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% THE MONTHLY TRADE JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERNATIONAL ASBESTOS INDUSTRY Geared Toward Management and Top-Level Supervisory Personnel, ASBESTOS is a Must If You Need Facts About: asbestos mining, processing and manufacturing fiber price ranges and asbestos production, import and export statistics product information and materials handling techniques vital literature, closing stocks annual report briefs developments in the fields of occupational and industrial health and safety as they pertain to the business of asbestos. For Subscription and Advertising Data, Contact: ASBESTOS-THE MAGAZINE Department IM-382 131 North York Road Post Office Box 471 Willow Grove, Pennsylvania 19090 J.S.A. Telephone: (215) 659-0134 5 ONE YEAR/12 ISSUES-US$:5.00 SINGLE C0PIES-USS5.00 PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT Major importers of asbestos I tonnes! United Kingdom Canada South Africa Cyprus Swaziland Italy Total 1978 SS.037 21.203 5.399 480 1.281 117.781 1979 94.705 8.422 7.313 142 1.031 116.669 France Canada USSR South Africa Italy Total 43.185 38.029 8.330 7.155 110.612 59,836 24.857 16.328 7.478 126,476 Denmark Canada West Germany South Africa Cyprus USA Total 12.456 1.337 2.405 4.187 167 21.470 14.082 1.685 2.212 7,408 880 26,865 Austria Canada USSR South Africa Italy Total 13.078 8.038 5.393 3,828 30.807 12,060 3.362 5,043 3,216 23.912 Japan Canada South Africa USSR USA Zimbabwe Total 111.000 80.873 17.811 11.784 -- 234,901 125,552 104,095 28,524 14,029 -- 291.531 Belgium/Luxembourg Canada South Africa West Germany USSR Total 19.936 6.248 3.79S 14.3-44 51.036 19,154 7.783 6.296 -- 50,754 Netherlands Canada Italy South Africa USSR Total 28.027 6.988 912 2.327 41.357 20.748 3.801 209 1.278 28.235 West Germany Canada USSR South Africa Italy Total 260.536 32,400 26.219 22.537 345,816 305.300 23.019 31.611 23.769 386.118 Italy South Africa Canada USSR Total 22,959 12,212 7,423 47.152 38,935 25.063 4,490 77,151 1980 71.892 8.9S1 6.652 8,181 1,250 94.639 67.104 21.552 16.693 5.902 127.124 9.930 1,027 817 831 -- 13.710 -- -- -- -- 122.491 90.658 41.703 13,044 14,828 305.408 23,036 8.237 15 -- 47.861 12.050 3,266 1.399 1.347 19.042 307,505 25,714 27.863 25.926 393,081 32.239 37.283 na 86.55C USA South Africa: amosite chrysotile crocidolite Canada Tot-1 1.153 5,667 16,739 525.181 549,606 461" 2,613 13,461 495,707 513,084 36= 2.401 7.597 315,437 327.291 Industrial Minerals March II CAP-406 CAPCO JEN 0000567 owing to the combined adverse effects on trading of the current industrial recession being felt in most industrialised countries since the beginning of I9S0. and the negative publicity express ing concern over the asbestos and health issues. It will be some considerable time yet before it will be able to be evaluated just exactly how much of the recent dow nturn in asbestos consump tion is due to recession and how much is due to the environ mental health aspect now associated with working with asbes tos which has spawned the drive towards alternative materials. The accompanying tables show how the pattern of asbesto consumption has evolved in the UK and the USA during the 1970s which is indicative of the general trend in North America and Western Europe bearing in mind that in continental Europe asbestos from the USSR may account for some varia tion in consumption patterns. Canadian asbestos exports (tonnes) Milled fibres (Group 3) United Kingdom West Germany Czechoslovakia Japan Brazil USA Total 1978 4.544 598 877 1.293 1.258 7.848 22.142 1979 6.342 2.032 871 1.521 1.286 7.012 26.464 mo mi' 3.568 1.306 1.375 1.453 730 3.642 15.233 2.672 393 1.676 1.676 180 3.577 11.255 Milled fibres(Groups4& 5) United Kincdom 34.962 Austria 5.903 Beleium/Luxemboure 13.945 France 25.814 West Germany 122.755 Italy 13.223 Spain 18.416 Switzerland 6.281 Yugoslavia 10.947 Egypt 5.466 Nigeria 4.397 India 20.728 Malavsia 14.4(17 Indonesia 7.621 Japan 31.691 Taiwan 6.014 Australia 24.561 Colombia 9.115 Mexico 34.766 USA 1 IS.544 Total 667.741 3S.21R 10.472 10.436 38.083 119.828 25.123 21.005 9.868 10.973 6.268 3.9S9 29.885 18.630 7.110 36.838 4.160 18.187 13.218 39.802 100.372 -692.814 36.459 9.207 162711 4S.388 117.467 28.721 12.617 8.876 10.439 5.497 16.786 28.451 21.105 11.121 39.005 10.316 14.680 14.669 31.965 58.623 637.S08 18.767 3.R07 6.791 20.504 23.877 15.321 11.219 3.699 7.694 11.851 9.025 16.353 13.446 8.020 21.690 3.944 13.732 6.555 22.524 103.167 421.587 Milled fibre (Groups 6-9) United Kingdom Bdeiunv'Luxembourg Denmark France West Germanv Netherlands Spain India Japan Rcpublicof Korea Taiwan Thailand Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Venezuela Mexico USA Total 4S.358 9.171 3.432 12.006 27.092 23.711 6.163 3.830 84.469 3.966 4.584 5.423 4.275 12.889 3.036 3.947 5.793 8.388 413.256 708.592 50.763 10.645 1.4 IS 20.115 32.U25 18.587 8.394 4.875 97.192 3.028 5.602 6.249 8.827 18.509 2.419 4.189 6.907 10.318 397.675 742.157 29.982 8.417 214 20.160 31.851 9.285 5.101 6.204 91.428 2.114 8.338 5.781 7.731 6.249 2.995 7.271 4.244 9.372 262.247 564.232 17.6S2 2.3S1 272 12.352 51.334 1.675 2.I0S 4.181 55.710 3.240 6.645 4.408 2.949 3.147 1.178 2.938 3.732 9.294 207.096 417.929 Total milled fibre exports (Groups 3*91 1.398.475 1.461.435 1.217.273 850.771 'Figuresfor 1981 areforfirst 10 months only UKdecline... So far as the UK is concerned there has been a gradual decline in asbestos consumption during the 1970s with 172.500 tonnes consumed in 1973 dropping to 90.200 tonnes in 1980. The most significant factor in UK consumption has been the disappearance of asbestos from the insulation market after 1976 and the fire resistant insulating board market after 1978 in the face of competition from alternative materials such as mica and vermiculite. So far as other sectors of the UK market are concerned there has been a steady fall in demand in asbestos cement building products and pressure pipe, jointings and packings, textiles, and floor tiles during the 1970s. However.it appears that demand for asbestos in the friction materials and reinforcing filler sectors of the market has held its own with a fall in demand recorded for 19S0 only, which may just be due to the onset of the deepening recession at that time. Estimated consumption ofasbestos fibre in the UK (tonnes) Consuming area 1973 1976 1978 1980 1980 % Asbestos cement building products Asbestos cement pressure pipes Fire resistant insulating board Insulation products Jointings and packings Friction materials Textile products Floor tiles Moulded plastics & battery boxes Fillers, reinforcements (including felts, millboard paper, filters, underseals, mastics. adhesive paints etc.) 55.600 42.900 38.300 31.000 34.4 9.000 8.100 5,000 3.000 3.3 22.500 4.000 11.400 17.000 8.300 16.200 14.500 400 10.000 15.650 6.300 15.800 8.000 -- 10.000 16.300 4,600 I3.S00 -- -- 8.000 