd. ''oq 100%.Since then have bought elections whereas the copper plxtev la deficient in electrons. .Then, the external circuit is dosed the dnrj KKtTAYTraps lot plate gives up some of its excess irons to the conductor sad the esa-t ductor supplies some of in electncid to the copper plate to supply its defies eieney. | While the circuit is dosed the dtrijl V ., > troiyte reacts on the plates to give ^9 zino an excess of electrons and keep,S the copper deficient so flow Is eontii^a ;.^iARWAY TRAPS FROM Jurist mill supply uoua from the zinc through the terns] circuit to the copper plate. MoMj roent of dectrons in a vacuum tubs b)j different from that in a solid conductor as will be abown Inter In this series-^ For simplicity, lo Fig. 8, we show Jf current flow of a single elecW^E8 "f^FOR NAME AND FREE fefOOtUET, WRITe . . . ACTUAL SIM Vi* TRAP yarnall-waring company (Continued on page 140) Jsxiita. (plant w?pl0Ief;-py;o^,hc,, b'en maintained. This iproZZ" sTe 01 2%*** Staurhern textile mill. 100 Mermold Ate.# Phllodolphla 18, Fa. IM (305) POWER Msy