Document roVbnmEZxVE3k552J77V40JV

1920s Alcoa Member of National Safety Council 9 Q Okay. Let me represent to you, sir, 10 that Alcoa has answered and in sworn answers to 11 interrogatories that it was a member of the National 12 Safety Council going all the way hack to the 1920's. 13 Would that surprise you? 14 A No, not at all. 15 MR. WATERS: I hand that back to you all. 16 Q Let me show you, sir, the National Safety 17 News, Volume 32, No. 3, September 1935, which is a 18 journal or a trade journal, if you will, that was 19 I distributed to members of the National Safety Council. 20 And in particular I want to show you an article 21 contained in that particular issue titled, "No Halfway 22 Measures in Dust Control.11 23 Do you see that? 24 AYes. i Asbestosis since 1920s - p. 66 23 Q Now, in your training and when you first 24 arrived at Alcoa, did you learn that this 25 relationship, the fact that asbestos could causes 1 this disease, had been known since the 1920's? 2 A "This disease" being asbestosis? . 3 Q Yes, sir. 4 A Correct Thomas Bonney testimony 1930 Alcoa in asbestos business Please refer to your telegram 5518 of December 19th. We have requested ilr. Tl. L. Steffens of The Philip Carey Company to communicate direct with the Bureau of Con struction and Repair -regarding matters of price, shipment, speed of delivery, etc. He has also agreed to furnish the two panels with flat asbestos on the outside replacing foil, which he will' ship direct to the Brooklyn Navy Yard. ' ' We-were unable to ascertain the European method of protecting the foil against salt air corrosion but in past ex perimental work 5 protective coatings were developed which are extremely resistant to salt water and acetic acid. These coat ings have been applied to foil and made up into insulating panels ll6" x 36") with 4 layers of corrugated asbestos paper and 5 lay ers of foil. The numbers 1 to 5 on the panels designate the dif ferent types of protective coatings, these panels are being 1* ; forwarded today to the Brooklyn Navy xard, by parcel post, marked for the attention of Mr. John Lind. 3 1934 Alcoa Dusty Jobs No Protection Re: Dusty Work Conditions (confidential) MB. J. K. tun badib waa -Tuly 1*. 1934. MB. X. K. 1X2BBSQB PXnSBBBOH 019XSB BXi DIBIT WOBDXO OQBDIIIOOn iomnntia) ! TMr ltttw tf tat 14, 1934 idiUn tt tbs Men There is dust from crushing...No protection is used at present, (p.l) m ntmrt to ib writer for rttratlu. I tm aoeerdlndly ma a surrey < Balia jlut sat ia e*llabratl*a with Mr. 2. 9. Baalal hava trrtnt at the follswiay oesaluelans. CULBBCW M4B9 Iha najorlty of notarial* used la the presasa *f nannfaoturlng oarbon axa of nsoesslty dry and make far a rather bal last condition. This operation is very dusty...do not use any protection at this time, (p.2) Petrol.ua Poke: Ihia eok. Is raoalral la hopper bottoa aars aal at present, la* to reduoed operations, la for the most part nnloalel dlreotly Into a four-roll erashar. Ihar* la aoa* Inst froa oruahlna lanatty of aaoa depending on Irynaas of oola. One Is employed approximately twelve boars par weak. The Installation of aahaastar This operation is very dusty...No protection is being used at present, (p.2) or providing operator with respirator would lagrore this condition, be bar* bal no oomplalnte anl no protaotlon is used at present Is fall tin* operation the oak* Is unloaded into outside storage and operators exposure is lnaraasod proportionately. Zhe orushad oaks Is carried by oonrayors to storage, where there is possibly nor* last encountered than la omahlng. Howerer. the oran*nan la the only one exposed - froa on* This being the dustiest operation we have....we do not use any protection, (p.3) to three hours per day. While we bat* not had any complaints froa this souree, ear suggestion would be to provide orenensa with reaplratog rather than the installation of dust collector. The soke la then passed thru the ealolner and BDN 032151 This process is very dusty....No protection is used, (p.6) FOX 042797 4 1935 Alcoa founding member of IHF 1ELLCU INSTITUTE Ql IMJC'STRIAL RESEARCH ".. .the work could be carried out UNIVERSITY UF PITTSSCROU Pittsburgh, Pa. Saolosur (45 Page 1 Ur. Roger A. Ritehias, President, Anerican Refractories Institute, Me. 1608 falnut Street, , Philadelphia, Fa. January 21, 193S. Uj dear Ur. Hitchins: In accordance with ycur request a* Chairman of the Organisa tion C a omittee which was forced at the conference on dust problem held In Pittsburgh on January IS, we are giving you our ideas regarding the important problems Involved and the type of organisation that should be established. I ac enclosing a plan for the study of duet problem and in a most confidential manner as to who was supporting the research and no one would know what industries or individuals were contributing to the fund." the organisation chart. jrj^er^to be centralized ic Mellon Institute, it louldb^______ Ippointed tc ' mile the investigation would also be Institution organisation which the industries would set up. Ia thi gray, the work could be carried cut in a moot confidential Banner as to rho was supporting the research and no one would know what industries ot^ .cdividuala were contributing to the fund. This would enable the orgau.tion to get soundly established, eo that if later on it was desired to| 1 Hoping a the Uforttati-on htch Toa *1,b' ^ trils slv*5 y0' SF-I encloeuree Siao.rely pours, (signed) S. R. Teidlels Director OPT 1935 A lc o a a t IHF Founding OS 1935 Alcoa IHF Meeting Roster RflPTjQfitafclvMfl ut SllleoalB U^Llri/ '/'SA `^ivlooa, k. K., 1* & Davises ft lire., i^nd It ilavLcsa Streets, .`ittsburgh, Fa, kill, L. a., Director of Safety a voifnt\ 'ihwollng Stvol Cr,rp'jroti or,# Hatoliog, 'll. Va. AlfcOltineir, Arthur, Southern "Kul Coapany, ' 230 Park Avenue, Www ypric. u. r__________ Oarrctt, l, P., /onns ft Laughlin Steel Company. 801 J. ft L. Duilding, Pittsburgh, P*. Anderson, M. W., S??fc Llckoy, C. N., Vue^ir, -yftpaaeatlon DivieieB, Servdcs I>opt. &. I, du Pont do Naaoura ft Co,*J -lnc., .llmlnffcnn, 3nl------------------------------------ J. A., X&surenc Muoagor, Flttaburyh Fj/tto Lines Cosynny, pi Fn. ^ogjl, Or. I. C., kfolfaru Director, Tho Cc.rrigrjn, IdcAlnnoy StoJl CIqvuIojuI, Ohio, rilour, t,, A Tube f',un{6Un^i, Ohio. flint, F. C., klutainm Coapany of Gulf Building, Pittflburgh, Pa. Eathlahai AndtrsoQ, M. U., Alunimaa Coapany of Aaortcn, Lulf Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Atwood, 7, U, ilarViaon-Afalkor Mfrmeton.ee Co., harBors Bank Bullctiag, Pittsburgh, Fa. Avey, Pan U.t (Aflarlcan FoUpdrya>l' Assoc.) Ponton Publishing Coapany, Clovaland, Ohio* itysrs, &. ti, Proeidtat, Ayore Mineral Coapany, Sonoevlllo, Ohio. Banker, R. 0., Goa. Supt,, Fiona. Class Sand Corporation, Huntingdon, Fa. . , _, . suita Youngstown Bhuab & Tube fco,,v X*uagt**ti> fcUe. " `;' *' ` Bwrg, Or. (United c 6S6 Lac*A H.S., Fit Boyer, R. Control T Anbridge, BldooU, AbinjOoo > Abiagdcn, Blank, G. J&nes A li 311 /toss FltU'JUrrf Dlenasrs, II. If. i-eb 8000 Cron1 Ptttcbur*! BoiCr, Aal; *" iflaaori lieAm, 0, G,, Works Mgr., AUis-Chalfflere Manufacturing Co, N.5., Pittsburgh, Pe. MeCoiinoughy, Or. J. 13,, Alinin'* Cefcpany of Anerica, tf*w Kensington, Pa. Uorfoot/ r. 0. , Olryne-Ililnoie Clnes Coiepiny, Toledo, Ohio. kurphy, Lai tor 6., Director of Plant Personnel, Atlantic Roflning Caopacy, . 2144 pnesyurik Atcsuo, Frary, Mr. P. c., Koai5x*cK J.abnrutojy, Aluminm Ccr|iouuy uf Amvrlei, Uow Kifi^Lngtcn, Pa, UcCounoughy, Dr. J. 13,, Aluninus Company of Aaorl.cs, New Kensington, Pa, Philip, el of Public Health, Hniot, Poldspar Company, Hoelaohlsn, Or. IT. fl. 0., Medieel Arts Building, ........ Philadelphia, Po. * si, Ohio. VittSbUfgb, Pa. ^.. , Maaar, J^M./Vice PrbelJant, Consolidated Faldepar Ccspasy* '.-5 ' Potors, JbvB. S-t (Uino tijetor, Pgh. Staal) iftpontmi, Pa. ihor ft Conpany, vie. Last Liverpool,-Ohio, ' Marshall; J 0., . Union Carbide Coapnay, "* ~ ' - Pierco,* H." 1 ' tho M.' A. flanna Coapanj, Cleveland, Ohio. in 7.. .rCt Iras Cosjway, iuu<tee, . Niagara Polio, H. ^. Uat)vr 3, L., Vlc Prec-ident, Cleveland Cliffs Iron Ccnponyy.. . Onion Trust Building, t Clvulaiid,,OM.o^- ' Uatthawe, T. C.f .1 Pennoylvnala Pulrorlaing Cespfjn'j -J Pierce, B. M., ^ tflpo Safety Applioacas Caap-jjy, . SraddoCk, Tboaoa ft Meado 5trects, Pittsburgh, Pa. Pitt, Billion J., - ' ' ' fleVilbiss C oopany, - Toledo, Ohio. ' f* -' -vf!"y li OoipabJ>i , llWj................. I. ` ............ ' A< leidston, ,Pa* MarMnnare Or. tloH, Morey Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa. . - "* " Pointer, R S., Vico Tree, in Charge of Operations Alan linud Stool Coapany, CraShahockOB, Pe. tfeitev. Dr. C.,. Director, Industrial Hyglane laboratory, Employers MutunX liability Xnauroneo Coapany of niscoftsln, Poth, J. J, Jr., AOoTicftB Hadlotor Coapany, 0 West 40th Stroot, Nu York, h. X- 000 tapir Building, Mlleaukee, >11*. Puwtll, A. A* Koppere floseargh Corporation, M.lltr, h. B., hir. Uurufltt sf Bfiofco HekUlstloni Doportnont of Pubils Health, k;tp]isrs Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pn. Frary, Dr. F. c., AOSMorch J.eboratupy, Alumin^n Cospuuy uf Asorles, Uov K^isingtcn, Pc. Kunatcr, S. H., Attapulfus Cl.ny C,*njjany, 265 South tinad fltruot, Phiiadulphin, p<i. Cahmm, Dr. C. K., Medical Olrocwr, Sorvlco Uopt., I*!, 1. du Punt do Honours ft C<.,, In';., Llinlngtoo, Dul. Go&thmltS, A. J., Aue't. Gn. Attorney, Republic Stool Corporation, : Aupolvlie Building, ! Oliio; r*i -.aftg 1936 Saranac Secret Nowember 20, 1936 (4) Whether the fibrosis resulting from exposure to asbestos dust is occasioned by the silicon con tent of the asbestos or by its fibrous structure. (5) Whether the presence of "asbestos bodies* has any diagnostic significance. It is also our tinder standing that these experiments will require approximately three years, which will seen that they will not be concluded until about the end of the year 1939; and LeRoy U. Gardner, M. D., Director, The Berenee laboratory, Saranac lake. New York. Dear Dr. Gardneri ~ _ It *ls our further understanding that the results obtained will be considered the property of those who are advanc ing the required funds, who will determine whether, to what extent and In what manner they shall be made public. In the event it is deemed dr--*"*aiJlethat the results be made public, the manuscript of your tion* ""--to us for approval prior to publica egoing "It is our further understanding that the results obtained o, let ds ad- 50 paid o will be considered the property of those who are advancing you best? y a rela- the required funds, who will determine whether, to what r of con ed to me eof to extent and in what manner they shall be made public." 1th funds n, Incortheir u..r cjutetionj which It la entlclpited the*, experl- nents will .newer, ... '"Uft-lng'__________ _________________ p X (1) "bat concentration of duet Is necessary to urouuce the fibrosis of the lungs which is designated as asbestosls. (2) Whether exposure to asbestos dust will produce asbestosls without the existence of previous Infection and whether the X--ray changes found - in advanced human aabestosia can be reproduced In animals without infection. (3) Whether the fibrosis produced by asbestos is of the progressive type, that is, will the fibrosis Increase (once it has started) after exposure to the dust has ceased. I will advise you later of the names of the other con tributing parties. -- I shall appreciate your informing me at the earliest possible moment whether the arrangement as outlined herein meets with your approval. VB:T Sincerely yours, ZLc/urtst Vandiviveer Brown General Attorney 004737 004730 8 1944 Alcoa IHF asbestos study o n .) o i S 0 u o u IfJOU^TmAL. M> Cl CMC fnUNOA flON Cl' .iMUlr : v h 1C. IndtntrL'il vontU'itioti CiUItpi/ oL* tin1 U. C. to:* Dlv. of Knybonton-Muiihatlftn, Inc., Mimbnim, I'o., Murclt 14,10,10,17, 19-H. ' J'XKCtkqi? Micnoscopi: muiiiAxion of `just It wao Volt thot an oratoination of tho air-boron dust b/ tho oloetrou aleroccopo tsould throw aooio additional Light on tho fundamental problem or aobootooia oven though v;o drew no dofinito conclusions thorufroro. One ocltool of thought maintains that tho pulmonary condition rooulte froa a mochnnical actim of oobostoo ftboru on lung tissue, yet tho dust neon In Through tlio oourteny of tho roooajcb laboratories of tho Alunluun^ omyeny of Auoricn, which i'J t\ mtuibor of Industrial Hygionn Foundation, iloctron BdsrophotogrciiUs of nir-boruo duct Imvc been obtained ond nrj ppondod heroto. The dust wan colloctoJ with tlio oloctric preolpita Two fiuoottono wore propoundod by uo to tho laboratory, oo follows: ' 1. Aro the cublcnl (non-fibrouo) porticlos that nro scon in the light Diicroocopo uaod for counting actually coiopoaod of unbroken bundles of flbor fifl in tho pnrnnt rock? (Pmrticloa of thin Glrnpa comprise over $Jf> of thooa soon and counted.) 2. Is thoro a largo quantity of flboro whuoo length lo soveral mlcrono but which ro invisible by tho light fluid sot-up because their diameter l.'i bolow tho limit of rocolutlon? The report Lnc3.u<lod tho follow Lug: "Through the courtesy of the research laboratories of the Aluminum Company of America, which is a member of the Industrial Hygiene Foundation, electron microphotographs of air-borne asbestos dust have been obtained and are appended hereto. MT-001300 9 1947 Saranac Cancer Uasr u (LurtMta, jS.D. m The Saxanac Laioratoxy Of> THI PWAU U TtUOCAU fOUNOATIOM VlAWtf LACB, N.T. Hr* TndiTcr Brown, Secretary ^-e Corporation 72 Zast UDth Siraat . Raw fork 16, I* T. Kerch IS, IPu? ' s !r / c.'A Dear Ur. Broni MOTEO1 \7 B,__ , thank you for year letter of Hjiili iT. "T ~aai t*?7 Slad to ply -with yoar suggestion and an doing ao by tending to Dr lynch eoplea oX your latter and enclosure, and oX this reply. Tha distinction which Dr. Gardner need to discuss with mm was nalnly that bo toe an fibrous and particulate aabeotoa dual, wderwea Dr .Xing and hla colleagues reXar to locg and abort fibres. <Juat what they ooan by these designations la not clear from the abstract and I find that we do not hare the original pap***- Xing was bare last n=f? far an extended stay and I aa aura that this was zzs oi the sarty tubjects on which ho sad Dr. Gardner oxchanged notee, though tha paper was probably submitted for publication bo- form *1"g laXt Sjgland. X an taking atopa to aecure a copy oX the paper. Cr. Gardner, in the notea thick hare been treaacribed and beat to Dr. lynch, aritea the following points* - 1. Uxe experience with regard to tuberculosis -- expoaed to asbeatos duate baa act been implicated in our la-i 2. Fibres uxrier 3 U are prmctieally inert, those between 70 esiaed typical fibrosis, while naterial crushed to destroy the fihrwia atroctare is wholly inert* . *3. To esnee doMgw, the fibres east be long enough so that ____________ _____________. . . rhiiiirrtlr r.n .______________________ k. 81.52 of co lrhtla lose fl^rs A5glSiaA_ajtIllS2_k iSSP'a flmrt lixtM tli that of Uu rer** for other dut* ^.ca short flOrs asbsstos Asrsla, lmgcipcT, a -T-fors .<____ th, mrii* for ottatf Ousts. KWs ruolta srs soilstIts, than eoocXoslTS. T"t-*t-ljM lTtm ^BtS^^^rs^sSjy for tST mu mi,,g of this oo41 sspoorisnrs sad Atmld not b. resrdsd as u*thlac Bra. TO st sxtsn Uisj- W bs aodlfUd, la Uw ll*at of ot*.r fladlo*s, la ths final r*t>OPt ' * ** ***** Slacormljr yoars, a,is ^Tti( Imi frail ShaiiUh field Umtar 81 % of mice inhaling long fibre asbestos develop lung cancer, a figure sixteen times that of the average for other dusts. 10 1948 Saranac Cancer Out NEW YORK UNIVERSITY . C0LL9Cl or MZStOM ((nmum AvDtiunvc rawm men ea.ita) 4V wr tnm, mr nu i*. m. tmimn r Znitltuta o; laduatrlal fedidoa Or. Irtte TomU fcjvaoo l*Ui*Wr/ tur Artbort Vltb toapoot to iu utettu ntrti Ptrt Z, bjrtubar Xi IMS* onati f to* nirtittUUiM of tit oaiorvrltlac coapasita bold U Iiv fori. Tbo rani-i wi fiTontty nnifid ir1 it vu tt fatllac that U v a ait MUifitei7 ua ucn<n Jot. It vu tho faallsc of tMi imp tbit U1 Mftfi nevf to ta*r or tiaor* abeuld b caittod (Parrcnpb 15 fago 91 - thr Eoeton mnatth ndor COVUC.'.TlONb* - rutcrvpb $3, Fif* 59). TMi r?< vault llhovlit can for tbo llalMtieo of -Jtj tabloo rolati*4 to UU wl]ie> 1 attir. H^ppiipTCPwaiimippMiMwwpaniiiiiwai roftroneo W th< ra.pnpiaiiit ibamur of to* litnili preduead V. aa- toitoo. ' / If mclloablo, thty euld llVo to a oor* doflalto fUUont with nipi(V to too oUo of tti mart* vhieb do tbo duap. la*ulrjr vao aloe ado a* y vbotOor tboro vao U7 rolatloo to tki *aie of film pr ooMo foot of air* r It vao fait tbot Uo lu|ui(f la Ccaclusloo 9, tbit tit tbit a tppiwl oould V* produood by ao itaoipfcirle tuaposoioo of ajbaitoi duct oeaUlalAf c&j *a ntml7 ooall paportia of lose fitroa* vaa too oifua aod atould bo do- flood am opotlfloollT. Ii. Maitln to tte ilm i nliU i t to In ul aapteatoi ail ttir. tfi iter Mlfaitlato vUeh ft to ntot |miiW Itr to nnito af to aipartonu tete tto CcaM3K3S* to. to UimilT 'muct' tort .aftolto, u. iton. tot rater " r nrii wtoto Mtolai* u* Mi pntlto. tar Utopia, to tte lusmnftoi vorto ' a.Mu*> aralatlTiiT* 1 '>BteU;'i 'll Mini.1 to to `CWSIK*, par* .0, tte varto MteU nil p*vportico** -. to fir practluhU iafm u AESniCJ to KatLVSiaS'. Ter ratowlo. CCSCUTSICC* attUi that *ahort uvitoa fibre* do att prrtue* flbrosli*, ljtl)ritf 0*70 that short fibre* art nlatiTilp laort*. .. .a meeting of the representatives of the...companies was held in New York... It was the feeling of this group that all references to tumors should be omitted... J3C t/s 3-iT. 11 1951 Saranac Published Version r L.'sr \) -.J M ^rclthres oMntolrial Hygiene and Uccupatlonal Medicine' V JANUARY 1931 It, IKI, IT TUt iVnuiun ShlUW, .Uwuiftia Xustaxa J J V| * "...this paper presents for the first Wi* 1% y , exmiMENTAL STUDIES Of ASEESTOS1S AtTNUt 1 VOtWALO, Pfc.D.tri>.). MO S ,r ,yy X A . Ku- THOMAS M OUftKAN WUk C MATT. MO. SMAHAC UXl *. t. V. 