12.000 4.000 10.000 -- -- 8.9 13.3 4.4 11.1 2.800 1.200 600 200 0.2 25.700 28.450 28,700 22.000 24.4 Total asbestos usage 172.500 143.300 125.800 90.200 100.0 Estimates for 1973 indude 24,000 tonnes ofamosile -- 1,200 tonnes for pressure pipe, 19,500 tonnes for fire resistant insulation board, 2.700 tonnes for insulction products, and 600 tonnes for moulded plastics. Some 300 tonnes ofanthophylliie is included in the last item for 1973. In 1978 about 700 tonnes ofamosite is includedfor pressure pipe and about 2.000 tonnesforfire resistant insulating board. In 1976 about 500 tonnes ofamosite was used in asbestos cement building products on an experi mental basis. .. . and drasticfall in the USA In the USA asbestos consumption in 1973 reached the re cord level of 795.000 tonnes but since, demand fell to 561.000 tonnes in 1979 before plummetting to a record low of some 360.000 tonnes in 1980 with all sectors of the market recording drastically reduced levels of demand. Although preliminary figures for asbestos consumption, published by the US Bureau of Mines, for 1981 indicate a slight recovery to just over 400.000 tonnes it L,understood that the greater part of this tonnage was consumed in the earlier part of the year with a tail-off towards the year-end filtering through into 1982. This further dip in demand in the latter part of 1981 and the begin ning of 1982 has been expressed in the form of short working, high inventories, and depressed prices at the Canadian mines. Most probably this across-the-board downturn in demand has more to do with the current recession combined with the pre vailing high interest rates in Europe and North America, w hich have had a dramatic effect on the construction and automobile industries, than it has to do with environmental concern which tends to be more selective in its effect on end-use markets. It CAPCO JEN 0000568 has been estimated that construction products of all types account for around 70% of Canadian fibre output whilst the friction materials market accounts for up to 10% of output. As such any revival in asbestos mining relies heavily on a resurg ence in the construction and automobile industries-- at least in the more immediate future. So far as the medium to longer term outlook is concerned the major producing companies in Canada are placing greater emphasis on marketing to the de veloping Third World countries where the rates of economic growth are measurably higher than in western world countries and where the clamour for asbestos substitutes has not taken place. Large projects in the Middle East. India, and Mexico for irrigation and cheap housing provided bouyant markets for asbestos cement products during 1981 which helped to offset some of the gloom in the industry. Although the drop in demand for asbestos has plunged the Canadian industry as a whole into its deepest recession for Pattern of US demand for asbestos ('000 tonnes) more than 30 years, individual producers have felt the icy wind of depression to varying degrees. Those companies heavily dependent on markets in the USA and Europe -- JohnsManville and Carey Canada Inc. -- have been struggling with the situation for longer than others, with short-time working and closures. Those with more widely diversified markets spread through Latin America. Asia, and Africa in addition to the developed countries-- Lake Asbestos Inc., Bell Asbestos, and Asbestos Corp. -- have been able to weather the storm more successfully although both Asbestos Corp. and Lake have felt the effects through having to compete more aggres sively with one another in an attempt to retain sales in the face of falling demand gradually spreading throughout the market. A.factor to consider with respect to the Canadian producers is that each of the mining companies produce different grades of asbestos although there is, of course, considerable overlap allowing a fair degree of competition. In this respect those 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 Flooring products Asbestos cement pipe Roofing products Friction products Asbestos cement sheet Packing and gaskets Insulation Paper products Textiles Other 167 173 183 198 . 139 123 128 131 140 151 202 139 66 69 79 73 69 42 60 62 66 72 73 60 46 48 52 58 86 40 20 21 22 24 26 15 20 21 22 23 13 6 14 14 15 16 57 60 14 13 14 16 18 5 133 137 147 158 85 62 Total demand 666 689 734 795 768/,,,, 552 /soft US asbestos consumption by end use ,grade , and type in 1980 (tonnes) 1976 104 127 231 58 21 IS 8 28 6 59 660 1977 140 145 57 63 40 25 18 22 9 70 609 1978 126 217 62 74 36 31 7 9 3 54 619 1979 121 213 66 61 11 19 15 1 6 48 561 1980 198l(p) 90 100 144 160 27 28 44 48 88 12 12 98 11 24 22 32 360 401 Grades I and2 19S0: Asbestos cement pipe Asbestos cement sheet Flooring products Roofing products Packing and gaskets Insulation: thermal electrical Friction products Coatings and compounds Plastics Textiles Paper Other -- _ -- -- -- -- -- -- 200 200 -- -- Total 400 1979 100 Grade 3 -- -- 100 100 800 -- 200 400 -- -- 1,700 100 200 3,600 S.SOO Grade 4 Chrysorile Grade Grade 56 Grade 7 81,700 -- -- 300 2,300 100 -- 2,100 100 -- -- -- 300 86.900 29.800 100 35.900 100 6,200 -- 100 14.200 -- 400 -- 200 2.500 S9.500 4,300 4.300 200 3,900 100 700 -- 4.700 100 -- -- 100 1,500 19,900 3,900 3,500 53.800 22.100 2,800 5,200 2.600 22,300 10.700 800 -- 4,600 132,300 162,100 105,300 52.800 193,900 Grade Total Croctdo- Antho- Total 8 chrysolite lite Amosite phyUiie asbestos -- -- -- 119.700 7.900 90,000 24--JOO -- -- 26,500 -- -- -- 12.200 6.000 --100 -- -- -- -- 2.900 43,700 10.900 1,400 -- -- -- 100 -- -- 1,900 400 -- 100 -- yw . -- -- (332.600) 24,400 -- (523.000) 35,700 --200 200 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1,300 1.700 1.500 -- -- -- -- -- -- 144.000 7,900 903200 26,500 12.30C 6.0CK -- 2,9 -- -- -- 43,70 10.90 1.5C -- -- ' 1 sc 5( -- 10,4 -- 358,7 300 560.C Source: US Bureau ofMines p--preliminary CAPCO JEN 0000569 companies whose sales consist of a high proportion of the shor ter grades of fibre -- Carey Canada in particular-- have felt the recession more than the others and also have been more vulnerable to the concern expressed on the adverse health aspects of asbestos. The other companies with a significant output of short fibre include Johns-Manville and Lake Asbes tos from its National operation. The overall effect of the recession on the Canadian mining industry is demonstrated in the accompanying table of Cana dian exports for the year I97S to 19S0 and the first 10 months of 1981 which indicate that total exports for 1981 may reach about 1.02m. tonnes -- some 16% down on 1980 figures and around 30% down on 1979 figures. Actual production of fibre in the first 10 months of 1981 was 929,000 tonnes compared with 1.072.500 tonnes and 1,323,000 tonnes in the same period for 19S0 and 1979 respectively. AMYANT SANAYII A.S. YOUR RELIABLE SOURCE OF SUPPLY FOR TREMOLITE ASBESTOS IN TURKEY A recognised problem It has long been established and is now fully accepted by indus try that there is a serious health hazard associated with the indiscriminate handling of all forms of asbestos from mineral extraction to the fabrication of asbestos-containing products. However, now that the problem has been recognised, in its varying degrees, all sectors of the asbestos industry in most countries are achieving measurable success in controlling asbestos dust especially in the milling and fabricating stages where the problem has been most acute. In this regard the various regulations which have been recommended and im posed in North America and Europe, in particular, have large ly been welcomed by industry in its campaign to re-assure the general public that with proper care and handling there is no longer any significant danger from using asbestos especially where the mineral is locked-in to the product -- gaskets, ce ment. floor tiles, brake linings etc. Nevertheless the trend in public opinion, particularly in continental European countries such as Sweden and Denmark, has increasingly expressed a desire for asbestos usage to be reduced to the absolute neces sary minimum, and in some quarters for the mineral to be banned altogether, in favour of substitutes with no track re cord of a health related problem. The recent agreement made between the West German asbestos industry and the Federal Minister of the Interior to reduce the asbestos fibre con tent of asbestos cement products within the next three to five years in favour of substitutes underlines the point. It is expected that the West German industry will fully cooperate with the government directive on a voluntary basis although it is understood that the Minister is looking for a 40% reduction in the proportion of asbestos fibre used. Several West German members of the European parliament recently made an appeal for a total ban on the use of asbestos to be achieved over the next five to ten years in which time research into substitute materials and protection measures should be stepped up. At the same time a request was made for an immediate ban on the use of crocidolite which is still used in the manufacture of large diameter pressure pipe in West Germany although a voluntary industry ban in the UK has effectively been in force since 1969. To include a detailed discussion of the mountain of research that has been performed on the asbestos and health problem is beyond the scope of this article but it is relevant to highlight some of the more recent conclusions. A 1977 EEC report con cluded that there was "suggestive evidence", based upon epidemiological studies, for a threshold limit for exposure to asbestos dust below which the risk of cancer is either small or non-existent, but that there was not sufficient adequate data to establish what such a limit should be. So far as mesothelioma is concerned the report indicated that peak levels of exposure are relevant to contracting the disease and as such it would be almost impossible to assess what actually is the significant exp osure level. An important conclusion from the report relates to exposure of low levels of chrysotile dust where the epidemiolo ADDRESS: BUYUKDERECADDESI BENGUN HAN 107/7 GAYRETTEPE ISTANBUL TURKEY CABLE: UNIMEKS-ISTANBUL TELEX: 26369 MEKSTR and 26270 DIMTTR PHONE: 675806,675807 ISTANBUL TURKEY gical studies indicate that the probability of contracting cancer is exceedingly small even if. as is the case with other estab lished carcinogens, no actual threshold limit can be defined. In any discussion on this issue one must never lose sight of the fact that there is an extremely long time scale involved (the latent period which may be 20-50 years) between the time when an individual is first exposed to the problem to the lime when the first symptoms of either asbestosis. lung cancer, or (mesothe lioma are detected. This implies that if this order of time scale is applicable to the general problem, w hich is regarded bymanv as one of physical and dimensional characteristics of the miner al being fibrous, then it is of great importance from the point of view orphysicallv similar mineral or synthetic substitutes. Such substitutes that are gaining ground in the market place have not the same history of application as asbestos across such a wide spectrum of end uses and so have not been around long enough for any potential health related problems to show through. However, it is significant that modem practice recog nises the potential hazards associated with heavily dust laden atmospheres in the work-place, no matter what the mineral concerned may be, and as such controls today are far more stringent than they were some 20-50 years ago when the seeds for the contemporary asbestos problem were first sown. Stu dies have shown that in Quebec, where workers have been exposed to chrysotile dust, there was an increase in total mor tality especially in deaths caused by lung cancer and asbestosis but only in those exposed to unacceptable dust concentrations by modern standards. It is generally accepted that for the three principal types of commercially used asbestos there is greater risk of contractin' lung cancer or mesothelioma when exposed to crocidolite than amosite, and less risk associated with chrysotile. although in most applications where amphibole asbestos is used it is in blended form with chrysotile. Consequently a definitive assessment of the risks associated with each fibre type is com CAPCO JEN 0000570 plicated but the general consensus of the various finding' is that crocidolite is considerably more carcinogenic than chrysotile. The most controversial aspect of the asbestos and health problem, however, is perhaps the claim that even brief expo sure may be harmful especially if sufficiently intense. Claims that mesotheliomas have been induced after only a day work ing with asbestos have with, understandable reason, spawned shock horror for those concerned, but always the evidence has been inconclusive. Certainly there has been, and still is. cause for concern as expressed in the various legislative measures and proposals but it should also be appreciated that the asbes tos industry is in the forefront of technology in controlling potentially fibrous dusty atmospheres in the work-place to safe levels. So much for industry, but the argument against asbestos continues through to the consumer and its presence in the environment especially in various types of contruction pro ducts where the unaware do-it-yourself enthusiast may be par ticularly at risk. The EEC report, referred to earlier, con cluded that air concentrations in the region of 1.000 times lower than those in industry was an acceptable safety margin and this level is apparently in line with the general findings on prevailing atmospheric levels. Quite rightly the report empha sises that levels should be kept as low as possible with the aid of good industrial practice and education but this should be achieved in a non-alarmist fashion. Two excellent articles sum marising the asbestos-pollution-health problem by D, Gloag appeared in the British Medical Journal. 