'i VI A5BESTOS1S is a form of pneumonoconioais roultiiiy fr<m longed inhalation of asbestos dust. The name "asbestos.'1 "unbumable/* is not that of a specific mineral but is a term app}| number of different minerals whose characteristic feature is composed of tong, parallel, flexible fibers. This structured unique because the fibers are capable of repeated longitudinal suMivision to units of molecular proportions. In length the fillers vary from a few microns to 6 or more inches (IS or more cm.). Some varieties are staffer than others, but many are sufficiently flexible to be spun into yarn and woven oo modified textile machinery. time a complete survey of the entire experimental investigation." The asbestos minerals are silicates of variable composition and belong to the serpentine and the amphiboie groups. Lifted below' are the more common varieties. Amphiboie group: actinolite. amosite, amphiboie, anthophyllite. crocidolite and tremoiite. Serpentine group: chrysotile. The bulk of the asbestos of commerce is chrysotile, 3Mg0.2Si0,.* 2H,0, which is mined on this continent principally in the TWttord region of the Province of'Quebec. Canada, and in Vermont. Crocidolite and amosite also are used commercially but in much smaller amounts. Chrysotile occurs as veins in serpentine, a mineral of similar chemical composition, which exists in massive form and is made up of microscopic fibers without the parallel orientation characteristic of chrysotile. The massive, Muish black serpentine, which is smooth and soapy to the touch, is traversed by veins of fibrour chrysotile varying in width from a barely perceptible line to C 4 IS cm.) or more inches. The fibers run across the vein and noe^n|jhwj|^ with thg formafirm ...<r From Ha Saranac Ubttcataer of thn Edoard I. Trtnleau FanuUHn Tina Nffa id nriin of aabneloait. imitated ,t tht Saranec I_.6or.to dmn fentj jmn am 6, the late Dr. Lenar V. Gardner, director of the lal newfT completed at the tine of hit death in Oetohtr IWtS. Altltoue renoru and informal reeietva of tome of the eaperimenta had been pvot I o dnM hr Dr. Gardner, tht. paper preaenta for the firtt time a eompl. ad the entire cnpenmemal to,miration. ' ^ lr/ .J' t ~4r ;Ja. ih 12 1947 IHF Asbestos Study 1947 IHF Asbestos Study Alcoa Conx Sub-microscopic particles and fibers. Another aspect of the dust examination problem on which preliminary work has been done involved studies with the electron microscope. V posed the two following questions: ' 14 1947 IHF Asbestos Study 1, What is the expectation of asbestos is In workers exposed norc * than 15-20 years to low concentrations of asbestos dust? Anong the 500-cdd workers who composed the subjects in the U,S. Public Health Service study, there were abnormally few who had been exposed for nore than 15 years and practically none over 20 years. These facto seriously affected the conclu sions that could be drawn. 15 1947 IHF Asbestos Study The information available dee3 not permit complete assurance that five million Is thoroughly safe nor has information been developed* percittln a better estimate of safe dustiness. It is nevertheless of the greatest importance either that such assurances be sought or a nev yardstick of accomplishment be found for ac curately measuring any remaining hazard in the dust zone below five million for the elimination of future asbestosis depends upon the degree of control effected now. 16 1955 Alcoa knows of asbestos cancer danger 1-- - rage ez 1 Q Then it talks about "A major impetus in 2 this renewed interest is the report by Doll showing an 3 increase of in a group of asbestos textile 4 workers." Do you see that statement? 5 AYes. 6 Q Do you recall, sir, that the Doll study was 1 7 published in 1955? | 8 AYes. _ 18 Q Do you recall, sir, that Alcoa received 19 that study at approximately the time it was published 20 in 1955? 21 AI can't say exact date,JmUJmasOKS 22 learned of that study early on Thomas Bonney testimony 1955 Alcoa knows of asbestos cancer danger ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- V AAAV* V* UVU 3 Q In any event, sometime in that time frame 4 let's say the mid 1950's, Alcoa would have been aware 5 ofthe existence of this report concerning lung cancer 6 in asbestos workers? 7 A Yes. Certainly we in the health department 8 and industrial hygiene would be. Thomas Bonney testimony 18 1957 IHF Confidential Version of Cancer Paper Restricted Govy..Z7-- . . 3 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, Inc. . ; . "4400 FIFTH AVENUE ` i -V ......... PITTSBURGH 13. PA. _ ...................; 1 AB.L.E 13 - Part II Statistical Analysis of the Causes of Death Xhetiord Mines Cause Asbestoais No Aht ti a- The number of lung cancer deaths combined with asbestosis is larger than would be expected in each cohort and in the combined cohorts. This difference is significant at the 95 % level... AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF . LUNG CANCER . IN ASBESTOS MINERS . . Report to . .' QUEBEC ASBESTOS MINING ASSOCIATION ,. . Quebec, Canada ; . September. 1957 .`V5u.-/v'7- ;S. The number of lur-g cancer deaths combined with asbestosis is larger than would be expected in each cohort and in the combined cohorts. This difference is significant at the 95% level using the chisquare test of significance. The importance of the under-reporting of 19 1958 IHF Asbestos Study Published -- 9X .Cl ^1 -J An Epidemiological Study of Lung Cancer in Asbeslos Miners (A'^.'V DANIIl C KRAUN, M.O-j and T. DAVID TRUAN, M.A., R<MburgH Ever since the primmiticctl increase in the incidence of lung cancer n.moni' mules became apjiaveut. there have- t*ectt attempts to associate it with one or .another of the various elements iti the environment of man. The approneh n>el l*y ***uic workers has been to suspect one ir several sub stances anil then set al*>ut in an intensive search for lung cancer among j>ersons who have had any exposure to tlu>e materials. In this connection. Smith ^ writes: "'I'liv tendency of authors reporting the coinci dental occurrence of primary lung cancer with silicosis or with any other theoretical etiologic conditions, has been to emphasize the percentage relationship in extremely small series of cases, with control cases which are tint iu any way conrparablc." It would seem inevitable lih.-it asln">tos should cotny under scrutiny in this manner, because prolonged exjosure to this material is known lo cause a specific t;pe of pneu moconiosis, and because persons who show this form of pneumoconiosis often come tn autopsy and provide a ready source of material for study. It was in this way that reports of the simultaneous occurrence of lung cancer ami asbestosis began to accu mulate after the report of a case by Lynch and Smith 8S in 1935. Within the next 10 years, about 15 additional cases were re* jiorted, and in 1954 MerewetherT reviewed all deaths from asbestosis recorded in Eng land since March, 1924. luingj cancer oc curred in \6^b of these cases. Gloync.41 whose work is also frequently referred to a s establishing a connection between asb. % tosis and cancer of the lung, retried in 1951 that cancer of the lung was present in H.l^r of aslx-stosis cases examined bv him. In 1941. Xordmatm and Sorge,T' claimed to have produced luitg cancer in mice which they exposed to asbestos <Li-t. Since 1951. additional cases of cancer ..f the hmg. cjx-xisting with astx-stnsi.s have been reported. an<l, according to ifuciwr*' about 100 such cases had been reported up to 1955. As a result, an association between the two diseases appears to have been ac cepted by many au[hors._aml several writer* were using the term "asbestosis cancer" i.f the lung. \Yvrber.M' in 1952. stated cate gorically that in 7r/r to 179 of cases r,f asbestosis. ;u\vv a V.Uvwl period ot nlx>m 1 Yi t<> 20 years. carcinoma iHXimics vM.al*. lished in the hmg. On the other hand, not all authors ac cepted this alleged association without reservation. S.miv*" in 1939 reported that lie had discovered tto cases of lung ctmeer among (>2tl o.-es nt asbestosis which he had examined; and in 1942. Iloileb and Angrist4* expressed the opinion that the number of cases of asbestosis with lung cancer was too small for statistical evalua tion. In 1947. W'egeliusM reported 126 ra<liological1y diagnosed cases of asbestosis among 476 workers iu Einlaud, and found no cases of Hmg cancer in this group. CioMblnlt ami Goldblatt in their section of Accepted for publication J-'l 2fl. 1958, This study was uuulc possible through a grant fr<5TJi the Quelxs: A>testos Mining Association. Medical Director (Dr. Braun) Statistical Consultant (Mr. Tnian). Indrt^riat Hygiene Foundation. Mcrcwethcris latest U ok,u state: "But at no stage in all these impressive researches vwas any clue obtained which might have" offered any suptxvrt to the possibility that asbestos could act as a carcinogen. There 634 f95& "...do not have a significantly higher death rate from cancer..." -- ijiiii.i. u. JlklH.'St^-Millmy. Marketing ami Fabricaiion, (nfomiaiion Circular No. 6869, U. S. Deparlmeot of the Interior, Bureau ot Mines, 1935, pp. 1-26. 1J. Mresloxv, L.; Honglin. I,,; Rasmussen, G-. and Abt;nm, H. K.: Occupations and Cigarette Smoking as Factors in Lung Cancer, Am. I. Tut.. Hcalrh. 44:171-181 (1-VI,.) 1DS4. ' 14. Hri.siol, L. ).: K<vttgirit>luuic Asjcct* of . a..j .,T^sEcslojMJujjtT M On the basis of what are believed to be *^^*^141 Asbestosis, A. M. A. Arch Indust. 1189-195 (March) 1955. 15. Calr of die Lung: An Evaluation of die r Complete and reliable data, it seems fair to conclude that the .asbestos miners in the Province of Quebec do not have a signif Problem.^rroceetlings of die Scientific..Section, Annual Beting, American Cancer Society, Inc., Nov. Mew York, American Cancer Society, ^k., 1956. icantly higher death rate from lung caua. \(y CaiBr, f.: A-U-iomv Caiua-r <4 die Lung, 1 Mu do comparable segments of the general | m 'liseiiM^n (t Siiiidi. W. Iv : Survey of Sonic itijiulaiion. ' Current J^Bisli and European Sturlies of Occupa- tiona^Ti^lr. Problems, A- M. A. Arch. Indust. 1952. "ys operations is comparable to that iu areas widely scattered throughout the Province of duclx-c and is lower llian in Minn* urkmjed arv;i> within the Province. I REFERENCES 1. Alnscio Escobar. R.: Bronchial Carcinoma: ><v\eih ol 300 Cases, I. Internet. Coll. Surgeons . *:375-379 (Sept.) 1956. j 2. Allen, M. I..: Rronchiogenic Carcmotnn As* sociated with l'nrtwni>tn*-c>iiiniis: Rcjx.n of 2 .'x*cs, J. Indu-t. II>k. 16:346-347 (Nov,) 1U.14. | J. Carder. J'.: A Contribution lo the Study If Asbesto.is, Arch. mat. profess. 10:569-595, y49. | 4. Anderson, C. S.. and Dible, 7. II.: Silicosis jjkJ Carcinoma of the [.tiny. }. llyg. 3d: 185-20+ -iMarch) W*. | j. Hander.- L. W.: A'lio-Un-ns, Deutsche nieil, A'clinschr. 65:407-406 (March 17) 1939. pfjitrt--TrtuJn 17. Cartier, P.: Senc Clinical OIscrvati<ms of Asbestosis in Mine atnl Mill Workers, A. M. A. Arch, hnlust. Health 11:304-207 (March) 1955, 18 Hi-rens, J : Research into I'ulmoiiar.' A?bcNtosis in Lelgium, Arch, beiges med. Socude S:557565 (Nov.) 1951. 19. Clynes: Asbestosis and Silicosis, Brit. M. J. 1:379, 1931. 20. Codin, G. J.; Uuryee, If. C; Maier, H. C; Pardee, H. R. B., ami Winter. E. L.: Tlie filTects of Tobacco Smoking, Panel Meeting, Bull. Nev.' York Acad. Mel, 32:133-1.V> (1-YI,.) 19Sfi. 21. Cohart, K. M.: Lung Cancer and Economic Status. Cancer 8:1126-1129 fNov.-Dee.) 1955. 22. Cooke. W. E r Pulmonary Asbestosis, Brit. M. J. 2:1024-11125 (Dec. 3) 1927. 23. Otretciu. R. L R.: Squmnous Cell Carcinoma Occurring in Asl>cstosis of the Limy, Brit. J. Cancer 2:249-253 (Sept.) 194b. * 24. Cutler. S. J.; Sdineiilermau, M. A., and Greeiiliniiw, S. Y\'.; Sonic Siatisiicpl Ontsidera- 631 20 1960 Alcoa knows of asbestos meosthelioma danger 9 Q It goes on to state, again at page 11, 10 "Another investigation by Wagner, et al., showed a 11 significant increase in mesotheliomas in persons 12 exposed to crocidolite asbestos in the South African 13 Cape Blue mining area." Do you also recall that 14 Dr. Wagner's study in 1960 had identified mesothelioma 15 as an asbestos cancer? ~ 16 AI don't recall that specific one, but 1 am 17 sure that I was aware of it at the time. ft Thomas Bonney Testimony 21 A lcoa a d m its Know ing o f m esotheliom a in th e la te 1960s Thomas Bonney testimony Alcoa knowledge of need to inform workers 24 Q Okay. Let's put it that way, the way you 25 worded it, ifthe material has an opportunity to cause Page 75 1 cancer, you would agree that the employee should be 2 advised of that risk so that they can take 3 precautions, avoid creating or furthering that 4 opportunity? 5 A That's right Yes. 6 Q Nothing different about that duty or 7 responsibility of a good corporate citizen in the 8 1950's as compared to the 1970's, is there? 9 A Yes. I think there was more communication 10 today than there was in the past Tho-m---a-s--B--o-n--n--e-y---t-e-s-t-i-m--o--n--y-------------------- --------------------- % Duty to inform workers 75 11 J..... ....... i.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Q Okay. There may be more communication 12 today than there was in the past, but you will agree 13 with me, certainly, that workers in the 1950's who 14 faced a hazardous substance that might cause cancer, 15 that they deserved to be told about that, didn't they, 16 so that they could take precautions for their own 17 health and safely? 18 A They deserve -- if there is a risk to their 19 health, they deserve to be told that there is a risk 20 to their health. Thomas Bonney testimony 24 . Alcoa chief industrial hygienist sees first Alcoa written asbestos program Page 77 1 Q "Pursuant to this management plan, this 2 manual establishes a written Asbestos Management 3 Program." Did I read that correctly? 4 A Yes. 5 Q Are you aware or were you aware before 6 today, sir, that prior to August 1996 Alcoa Rockdale 7 did not have a written asbestos management program? 8 Were you aware ofthat fact? 9 AI don't know whether they did or didn't 10 They may have had an informal one, but I am hot . aware 11 of any written. This is the first time 1 have seen a 12 written asbestos prayram Alcoa Gets and reads IHF Abstracts 12 The IHF abstracts that we talked about 13 earlier? 14 AYes. 15 Q Those were available when you arrived in 16 1948 and continued to be available when they were 17 published, as they came out? 18 A Yes. To the best of my knowledge we had 19 them throughout my working career. Ok A 26 Alcoa gets and reads IHF Digest Page 87 1 Q Were yon a member ofthe Industrial Hygiene 2 Foundation? 3 A No. 4 Q Was Alcoa a member? 5 A Yes, they were associated with the IHF. 6 Q And you and Mr. Cralley would oversee from 7 time to time publications from the Industrial Hygiene 8 Foundation? 9 A Yes. 10 Q Includingwhat are called the abstracts 11 where the Industrial Hygiene Foundation lists a number __- 12 ofsignificant abstracts concerning new articles in 13 the medical and scientific literature? 14 A Yes. 15 Q And the nuroose ofvou and Mr. Crallev 16 reviewing those materials was so that vnu could keep 17 ud to sneed with new developments, possible hazards in 18 the workplace; correct, sir? 19 A That's right Thomas Bonney Testimony Alcoa knows that TLV was not for cancer 18 Q Do you recall, sir, that the threshold 19 limit values with respect to asbestos were established 20 not to address possibility or the probability of lung 21 cancer, but rather to address the potential for an 22 individual to develop asbestosis? 23 A Yes, I recall that was the reason. 20 A Yes. 21 Q But as we have already stated, the TLV, and 22 as you had indicated you knew beforehand, is that TLV 23 was not designed to addresses the possibility of 24 cancer, correct, sir? 25 A That is right. Thomas Bonney testimony 28 1952 Alcoa aware of by danger to bystanders ---------w - .. 25 Now, would you agree, sir, with the Page 132 1 Department ofPublic Health in 1962, when they ' express 2 concern about other workers, not necessarily workers 3 cutting the material, creating the dust, but other 4 workers who might be in the vicinity or inside the 5 building, actually, is that a concern that you at 6 Alcoa would have shared? 7 A This is standard industrial hygiene 8 IPractics. 9 Q And the reason - am I correct, sir, that 10 the reason for that standard industrial hygiene 11 practice is so that bystanders who might be in the 12 vicinity ofthe cutting of asbestos materials, so that 13 they can avoid exposure? 14 AYes. 15 Q And this piece of information isjust as 16 valid in 1952 as it is in 1962, isn't it? 17 AYes. * - -4EBJ----------------------------------------- -- -------------------------------------------------------------1 Thomas Bonney Testimony 29 1962 Asbestos use widespread THOMAS B. BONNEY PITTSBURGH OFFICE r- -- t INDUSTRIAL HYGIE(4L;S.. COMMITTEE "Re: Industrial Hygiene Newsletter H E. INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENE NEWSLETTER SAWLNG MARINITE'*_______________________ Sawing Marinite. jn recent months several incidents have occurred that prompted us to take a closer look at the potential problems associated with the sawing of Marinite. In the past, because of erroneous information given us about the composition of this material, we may have advised you poorly about the proper handling of it. In order to correct this, especially iA vicsr'tiTthe widespread .use of Marinite. we felt that this Newsletter would be tiroe'ly end'^i^g^p^aOs^^ .7b . Marinite is an insalstinf refradry^bo*rdmsmife4Jri4lF<?y. Idtt^JjatTTsnlte. orsf?^hi-. . _?. *7'' . It consists of a mixture of aebeatoefibers a*#Tdiatomaceou earth bonded with an epoxy resin. In Alcoa it is widely used ttrffiadcrs n DC Casting Units and for trough linings. In order to be usedfor the*.applications, .it i necessary that the Marinite firet be:isdwe^ into appropriate tites- aed sBapeS, -Bswinp gene rates a c< . " --" ' '* ' bf of duit^tclifUiis >mln, tf not thtsoW.Vciuie of difficulty i binder, props: MflsikLA^'WiwFrriiiaiit^-ibKadt for the^xMsetica of the"epoxy ^'7' t*'7 . ttsp(y of keeping' the se-wyetaUtiine-weighted exposures below value for neWestos. However, the epoxy binder complicates^ She picfakra*^. Although thjeV*t4^jrf a:ured^1 In Alcoa it is widely used for headers in DC Casting Units and for trough linings." inert, this is not true amount of unreacted resiftjaa^t&^dSiM. sawing epoxy resin systems a're likeydo4M*qj *PCH 1&22T Bonney to Industrial Hygiene Committee Chairman, 5/2/62 ALC 19 30 1962 Alcoa aware of asbestos danger to bystanders 6 Q Then we have Alcoa 14, and this is when you 7 appear to get involved. Now, let's just stop there. 8 The documents we have looked at so far, that it 9 appears were circulated to you, am I correct, 10 Mr. Bonney. that as of that date, earlv 1962, you 11 would have been aware that there was at leak a 12 potential bawd from sawing of the marinite ashestns 13 material to those who might be sawing it as well as 14 those those who might be in the vicinity? ' 15 A Yes. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 Late 1960s Alcoa admits asbestos cancer connection 1 didn't ever read the full article, Alcoa would have 2 been aware that asbestos workers were prone to develop 3 lung cancer which could cause death? - 4 A Well, you got to look at this in the 5 context of time. This was a single study, and it was 6 not generally accepted until the further studies fame 7 along in the late '60's that, confirmed that. Anv 8 scientific study, you come up with a hypothesis, which 9 is what Doll has here. And you required the rest of 10 the scientific community to confirm that, well, that 11 confirmation didn't come until much later. t .. ** ' * Thomas Bonney Testimony 1965-70 Alcoa Cancer knowledge U r 4 Q Will you agree with me, sir, that the 5 nature of the risk, the significance of the hazard, is 6 tremendously enhanced once you recognize that it also 7 causes cancer? 8 A Oh, yes, and this is where we were in that 9 learning phase, between let's say '65 and 70, we were 10 reading these. Thomas Bonney testimony 33 Alcoa response to knowledge of choking dust cloud in factory iatley vs. Alcoa Page 151 1 insulation on steam piping systems, for example, that 2 it would be necessary from lime to time to cut or saw 3 asbestos-containing products so that they could be 4 fitted properly? 5 AYes. I was aware that this was the case. 6 Q Am I correct that you do not have any 7 recollection of Alcoa ever doing dust monitoring or 8 dust studies prior to the 1970's in order to determine 9 what levels ofasbestos dust were created when that 10 cutting and sawing took place? 11 A That is correct 12 Q Now, do you recall, sir, that in 1964 there 13 was an additional flurry ofactivity and concern about 14 the cutting and sawing ofmarinite material? 15 A Certainlywas. 16 Q There was, you recall that one? 17 A Yes. 18 Q Is it fair to say, sir, that before the 19 commencement ofyour deposition today you had recalled 20 the 1964 incident but did not recall the 1962 incident 21 that we discovered? 22 A Yes. 23 Q All right Fair enough. 24 For the record, the lastletter we 25 discussed from - memo from Mr. Cralley was Alcoa 17. ,1Thomas B. Bonney; February 25 Page 153 we uipuuiieu aiaimue tney experience some discomfort . on account of clogging of the sinus and difficulty in breathing.' Do you see that? " A Yes. What was the date on that? Second page Mr. Speer says, "Will you please arrange to have your division make this check for us? We will arrange to give you advanced notice when we will he machining marinite on the lathe, as consider this the most objectionable operation. If there is additional information needed or ifwe raw help in any way, please let us know, Mr. Speer," signed by Mr. Speer. Now, did you know Mr. Speer? A Yes, I know him. Not well, but the name I know very well. I apologize. Q Doyou recall or do you know why they were machining marinite on a lathe, cutting it on a lathe at the laboratory; any recollection of that? A Oh, yes. The laboratory had miniature operations that mimicked what they did at the plants. QI take it from your earlier discussion that you would disagree with Mr. Speer when he says that Page 152 1 Alcoa 18 is a memorandum from yourself to Mr. Thomas 2 McClintock at Vernon, March 3,1964. Do you see that7 3 AYes. 4 (Thereupon, Alcoa Deposition Exhibit No. 18 5 was marked for identification.) 6 Q And it discusses marinite and says, 'Since 7 you have had similar problems in the past, you will 8 probably be interested in the attached 9 correspondence.* Do you see that? 10 A Yes. 11 Q There are a couple ofattachments, 12 including one that's from Mr. Farrah at Industrial 13 Hygiene Laboratory in New Kensington? 14 A Yes. 15 Q And to somebody's name I can't read, 16 unfortunately, but it appears that you would have 17 reviewed this document; is that correct? 18 A Yes. 19 Q Mr. Speer. 20 Let me showyou a March 9th attachment to 21 Dr. Farrah from Mr. Speer at New Kensington regarding 22 the marinite material. Do you see that? 23 A Right. 24 Q "Several ofthe men in the shnn have Page 154 this cutting of the marinite is an objectionable operation? MR. WALKER; Mr. Bonney, would it be helpful for you to read the entire letter? THE WITNESS: No, I don't think so. At least right now. A Yes, I would say that it was objectionable iliHon the basis ofwhat is on the front page there. The it was opjectionabl |l QQ DDid you consider it a matter of some B2 coonnecern in that time frame? &3AANNot of any significant health concern, i yourself to the industrial hygiene committee chairman regarding sawing of marinite. Do you see that? A Yes. Q Do you recall that there was some potential concern that there might be epoxy resins involved with this material? A Very clearly that was our initial concern. We felt that was of more concern than asbestos. Q Well, it's interesting you say that, but in the 1962 correspondence wejust'reviewed, there "Several of the men in the Shop have expressed to the foreman that during the machining of ... marinite they experience some discomfort on account of clogging of the sinus and difficulty in breathing." Q. "Did you consider it a matter of some concern in that time frame? A. Not of any significant health concern, no." Alcoa - no need to measure to determine hazard -210 rage 1 Q If, in fact, sir, precautions were not 2 taken and marinite continued to be cut and sawed at 3 various Alcoa facilities without protective 4 mechanisms, that's a circumstance that you would be 5 critical of; is that a fair statement? 6 A Not necessarily. I think One would have to 7 look at the specific operation; Sawing marinite at 8 one location may not be the same as another operation. 9 Q Okay . So from your perspective, if workers 10 are being exposed to marinite dust, let's say, in 11 1966, '67, '68; without any protection, without any 12 Jnspyction' on the hazards, feat's just fine? 13 A Agai%itwoald be dependent upon the 14 degree of theexposure* the magnitude of the exposure. 15 Q So m your opinion, 1964 to 1969, let's 16 say, workers can be exposed to asbestos dust without 17 concern unless the level is perceived as being 18 sufficiently highto trigger a concern? 20 There has to fr&a sufficient dose before we are m21 concerned. ............ ............................ ........................ 22 Q Okay. In oraer to esBBllSfl WflUf m ULscr 23 is, you will agree with me that it's necessary to do 24 industrial hygiene monitoring; correct, sir? 25 A Monitoring* whatever that might consist of. Page 211 1 Q Okay. In terms of determining how much 2 dust is actually in the air? 3 A Measurement, or for certain hazards, you i+ \fah uro r*n "Q. In order to establish what that dose is you will agree with me that it's necessary to do industrial hygiene monitoring, correct sir? A. Monitoring, whatever that might consist of. Q. In terms of determining how much dust is actually in the air? A. Measurement, or for certain hazards, you can do it visually." 35 Should inform and protect workers exposed to visible dust 3 Q Those conditions would be in your mind 4 either unsafe or 6 Q And you"would anticipate that after 1965, 7 workers at various Alcoa facilities would have been 8 and should have been instructed to take precautions 9 and avoid exposures to visible asbestos dust in the 10 work place? ..........,, liiilill Thomas Bonney Testimony 36 Absence of precautions is improper 9 q Whether or not you agree with the statement 10 in the letter, sir, you will agree with me that if the 11 statement is correct, as indicated in this Alcoa 12 document, that that would indicate a violation of 13 company practices and policies that should have been 14 in place by 1965, because of your concern with 15. lewkmmmmm vmmm Thomas Bonney Testimony 37 1961 In Alcoa's Mailbox Cancer/Asbestos Cause Accepted Modern Occupational Medicine ( )cctl]);ihonal ('lies! Diseases -U*7 extent oi (lie latter il;mis often underestimatei! until tomography or angiography are resorted to. Massive (ihrosis lends lo develop mainly in the parts of the hidi are in constant agitation, such as the lung apex, the supradiaphrag- -..................f ^ .... ' T-i..............t r- - - ...... - -n - .......... ......... _____ Tli ^ . . . Ed! 64Pulmonary carcinoma has been observed with A. J." FLEMING, M Medical Director, E. /. ,l,, p, such high frequency in employees of the C.','A,'D'ALONZC asbestos industry that a causal relationship has Awi-Mn* Medical Director, Medical Divisu been accepted by most authorities. Indeed, Assoeiat J. A. ZAP pulmonary carcinoma is compensable as anDirector, Haskell Laboratory for 7 E. I. du Pont dc X, occupational disease in England, Germany and 66 Illustrations. South Africa.. .Pleural mesothelioma is also Second Edition--Tl* quite prevalent..." " "in it iniMrnriin "iict.ni n i asi TrriTrrrL^Tr'H'rjTT' lent among these than it is in the gener PHILADELPHIA Lea & Febiger FJ60 :hr (ilirous barriers caused bv the a.xlx Pulmonary carcinoma has linen observed with such, high frequency in lnployrrs of the asbestos industry that a causal relationship has hern icerpted bv must authorities. Indeed, pulmonary carcinoma is com* Ivnsablr as an occupational disease in Kurland, (a'rrnanv ;ukI South l-Mrica. Most n! (lie carcinomata are squamous cell rpitheliomata. Pleural esulhesinloma is also quite prevalent, especially in d ockmlitc industries, aplasia m;iv spread dillnseh thioiiglmul the lung sive interstilia! fibrosis. This docs not readily occur ii 1965 - IHF Digest Newhouse and Thompson Industrial Hygiene Digest January. J "Mesothelioma of the Pleura and bone marrow had been adequately excluded. The findings correlate with the histopathologic*! changes which are reported to occur in Che lungs of silicotic patients; they indicate a high degree of stimulation of the reticulo-endothelial system. If these changes are considered to gether with the industrial history and clinical and laboratory data, they may provide a clue to the diagnosis of silicosis and help in the differential diagnosis from other diffuse pulmonary I Mesothelioma of Pleura and Peritoneum Following Exposure to Asbestos in the. IMuriel L. Newhouse and Hilda Thompson. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 22, 261-26* loin* cenurcnec gy necropsy or biopsy has been studied for possible exposure to asbestos. The series consisted of 4! men and 42 women; 27 of the patients had peritoneal and 56 pleural tumors. The earliest death recorded was in 1917, but only ten of the series died before 1950 and 40 (48%) between 1960 and 1964. In 76 of the series full occupational and residential histories were obtained Forty (52.6%) gave a history of occupational or domestic (Living is the same house as an asbestos worker) exposure to asbestos compared with nine (11.8%) out of 76 patients from the same hospi tal suffering from other diseases (P< 0.001). None of the 17 suspected eases of mesothelioma, rejected on pathological grounds, was found to have had any exposure to asbestos. There was also evidence that neighborhood exposures may be important. Among those with no evidence of occupational or domestic exposures, 30.6% of the mesothelioma patients and 7.6% of the in patients with other diseases lived within half a mile of an asbestos factory 0. 01). Out of the 31 patients with occupational exposures only ten were in jobs scheduled under the Asbestos Regulations of 1931. The interval between the first exposure and the development of the terminal illness of mesothelioma ranged between 16 and 55 years. In 47 patients in the mesothelioma series. Lung tissue or sputum was available for examination. In 30 (62.5%) either asbestesis or asbestos bodies were present. Aut 52 Diffuse Mesothelioma of the Pleura and Asbestos. P. C. Eimes, W 1;O.L. Wade. Brit. Med. J. L 350 (Feb. 6, .1965). a relationship of this tumor to exposure to asbestos. -The occupational histories of 42 patients with diagnosed mesothelioma were contrasted to 42 control patients with regard to their exposure to asbestos. Thirty.two of the 42 patients with diagnosed mesothelioma had a history of exposure to asbestos which was considered to be heavy exposure in eight and a light exposure in 24. In the 42 control patients there was a history of exposure ih only nine, and in two of these it was eon. sidered heavy. The difference between these two groups was highly significant. In another study it was shown that the finding of asbestos bodies in lung tissue was significantly related to the history of industrial exposure to asbestos. When the lungs of 24 patients with diagnosed meso thelioma were examined for the presence of asbestos bodies, 21 of the 24 patients showed this finding. In contrast, asbestos bodies were found in only six of the 24 controls, a highly significan difference. The occupational histories of these patients revealed that the interval between the first exposure to asbestos and the diagnoses of mesothelioma was often long and in some casw exceeded 40 years. Exposure to asbestos, even though many years before and transient, Peritoneum Following Exposure to Asbestos in the London Area." "Diffuse Mesothelioma of the Pleura and asbestos." "Relation Between Exposure to Asbestos and Mesothelioma." Relation Between Exposure to Asbestos and Mesothelioma. I. J. Selikoff, J. Churg, and E. C. Hammond. New Engl. J. Med. 272. 560 (March 1&7 1965). Ten deaths due to mesothelioma were found in a study of 307 consecutive deaths among asbestosinsulation workers in New York and New Jersey. There were four pleural mesotheliomas (1.3%) and six peritoneal mesotheliomas (1.9%). This is probably an underestimate of the true incidence, since, of the remaining 297 deaths, only 1 10 cases were autopsied. These figures can be con. trasted to a prospective study of the American Cancer Society in which only three deaths due to mesothelioma were noted in 31,652 deaths of patients between 30 and 09 years of age. In an autopsy series of 2,500 deaths, asbestosis was found in 26. There were four mesotheliomas of the pleura, three mesotheliomas of the peritoneum, and seven bronchogenic carcinomas recorded in the patients with asbestosis. No mesotheliomas were found in the absence of asbestosis. Cases of diagnosed mesothelioma from the files of t::e Armed Forces Institute of Pathology were review, ed and ir. all cases where lung tissue uas available it was examined for asbestos fiber*. Asbestos fibers were found in five of the 19 pleural mesotheliomas and in 17 of the 26 peritoneal mesotheli- 39 Industrial Hygiene Digest January, ]9t>6 bone marrow had been adequately excluded. The findings correlate with the histopathological changes which are reported to occur in the lungs of silicotic patients; they indicate a high degree of stimulation of the reticuio-endothelial system. If these changes are considered to gether with the industrial history and clinical and laboratory, data, they may provide a clue to the diagnosis of silicosis and help in the differential diagnosis from ocher diffuse pulmonary I Mesothelioma of Pleura and Peritoneum Following Exposure to Asbestos in the London Area. Muriel L. Newhouse and Hilda Thompson. Brit. J. led. Med. 22, 261-269 (Oct. 1965). Forty (52.6%) gave a history of nm mme patientsm 4i men and women; a oi me patients nao peritoneal and 56 pleural tumors. The 7 death recorded was in 1917, but only ten of the series died before 1950 and 40 {48%) betwefe I960 and 1964. In 76 of the series full occupational and residential histories were obtained. ' Forty (52.6%) gave a history of occupational or domestic (living in the same house as ar. asbesti 1 wmmu-orker) exposure to asbestos compared with nine (11.8%) out of 76 patients from the rejected on pathological grounds, was found to have had any exposure to asbestos. There was also evidence that neighborhood exposures may be important. Among those with no evidence ef occupational or domestic exposures, 30. 6% of the mesothelioma patients and 7. 6% of the in patients with other diseases lived within half a mile of an asbestos factory (P<* 0. 