14 and 21 Februarv I9S1. A clean bill of health? The possibility of a health risk associated w ith the presence of asbestos fibres in water, beverages, or food arose some y ears ago in the wake of the recognised occupational health hazard connected with the prolonged inhalation of excessive quanti ties of asbestos dust. In particular most concern has been ex pressed with respect to the conveyance of drinking water through asbestos-cement pipe w here particles of asbestos fibre may he taken into suspension in the flow of water owing to erosion of the inner walls of the pipe especially where any turbulence may occur at junctions in the pipe etc. 1 lowever. it appears that from the outset there was no positive evidence to suggest that asbestos causes gastro-inteslinal cancer although there was every reason to believe that if there was any risk at all it would be dose-related and more likely to be restricted to occupational exposure and not likely to cause a more general environmental problem for the population as a whole. Never theless the negative evidence was not sufficient and further research has been carried out. Perhaps the latest findings relevant to this problem are those published in 1981 by the US Public Health Serv ice Department of Health and Human Services concerning tests carried out by the Carcinogenesis Testing Program which is part of the National Toxicology Program, sponsored, amongst others, by NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Hygiene). A carcinogenic bioassav of Syrian golden hams ters fed on a diet of 19r chrysolite asbestos for their entire t lifetime starting with the mothers of the test animals revealed that there was no adverse effect on body w eight gain or survival ; by chrysotile -- in fact, both weight sain and survival seemed j to he enhanced. By way of explanation the report suggested that the observed positive effects of increase in weight gain and survival characteristics were possibly caused by the increase in fibre content in the diet. A parallel study under exactly similar conditions was carried out using amosite but again there was no adverse effect on body weight gain or surv ival and again the survival rate was significantly better in hamsters of both gender when compared with the control group of animals. The median survival of the control female group was 55 weeks compared with Si weeks for the control group of male hamsters which /------------------------- =-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\ Suzoritemica Performs! As a low cost filler it reinforces and improves the pro perties of plastics, and serves as a reinforcing substitute for asbestos. Its performance is proved....Suzoritemica is currently used in full production U.S. automotive parts. For more information from your Suzoritemica repre. sentative in Europe, North America or Japan, contact: Marietta Resources International Ltd. Executive Plaza II, Hunt Valley, Maryland U.S.A. 21030 Phone: (301) 667-0200 TWX No.: 710-862-2630 Cable: MARREFD1V Suzoritemica is a Registered Trademark of Marietta Resources International L CAPCO JEN 0000571 contrasted with 60 weeks and 8-1 weeks for amosile treated females and males respectively. The results of these studies published by the US government's National Toxicology Prog ram. however preliminary in nature, must surely blow some fresh air through the North American asbestos industry espe cially as the asbestos cement market constitutes the single most important sector for the industry. Crocidoliteblues... As previously indicated South African production of crocido lite has recently been rationalised with Gencor's subsidiary. Gefco. now accounting for virtually all of the country's cro cidolite production capacity (apart from about 10,000 tpa pro duction from Lonrho's operations at Wandrag and Emmarentia). Although occurrences of crocidolite are known in other parts of the world. South Africa accounts for virtually all the world's present commercial production. Small scale crocidolite production began in Western Australia in 1933 and reached significant levels in 1944. However, the mines at Wittenoom Gorge, the Colonial Mine and the Wittenoom Mine, w hich were responsible for virtually all of the country's output, closed in 1966 after a total of some 138,000 tonnes had been shipped. In recent years crocidolite production from South Africa has been in decline largely owing to concern over the adverse health effects associated with working with crocido lite. This led to severe competition in the marketing of crocido lite by the South African producers -- Cape Industries until 1979 and then Transvaal Consolidated Land and Exploration. Eternit. and Gefco -- which was the major reason for the recent re-organisation of production under one umbrella. Re cord production of over 200,000 tonnes of crocidolite in 1977 fell drastically in 1978 to just over 137.000 tonnes and to around 118.000 tonnes in the following two years. For the first eleven months of 1981 some 94.609 tonnes of crocidolite was produced thus suggesting that output for the year will bottom out at around 103,000 tonnes-- the lowest level of production since 1964 when 91,873 tonnes was produced from the Cape and also the Transvaal (output from the Transvaal ceased in 1978). ... but a strong role to play With the move towards a statutory ban on the import of crocidolite into the EEC nations fast gaining momentum the shrinking crocidolite market is virtually restricted to the USA (somewhat ironically in view of the fervour of the anti-asbestos lobby in the USA), the USSR, other eastern European coun tries, and some Third World nations. However, US crocidolite imports have fallen from 16,739 tonnes in 1978 to just 7.597 tonnes in 1980 and although detailed statistics for the other importing countries are not available it is evident that demand in recent years has not been particularly bright. The principal application for crocidolite is in the manufacture of asbestos cement products where it is used in conjunction with chrysolite fibres, especially the shorter grades, to impart strength to the product. It is now generally accepted that more short chrysotile asbestos fibre may be used when crocidolite is incorporated in the formulation -- the more crocidolite, then in general the more short chrysotile that can be tolerated. In this way it has been possible to produce asbestos cement more economically owing to less of the more expensive long chrysotile grades being needed in the formulation. This is possible owing to crocidolite being the strongest natural mineral fibre known with reinforcing properties