01). Out of the 31 patients with occupational exposures only ten were in jobs scheduled under the Asbestos Regulations of 2931. The interval between the first exposure and the development of the terminal illness of mesothelioma ranged between J6 and 55 years. In 47 patients in the mesothelioma series, Lung tissue or sputum was available for examination. In 30 (62.5%) either asbestosis or asbestos bodies were present. . _ Auth. abst. occupational or domestic (living in the same house as an asbestos worker) exposure to asbestos. '2 Elmes, W. T. E. McCaughey, and A AM mft recent years, studies have indicated occupational histories of 42 patients 1 patients with regard to their exposure Industrial Hygiene INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING Digest eight and a light exposure in 24. In the nine, and in two ef these it was con. as highly significant. In another study sue was significantly related to the : of 24 patients with diagnosed meso ns, 21 of the 24 patients showed this .x of the 24 controls, a highly significant -vealed that the interval between the ma was often long and in some cases -ny years before and transient, is an pleura. -- J. Occ. Med. Absts. CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL I. J. Selikoff, J. Churg, and , 1965). LEGAL JANUARY, 1966 'Sol 30, No. 1) INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION nciw [NsnnjTt oo toth Aviuut nrrssuRGH, , >7 consecutive deaths among asbestosere four pleura1 mesotheliomas (1. 3%) y an underestimate of the true incidence, itopsied. These figures can be con. ety in which only three deaths due to een 30 and 89 years of age. In an . There were four mesotheliomas ef ven bronchogenic carcinomas recorded und in the absence ef asbestosis. Cases ces Institute of Pathology were reviewixamined for asbestos fibers. Asbestos EXHIBIT SfwC 40 | 1966 - IHF Digest NYAS to Alcoa's Mailbox 41 1966 - Alcoa at IHF asbestos industry meeting 3-2-66 NDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, INC, {) Mcllom Institute, 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh. Pa. isa The purpose of this session of the Industrial Hygiene Foundation Management Planning Meeting, held in the Hunt Room of the Webster Hall I Hotel on July 19. was (1) to help develop a better concept of the ashes Industry's environmental and occupational health research -needs and what "The purpose of this session.. .was to help develop a better concept of the asbestos industry's environmental and occupational health research needs..." Surgeon General with a summary report and any recommendations which may be developed from the meeting to aid in setting, clarifying, and reaching sound and realistic health conservation goals in the national interest. The meeting was sponsored by the Foundation's Policy and Plan ning Committee. Those attending the meeting - Name Comnany . Bowman, H.M." Colwell, M.O. - I Davison, E.K. deTrevllle. R.T. P. Edwards, T. H. Grant, J.,. B. Gross, P. Hatch, T.F. Hazard, W.G. .Minard, D. Schrenk, H. H. Smith, F.W, Smith, K.W. Smyth, H.F. Truschel. Pat Wright, G.W. .Aluminum Company of America Davison Sand ?< Gravel Company Managing Director of IHF Owens -Corning Fiberglas Corporate Pittsburgh Plate Glass Director of IHF P.csearch Laborat University of Pittsburgh (retired) Owen3-Iltir.ois Glass Company University of Pittsburgh Mine Safety Appliances Company Minn Safety AppHanc.o Company Johns-Manville Corporation Mellon Institute Special Assistant. IHF- ' St. Luke1* Hospital "Those attending the meeting were: *M. O. Caldwell, Aluminum Company of America F. H. Edwards, Owens Corning L.B. Grant, PPG W. G. Hazard, Owens Illinois K. W. Smith, Johns Manville R.T.P. deTreville, IHF George Wright, St. Luke's Hospital" 42 Alcoa recognition of duty INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PROGRAM - OBJECTIVES & GOALS - CORPORATE POLICY Alcoa's Industrial Hygiene Program is dedicated to providing employee protection from health hazards in the working environment of Alcoa's facilities. There is a corporate commitment to do the right and moral thing for Alcoans worldwide. In achieving that objective, we would expect to also meet at least the minimal health protection requirements mandated by government regulations or other recognized authorities, as appropriate. If regulated exposure levels or conditions are not deemed to provide adequate health protection, or if no regulatory controls are in effect, Alcoa may establish its own exposure levels to be met through out its worldwide facilities. The objective of Industrial Hygiene is the "Control" of the plant environment to provide protection from health hazards. In support of * I !y^w?^ USthe objective. Industrial Hygiene has the specific responsibilities to "Anticipate, Recognize, and Evaluate" potential health hazards. Once a "ssnnareedd responsibility" with other Alcoa management groups. Examples are not limited to, but might include: 1. Plant and/or corporate Operating management 2. Plant Superintendents and Supervisory Personnel 3. Engineering Departments 4. Process Control Departments 5. Safety Personnel 6. Medical Personnel 7. Research & Development 8. Others Establishing and implementing an effective Industrial Hygiene Program at an Alcoa facility is the responsibility of each Location Manager. He should assure that the people who have the delegated responsibilities for Industrial Hygiene also have the authority and the recognition within the plant organizational structure to meet and fulfill their charge of employee protection from potential health hazards. The corporate Industrial Hygiene Division is a staff resource to the plants to conduct their individual programs. This group is also responsible for overseeing all of the Company efforts for Industrial Hygiene. They will assist in developing corporate policy guidelines in controlling health hazards. They will develop and provide the professional resources to maintain and improve Industrial Hygiene Programs throughout Alcoa and its subsidiaries. ' "The objective of Industrial Hygiene is the "control" of the plant environment to provide protection from health hazards. In support of the objective, Industrial Hygiene has the specific responsibilities to "Anticipate, Recognize, and Evaluate" potential health hazards." (MORE) ARCH 19601 43 MARLENE W. PITTSBURGH CONFIDENTI? 1984 bystander exposure RE: POINT On August 7 and 8, I met with Ron Hiserodt, Plant Manager; Carev Keller. Safety Director; and Claude-Scott, a retired Alcoan who was Safety Director in the 1970s regarding the use of asbestos products at Point Comfort operations. Point Comfort operations had two divisions -- smelting and refining. The smelting operation began in 1959 when the plant opened. Supposedly, it was in continuous operation until 1974 when the smelter was closed. It remained closed until the late 1970s (approximately 1978-79} when it was reopened for a brief period of time. It was closed because of the increased power costs associated with the natural gas driven engines used to produce the electricity. During its prime, there were seven pot lines contained in 14 buildings, two buildings.per not line (?) producing approximately 100.000.000 pounds per day. Each pot line had its own power generating plant with piston-driven engines. The smelting operation used insulation extensively. 1. Each pot was lined with asbestos block cut to shape by the pot lining repair crew. The block was filled with an asbestos cement made with asbestos shorts mixed with molasses and hand trovled or thrown in. The lining of the pots was always done by the repair crew. From 1950 to 1956. the lining was done in the pot room. Later, the operation was moved down to Building 54-E. The pots would first be filled with water to cool them down. When sufficiently cool, the carbon was broken up with picks, etc. Later, the pots were simply wet down in the pot room, transported by rail to the pot repair room where a man with a power tool cracked the carbon. In each of the above instances, however, once the carbon lining was cracked into pieces, the pot was upended with the aid of a crane and dumped on the ground. The pieces were picked un with shovels, the dust swept up....This- was... supposedly an extremely dusty operation. The craneia and his helper would wear dust masks and the rest of the crew would leave the premises, but the dust would fairly well travel throughout the building and into the masonry shop which was next door. T "Dust would fairly well travel throughout the building and into the masonry shop which was next door." 8/27/84 44 July 2, 1948 -3- G. D. DICKSON INTERNAL. CORRESPONDENCE July 2, 1948 To DRi j^sTEH V. CRALLEX PITTSBURGH OFFICE HEW KENSINGTON RESEARCH LABORATORIES okay it as an equivalent item. However, we are opposed to the use of the old style gau2e mask or respirator not approved by the Bureau of Mines. We urge you to exert your influence to persuade the employees to adopt RE; SAFETY CLOTHIMG AND EQUIPMENT the use of Bureau of Mines approved respirators. Vfe recognize the diffi- Prom G. D. DICKSON INTEUNAL CORRESPONDENCE July 2, 1948 To HR. LESTER V. CRALLEX 1\ PITTSBURGH OFFICE NEW KENSINGTON RESEARCH LABORATORIES jw type respirator, particularly ly have been wearing. It is le Company precipitates a t can be solved by patience directly with Management and RE: SAEETX CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT have a twofold objective, salth hazards and (2) to afford it disability compensation As an illustration of how tiiis problem might be approached we cite the case at one of our locations where exposure to a chemical product . necessitated a complete change of clothing and a shower following the day*s Pnei ai Tox: work. Employees objected to this requirement and refused to cooperate with All (B liist Management. Their union committee was asked to attend a meeting for a Orgi discussion of the subject and were tactfully told that a health hazard existed if employees wore their clothes home from work and if they failed to bathe following this exposure. VJhen the seriousness of the situation was presented in a business like manner and was fully understood and appre .em might be approached we cite e to a chemical product d a shower following the days and refused to cooperate with to attend a meeting for a told that a health hazard from work and if they failed eriousness of the situation as fully understood and apprebheir attitude changed and the , that when the employees were 5ram they cooperated. 7e juipment they will also cooper- ciated by the union committee and employees, their attitude changed and the problem was solved. The significant point was, that when the employees were informed and recognized the merits of the program they cooperated. 7e ARD 043006 45 1948 Alcoa Knowledge Clothing and Information is essential July 2, 1948 -3- G. D. DICKSON INTERNAL CORRESPONDENCE July 2, 1%3 To DR. LESTER V. CRALLEl ,| ^% PITTSBURGH OFFICE NEW KENSINGTON RESEARCH LABORATORIES RE: SAFETY CLOTHING AND EqnTPhiKNT okay it as an equivalent item. However, we are opposed to the use of the old style gauze mask or respirator not approved by the Bureau of Icines. We urge you to exert your influence to persuade the employees to adopt the use of Bureau of Mines approved respirators. V"e recognize the diffi- Re: Safety Clothing and equipment "...we cite the case of one of our locations where exposure to a chemical product necessitated a complete change of clothing following the day's work...The union committee was asked to attend a meeting for a discussion of the subject and were tactfully told that a health hazard existed if employees wore their clothes home from work and if they failed to bathe following this exposure. When the seriousness of the situation was presented in a business like manner and was fully understood and appreciated by the union committee and employees, their attitude changed and the problem was solved." aAOmSSHFOX 042867 ARD 043006 46 1971 Alcoa Knowledge Clothing Requirement Pt OF *1?" City Uni' 1 INSULATION HYGIENE Reduction of Dusts by Use of Local Exhaust Ventilation saws for cutting asbestos cement board are well controlled with these systems. PROGRESS REPORTS FROM THE INSULATION INDUSTRY HYGIENE RESEARCH PROGRAM Irving J. Selikofl, M.D., Program Director vot. 3, No. 4 Winter 1971 Here Are Some of Many Ways to 1? orli r^i IU Protective Clothing a. Ventilation of Large Power Tool*----Band Saws Extensive use of band saws both in dockside fabrication.shops and, on board larger ships such as aircraft carriers make emissions from hand saws a major source of asbestos dust. Control devices for such saws have been known for years and are relatively sim ple. Conventional low-velocity, high-volume systems, using a negative pressure baghouse for " il in a n shop. portaiporary rea, a i dust >le for Control of Number of Workmen Exposed a. Scheduling of Insulation Work Standard industrial hygiene prac tices call for insolating operations which contaminate with toxic materials^reas where~ j insulation work Is being done / under conditions in which dust j might be created should be isoI lated by non-flammable curtains or [tt. other means. Whenever possible, work should be scheduled R7" minimize the numbers of other tradesmen in the area. Ship con struction operations are more readily scheduled than are ship repair or ship-breaking jobs. However, every effort should be Protective clothing is required to made to keep the number of men exposed at a minimum. In par ticular, rip-out of old insulation -- 1 should always be isolated and, if keep contamination confined to necessary, performed on an off . shift. Trained workmen supplied with proper protective equipment should always be used for rip-out work and it should be scheduled the work areas. One method is to . for rapid completion. personal Protective tquipment . In addition to dust suppression and I dust control procedures, personal pro issue disposable coveralls which tective equipment is often necessary to reduce exposure and limit the l"uf contamination. The equip- cart be removed when leaving the A complete report H national Symposium * 1Ship Repairing, at ' by Duncan A. Holal work area or entering the some time prior to locker room and and William B. Rei The general goal in all I placed in plastic bags for disposal.work should be to maintaij environment. Measurements of concent! asbestos fibers ("dust counts" atmosphere can be used to identify sources of contamination and to point out deficiencies in control methods. Primary reliance for control of ex posures, however, must be placed on faithful observance of operating rules. asbestos, however, two questions must be carefully considered r a. Has the substitute material been tested? If not, it may turn out to be of the same or greater hazard than the material of known haz ard. This sort of thing has hap- under controlled conditions and package the mixed mortar in sev eral containers for transportation to the job site. Mortar is also available packaged -Jus (Continued on second page) 'r' areas. Where work rules prohibit this, the clean-up crew should be under the direction and super vision of the insulation foreman to insure that proper attention is given to this important subject. Tools ,, ... _ outer High-velocity, low-volume collec tion systems control dust emis sions from most small power tools adequately. Saber saws for cut ting pipe covering and rotary FOX 041340 Protective Clothing Protective clothing is required to keep contamination confined to the work areas. One method is to issue disposable coveralls which can be removed when leaving the (Continued on fourth page) Use of dropeloth to contain wastes and facilitate clean-up. 47 1973 Disposable clothing knowledge iTM S= rHEFSSfrSEH :^-u;::SS ASBESTOS HAZARD CONTROL - GENERAL CHANGING WORK PRACTICES IS A SIMPLE, ECONOMICAL, AND PRACTICAL APPROACH TO CONTROL OF ASBESTOS DUST PRODUCTION Some recommended practices are: 1. Use plastic waste bags for collection, transportation, and waste disposal of asbestos refuse. 2. Use a portable industrial vacuus cleaner for pick-up of asbestos waste and dust at the work site. Use plastic impregnated paper coveralls and dust respirators for dusty operations of an incidental nature. The coveralls are \'*,^,,^iway and eliminate processing and cleaning. . assembly at asbestos materials at remote locations, mobile sk inside ships. 5. Precut all block insulation in shops under ventilated condition i deliver it to location. 6. Package pre-cut block Insulation in plastic and add water to contain A maintain integrity of gores, indetification, and ease of handling. 7. Reduce airborne asbestos dust 50 to 602 by prewetting the materials before handling. 8. Mix asbestos cement (152) at remote locations under ventilated conditions. Mix small batches in plastic bags. 9. Spread plastic or canvaSdrop cloths at work site to contain and facilitate clean-up. 10. Conduct modular assembly of asbestos materials on piping prior to installation. 5/29/73 EXHIBIT -AlZ-fafc. Some Recommended practices are: 3. Use plastic impregnated paper coveralls and dust respirators for dusty operations of an incidental nature. The coveralls are throw-away and eliminate processing and cleaning. 48 1973 Disposable clothing knowledge to >*. K. 1. CAMIO PirtStUftCX OTFICt - "Asbestos Hazard Control - General A ASBESTOS CQgLlA.NCt OUHTICStt Use plastic impregnated paper rKEulAdmt, ud tlra* of taa eaaplcud coveralls and dust respirators for dusty operations of an incidental ASBESTOS HAZARD CONTROL - GENERAL CHANGING UORX PRACTICES IS A SIMPLE. ECONOMICAL, AND PRACTI APPROACH TO CONTROL OF ASBESTOS DUST PRODUCTION nature. The coveralls are throw Some recommended practices are: Use plastic waste bags for collection, transportation, and of asbestos refuse. away and eliminate processing and Use a portable industrial vacuum cleaner for pick-up of as] and dust at the work site. cleaning. Use plastic impregnated paper coveralls and dust respiiZd^rs for dusty operations of an incidental nature. The coveralls are throw-away and eliminate processing and cleaning. . Use down-draft ventilated portable work tables for precutting and assembly at asbestos materials at remote locations, mobile slcuatiotBor inside ships. locations, mobile situations or inside ships. 5. Precut all block insulation in shops under ventilated Precut all block insulation in shops under ventilated condition and then deliver it to location. condition and then deliver it to location. Package pre-cut block insulation in plastic and add water to contain dust, maintain integrity of gores, indetification, and ease of handling. 6. Package pre-cut block in plastic and add water to contain Reduce airborne asbestos dust 50 to 60% by prewetting the materials before handling. dust, maintain integrity of gores, identification, and ease Mix asbestos cement (15%) at remote locations under ventilated conditions. Mix small batches in plastic bags. of handling. Spread plastic or canvasdrop cloths at work site to contain and facilitate clean-up. Conduct modular assembly of asbestos materials on piping prior to installation. 7. Reduce airborne asbestos dust 50 to 60% by prewetting the materials before handling. EXKfarr AUIU.. 8. Mix asbestos cement (15%) at remote locations under ventilated conditions. Mix small batches in plastic bags. 9. Spread plastic or canvas drop cloths at work site to contain and facilitate clean-up. 5/29/73 10. Conduct modular assembly of asbestos materials on piping prior to installation. 49 1973 Disposable work clothes for asbestos ASBESTOS HAZARD CONTROL - GENERAL CHANGING WORK PRACTICES IS A SIMPLE, ECONOMICAL, AND PRACTICAL APPROACH TO CONTROL OF ASBESTOS DUST PRODUCTION Some recommended practices are: 1. Use plastic waste bags for collection, transportation, and waste disposal of asbestos refuse. 2. Use a portable industrial vacuum cleaner for pick-up of asbestos waste and dust at the work site. 3. Use plastic impregnated paper coveralls and dust respirators for dusty operations of an incidental nature. The coveralls are throw-away and eliminate processing and cleaning. . 4. Use down-draft ventilated portable work tables for precutting and Use plastic impregnated paper coveralls and dust respirators for dusty operations of an incidental nature* The coveralls are throw-away eliminate processing and cleaning* . 7. Reduce airborne asbestos dust 50 to 60% by prewetting the materials before handling. 8. Mix asbestos cement (15%) at remote locations under ventilated conditions. Mix small batches in plastic bags. 9. Spread plastic or canvas drop cloths at work site to contain and facilitate clean-up. 10. Conduct modular assembly of asbestos materials on piping prior to installation. Not done at Wenatchee EXHIBIT i JUZ-U*. FOX 040710 50 1973 Clean up areas, bystanders 11. Consider disposable forms of respiratory protection for onetime i intermittent use situations. (U.S. Bureau of mines Approved.) 12. Substitute non-asbestos products whenever suitable, acceptable and feasible. 13. Use enclosures to limit the spread of dust from unit operations. 14. Separate clean-up areas for workmen. 15. Limit exposure of other trades in the vicinity of asbestos work. 16. Develop asbestos work stations, either portable or stationary, to i dust production. 17. Develop suitable storage and storing areas. Some practices that produce high asbestos dust levels: and SHOULD be prohibited. 1. Do not clean up fallen asbestos debris with brooms 2. Do not allow debris to be thrown from staging or from one deck to anothi 3. Do not shake coveralls or drop cloths. 4. Do not remove respirators before asbestos dust laden clothing, 5. Do not clean dusty cloches with an air gun. 6. Do eas, or ships c st picked up by ventilation into adjoining work 7. Do not wear respirators covered with asbestos dust. 8. Do lnot wear street clothes to handle asbestos materials or under known dusity conditions. 9. Do inot use asbestos for welders pads. 10. Do i Low uncontrolled cutting, ripping, saving, or bracking of asbestos EXHIBIT 1 Alc w,_ 11. Consider disposable forms of respiratory protection for one time or intermittent use situations (U.S. Bureau of Mines Approved.)" 12. Substitute non-asbestos products whenever suitable, acceptable and feasible. 13. Use enclosures to limit the spread of dust from unit operations 14. Separate clean-up areas for workmen. 15. Limit exposure of other trades in the vicinity of asbestos work, 16. Develop asbestos work stations, either portable or stationary, to control dust production. 17. Develop suitable storage and storing areas. 51 1973 - Marinite Dust Violates Osha Asbestos Rules on Special Work Clothing "Failure to require manual marinite routing helper.. .to wear special protective clothing when exposed to concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers above the ceiling level of 10 fibers per cc." 1973 sweeping, shaking, street clothes Pirtssudcn orrict - 11 5 cowlksci outsrior.-sum (te J.l. KieUu (ros th lln "lajot ooly" lecatloof ntv* 6ms fscuirdid Mr. C. 1. Su.n, ud I h.v rtvlwad th. r.pLU. (res th. tll: joint taolclsi PPMI to la man of too OocUlod rtquirtaenu of th* OSHA rttuUtlma. and Brslana tad Hodlctl ooatloe raaoonaaa. Jlr. I. B. Bonoor d Dr. V. K. Bwtot ii. Consider disposable forms of respiratory protection for onetime . intermittent use situations. (U.5. Bureau of mines Approved.) 12. Substitute non-asbestos products whenever suitable, acceptable and feasible. 13. Use enclosures to limit the spread of dust from unit operations. 14. Separate clean-up areas for workmen. 15. Limit exposure of other trades in the vicinity of asbestos work. 16. Develop asbestos work stations, either portable or stationary, to control dust production. 17. Develop suitable storage and storing areas. Some practices that produce high asbestos dust levels: and SHOULD be prohibited. 1. Do not clean up fallen asbestos debris with brooms or brushes. 2. Do not allow debris to be thrown from staging or from one deck to another. 3. Do not shake coveralls or drop cloths. 4. Do not remove respirators before asbestos dust laden clothing. 5. Do not clean dusty clothes with an air gun. 6. Do oot vent asbestos dust picked up by ventilation into adjoining work areas, or ships compartments. 7. Do not wear respirators covered with asbestos dust. 8. Do not wear street clothes to handle asbestos materials or under known dusty conditions. 9. Do not use asbestos for welders pads. 10. Do not allow uncontrolled cutting, ripping, sawing, or bracking 4 i-i era'll ortr-1cnar.sc "Some practices that produce high asbestos dust levels: and SHOULD be prohibited. 1. Do not clean up fallen asbestos debris with broom or brushes. 2. Do not allow debris to be thrown from staging or from one deck to another. 3. Do not shake coveralls or drop cloths. 4. Do not remove respirators before asbestos dust laden clothing. 5. Do not clean dusty clothes with an air gun. 6. Do not vent asbestos dust picked up by ventilation into adjoining work areas or ships compartments. 7. Do not wear respirators covered with asbestos dust. 8. Do not wear street clothes to handle asbestos materials or under known dusty conditions. 9. Do not use asbestos for welders' pads. 10. Do not allow uncontrolled cutting, ripping, sawing, or breaking of asbestos in small enclosed areas." 1973 Anaconda Provides Work Clothes . .there are specific rules and regulations regarding respirators and clothing provided and required while doing this work. Employees exposed to such levels should be informed of the necessity and proper procedure in removal of outer clothing (coveralls furnished by the company) after the dusty part of a job is completed. Further information must be made available on proper methods of clean up so that dust is not blown or swept as in the past but rather use a vacuum system." ' c.. r n +t ' r^s/ ", z `-V-- jYvx^.V' Tc< \ en . ~ * < <. s T' /h - -> = -yA u <-' rr , T - - ' He t- fV "tp rrc/) (',/( rk+ . < tAjteJn<*5' ' -tSe. r<7uifs e. : Actrhv. Sib w`ii J J ut -k Cti/)+> nu * i ~Fhr -vfc'^irc, ft fihwt * C *.//* f/>- `-S' (X /V/7*" c'f'T T'ki- >y Cauru$) CUrhei Cj r O fle> T~ \f-Ur f*t> 17 far Jf 0^ fit or V} lc ^ if C 0/} eta. r* fly. bj ftisfit !Kny 0^ iy t'hv'tHch /Vr> SJ <1 Hve cloT fas' /T?gny 3ea(rjty> -fa??1)-! V /.`iuft'i /h OjmiT t /T fvCo/V) rllt'flded -rktifa 4 pirns <?-?%" 0^ h^yAei^ failed cn Ut tivenyS; >_- rz'Sarr.p/id1 +1 /Wc/u</e, -fU* : e Jj-J J k/'M cisAer <- clpphi The ^ ,T'.> *'f fa<l\bonr<\ /Alfa fa. fftn9 bcgpJr i h M7 Ju* fa SUcL iXctCT of Xia j * ^ p-vfJ i bit tu CfMi'rth* stevtio* iv r <g;t /4c h</>^ </* <-n pU ~f/n$ ar~t+k ,4,,-fk n ir//. /,,* r-4 i r h/7<*Ar, n tJ Syi nc' e- P ht * ail o >\ C / fere Qrt Sfjiohc \ ^^Ty^u-Ji >y, it, tl\ tr^ji f p e jS t J ^ A iL'Jitfa det'-ip tin? L+>`-'r' /nfhytz* \ eXft.it, p ?ticP iiutJs f/leu/d J>e. of ^4e c\f\ J 'pn-fx-" p^i.cttd^'' * J Y* LfL tit C'ljfpjr' c lj 7~k , __________ .________C ' * ' n I pqrf- c-t n Ji-i (rr C (j j st y*{{% fa L <- * * tra" i ~*r'i '`AT.' , yj Atts ^________ _________ ,, s/ ' ""rMftii>irr '!Hat&rur>rr^\Aa+'itii-x, i/r/.;~. rt b-es ntide cz is&J a-lle. oa pri'p*/-' /ijeZ/wX t /^ 7/*^ j ,. v-j ^ (f 1 c hUc^e i\ oi .?fcvc// n/> At i h Iki. .fai r hut rcfahe-rrUUU',frl`'J A* ^yrT-.-K . (C.~ C'f-7%p/r C.l. Ksht- p,A -rt< Mtsl*' ad^c nn-H32 54 1977 Alcoa violates industry clothing standard A*..!jiua. v.: a\n' o 1977 July 27 Paul Kotin, M.D. Senior Vice PresidentHealth Safety and Environment Johnc-Manville Corporation Greenwood Plaza Denver. Colorado 80217_______ Deal- Paul: ffe do not in any of our plants provide work clothing--snreificnll\ apparel--on a regular basis. The closest wo cone to that. is disponbr paper clothing for employees who periodically no into certain baphcuccs. PBut other than this, nothing else. i, wouiu recc . ,, .. and Director, Health Affairs, or Dick Henderson at Olin (the latter is their chief industrial hygienist) in Stamford, Conr.octiest as regards their clothing practice for workers in mercury cell room exposures. Off the record, I think they no n hit overboard, but it represents cno point of view. For another, I would recommend review of the MI OS:! proposed Mercury Standard in the work clothing section. I hope these leads will be of help. Fortunately, in our mercury cell operations we have been able to control exposure without recourse to .clothes. Wo do, however, provide a commercial laundry sized washer there, but largely on the premise of keeping mercury cut of their home laundries. Best regards from Gaby and me to you and Pauli. f Cordjally, -------------------------\Bertram D. Dinman \Dorporate Medical 7( Cordially, tUUd'... ... \Bertram D. Dinman, M.D. Corporate Medical Director vmd We do not in any of our plants provide workclothing--specifically apparel--on a regular basis. The closest we come to that is disposable paper clothing for employees who periodically go into certain baghouses. But other than this, nothing else.'99 July 27, 1977 55 1979 Management commitment MR. G'. D. HICKS Page 2 1979 August 13 B. Work Practices Many practices were observed which unnecessarily ^""^itch employee exposure to dust, noise, asbestos and coal tar pitch volatiles. The use of inappropriate tools, equipment and procedures is commonplace; aSd in standard opMattag procedure. For example, transporting ore and bath to_pa)rloaderp causes much dust to become airborn^ Routing_aiphotl tubes wlthout^^ local exhaust ventilation has much the same effect^ C. Training ^ In general, employees have not been adequately informed about 'C the health hazards of their respective jobs, nor about the precautions needed to be taken. This is at least partially responsible for improper work practices, as well as both Inadequate and incorrect usage of personal protective equipment. ^a^For example, workers have not received formal instruction m "[The] industrial hygiene staff is both concerned and competent. However, the effectiveness of the industrial hygiene program is dependent upon the J support and commitment of Massena's industrial hygiene staff is both concerned and ^petentHowever, the effectiveness of the industrial hygiene program is dependent unon the punoort and commitment of Massena mnagement_at_all_leyel3- _ rL^Honq at Massena suggest that we must reaffirm this commitment if we expect tfmakrrogre^ in controlling health hazards. The Pittsburgh Industrial Hygiene staff is ready to supply any needed ^istance.____________ the.. .management at all levels. Conditions... suggest that we must II. Recommendations Recommendations are divided into two categories. The fl complex problems with plant-wide application. They genet for organized efforts or programs, rather than for correc specific conditions. The second category is devoted to the 1 reaffirm this commitment if we expect to make progress in controlling the health Category I: Plant-Wide __ , ----- DOS I' CtPUA written, comprehensive respiratory protection program should be established and adminiscerear^^saminimum" the program should include sections 1910.134(b)(1) through 1910.134(b)(14) Of the OSHA standards as detailed in Alcoa's respiratory protection standard. r Mj! A written program for the routine evaluation of all exhaust ventilatioh...sshs- should be devised and implemented. The asSigCSaieoithe Engineering Department may be necessary. The program should include measurements of face velocity and static pressure, as well as comprehensive visual inspections. hazards. The Pittsburgh Industrial Hygiene staff is ready to supply any needed assistance." ,-U'> EXHIBIT I Aten 56 6/13/79 1969 Wenatch Asb Grievance FRDa E. H. EA.THICS WSMS.TCHBB WORKS 3-7-6? R. . G-ECSoi. WKHATCEES WORKS wuuuji,, r ux- i'jw.nage.mfcsuu* tt. n* ratriCiC. : The grievance read as follows. V/e grieve the lack of safety measures in the brick shop for our protection from the inhalation of asbestos chist.11 Hr. Faulkner complained that there was a lack of dust collecting equipment to remove the asbestos bearing dust from the shop. This dust is created by the digging of transfer troughs in preparation for repairing or relining ,, They also complained that the fan to the paint spray booth* which is used to remove the dust when mixing asbestos feathers* had not been repaired. ___ ttim a /The writer also informed them that some very serious thought had been '/} ^iven to the problem and that J. S. Harris had assured him that something jTa?s forthcoming and that every effort would be made to resolve the dust \ I situation before next fall. jnt^. T TYvi ~f* *"V KJ ALCOA. . WEN008 0408 FOX 040087 57 ->1r| Greenwood Pleza Denver, Colorado 80217 (303) 770.1000 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET August 21, 1972 Aluminum Company of America P. 0. Box 221 - Dept. JWK Wenatchee, Washington 98801 Attn: Mr. C. J. Shank SECTION I MANLiFACTVREH'S NAME Johns-Manville Corp, & Subsidiaries AOOSESS '.( , aniMP C.aiV/______ P. 0. Box 5108, Denver, Colorado 80217 CHEMICAL name and SYNONYMS aCHMLCAL fAMJlY Amo site Asbestos TRADE NAME ANO SYNONYMS Superex M 2020 Gentlemen: Enclosed are U. S. Department of Labor Mat covering toxicological information which j regarding Johns-MSnville products. If you require additional information and assistance, please contact us. Very truly yours, /lJ W. B. Reitze Manager, Accident Prevention and Industrial Health WBR:de SECTION II HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS paints, preservatives, a solvents P,GMENTS CATALYST N.A. VEHICLE SOLVENTS ADDITIVES % TLV lUnrtO !i 1 f i i ALLOYS ANO METALLIC COATINGS BASE METAL ALLOYS . N. A. METALLIC COATINGS FILLER METAL PLUS COATING OR CORE FLL>X OTHERS OTHERS 1 | ! HAZARDOUS MIXTURES OF OTHER LIQUIDS, SOLIDS, OR GASES % Amosite Asbestos Fibre 10 For T1V see Federal Register 6/7/72, Vol. 37, No. 110; 8-hour time weighted average 5 fibres/ML greater than 5 microns in length. Ceiling -----------~ ~ ~ _ NOT to axcep.fi TO fi hrp<5/MT.* .............. TLV (Units) 2000 Superex Block Superex Cement 352 Cement Commerical Grade Asbestos Paper Tape Style 566 Commercial Grade Asbestos Rope FOX 041224 58 !/3i Johns-Manville jA*r - vo Greenwood Plaza Denver. Colorado 8021 7 (303)770-1000 August 21, 1972 Aluminum Company of America P. 0. Box 221 - Dept. JWK Wenatchee, Washington 98801 Attn: Mr. C. J. Shank <VvvllA trw 'ptAhv-wj. /tbj. cv*V ,, Qv***^k PfSvA (3r (JkTn-vj-- \M A MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET ATTACHMENT #1 - SECTION II RE: SUPEREX CEMENT AM0SITE ; ASBESTOS FIBER - TLV - See Federal Register 6/7/72, Vol. 37, No. 110 - 8-hour time weighted average 5 fibers greater than 5 microns in length/ML. Ceiling concentrations not to exceed 10 fibers/ML. DIATOMACEGUS EARTH - Calcining results in 5% conversion to crystalline silica in form of cristobalite. TLV -- use 1/2 the value calculated from the count or mass formula for quartz. Quartz - 250 - % Si02* See 0SHA Health Standards effective December 7, 1971. ' Style 566 Commercial Grade Asbestos Rope 59 1961 Marinite sawing levels 60 1962 bystander exposure January 24, 1962 -3- Dept. of Public Health "3. If large pieces of "marinite 5. If large pieces of "marinite"' are cut out of doors, the operator should be provided with a respirator approved for use against toxic dust (MSA Dustfoe or equal). The operation should be conducted so that all dust produced will be blown away from windows, doors and air intakes, so that other workers will not be exposed. 