superior to any other form of asbes tos. From this viewpoint the production of large diameter asbestos cement pressure pipes in particular relies on the incor poration of strong reinforcing fibre--either the expensive long chrysotile types of fibre or less expensive long crocidolite fibres which enable the use ofa higher proportion ofshort chrysotile in ASBESTOS AND ASBESTOS REPLACEMENTS: A GLOBAL FORECAST THIS NEWLY ANNOUNCED MAJOR MULTICLIENT PROGRAM WILL FORECAST THE INTERNATIONAL MARKETS FOR ASBESTOS AND ASBESTOS REPLACEMENTS THROUGH 1995. THIS IMPORTANT PROJECT IS DESIGNED TO DELINEATE AND QUANTIFY THE COMPLEX AND INTERACTING MARKET, TECHNOLOGICAL, REGULATORY, LEGAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE FUTURE GLOBAL MARKET STRUCTURE. For a comprehensive prospectus and subscription details, contact: A.G. Keene, Vice President Gorham International Inc. Gorham, Maine 04038, USA A Telephone: (207) 892-2216 Telex: 94-4479 (Sinrljam jltttmtatumal Jmr. ESTABLISHED 1*56 CAPCO JEN 0000572 -the formulation. Also for large diameter pressure pipe the use of a proportion of crocidolite lowers the'amount of time required in the manufacturing of the pipe as the pipe attains the required strength to be removed from the mandril at a faster rate than if crocidolite were not used. Hence the capacity for pipe produc tion is enhanced. An example of the type of fibre formulation which may be used for medium diameter/medium pressure asbestos pipe would be 35% short chrysotile, 40% ML6 grade crocidolite, 25% group 4 chrysotile. For larger diameters and higher pressures the amount of short chrysotile would be re duced and a longer grade of crocidolite, such as L6, used in combination with a longer chrysotile fibre. Correspondingly for ordinary asbestos cement pipe not subject to use under pressure less of the longer fibre types need be used and a greater quantity of short fibre may -be incorporated. In sum mary the use of crocidolite in all types of asbestos cement products enables a greater quantity of less expensive short chrysotile fibre to be used thus reducing the cost of the pro duct. This has become more important in recent years since pipes made from other materials such as cast iron, PVC, etc. have become more competitive on the market particularly in the USA. Another factor to be considered is that in the USSR there is a reported shortage of the very long chrysotile fibres thus necessitating a greater use of crocidolite. Alternatives and the Achilles heel A natural consequence of the prolonged public concern and debate on the health hazards associated with asbestos has been the growth of interest and development of alternative substi tutes for asbestos in the many end-products in which asbestos is used. In many respects it may be considered that asbestos has been rather fortunate in the past when compared with other industrial minerals such as talc, mica, wollastonite, kaolin, etc., where considerable overlap of end-use in the market has existed. That asbestos has enjoyed a virtual monopoly in the markets in which it has served over the years does, however, indicate the versatility of the mineral which is also able to be produced on a large scale comparatively inexpensively when compared to the costs of production associated with some of its latter-day rivals. Nevertheless the growth in the search for alternative materials for asbestos during the last decade has been unprecedented in the mining industry. This has been highlighted in a number of reports, publications, and confer ences such as the 1976 Fulmer Research Institute report in the UK (see `TM" October 1976) and the 1930 National Workshop on Substitutes for Asbestos held in Arlington, Virginia (see "IM" September 1980). Not only have producers of other minerals such as those mentioned above been able to take the opportunity of market ing their products into traditional end-uses for asbestos -- witness the demise of the insulation market for asbestos in the UK in favour of mica and vermiculite and other materials -- but the leading asbestos producers themselves have taken heed of the shift in themarket away from asbestos. Owing to the self-imposed industry ban on imports of crocidolite into the UK in the early 1970s Cape Industries began to use other materials for its manufactured products and gradually became more and more divorced from its South African mining in terests. This culminated in the sale of its mining operations in 1979. Johns-Manville, the western world's largest producer of chrysotile in Canada, began to look at alternative materials and at fibreglass in particular. However, the cry for substitution provides a far from simple solution to the s-called asbestos problem as it raises a number of other problems. There is no such thing as a substitute for asbestos which may be conviently slotted into the existing tech nology. Alternatives can and have been found for a number of applications but often a new system has to be devised in order to use the alternative -- in most cases an expensive procedure. Additionally, whilst the health-related problem of asbestos has ^NORWEGIAN TJkLC BERGEN - NORWAY CAPCO JEN 0000573 been identified and is being dealt with, any such problems which may relate to any of the alternatives (such as fibreglass) remain to be discovered. In this sense it may well be said tht the asbestos industry is pioneering the technology necessary to deal with the problem and as such should not be dismissed from the commercial world as many in the USA and Europe would wish. In the September 1980 issue of Industrial Minerals a report of the Arlington. Virginia meeting on asbestos substitutes was published entitled "NVhat's new after asbestos" in which the various end-uses for asbestos were described from the alternaii\e materials point of view. In the sphere of paper products w hich contain asbestos a number of alternative materials have been tried including aramid, graphite/TFE composite, TFE, carbon, and graphite. Within this market sector are products w hich are expected to be able to withstand temperatures of up to 53SC and pressures of 2.500 psi. In roofing applications alternatives are organic felt, fibreglass felt, and singly-ply membrane of which the first is the cheapest material to install but has the least strength. Asbestos used in pipeline wrapping materials to prevent corrosion of the iron pipe in the ground is facing competition from fibreglass although there are technical problems as the use of fibreglass has the effect of actually promoting decay should be pipe become exposed to the weath er. Again in textiles fibreglass appears to be the main alterna tive to asbestos although certain ceramic fibres, polymers, and also carbon compete for use in this area of application. In the reinforcing filler applications in floor tiles and plastics, platey talc, various clays, wollastonite. and mica are achieving