6. When making changes or when installing new exhaust systems, it is recommended that the principles of good duct design as advocated by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists be followed. (See attached drawings, figures 6-6 through 6-9.) are cut out of doors, the operator should be provided with a respirator approved for use against toxic dust.. .The In closing, we wish to thank you for the courteous cooperation and assistance given to this department during our study. If you irning this report, please do not y assistance we may be able to offer. operation should be conducted so that all dust produced will be ruly yours. anuary 24, 1962 Alwinia* Company of Aaarl S1S1 Alcoa Avanue VcrnoD 58, California Dept, of Public Pta limlaary On January L2, 1962, representative* of the Vernon Health Department conducted e preliminary study of a "narinite" cutting operation in the pattern shop. The pieces of vidad with a local and a well hood 1 saw table. cut oa a band saw which ia pro Ion to the lower pulley houalng under the blade opening in the log the cutting . tube* and a Telemeter. Close observation of ied through the material diacloeed that fine duet being generated froa the top aurface of the "marinite" elmllar rendition* that are encountered in crushing operation Till* t Nemethi, M.D. Officer S. Hauger, $.S. ir. of Sanitation blown away from windows, doors, air intakes, so that other workers will not be exposed." i though an adequate exheuac hood was provided belcm eeing t operation with M Soythe and pattei uc rather infrequently i probably the time spent did average of more than 12 houre monthly. EXHIBIT MX. Uk. State of Calif, to Alcoa 1/24/62 61 Alcoa response to knowledge Ignore danger July 29, 1964 August 27, 1964 Marinite situation is a masterpiece of misinformation Exh 21 Marinite is a Frankenstein monster Exh. 27 November 4, 1964 The shop people will be handling Marinite more and more. Exh 29 62 1964 Masterpiece of misinformation y- Let W hjlt AjL-4 /g>f *f ^ its* ^ 1* XT *`Awuk< Corin'//'mS lu*i* , ^ >Hd J- /dv O / / C/ L VAU <**!.+* .1 , U~ *-- c/ -^*-1 <=-<** e*-<_ -*-+*y Cr*\ /4f MMM (v^hUc-J T^t+jh u/^ yA^t. X 4t Xl-VKt <t "The whole Marinitea \ ^s^iw/* -- yA j ^'r*v*- &V'r S ~4*** f / -4 c~&+mjaffsfa&j B*0T4- IfZ ix-ft c/ A 4<ti( y<rf/rf; J\aWf a// 0*'^' m Vo ^0 L+<A To *7(? A*tj " C-^Wt ^ X T'Ai.A US* *\ v &>ify r'\ ^ **/ A. situation has been and ..-.#* dU 0^ y>d`-J tjnmf/dk. r**b-tlt*r*\ o fo-y "/4/V . 9k -^4^ViM<LAi xM`^4 "jfr -- jy/wt*^7t et^H-cA (X<f+ h+~-J so r'*?# *^ju*.o4.d/ ivi// C*L.*?r #^__ ,7^4 si*y>+s ce. >^ apparently is trying to iL.i ^A-n 7*'/^ 2 *u*i i^d.f. .1^* /? t/-f r */tf//s^ y4 cdev'b 7^4 jpi'itd. 0^. *r***ti\. <rr tl<L !** ^.Ijjt -ithf'ri C/<^</ *j/ -~i $/tcA_4 t> _ (5n yA oy4*- Ac* A ^ ^ ___ Jt-dW^ k^V. fatf*?*. s sr-*- & Q-pr^Jt. U y0 ^ y4* <***+d- ^^*-+*^*4 "t* 4o^s-r . 4&<,A ^5* ^fri9 ^ jAt/ ^ y*/>***j4f h-f- - y*ifr*"tt bft . *+vA*.%A* ^ *,**</. ^r*-**y U /d - .. ^ cnmpi+ty ^<- tf+Z-AdlL.- -4 4 1jti=sj4 . ^ >WLA^ *. . . . ________ _____ ___ _ _ . taaa3 continue being, a masterpiece of misinformation '' . ..................... ....................................... EXHIBIT alc<u Alcoa memo, 7/29/64 ALC21 63 1964 - Breeding a Frankenstein Monster u- Dr. K. W. Smith Page 2 August 21, 1964 August 21, 1964 - DZi K. Vt-Sal.tii . .r... , Johns-Mtnvillo Corp. - . ; Twwnty-two E. Fortieth Street N York 16, ltew York , ,. Deer Dr. Smith! As you doubtlessly are aware, .there exists In Alcoa e continuously w-rlnding group With Interwstwln the Industrial hygiene aspects of Johns-Mamville* s product .('Barinltgi For a considerable period me have been confused by conflicting stories about the composition xof,this.material. Recent correspondence has deepened our confusion ~i stimulated our already-aroused curiosity. We would certainly appreciate any clarification that you are able to provide. I*n sorry if our interest may appear disproportionate to the problem. However, through a series of unfortunate events we have bred nurtured a Frankenstein monster. With understandable bias, I would prefer that the monster be eliminated. Can you help us out with this problem? Sincerely, X, Bo Botmey Asst* Chief Industrial Hygienist cct Mr.MoJoCaprlo Our problem la with Kaxinite duet associated with sawing and 41^ operations. The usual eonplalat is upper respiratory irritation. Several aen have cowplalned to their they "experience some discomfort on account of clo 66and difficulty In breathing". One Indicated it ir ...through a series of unfortunateon his ans and face. Another, a* the start of hi Marlnlttt, Indicated sane respiratory disoowfort an dry and red. Unfortunately we hed no opportunity evaluation ms any of the affected wen. events we have bred and nurtured aBecause of our workers* cowplaints rechecked wi and were advised that an epoxy resin was present, because the affects were compatible with epoxies control Masnres accordingly, ' Recently and inters Frankenstein monster. With' we have bden told that there lis noSepoxypresent. the caae,,it leaves some <xf our rjuestlou* still w it/notJforithe faet that this has became eonetbinc c.w-miniij nnr people, we would perhaps be willing understandable bias, I would prefer thatunanswered). ^ Me are presently aware of the presence of asbestos earth an inorganic binder (perhaps a silicate) - ^ . tmowladpe,i.we now wonkr. if .-our... report Ss^^^jd^br^-'bur'iiSwiedbe'tif'jOje'cdaipMitloa' 1 the monster "Mbat we 'would like to know is if we should be hanc differently than we would iLsbestos alone. Reed be ctmcCTfittd w___i_t_h__fa__c__t_o__r_s____o__t_h_e__r__t_h__a__n_,p__n_e__u__m__o_c__o_nioses? Are there (or were there) present materials that axe likely to present other respiratory complications or dermatological problems? What precautionary mea sures doos Johns-Manville observe when handling this material? be eliminated." 8/21/64 ARD 043002 FOX 042882 64 1964 Frankenstein Monster Executive Offices Johns -Manvtlle Corporation TWENTY-TWO EJIST FORTIETH STREET NEW YORK 16. If. Y. August. 27, 1?6U Hr* Thcmae B. Bonne? Aluminum Company cf America Alcoa Building Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1J521? IX I^^M^tau^so^^tta^^apparenS^adS^t^tt^breeSn^ai^iirtiirin^^the Frankenstein monster, which is the potential health hazard of our Molten Marinite product. As indicated in my letter of August 13, I am embarrassed can state that there is no epoxy resin which might cause the problem. As you know, our Marinite products are composed of asbeetoe fiber, diatcm&eeous earth and lime. The diatomaceous earth Is In the form of a natural powder which is considered relatively innocuous what inhaled and carries an M.A.C. of al& 1 M". **+ --1--*-- **'-- --j- Hr* Thomas B* Bonney Aluminum Company of America Alcoa Building Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219 uuau juil nuum uaitua asuesme aiiag, ur anpuin you pg eongcnuB vita iicwra............. other than pneumoconioais. Quite frsnkly, I do not believe that there is any other factor than a potential pneumoconiosis and I would handle the material just as if it were asbestos fiber alone. When ve hare followed good industrial hygiene practices, adequate local ventilation and diligent housekeeping we have experienced no problaas. "I am truly sorry that I apparently added to the breeding and nurturing of the Frankenstein monster, which is the potential health hazard of our ARCH 18214 EXHIBIT Molten Marinite product." Smith (Johns Manville) to Bonney (Alcoa) 8/27/64 65 1964 Handling More Marinite roM r. l. PARSONS WARRICK WORKS INTERNAL CORRESPONDENCE November 4, ig64 To INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE COMMITTEE WARRICK WORKS Cv ^IDKNTIAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE COMMITTEE MEETING MINUTES - October 30, 1964 - 9:00 A.M. Present: J. E. Hatch, M. Rountree, J. A. Thompson, H. M. Walker, and R. L. Parsons Absent: J. E. Bums, T. C. Burger, and T. L. Kick OLD BUSINESS 1- Mosquito Control - The mosquito problem as discussed in last months minutes, has disappeared with the onset of cold weather- Some of the drainage problems considered at that time are being looked at by Mr. Searles and Mr. Parsons. 2. Noise Problem at the Cold Mill - While the immediate problem of noise at the Cold Mill has been remedied by supplying earmuffs to people working near the exit end of the mill, Mr. Burns and I will make an elaborate survey and mark off an area where protection is definitely needed. Prom the standpoint of permanent control, this problem has been assigned to Mr. A. A. Perrier. NEW BUSINESS Handling of Marinite - The shop people will be handling Marinite more and more as we get Into HDC work. We' had previously said there was no problem because the Marinite we used contained no epoxy resin binder. There is more recent information on this subject from Mr. Bonney and it will be reviewed by me so that we are in a perfectly safe position.' xxuw uncti. uuiu msaoiier m approacning, win oe talking with Mr. Bustion concerning whether he wants us to again institute a carbon monoxide sampling program in the tunnel kilns. "Handling of Marinite - the shop people will be handling Marinite more and more..." ARD 042644 Parsons to Industrial Hygiene Committee, 11/4/64 66 1972 Wenatchee keeps Marinite work in house to save money J. 2. KELSON MECHANICAL EN3TNEERING DIVISION VLnzzmm office January 31, 1972 co::pipg::TiAL KKMORANDU . QsfreefcjZSA'htj -then- &-/ E3; ' K, A,'' KEITH JZW.SO'.i - VEIJATCHSE Rhone Call 1-28-72 "I asked if they had (11 Their masons have Grieved on handling asbestos-lumnlte trough basin k filter linings, both; 'a'. .Mixing and Installing new linings, and (b! Tearing out old linings considered going to (2) Keith is working on R/A estimate for a "clean room" to do this work. Including exhaust and bag collection, special vacuus cleaning, sealed roon, end pressurized masks for workers. everything lined with precut (3' Fasentially all their Marinite work la farmed out -- they are okay until their suppliers get In trouble. 'H 7 said this was the first call on thla subject, so SWM iiWtghSB tie doing something wrong? He Is going to wire me exactly what they buy. After listening to him call It 'powdered feathers-pure asbestos", I guess they are buying the cheapest material they can find, which Is probably tho most hazardous and hardest to mix material. Furthermore, the linings produced may be short-lived, thun Increasing the problem of working with new and old asbestos materials. (outside) Marinite. They have, but feel would be They probably should be buying a long-fiber asbestos cement. I suspect. Incidentally we have led some people astray by using the term, ''asbestos shorts", that this needs to be corrected. expensive and troublesome." (5) Regardless, If they continue to use asbestos flbe they will likely end up with a special room to wi (61 Main purpose of call was to ask about material; than asbeetos-lunmlte: (a) I asked If they had considered going everything lined with precut (outside Marinite. They have, but feel would be expensive and troublesome. Jlic*__________ . )S W ajeerr<& P/toaucr wo toes mr tiw/Mte rv? 67 1989 - Don't do piecemeal job of eliminating asbestos FROM RONALD R_ HOFFMAN PITTSBURGH OFFICE 29 TO MR. F. A. APPEL - LEBANON MR. G. E. BERGERON - RICHMOND MR. D. M. FALLS - PGH. 28 MR. R. A. GLAH - PGH. 2? MR. T. J. TAYLOR - PGH. 28 1989 JANUARY 11 There's a growing concern inside our environmental group here that we need to deal more aggressively with eliminating asbestos. please advise me promptly of the following: Will you (1) 1 need to know if your plants are completely aware of their asbestos situation. (2) Are we in violation of any regulation anywhere? (3) Are we doing the right thing? The year 1989 is a good one to gel problems behind us, and we should not be dealing with the asbestos situation on an "ability to fund" long-term prograrm^^^ (4) Please indicate, based on the three previous questions, whether or not you are satisfied with your position. . Please give me your feedback promptly. Thanks. RONALD R. HOFFMAN RRH/ab "...we should not be dealing with the asbestos situation on an "ability to fund" long-term program." ALCOA WENS 014113 FOX 041036 68 1992 Wenatchee Chooses to do piecemeal H. F. HILLEGASS WENATCHEE WORKS I IRE: ASBESTOS CONCERNS K. L. STRATTON, A. L. WILLMS, AND THE WRITER CONDUCTED A WALK THROUGH INSPECTION OF THE CONDITION OF PIPE LAGGING IN THE CENTER PASSAGE AND SOUTH PASSAGE OF THE POTROOMS WHILE INVESTIGATING WHAT NEEDED TO BE DONE TO REPAIR THE DAMAGE CAUSED TO THE PIPE LAGGING BY THE LADDER ADDED TO THE CRANE IN ROOM 6. THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF DETERIORATED OR DAMAGED FIPE LAGGING: S. E. CORNER OF RODDING ROOM -LOOSE AND HANGING DOWN CENTER PASSAGEWAY GOING TO 33 CENTER S. W. COLUMN RM-4 CENTER CEILING RM-8 AT THE PIPE HANGER ,CENTER RM-10 AT PIPE HANGER CENTER RM-12 NICKS CAUSED BY TOP OF CRANE LADDER CENTER RM-14 LOOSE AT THE JOINT CENTER RM-16 CENTER RM-18 JOINTS CENTER RM-18 1/2" PIPE VEST SIDE NEEDS ATTENTION NORTH SIDE CENTER PASSAGE -OUT SIDE- IN 19 COURT YARD, DAMAGE TO METAL COVERING TS ALLOWING RAIN TO DAMAGE INSULATION PIPE IN CONTROL AREA (CENTER 19) SEVERAL SPOTS ON SOUTH PASSAGE SOUTH WALL SEVERAL OF THE CONNECTING PIPES FROM THE SOUTH WALL TO THE SOUTH BATHROOMS ARE IN NEED OF REPAIR. //_ 0<r4. -fvo U'r-1 ly loot,/ -fcol - < t/oes* f U/C H-tti ~h> Co a 4-! w. . "f-e <Jo & '{-a rJ et (( Jo*- ^ "Re: Asbestos concerns" "These projects are too large to be done by local folksregulation doesn't allow. We need to continue to do a little every year to get rid of all asbestos." FOX 040152 69 "Some time ago we equipped one of our Pattern Shop band saws with exhaust system for the purpose of sawing "Maranite." After a number of experiments, we finally "Marinite sawing - carpenter shoo... A recent hygiene survey indicated an unsatisfactory high clust count." EXHIBIT i ALC 3k decided to discontinue this practice and have sent our work to outside shops. The attached data sheets indicate the reason for our decision." EXHIBIT AlC_il 70 1963 NSC Don't Poison Families DATA SHEET 53 T DUSTS, FUMES, AND MISTS IN INDUSTRY dusts, the importance of personal hygiene should not be overlooked. The periodic medical examinations provide a good opportunity for in struction of employees in various personal hygiene measures. 157. Good washing facilities, clean lunchrooms, and clean work clothes can help prevent additional, even though minor, exposuie to toxic materials. Also, contaminated work clothes should not hhome where a toxic dust cnulri other members of. family These jccome mandaiterials as berylpes are handled. tAPHV Public Health Service, Washington 25. 2nd Edition, 1958, and Volume II. Manual for D.C. I93S. 2nd edition fin preparation). Inter Published by National Safety Council 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11 . National Safety Chinan Avc.. Chi- Drinker. Philip, and Hatch. T. T.. / ruh<\'rial Dust. 2nd Edition. Mc science Publishers, 250 Fifth Ave.. New York 3. Introduction 1. Industrial dusts, mists, and fumes, their hazards and their con trol, are discussed in this data sheet.* The general principles presented can be applied to evaluate most in dustrial situations involving these air contaminants and to determine This data sheet is one of a series published by 'he National Safety Council, reflecling experience from many sources. Not every accept able safety procedure in this field is necessarily included. This data sheet should not be con fused vrith American Safety Stand ards, 4. Except for the skin di: most occupational disease; quired by inhalation Lung tissue is by far ihj medjum the body sorbing material ' surface : ages 55 sonar- f` Arncrn; Hc.ni-Coul c Health Bulletin ilic Health Service. 935. Industrial Health Wilev and Sons, ew York 21. Graw-Hill Book Co.. Inc., 330 W. 42nd St.. Neve York 36. 1954. Elkins. H. B.. Chemistry of Indus trial Tovunloav. 2nd Edition John Wilev anc Sons, Inc.. 440 4th Ave.. New'York 2 1.1 959. Hunter. Donald. The Diseases of Occupations. 2nd Edition. Little Brown and Company. 34 Beacon St.. Boston. 1957. ' Hyeicn aide Series. American cne Association, 14125 Report (Joint) of the Committee on Pneumoconiosis and the Commit tee on Standard Practices in Com pensation of Occupational Diseases." Year Book. American Public Health Association, 1790 Broadway. New York 19 1935. ' Review of Literature on Dust. U. S. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Mines, Bulletin 478. L'. S. Government Printing Office Office, Washington 25. D. C. 1950. the need for controls. This data sheet quiren- is intended to guide employers, plant safety engineers, personnel man agers, and supervisors. 2. A plant manager who believes ulatior 44Also, contaminated work clothes should that he has a toxic or irritating dust problem should consult a competent industrial hygienist. Such help may be obtained from his own company, insurance carrier, private consul tants, or state health or labor b. The evalu; chemi and a operat the ai not be taken home where a toxic dust could agency. posed . 3. To protect the health of em the m ployees who work where a dust, fume, or mist created by a manufac turing process is released into the at mosphere, a control program may be requiied. In such a case, three steps must be taken: a. The properties of the specific dust, fume, or mist and its possible physiological effects on employees . must be ascertained. ysis the di c. Appro must The will chemi the di tamin; contaminate the home or expose other members of the family." 'This data sheet covers toxic and irr tating air contaminants encountered i industry, h does not include a discussio of the explosive properties of such ail rteedei exam] limestone dust, since much grater quantities of limestone dust can he '"'lam ousts w.ttt me sum also may result"> skln irritation. borne particulate matter. tolerated. 8. As compared to inhalation. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL t963 FOX 041316 WEN009 0385 FOX 041330 71 1971 Alcoa Knowledge Education Training Environmental Sclancse INSULATION HYGIENELaboratory pirator-fitting, training of work men and maintenance, detailed in PROGRESS REPORTS Z88-3-1971 should be followed. a) Reusable particulate-filter ing respirators A variety of reusable particulate Of Tha City University of New Yarlt FROM THE INSULATION INDUSTRY HYGIENE RESEARCH PROGRAM Irving J. Selikoff, M.D., Program Director Vol. 3, No. 4 Winter 1971 Saber saw equipped with high-velocity, low-volume exhaust system. filtering respirators are available. To insure proper fitting, several different makes should be avail able from which the workman can select one. No one model respira tor facepiece will fit all faces. >rs in which Routine maintenance is absolutely Education and Training hood, helmet s greatest deMr is fed to i compressed irce must be necessary to replace clogged filters and leaking inhalation or exhala tion valves. Unmaintained res pirators produce a false sense of security. contaminated Maintenance Troublesome urce is not No dust control program can be effec for breathing ture sensing ailed on the b) Disposable particulate-filter ing respirators Operation of an adequate respira arbon mon- tor maintenance program can be tive unless workmen and supervisors vice must be troublesome and, if only a few men are involved, impractical. Disposable respirators are avail Dust produced by use of an unventllated band saw. Without the back light ing used here, much of the dust would not be visible. Cutting pipe with band Si with high-velocity, low-volt system. Compare absence borne dust with that show trolled cutting (picture left Shipyard Procedures Gui< Helps All Insulation Me The Winter 1970 issue of Insulation Hygiene Progi ports announced a joint effort by the Insulation I Hygiene Research Program, the U.S. Navy, the Depart Labor, and insulation manufacturers and contractors to shipyard asbestos dust exposures. As part of that effort, Duncan A. Holaday and Wil Reitze of the IIIIRP prepared a procedures guide for s insulation application and removal. Because of its r to all insulation-work, portions of it are given in this Insulation Hygiene Progress Reports. A complete'report was presented by the authors aftli national Symposium on Safety and Health in Shipbuild Ship Repairing, at Helsinki, Finland, on August SO, understand the hazards associate with the jobs, the sources of the hazards and the reasons for following recommended--prniWfnrre Understanding is only obtained by education of personnel and training in correct operating procedures. For an education and training program to Is should not issor system; removed by Sts removed e hood has the Puget ird for situhigh degree juired. This lar ones are ly. The air1 to the hood ct fitting. s connected supply limit nitation can >owered rese such limi- add to the (.man must equire care- Respira- able which are designed to be worn for no longer than one shift and then discarded. Education and Training No dust control program can be effec tive unless workmen and supervisors understand the hazards associated with the jobs, the sources of the hazards and the reasons for following recommended procedures carefully. Understanding is only obtained by education of personnel and training in correct operating procedures. For an education and training program to be successful, both management and labor must be concerned and partici pate. As with all safety programs, it is essential that first-line supervisors be interested in and cooperate in the work. The harmful effects of neglect of pro cedures for controlling asbestos dust are not apparent for many years. Therefore, it is more difficult to con vince workmen and supervisors of the necessity of following rules for by Duncan A. Holaday Control of Asbestos-Conti be successful, both management and pes of parators. Those working with insulating materials than if more obvious physical haz ards were involved. and William B. Reitze The general goal in all insulation work should be to maintain a clean environment. Measurements of concentrations of asbestos fibers ("dust counts") in the atmosphere can be used to identify sources of contamination and to point out deficiencies in control methods. Primary reliance for control of ex* posures, however, must be placed on faithful observance of operating rules. by Use of Substitute I Substitution of materis ing reduced proportions or no asbestos at all, i< more common in ship c< Before a material is sub asbestos, however, two must be carefully conside a. Has the substitute mi tested? If not, it may be of the same or gre than the material of ' ard. This sort of thin labor must be concerned and partici pate. As with all safety programs, it is essential that first-line supervisors be interested in and cooperate in the cepiece are ble for use those apagainst as . S. Bureau rsed. These ded for use the atmosof asbestos low levels. >ns for res Education in hazards associated with use of insulating materials and in struction in correct work practices should be included in apprentice training programs. PHOTO CREDITS: Pg. 1, I.I.H.R.P.; pg. 2, Ryder Industries and Puget Sound Naval Shipyards (P.S.N.S.); p. 3, P.S.N.S.; pg. 4, I.I.H.R.P. and P.S.N.S. WEN009 Q37Q FOX 041340 work. 72 "We are presently using asbestos lumnite mix or marinite board in above applications and are thus flying in the face of OSHA... Considering any progress along this line in your opinion is there any point in delaying installation of OSHA dust control equipment in this area?" WEH2002S2 FOX 042589 10/2/72 73 1972 - Do not comply with OSHA /*>/ s/?\~ 9^7 ry\ ^v-AcAx '.3~- ^ y* & s//s4 tA *_ zAf ^W. A" zS a- -- /fPvr s.<:^4' '^*1 - -- -&A-y '*A+^ .-^^-4-V -^^4-^rti *-*\ ^>v* %s~ q^ 2- ^M-' '*"*' '^*%^\j ^ -*--/ ^Ca /a--Ci--t-#-*^ , / ??r ^^-4-- ------ -^-^v- _ .. _^<-w A ___ *? . In answer, off the record, to your question on whether I still believe that we should delay installation of OSHA dust control for asbestoslumnite systems -1 say yes! j-^^c/ Zy v-^S7r> '} WEN200251 FOX 042588 74 1972 Marinite exposure continues THOMAS 8. BONNET PITTSBURGH OFFICE )A. ?. F. WOODWARD VANCOUVER OfTRATIOKS July 6, 1972 In tout Ifcy report of Air and Water Pollution Control, I noted the results of efficiency tests of Rotoclone-N sambbexw in controlling Marinite dusts. If your Ttotoolrmss discharge Into the working eree, it is important thet the asbestos fiber oontent of tbs discharge elr be below the {resent standard of five fibers per cc. By 1976, the concentration will bare to be something leea then 2 fibers per co._________________ Tha ebon are the usual IBS the roost in concentrations considered es baraful. The Threshold Unit Veins Is the oonosntrmtlon used by hygienists in determining if e sonoM- treticci is "harmful.1* Ton should be evert thet scoe Jurisdictions do not allow recirculation taxless specifically approved. If yon don't alrtedy ' know, it would be vlee to determine If the state of Washington has tush ; must admit to hawing soma misgivings shout returning tills sir to tbs orklng eree. >>* Is based on tbs toodeitf of asbestos dust, tbs horrible lubUelty It Ins gotten and the usual leek of attention given to Rotoolone If you already exhaust the Botoolonee to the outside, or ere forced to do so In the future, EPA say require that asbestos-contaminated air be captured by specific methods prior to sxhswtlng it to tbs ataoeffcere. Tbs iropoeed --stsndsrd for asbestos is quite specific on this. Although it doesn't appear wise to tele axy action on changing air cleaning devices at this tins, you should keep In adnd that this is a distinct possibility and keep an eye out for tin final standard which should be piblf shad soon in the Federal Register, TBOKIS B, TUB:lei EXHIBIT * mM. 7/6/72 "In your May report...I noted the results of efficiency tests...in controlling Marinite dusts." "I must admit to having some misgivings about returning this air to the working area. This is based on the toxicity of asbestos dust, the horrible publicity it has gotten and the usual lack of attention given to Rotoclone maintenance." EXHIBIT I MXb) 1973 Money over safety and health FROM jjufiis B. BONNET ' PITTSBURGH OFFICE T0 INDUSTRIAL HTGIINISTS RE: OSHA CITATIONS March 28, 1973 An OSHA Industrial hygienist surveyed our Warrick Operations during the month of January. As a result, eight citations were issued for violations of exist ing standards. Wo thought that all of you would be interested in the items cited which, except for Items and #8, concerned themselves with exposures to noise and asbestos. We are alerting you to this aetiiuu bu show where some of the interest of OSHA "The penalties imposed .The penalties imposed are of small concern when compared to the cost of co: resting the conditions for which they were cited. It is of special inti to note that War. -ick was cited, not only for failing to require ear pi ' are of small concern v: Thomas B. Bonney TBB:mh Attachments when compared to the cc: R. H. Watson, Pittsburgh - 7 S. I. Roth, Pittsburgh - 7 J. H. Plunkett, Alcoa Tech Center Info copies tot F. C. Irving, Jr., Pittsburgh - 29 R.S. Adams/ft. Kohler, Alcas Cutlery Corp F.D. Koran/E.A. Moats, Tifton Aluminum Co., Inc. E.G-, Dudley/J.A. Elliott, H C Products Company J.L. McKinley/R.B. Kemptor./M.L. Bookout, Rea Magnet Wire Co. , Inc L.F Butler/D. Trudel, Cleveland Works J.W. Anderson, AB?, Inc. A.C. Sheldon/W.J. Koopraan, ACPC J.W. Warnock,' Marshall Works J.S. Hamilton/J. J. Thimons/ Wear-Ever Aluminum, Inc. R.C. Wilson, Alcoa Sport Products W.A. ThomasA'. Kochanski, Lincoln Manufacturing Co., Inc. K.K. Reid, Frigidome Division J.C. Bates, Pittsburgh - 22 cost of correcting the conditions for which they were cited." _' ] ALCCA WEN008 0353 FOX 040045 3/28/73 76 1973 rem oval o f pot in su la tio n BDN 016234 O 1973 - high exposures, trouble with dust counting FROM ROBERT P. CARTER ' PITTSBURGH OFFICE TM WORKS INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS February 13, 1973 RE: NIOSH TRAINING COURSES------ SAMPLING AND EVALUATING AIRBORNE ASBESTOS DUST______________ We recently became aware that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has scheduled in 1973 a number of additional presentations of their training course on the sampling and evaluating airborne asbestos dust such as the one which was presented at Cincinnati, October 31 - November 2, 1972. A copy of the significant pages of the brochure for this October 31 - November 2, 1972 course is attached for your examination. "Since we have significant As you may know, some of our operating locations have mmnnml difficulties in making asbestos fiber count determinations as required under the provisions of the worker exposure standard for asbestos issued by OSHA in June, 1972. Since we have significant asbestos / fiber exposures at a number of our operating locations, it is lm- / v asbestos fiber exposure at a portant that each affected location be able to make accurate asbestty counts to assure compliance with the very restrictive OSHA standard \ number of our operating We have Just learned from NIOSH that there will be two regional sessions of this same training course conducted in April of this year on April 10, 11 & 12 in Salt Lake, City, and April 16, 17 Ik 18 at a location in Missouri not yet established (probably in Warrensburg in central Missouri). Theme two offerings of the training course are aimed primarily to serve the general areas in which they are being held, with the Salt Lake City session being related to OSHA regions 8, 9 and 10 and that in Missouri to OSBA region 6. However, these geographical boundrles will probably not'be rigidly held to for attendees for the two sessions. There are still a small number of vacancies in each of the two sessions. In addition to these two regional meetings, there is also one scheduled at the NIOSH facility in Cincinnati, Ohio on May 15, 16 and 17 which presently is full and has a small waiting list. However, NIOSH has indicated that there is at least a possibility of additional registrants being admitted in the event of cancellations. Even if a late applicant is denied entry, he will be notified when the next class will be held. locations, it is important that each affected location be able to make accurate asbestos counts..." A It you and your management decide It is to your advantage to send one of your people to either of these regional meetings, we would recommend that you fill out very promptly the registration form portion of the attached copy of the NIOSH brochure, marking out the original 1972 course -date and location, and typing in the date and location of the training course in which you are interested (using merely "Missouri" as the location of that conference). For the Salt Lake City and Missouri courses, these should be mailed promptly to Mr. James S. Ferguson changing the title the Deputy ALCOA BDN 033312 78 1974 OSHA Violation Asbestos & Molasses XH0UA3 B. HONEST PITTSBURGH OFFICE - 7 DR. ti. O. C0L7ELL PITTSBURGH OFFICE - 29 December 9, 1974 HE: POINT COMFORT - VIOLATIONS OF A83BST03 STANDARD The citations Point Comfort received for alleged violations of the asbestos standard involved the mixing of asbestos and molasses. Tbs mixture Is used to pack the space between the collector bar and the hole provided for it in the pot shell. The operation was a surprise to all except those in the department where the work was being done. Host of the concerned people at Point Comfort were of the opinion that their use of asbestos was wsll controlled if not eliminated. The use of asbestos for this operation has been discontinued since November 22, 1974. The OSHA industrial hygienist did not cite urn,for exposing our employee to concentrations of asbestos in excess of those permissible. Undoubtedly, this wan because he took no air samples but relied only on visual observation. Some of the sections of the standard for which they were cited presumed that excessive concentrations existed or could have existed. Technically, we would be on pretty solid ground in contenting these, since the presence of excessive airborne concentrations were not firmly established. However, other violations for which we were sited required only that asbestos be involved in tbe operation. Therefore, contesting the citations could. Umia than tlrni eliminating them entirely. Furthermore, the operation as I described to me was one we would not be too proud of. | Point Comfort does not intend to contest the citations and I concur with this. We would have little to gain and much to lose by contenting. For ouch time and expense, we might reduce the imposed $600 fine at the expense of aggravating tbe OSHA personnel who still have not finished with Point Comfort. THOMAS B. BONNET TBB:gk cc: Or. B. D. Dinman - Pittsburgh Office - 7 12/9/74 "The citations...for alleged violations of the asbestos standard involved the mixing of asbestos and molasses. The mixture is used to pack the space between the collector bar and the hole provided for it in the pot shell.... ...the operation as described to me was one we would not be too proud of." 79 1974 Wenatchee helper's exposure .. .a Marinite sawing operation" ------------conducted In Bid*, kj dnrlnn I* GL y It *Bln ahould b vtnund that oraryooe tndm halnina ,r~ torln Prl>W *!=. p.rloJT^irw A. B. P30C*. AHP:eb cor J.B. Vnttnr* Zndu*tjrl*l Sxgltam Conltt/j.. 8.Q oj.Iso a TJ.O. Lou(wd!t^ | .. ....at one point, two other workers were helping hold the material that was being cut (approximately 4' x 8' marinite sheet.) During this period the other two were not wearing face masks. We were, at the time, conducting a test on one of these men and the result showed his exposure exceeded that of the allowable limits. (ALCOA WENS 000468 FOX 040928 80 1974 M a rin ite c u ttin g , high co u n ts \ CD Oz o TO si *H*1*-*M t K&*\VV3*;*Sh\*VI$ ^ \ v v sW^S iWlifn1 h * W'l.'UsM \ f \ ; ^ *-t\ ->\.a. * I8S s^ \ l hVn*H* Wr*u v v?^ x> ' ^ t* x\ ^ssr 0\ }? 00 1975 Sawing Marinite - Dangerous Levels /fcdejJ&3 Ja+?s?'Zr '7S' p A^// /C J/Z* I'Zps>J Z&<i~2Z<>--i 2. 'Z3/&A sn*ir?*>/Z?* - Sj*y v? < *-_| GtetfZ sio^fcZ JfAseJ /n? 2%/J /<Z> /?2<rseJ jV j^-" 7%/j 2^-, /'7**'''x_<&>" 22/e a/ *ae/ a/C^/nZ 2+i/j-jsa ^ -e---rJ S/9grei dZ: 0*> /&*r3o*7<? / <?Zj z4<z> . Se9*yey /e ^ ' \S2sjaZA: J2?*J <X>y^^4 z>* SaM/pZ S'g/Z? 2,2. A z<aa/th 'i* ..yy /$& /hr** //;t^#j-n 3>i4/ 'Zm 2- 2- <^> /"! M>- 3 2- /f%*y 2/. SfXeO OOsiZ 2-o ^yetian*/ Qc x /3?1i' 2X00 $ "Sampling at construction department while sawing 2" thick marinite." Fiber/cc BDN 016223 82 1985 Wenatchee Osha Violation |Lj&| 'c 37031 HEALTH WENATCHEE HARVEY HILLEGA5S EMPLOYER , ADDRESS > CITY * 2MA7CHEE WORKo R.C. ECX 221 1* LHATChEE S'F iAi ''S^TYfiND MS ALT'H *! `.j S3504 j ''*4" " .. . cr'A T!C COMPLAINT |hE3^jjcoum>fi;isb.iN&ij^C6NO. j Jg> sssr SIC 1 4 1 04 1 .700002 |00J05 /09/d5 333 TviTv|^ HYSINI ST ,s#H HAAHRVVEY KILLECASS Tlgjgl HARV Ir;D. IND. HYSIEN . I efASLOveE pEPi'c^Sj-rfAj ' A??NY -WXLLHS --'sjPL U1 i S RE "Training and instruction for the safe use of asbestos containing material will need to be provided referred to in the Citation occu^"(RCW47r near oach piace a vioiat -- . . .'m>w ^ it must remain posted until all violations cited thor three (3) working days, whichever period is longei. filL.^iTlTFIS FORiM FOR NOTCE~OF'ftiGHTS ^ND_OUT!ES REGARDING THIS CITA to the shop personnel." TRAINING AND INSTRUCTION fOR THE SAFE USE OF AS B c STOS CONTAINING MATERIAL NiLL.NFcD TO c PROVIDED TO 7HL "Asbestos containing materials 2 6 ; 62 10751? i .;3 ,ii ;2 .ASBESTOS CONTAINING . MATERIALSIREMOVED FROM THE CONTAINERS IN WHICH THEY .PARE -SHIPPED {LOCATED IN BUILDING #44) .MUST 9~ EITHER,WETTED,,N- " CLOSED, Oft : VENTILATED TO EFFECTIVELY PREVENT ASBESTOS FiS Eft RELEASE `IN EXCESS OF TK= LIMITS. N - NcnaOalsment a - Repealed CCHTIiiU^D CM HiX T FASE SUB D removed from the containers in which they are shipped...must be either wetted, enclosed, or wen 1074 ventilated to effectively prevent RIGHTS OF EMPLOYEES OR REPRESENTATIVES OF EMPi nvercc tiTIT'T,-------- ---------------------------------------------------Chapter 49.17 RCW. provides that an employee or repretilTatSIlf im^ Wash,ng,on Industrial Safety and Heal men of condlllon. eit.d .. viol.tton, m |h|. nollcTsuch . Vee? mav.