con siderable success in replacing asbestos in the .USA. Other alternative materials for filler applications include `hedmanite`. a non-asbestiform form of serpentine produced by Hedman Mines in Ontario, and processed mineral fibre made from blast furnace slag by Jim Walter Corporation. In the field of friction materials considerable progress has been made in re placing asbestos particularly in the USA although it is under stood that no alternative has so far proved to be as effective as the traditional asbestos-based friction materials. Alternatives being explored include fibreglass, mineral wool, potassium titanate fibres, graphite and carbon fibres, and aramid fibres -- all of which are more costly than asbestos. Efforts to pro duce drum brakes based on alternative materials proved not to be possible without re-designing the braking system. To a con siderable degree this has been achieved in the USA through the development of semi-metallics which began in the early 1950s and which now accounts for around 60% of all new vehicles in trie USA. Perhaps the principal area where alterna tive materials have not made significant impact is in asbestos cement sheet or pipe and as this constitutes the single most important market sector by volume for the asbestos industry it may be regarded as the industry's Achilles heel. If a viable and cheap alternative did emerge on a worldwide scale then with the present prevailing climate of public opinion in the Western World this would surely spell out the downfall of the industry. The only possible alternative to emerge so far has been fibreg lass -- glass reinforced concrete -- but the snag here, besides cost, is that the glass undergoes chemical alteration when in contact with the alkalis in the cement which leads to spalling in application. This problem has to some extent been solved by the development of alkali-resistant fibre but asbestos cement has a significant price advantage and is able to perform in environments of high temperature. So far as asbestos cement pipe is concerned the main competitors are other pipes made from completely different materials such as ductile iron, PVC, steel, and reinforced concrete but the cheapness of asbestos cement pipe compared with the alternatives will maintain its market share particularly in the developing world. A major advantage in this respect is the comparatively simple technolo gy which is required to manufacture asbestos cement pipe -- a factor of over-riding significance in the developing world w here the need for housing, water, sanitation, sewerage facili ties far outweighs any potential health hazard. MICA micronised MICA dry-ground MICA wet-ground MICA flakes "MICA-MU" Muscovite from our own continental deposit (MICAREC) for all industrial purposes __ I, II JT C0MPTOIR BE MNERAUX ET MATEERES PREMIERES 45 Ruede Leningrad --75008 PARIS Tel: 387.45.75 Telex: CMMP 650980 F . Slate powder and granules from DELABOLE SLATE proyen cost effective fillers for: TO DISCUSS THE BENEFITS TO YOUR APPLICATIONS CONTACT' DELABOLE SLATE LIMITED P6NGELLY HOUSE DELABOLE CORNWALL PL33 9AZ ENGLANO TELEPHONE CAMf LFOROfO** 02)<2 LONDON OFFtCE 01-629-2256 TELEX <*390 CAPCO JEN 0000574 Major world asbestos producers Company THE AMERICAS Canada Asbestos Corporation Ltd. Asbestos Corporation GmbH Bell Asbestos Mines Ltd. Brinco Mining Ltd. (newh formed early 1931) Carey Canada Inc. Johns-Manville Canada Inc. Lac d'Amiante du Quebec Lice Ownership Mine!plan! location Producis'capucity General Dynamics Canada King-Beaver open pit. All chrysolite Ltd. --54.65%. Thetford Mines. Ouebec 2.1m. tpa of ore Through Socieif Nationale de I'Amiante the Quebec government has purchased 51% of the voting shares in GDC Normandie mill. Yimy Ridge, Ouebec King-Beaver u/g mine. Thetford Mines. Ouebec Brit. Can. mill No. I. Black Lake. Quebec Brit. Can. open pit. Black Lake. Quebec Brit. Can. mill No.2. Black Lake, Ouebec Asbestos Hill open pit, Ungava, Quebec 83,800 tpa of fibre Groups 3-7 1.1m. tpa of ore 54,700 tpa of fibre Groups 3-6 3.2m. tpa ofore 65,300 tpa of fibre Groups 3-7 1.4m. tpa of ore. 265,000 tpa ungraded fibre Wholly-owned subsidiary in West Germany Societe Nationale de I'Amiante (acquired from Turner and Newall Ltd. in May 1980) Olympia and York Invest ments Ltd. (50.1%) and Rio Tinto Zinc Corp. (22%) in Brinco Ltd. the direct parent company Jim Walter Corporation Nordenham mill. West Germany Chrysotile 88,500 tpa of fibre. Groups 4-7 Underground mine and mill in Thetford Mines. Ouebec Chrysotile 825.000tpa of ore. 75.000 tpa of fibre Groups 3-7 Cassiar open pit and mill. Chrysotile McDame Mountain, north- 1.3m. tpa of ore. central British Columbia 110.000 tpa of fibre Groups 3-6 Open pit and mill at East Broughton Station. Ouebec Chrysotile 225.000 tpa of fibre. Groups 4-7 Manville Corporation Asarco Inc. Jeffrey open pit and 6 mill complex at Asbestos. Ouebec Black Lake open pit and mill. Black Lake. Quebec Chrysotile 9.25m.tpa of ore 630.000 tpa of fibre Groups 3-7 Chrysotile 13,600tpdofore 165.000 tpa of fibre Groups 3-6 National open pit and mill near Thetford Mines. Quebec Remarks Total chrysotile fibre production capacity-- 292.300 tpa Group3-- 4,100tpa Group4--162.000 tpa GroupS-- 73.300 tpa Group 6-- 29.400 tpa Group 7-- 23.500 tpa Predominantly used for asbestos cement but also textiles (Group 3 only), brake linings, tiles, paper, gaskets, and filler All shipped via Deception Bay to Nordenham, West Germany All used for asbestos cement Specialise in output of longer fibres 70% Groups 3-5 and 309c Groups 6-7 Primarily Group 4 fibre produced, 709c of output for asbestos cement. Mine acquired from CassiarAsbestos Corp. in 19S0 Specialises in medium to short fibre--709c Group7 and 309c Groups 4-6. Maximum output of 234,000 tonnes in 1973 Western World's largest asbestos mining operation Mined under a 99-year iease from United Asbestos Inc. in return for share in net profits 7.260 tpdofore 100,000 tpa of fibre Principally Group 7 USA Calaveras Asbestos Corporation -- Union Carbide Corporation Vermont Asbestos Group Cooperative The Jaquays Mining Corp. Brazil SA Mineragao de Amiamo Open pit mine and mill at Copperopolis. California Open pit mine and mill at Santa Rita, San Benito County. California Chrysotile 3.600 tpdofore 40,000 tpa of fibre Croups 4-6 Chrysotile 35,000 tpa of fibre Group 7 mainly Open pit mine and mill at Lowell, Vermont Open pit mine and mill in Gila County, Arizona Chrysotile 35,000 tpa of fibre Groups 3-8 1.1m. tpa of ore Chrysotile 1.200 tpa of fibre Groups 3,4 and 7 Cana B rava mine and mill. Chrysotile U ruagu, Goiis state 180.000 tpa of fibre Grades 3-7 Leading producer of asbestos in the USA and one of few mines to have expand ed production in recent years Specialises in short fibres and modified asbestos products for filler reinforcing applications Current production is around 23.000 tpa of fibre Only recent attempts to enter world trade. Some 167,000 tonnes produced in 1980 CAPCO JEN 0000575 Company Sano SA Industria e Comercio Colombia Asbestos Colombianos SA AFRICA South Africa TheGriqualand Exploration and Finance Company Ltd. (Gefco) Msauli Asbestos Ltd. Duiker Exploration Lid. Kaapsehooc Asbestos (Pry) Ltd. Ownership Sano Group Minciplani location Mine and mill in Piaui state Pruducts'capacity Chrysotile 2.4CK)ipa of fibre Group 4 only Remarks Production totally consumed within the Sano Group Eiernii Colombiana 70% Mincro Emmo 30% Las Brisas mine and mill, near Campamento Chrysolite 20.000 tpa of fibre Groups 4-6 Production began during 19S1 at initial rate of 11,000jpa General Mining Union Corporation Lid. 43.80% Sentrust Ltd. 13.16% Elcor mines, mill and blending plant, Kuruman district. North Cape Province Riries blending plant supported by Asbes, Bretby, and Riries mills taking ore from a number of small mines Whitebank mine and mill supplying the Central blending plant. Cape Province ' Klipfontein mine and mill supplying the Owendaie blending plant, Cape Province Pomfret mine, mill, and blending plant, northern Cape Province General Mining Union Corporation Ltd. LonrhoLid. Penge mine, mill, and blending plant, eastern Transvaal Msauli mine, mill, and blending plant. Msauli, Barberton district, eastern Transvaal Wandrag mine and mill, Kuruman district. Cape pTovitrce Emmarentia mine and milt. Cape Province Mine at Joubertsda! in Nelspruit district Crocidolite 45.000 tpa of fibre Wholly-owned Elcor Invest ments, through its Merencor Asbestos Mines (Ply) Ltd. and Coretsi Asbestos (Pty) Ltd. owns operating mines at Eldoret and Coretsi in the Kuruman district Crocidolite Wholly-owned Griqualand 32,000 tpa of fibre Asbestos (Pty) Ltd. works Elcor and Riries blending an-asbestos mine near plants produce 4 grades of "'Kuruman and its subsidiary crocidolite--long, Griqualand Chrysotile medium-long, medium, Mines (Ply) Ltd. bought the and medium short (5mm Bute mine near Vryburg to 25mm) from Dublin Consolidated Asbestos Mnes (Pty) Ltd. Crocidolite 30.000 tpa of fibre Crocidolite 18.000 tpa of fibre Whitebank and Klipfontein operations recently acquired from Asbestos Investments, a subsidiary of the Belgiumbased Eternit group, which operated under the name Kuruman Cape Blue Asbestos (Pty) Ltd. Crocidolite 70,000 tpa of fibre Amosile 90,000 tpa of fibre Chrysotile 100,000 tpa of fibre Groups 5-7 but mainly Group 6 Crocidolite 9,000tpaof fibre Pomfret and Penge opera tions recently acquired from Transvaal Consolidated Land and Exploration Co. Ltd. These mines were respectivelyoperatedbyCape Blue Mines Ltd. and Egnep Ltd. African Chrysotile Asbestos Corporation is Gencor's wholly-owned holding com pany for Msauli Asbestos Crocidolite 1,000 tpa of fibre Chrysotile 10,000 tpa of fibre Grades 3,4T.5R Small independent opera tion with sales by Southern Asbestos Sales (Pty) Ltd. Anglo Dutch Exploration -- and Mining Co. (Pty) Ltd. Stella mine near Kaapsehoop in Nelspruit District Chrysotile 4.2LKJ tpa of fibre Grades 6D and shorter Small operation for local market -- friction materials, paints, floor tiles, filtration Zimbabwe Shabanie and Mashaba (Pvt) Ltd. (SMM) DSO Asbesios(Pvt) Ltd. Turner and Newall Lid. Shabanie mine and mill, Shabanie, Victoria Gaths mine andTemeraire mill, Mashaba, Victoria Chrysotile 2.4m. tpaofore 2.44m. tpa of ore King mine and mill, Mashaba. Victoria Industrial Development Corporation Mashaba, Victoria Chrysotile 6,000 tpa of fibre Groups4 and5 Combined chrysotile pro duction capacity is around 250/300,000 tpa of fibre. Production predominantly comprises Groups 3 and 4 grades of fibre. Approxi mately 50% of world textile asbestos fibre comes from these mines Underground mining ceased in 1978. Current output is based on ore dumps from SMM CAPCO JEN 0000576 Company Swaziland Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd. Ownership Mine!plant location Products!capacity Turner and Newall Ltd. 60%, Swaziland govern ment 40% Mine and mill at Butembu, northwest Swaziland Chrysotile 35,000 tpa of fibre High proportion of Groups 3 and 4 plus some shorter fibre Remarks Milled fibre product is sent via 22 km long cable to South Africa Barberton and exports sent through Maputo or Durban EUROPE Italy Amiantifera di Balangero SpA Eternit Group of Switzerland The Balangero open pit and mill, San Vittore, northwest ofTurin Chrysotile 200,000 tpa of fibre Groups 4-7 Leading producer of asbestos in Europe Greece Asbestos Mines of Northern Greece SA Hellenic Industrial Mine and mill at Zidani, Development Bank south of Kozani town (ETBA)91.5%,IFC8.5% Chrysotile 5m. tpa ofore 100,030 tpa of fibre Groups 4-7 Finally started production in late 1981 and expect to pro duce 75,000 tonnes in 1982 ofwhich 29% will be sold in Greece Cyprus The Cyprus Asbestos Mines Ltd -- Open pit mine and mill at Pano Amiandos in the Troodos Mountains Chrysotile 35,000 tpa of fibre Groups 4-7 but mainly 4and5 Production in 1960 was 34.000 tonnes and about 27.000 tonnes in 1981 Yugoslavia Mines and Industry of Asbestos-Chemical Products "J ugoazbest" Stragari Asbest mine State State The Korlace mine Operation located at Bogutoyo, Stragari, Serbia . Chrysotile 4,000 tpa of fibre Chrysotile 15.CKX) tpa of fibre Mine undergoing recon struction to increase output to 12,500 tpa Turkey Bilfer Maden Ltd. Bilgin Group Amyant Sanayi AS Unimeks Yatirim ve Finansman AS ASIA India Hyderabad Asbestos Cement Products Ltd. PratapCommercial Co. (Pvt) Ltd. -- Cavdarmine.Sivas, eastern Turkey Chrysotile 1,500 tpa of fibre . Groups 47 Mine and mill at Mihallijjik Tatarcik, Eskijehir Tremolite asbestos 30.000 tpa ofore 3.000 tpa of fibre Groups 5-7 Essentially a pilot plant operation being increased to 5,000 tpa during 1982 to supply domestic asbestos cement market. By 1984 Bilfer hopes to start on a 80-100,000 tpa project. Production to date --300 tons Current production is around one third capacity for floorcovering, adhesives, and insulation Mine and mill at Roro, Bihar state Nine mines in Udaipur and Beawer Districts of Rajasthan (open pit and underground) Chrysotile 2,000 tpa of fibre Groups 5-7 Anthophylliteand tremolite asbestos 4,000 tpa of fibre Equivalent to Groups 47 Supply domestic market and manufactures asbestos cement products Output in I960 approxi mately 2,500 tonnes South Korea Kwangchon and Hongsong mines, Hongsonggun, 90 miles east of Seoul Chrysotile 14,000 tpa of fibre Average 5mm in length Japan Nozawa Asbestos Cement Company -- Yamabe Asbestos Company Ltd. Furano, Hokkaido Yamabe, Hokkaido Australia Woodsreef Mines Ltd. Transpacific Asbestos Inc. 58.57% (formerly Woodsreef Minerals Ltd. of Alberta, Canada) Wood's Reef mine and mill, near Barraba, New South Wales Chrysotile 18,000 tpa Mainly short fibres Chrysotile 4,5(X) tpa of fibre Groups 6-7 Chrysotile 95,000 tpa of fibre Groups 47 tFor asbestos cement production For asbestos cement production. Current output from Japanese mines is around 8,000 tpa Operations are carried out by wholly-owned Chrysotile Corporation of Australia Pry Ltd. Output in 1980-- 83,466 tonnes CAPCO JEN 0000577 c C"1 >r*\pun v USSR L'raldShest Combine Dzheiygara Combine Kiembay Combine Tuvaasbest Combine Ownership State State Miiie'pUiut Itn. ttinM Prtnhtax oipticirv Asbest. about 30 miles east of Sverdlovsk in the south-central Urals. Mine and 6 mill complex Dzhetygara. northwest Kazakhstan, about 300 miles south of Sve rdlovsk in southern Urals Chrysotile 1.56m. tpa of fibre Accounts lor about 51% of Soviet capacity (reported to have lost 500.000 tpa capacity at 2 mills during I9S0) Chrysotile 750.000 tpa of fibre Accounts for about 25% of Soviet capacity State in conjunction with 33% financial partici pation from Bulgaria. Hungary. East Germany. Poland. Rumania, and Czechoslovakia Located about 90 miles east-south-east of Orsk in Orenburg Province in the southern Urals Chrysotile 500.000 tpa of fibre Accounts for about 16% of Soviet capacity State Located near AkDovurak in south-central Chrysotile 240,000 tpa of fibre Accounts for about 8% of Soviet capacity Remarks Construction of anothermill with a reported capacity of 340.000 tpa is being planned. Output in 19S0-- L27m. tonnes Two mills in operation -- the first built in 1965 with 350.000 tpa capacity and the second built 1975 w ith 400.000 tpa capacity. Output in 19S0 -- 640.000 tonnes Two mills recently built, the first in 1979 which pro duced 130,000 tonnes in 1980 and the second was com pleted at end of 1980.12 annual instalments of 170,000 tonnes to be sent to the 6 participating nations, and possibly for a further 10 years Two mills with equal capcity of 120,000 tpa each constructed in 1964 and 1976. Output in 1980-- 110,000 tonnes China The majority of Chinese chrysolite asbestos production is accounted for by nine mines of which the Shimtenopcn pit and underground operation in Sichuan Province is the largest. Close to Shimien is another large deposit at Pengshien. The next largest mining area is in the district of Laiyuan, Hebei Province where open pit mining is carried out. Other mines are the open pit mine at Mangai. Quinghai Province; underground operations at Jinzhou and Chaoyong. Liaoning Province; open pit workings at Shennan in Shensi Province and underground and open pit operations at Lilang. also in Shensi Province. Another asbestos mine is worked at Taan in Shaanxi Province. Although production capacities of these various operations are not known total production of asbestos in China in 19S0 was around 250.000 tonnes, all of which was apparently of the chrysotile variety. INDUSTRIAL MINERALS THESE ARE OUR SPECIALITY. FOR EXAMPLE:- BARYTES, MICA, NEUBURG CHALK, PUMICE, RED OXIDES, SSLEXSTONE, SILICA, TALC. PLEASE CONTACT US FOR YOUR REQUIREMENTS RICHARD BAKER, HARRISON LTD. 253 CRANBROOK ROAD, ILFORD, ESSEX 1G1 4TQ (01-554 0102) 73 THE ALBANY, LIVERPOOL L3 9ER (051-236 3488) JELEX 8951137 TALC G CAPCO JEN 0000578 CAPCO JEN 0000579 CAPCO JEN 0000580 HO ^" O O O O r m f. o rm rv r n *rtNCONr>B 'OnNtnC'fn -` mo sy C-M It II III| I| w II rt II n o* O O p- knr*.OcDmr^Oao n o O O r* o c-i p-- m r-* or>*o O N f' in h y enno IA H O ^ co %r\ ri %r\ o | *7 o v> a r >0 I - co cm n c m oe-H i okab m n <0 H in c> < h` i n v6 CM CD ^ f fM m i m <m j rs m <--i ) I I i o ^ CM -H I Pi C I t -t-vH - ** *jo +* c cs o a e01 eO^o -9a CO C h O *0 UaIIVOe.o Ub c 1 o *o Woi. ca *1 M C O O c eo co tJ u o C ws c eu Clo N-I C -h ^ JC 9 U9-U*Ujt1*at>o>cj JS J o o u ^ t- U1 OH q c x c. x . t n--r o j c u.(jkHoO CAPCO JEN 0000582 o H 4> tt 0 o -g 4) *4 1 co o n *? oUn^w fN i^N'Ococ^'OO h mm r> * r* 2 *o O III -4 r-< I I I 11 1 till 111 1 11 CM 169 4 u O D "( 1 i ! 1 1 II ~ 1 - 1 H O u V C>l* 0 ii fi G U00 V 9 *o Oe +ou4 o .O4> o r u 0) ^ o t> "O a in o L? u w o 01 -0 4 *<7 u (/) o ZI3 o em o ftl a UM a * o - 0-- <^_n_o_ n>.Af to n n<0 n H i|ArtN'AO* acu okAf'MNtc/lOM h mn n H sO o c o |1| n.VMI .MVMI. |NA1 o^ r < LHA1 n lNVA M_*---1 4irt 1ir_'li'OAi mn T o <7 CN O m vh r-< *y ^4 1O cn O* o n *4 n r n , c n m a J U,/ v * 1 * ' * I-A N NJ H O i n in r~ rt so H r O ) (N O a^<f | <n in I N i -h n . n O' IN .H ON CN | | I loo 1 1 1 i t'* 4 N O 1 r* rt ( <S -- --> J" H i 1 *r 1 cn 1 | IN 1 i 1 *-h l 11 1 o i r H1 CN lli il ii!! ! 1 l1 l :i:; 1 11 1 11 1 11 111!! 1j11< till! 11 1 1 1 f11,*ij4l|(l11 !11 0 l 1 1 1 (X 0 | 1 B JZ \ \ l Ill lilt III! till I1II1III10M^ 1 I 1B IIIB | 1 1O 1 11 1 t1 1 1 I1 I1 I1 {! i! i1 i! iI CL 0 1 4J j 1 B CL III *4 a M t t ** B il *J O *4 0 l lUO a c3 u a 119 0 0 41 *0 9 6b 1 t "O H H O "3 1 H O 15 fl o u o *o .. i a h n 111 111 11 (I 11 11i 1I O U ' (L W C5 C 1 V CL 0 II O. fl O H -H V l W "- W P ! "9 -B1 11 OOC49O*4G*4OeoO0) 4bi bJ vl ^ q 11 ^ a 1 11 1 1 acLH'HHOOU^y^LL O 0 O <A4 aB 9 C ^4 U *4 O *4 0 41 -o oou o H W a HC..C VO H O 4 C WO H w O *4 a < < ii K W h in Cj fv H fci O r- H 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 | I | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 1 I1 W a u (0a i3 CAPCO JEN 0000583 T a b le 4 .-U .S . nabcatoa co n su m p tio n by end use, g ra d e , and ty p e (R e vise d D ec. 82) (100 m e tric to n s) O J=> hr <Irr>t N O(A r** Of' Orvr`jifrl*N0Nt'0enoiN0'OO a> (V M tA <N h r n n art O <) rt lA m o 5 1I 1I 1I 7I, II I| II II sD |I O II O oh O rN>. Nca Vol n no CO fS N lO N O^ONHOO^O j n n O' c f1* *a o HN tA n Q I co n o (s i e h of so j- Nnonrt I cm h < no irt l w O' cm cm n O CM U T3 J tO w u O' O' H CO N H O r"i w N O' CO O' I a n l O o 7 WM IA *T 10 oo *o eg o U O n <2 o n ia <0 r>. m j- N <A H n o o n o> N kO /) <N O' tn cm cm o 1 cm I o O' V T3 IO I CM CM O' r> | N <0 I eH -< n L# o Mil II V VI I I ncl o li I10e & bs I o 0 u uu wa o C C 3 U *3 o u 041 O u 04 b ot A-C au e o* a o <h L Oo *4 *o*- ' B nn O jo*'30H *1 wuy(:I C OU CO II CL I I I tiri cO 00 o " , i ntupj- C u*o ^.-Uoo< HHu*- UoaI- --L*-I U U L h> h O CAPCO JEN 0000584 O O O O r- no n r> N NH ttiillll O cr> O O r-> *-< CN O -T ^ n nn n h Off'OO'Nff'nN ><J (N Nin O-i H H C r> iA r-* w-v *4 l -i o' in i cm n in i i c- n nu n u CM CM I I iI a. .oe CL We c4J U3 4c1j IB9 uea oav uou *aoo no *c IW O "O i u o O *- v c. a 0 OC *-**-< Cul U c c c eo ia-M> 0C(3 iJUy C o H B* ed v C1 u *4 U u h W .4o1 0o<ow o3*<-fl-1wL^i *5J O JxJ m ) r-l O C COO < < h, fk, h U. O H a* O CAPCO JEN 0000585 *J 41 O .0 OOOOr"* n o O O' n n o h h OOO-HNff'H O ~. r-t O *r r< -< O^oOOm ooo-<wri,,**^ (COM OH' N *-0< OH' O WHV *nH H H H tft oo n vt o <o i n Vao o n o f r> ^ II I >0 -H I lI v> <r eo o u ^ m <o n I i ri n n i s * I I I r*ri ft i c* o oc t fJ ^ lI I i *o 1^2 II1/ III II U C^ *> *4 U ft C1 Cft)-3O O3 00 `oM*Oo V taaoo ll -i o *o 1 ft b c O. O O "< ** I i so * q V c o c t:uu i u o tcu NHCCoCu'^C*^ i < >>OO*mO.W* 3 iX-'W-( (HJ i-Oi V,9. r - o _ " < u. ec a. ih b... --(J f_t- H fOt .OX4J 6 CAPCO JEN 0000586