`SBr>eal *"V "m. pcdod ... tor and Include the name ol the employer and the date of tst . No,,cf. of APPesl must refer to this CITATION & N< appealed. The Notice ol Appeal must be received by^Ass^antSl',?d ,he vio,P*ion and lh abateme. ^Jr,b?rJnd Jndu*trfe*. P.O. BOX 207, Olympia, wLhtnpton saso?^ tftH U2?,la,i*,ety and He8l,h- DePa notice. No person shall discharge or discriminate aaalnst an* i ,tfl L' 15 worWn8 days of "communication guaranteed him by the Act. 8` any emPlye because such employee has exercised nft:a!M:V. -FVPinYBR asbestos fiber release in excess of the limits." FOX 040352 83 "This is an item that everyone I should be aware of. The reg as ~7%1< AS /Z*J TrtiLl ~7ja-f- S/L*/-/ Z-c. rft &j, //Igfscaht/ /9?f/2jvJ U/Jt) A foguj S/7t6(f Tie -2)o -V/7~fc~ fti i 72*-- /fZ/V/t.-^A' &?t c^L-'c- yS>/T?3w ^y? ^? &____ &jS___ZE. Jvui ___ r/> /-f T2-r/ la- eh &L *fa,*y jJ ftet /XfJrc-tC (U CvlxytOtf OPrA */<?J 07?d ^ Y" t C&Z hwz ffi&fjCt/ C-t-viy'fsi j $xCi<L/*l4 1 SAy? -&dto &&% eftA* >Y4 z. *?/#g*vy T^rs^l rtt^c/foi/ fY/toij jfojfl/atCCy ^ T vW &cs*c. p/zxsmjf' iSy&Ac/*7 /S $u<Ac(tu~f- ffi? -- /Tec&fLJtte^ --i- exsotj ZtA t&ZC^r>*?s7? r<* gf ^/g <2 .. ^ / a^J j,/ / u'A*/ t4, .g/g <2ca#>tE. //tj 7^ /y/a1;. A,#,*) f^rsfjnc- /fee /t/o- 'TtSt'^rstf 7tZe indicated means "no matter how small the amount." Do we really want to comply with this to the letter?...I feel our present system is sufficient to protect the employees however it does not meet the reg. I would recommend we continue our ^ Lw^ yfr*- ^ Aa^.hA^ uj^XJft^. R)d-awg& ------------ yut<^ 6-^U^ "U vl JkoJ" 7r ^M-r- Lr %Ju***- ?.. iOi &>..'a- &v ^igt-jt^_nA^>M*/l^gCrfc)^ ct- nrwiT'l-.^'tlxA {j^Xflu*.... i ^ -`^ - - ^--r1**^ ^ bva. _ 'l "KLl FOX 041004 present policy and sit and wait to see what happens. Again, everyone should be aware that we are not meeting the reg." 84 1977 OSHA Asbestos respirator Violation OSHA Closing Conference 1977-11-21 10:00 a.m. - Monday - Rockdale Works Attachment II Item $ Brief Description 1.* Chlorine respirators not available for emergency escape from area. Area of Plant Properzi 1* Opening to the top of mixer not guarded Potlining - Building 127 3.* Carbon Monoxide alarm not installed for plant air compressors that are used sometimes for breathing air. Total Plant 4.* No attempt to reduce air flow from plant air system (100 psi +15 psi) - being used to blow off pots and-superstructures. Potrooms Action to be taken and Length of Abatement Period Provide respirators "Not wearing approved respirator while handling Guarded and abated asbestos and in addition question whether the provided 3M 8710Install alarm - 30 da asbestos respirator is adequate protection." Pot Tenders eating their lunch in Potrooms (exposure to fluorides through ingestion) 6.* Not wearing approved asbestos respirator, while handling asbestos and in addition question whether the provided 3M 8710 asbestos respirator is adequate protection. Discontinue eating lunch or working in potrooms- 30 days. Provide proper respirator. (15 days) 11/21/77 85 1961-1975 Dangerous exposure levels Asbestos ley Rules require special clothing for all levels above 10. 86 1977 and 1979 Alcoa Asbestos Dangerous & Illegal exposures A lco a D angerous & Ille g a l exposures 1977 First Alcoa Corp Safety Prog Remarks by C. F. Fetterolf _. President and Chief Operating Officer Alcoa before the . Aluminum Associaticf" Workshop Tampa, Florida December 7, 1987 12/7/87 Q ALCOA :-Managemen 'ACeOUneauiliLy..anu aesponsibility BasicBindustries AinAtbe%JnitedJStates.#.have .been gravely pounded iKSthetpast^iecade^^lllofJyou^know^in particular. *Wr ^involved rest ? -(*2. ._.__..__r__,__._.._ , , . .uij njiu uiye ^__ _ In the process; it"s!}''-npnn'ssfsilihhi1eev-wwee','ve neg"lected" some important tissues thatparent directly 'related to-production or profits : pbut iatetahsoliitely. related to the health of dur companies. r. The ""'', mdst*importanti:amongithese3are|progranis devoted 2*o^employee . Sh^^^^wyflt^afeeferoS^ie^s8th;atfefeMiuessfehat.1can't - ---- --^l^iTMijgfWKfiatCfflglK5gtat3logBaE8garaieaa<>f; . ......... '" ' ' In all companies, senior management has the ultimate responsibility for health and safety programs. The tone commitment must be set, and the expectations clearly identified, at that level. and Managers', and supervisors at the locations must be accountable foreseeing\that the procedures.axe .working. They put the bite. i p.. lut^heSrdgramsiwon^^ucpeea^iithout ltho ^cpoperation (.of. . decide.-labur ^record has been .steadily. improving?* > c >nn^tn he;excellent .-tftfOut i achieve an injury free workplace as -DuPont. ~ : ' ' We believe wecanbe . ;- . -t . iiiwa * * ww-----___ ____ ___ , ___ ,, Bealth^arid . Jsafetylfrogra^fcstifie^l^^^iJyjcormnitmel^fe^^lJ'jp'fJusV ^This^workshop^ispa(idressing^topics5.that everyfconscientious 4 . company must address"*-- and readdress. There can !be no compromise when it comes to providing and maintaining safe and healthy conditions in our operations. By now, i*ra sure all of us know that it"s not only the right thing to do, but it" s also ------------------- 1-----------1--h.i.i nagc decision-------ife'vn made some 01 "Ten years ago, we established a formal corporate safety program." individual business unit, or operating location, or department. Neither is it a personal option -- for anyone! It's our intention that no employee will ever go homa from work... harmed in anv wav because he or she came to work for Alcoa that day. And we*re promoting a safety culture that extends beyond the workplace into the home as well. * on our established programs. Every Aicoa uu&uress unit in the process of examining its safety programs, reviewing strengths and weaknesses of the efforts. In effect, we're giving the entire company a performance review on safety. uu the Safety requires constant monitoring. Just as all of our companies work constantly to keep production up, to'raaintain product quality and to keep costs down, we all have to apply ourselves constantly to making safety work. And we must also be certain that our manufacturing processes are the safest we know how to develop. If a process isn't safe, we shouldn't be using it. 75Z474 020B FOX 041937 752474 0210 FOX 041938 90 1978 Asbestos Product Use Continues THOMAS B. BONNET PITTSBURGH OFFICE TO 1978 July 28 RE: ELIMINATION OF UNNECESSARY USE OF ASBESTOS-CONTAINING MATERIALS Over the past six years, primarily by means of Industrial Hygiene Newsletters, we have attempted to discourage the use of asbestos at all of our operating locations. We have taken this position for two reasons. First, excessive exposure to asbestos represents a real hazard. Second, compliance with the applicable OSHA standard costs us money which we would not have to spend if substitute materials were used (e.g., for air sampling, medical surveillance, disposal procedures, etc.). Although our plants have made impressive headway, it appears that our goal of eliminating unnecessary asbestos usage is not yet at hand- As we visit our plants, we still see asbestos products being used. We suspect that for many of them there are asbestos-free, functionally acceptable alternate Because continued use of asbestos products may result In unnecessary health hazards and concerns to our employees as well as additional costs to Alcgp ' comply with specific provisions of the OSHA standard, we believe that./ tBffliWlMMfl M'ilfeMiWbMMKWi' ' specific applications it is presently being used. Therefore, we request Eft you survey your location to provide us with Information about your plant's use of asbestos. The attached form indicates the data that Is required and can be used for submitting your survey results. We ask that you submit the results of your survey by 1978 September 01. Upon receipt we will compile a listing of current usage throughout Alcoa. With the assistance of appropriate plant and Pittsburgh personnel, we will place each usage into one of four categories: (1) No foreseeable employee exposures; substitutes available. (2) No foreseeable employee exposures; no viable substitutes available. (3) Potential employee exposures; substitutes available. (4) Potential employee exposures; no viable substitutes available. Following classification, with the aid of appropriate Pittsburgh and plant personnel, we will work toward a prompt and orderly replacement of all items in category "3". Jointly, we will further consider if there is merit to taking the same action for any or all of those materials in category "1". "As we visit our plants, we still see asbestos products being used. We suspect that for many of them there are asbestosfree, functionally acceptable alternates." ALCOA 7/28/78 Not sent to Wenatchee 91 j&+ Q1KANUMtCR CITATION ontl NOTIFICATION OF PENA`LLTY ft vrIndianapolis Arc* Office 46 Kast Ohio Street, Hoorn 422 Indianapolis, Indiana 46204 ^ 7/27/7% S32S5I 031 5 _____ [2210 (p?ft?,Telephone Number 317--269--7290 WCvpaov>bBiTfoNism|:'c>Ti~TidM>ioV INSPECTION DAT6: 5/23-6/1/78 INSPECTION SITE: Highway 66 Newburgh, IN Mr. Dob Parsers, Env. Control Manager ALCOA-Warni^K Operations Highwiy-dCi/ P. O. Dox 10 NewbinTgh, TN 47630 latlon(e) cited l VUG 3 1978 PENALTIES Ant HUE WITHIN IS DAYS OF nccfciPT OP /THIS NOTIFICATION UNLFSS CONTESTED (See rnit citation desctlbos violation ol me Occupational Safety and Haalth Act of 1970. The panaliytfei) lined Belowai Ccu imtl correct aha violations referred to In thlt citation by the date* tleted below and pay Ihe penelilgi pranond, un oxctudJng weatcandt and Padarat holiday.) from your raeelol of thle citation end pandty you mall a notice of contoe Labor Araa Office at tha addrati thenn above. (Sea tha enctotad booklet which octlleer your raepontlblHtlae and court d In conjunction with thle farm.) DESCRIPTION CORRECTED PENALTY The violations described in ibis ciiaiion are alleged to have occurred on or aboui ihe day ihe inspection was made unless oiherwise Indicated within the dcacriatlan given below. II 29 CFR 1910.1001(g) (2) Cl) ' Caution labels were not affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, or other products con taining asbestos fibers, or to their containers, which during any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, disposal, processing or transportation could release airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers exceeding prescribed exposure liaiitst (a) On the south side of the IInnggoott PK lant Building #134 In the scrap marinlte dust and debris from & rasping operation is not labeled as a potential airborne asbestos hasfird. (b) On the south side of the Ingot Plant Building #134 in -the Marinlte Keying area, near column A46, a wooden scrap "coffin* containing marinlte debris and dust is not labeled as a potential airborne asbestos hosard. These conditions are repeated violations of ; standard cited on a previous inspection. 29 CFR 1910.100l(h)(2) Asbestos waste, scrap, debris, bags, con tainers, equipment, and asbestos-contaminated clothing, consigned for 1 wmnrdisposal, which may produce .airborne level*. _of .asbestos fibers in excoss of prescribed limits was not colleoted and disposed of in ~ scaled impermeable bags or other closed, impermeable containers: " ^aj on tne soutn siae or tne ingot Plant Buu.aa.ng flriJ4 an tne Marinlte Keying Area, near column A4&, scrap marinlte was improperly handled and disposed of in that waste marinito dust and debris was stored in an open metal can. "Caution labels were not affixed to all... products containing asbestos fibers, or to their containers..." Asbestos.. .consigned for disposal.. .was not collected and disposed of in sealed impermeable 55 REA DIRECTOR 10NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES J/fliv low glivvv*t vn vunmi|p>IltuAyVVir In* EMPLOYER DISCRIMINATION UNLAWFUL ruprcscniatlvu llsuoppot Imi object lo any abatement data liibit* Oisf.i imiiMlion by ml ompksyui suimnif a sol for a violation II ho bn 10Tlu.' coutosi mini I mniloi 111Ai vo Ol livenl tl utlilrtm if (uxelutliitfi wi'oVoiul* ami I tin: I'liiiilnyii'i ol Ibis iillntio vs the [Ivla to bit nnrvasonvlilc. 1 ihu U.S. Dupmtimjut ol Labor 1 I'J tiling a complaint nr fni lltlavs) utcviiH by . 1 :v:nt<| any rights I'LOYCR 1 IHI kl lb T AIIDN ANtl Nlttll HTA> ION II "'fotal on J^last pago_ J TOTAll'IINALT' t oil THIS CITATION ' .............................. ARD 042538 FOXOOC 7/27/78 92 1978 OSHA Repeat Offender D,HCAI.1H ADMINISTRATION CITATION onti NOTIFICATION OF PENALTY Indianapolis Area Office 46 Hast Ohio Street, Hoom 422 Indianapolis, Indiana 46204 Telephone Number 3 t7-2f)9--7290 SSit.VpPOWVroeATrONISH^'.'clTjsTIDNIiaV friv. Control Manager Operations >. 0. Uox 10 I 47630 t violations of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. The violations referred te in thli citation by the date* fitted below and pay I end Federal holidays! from your receipt el thle citation and penally t >r Am Office <1 the addrett iheoM above. (See iheenelotad booklet wCtieh outllaee TEM NUMBER rrANOABO. REGULATION OH SECTION OP THE ACT VIOLATED; The violations described in this citation are alleged to have occurred on or about the day the inspection was made unless otherwise indicated ..................... - b^ 29 CFR 1910.1001(g) (2) (i) s Caution labels were not affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, or other products con 1taining asbestos fibers, or to their containers, which during any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, disposal, processing or transportation could release airborno concentrations of asbc fibers exceeding prescribed exposure limits: scrap marinlte dust and debris from a rasping operation is not labeled as a potential airborne asbestos hazard. (b) On the south side of the Ingot Plant Building #134 in the Marinitc Keying area, near column A4&, a wooden scrap "coffin" containing marinite debris and dust is not labeled as a potential airborne asbestos hazard. These conditions are repeated violations of on a previous inspection. 29 CFR 1910.100l(h)(2)s Asbestos waste, scrap, debris, bags, con tainers, equipment, and asbestos-contaminated clothing, consigned for 1 disposal, which may produce .airborne levels._of asbestos fibers in excess of proscribed limits was not collected and disposed of in scaled impermeable bags or other closed, impermeable containers: Marinite Keying Area, near column A46, scrap marinitc ' improperly handled and disposed of in that waste marinite dust and debris was 6torod In an open metal con. 1 AREA DIRECTOR Jpv 10NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES;S -"The low givut on uni|>loVv\j/lii5 ruprrseniativu lliu oi>|*orUinilv to object any abiilifimiH t-lalo sot for a violation II ho Ixiiievoi the dole in bo timoasonablc. Thu contest nunl l>o lnxilotl to thu U.S. Donntiinunt of Labor A>uaO< <iuu ill tint mlilruu shown tihovu within 1 S3 wotHs'i it.y> (uxchiiliiyi wi'ifkontli anti F sxltvtil holitla 1C Ml' LOYC IT ully. -frjI.ITIES AND OOUItSLS t ACTION - KIN ANII NO 7/27/78 "Caution labels were not affixed to all raw materials..scrap, waste, debris, or other products containing asbestos fibers, or to their container.. These conditions are repeated violations of a standard cited on a previous inspection." FOXOO( 93 1978 OSHA Repeat Offender OCCUPATIONAL SA It ALT H APMINISIflATION CITATION and NOTIFICATION OF PENALTY Indianapolis Area. Office 46 Ease Ohio Street, Hoorn 422 Indianapolis, Indiana 46204 Telephone Number .117-2U)-7290 ISSUANUt DAIt ` U1IIA NUMliUI ____-.7/27/7* H(OIQN 332551 031 . _ AflEA FACS _ AP__J 2 0f 2 INSPECTION DATE) IlliPEATKD SA3-6/1/78 INSPECTION SITE; Highway 66 Mr. Dob Parsons, l&iv. Control Manager Novburgh, IN ALCOA--Warrick Operations Highway 66, P. o. Box 10 THE LAW REQUIRES tltai a cooy el thlc Citation bo posted Immodiaioiy In a orominant place at or near tho location ol tha via. Newburgh, IN 47630 . !atk>n<) cited below. The Citation mutt remain ported until the viulailon, cited oo. low hove bean corrocn * day* foxeludlno twookar .. *" Of tb# Occupational Safety end Health Act of 1970. yu mutt correct the violation! referred to In thii citation by tha data* liaiaH h.i. .. deyil whichever t* longer, Tha panelty(ioi) lined below ere bawd on thaw violation., . 5-^^ M Padwat hoiMays) from vouf recciol of tM* clutter and Ar,* OHIeo #1 th, oddre*. dtotwn above. (Soe tha enclosed booklet Mhleli injunction with rht* form.) pennapl.yt.ay.o.y.yu..ori.h.ur.e..ms.p.p.a*.o.Un.n.a.as.l.ii.lb.a.i.*l.ip.t.irecospnaoitao*' idt,ouirntahleaastslo>wfja,itchDtiineopn1o6artnmwdoernskthinooguf lddaLyx* PENALTIES AIIE UUE WITHIN IS RAYS OF RECEIPT OF THIS NOTIFICATIO UNLESS CONTESTED (Soo oiicIovoU Booklet) Thit Section Mo . .Marinite routing room, asbestoscontaining waste was stored in an open container." *h *uth side of the Machine Shop Building #344 in' Room, asbestos-containing waste was stored in an. open cont -f ner . M-it2?*thw lde of the ln*ot Building #134 in -t] Keying Area, near column A46, a wooden scrap "eoff containing marinite debris and dust was not adamiatalv scaled when not in use. --------------------Jcat-------J~ jr.cpo&pad violations of a standaiM cited .. .in the Marinite Keying area.. .a wooden scrap "coffin" containing marinite debris and dust was not adequately sealed when not in use.' "These conditions are repeated violations of a standard cited on two previous inspections." $1230. NOTICE TO EMPLOY fEs -- Thu law fiivut lopicsonuillvo thooppui (unity to object to nity alsatcmcnr daio Ml tor a violation if Im iwlievot tlw thilu to bo unieosoiu4>lo. Tho contest must bo itiuilutl to Uu> U.S. Dit|>urtmont_ u< ' >noi Aiea Oilmen! Uki otklnist shown above wltltbt- wd'kintl tliiys (dxelu.liitt) woukoiuls jim| Fihlt<tul-i>mi<l,iys) ul the locuipl by the nmplnytn ol litis citjhr'ii .mil penally. EMPLOYER DISCRIMINATION UNLAWFUL -- TImi law pro- 'tgtal'pcna'it \ fiihits tlisi-.intination Ity on employer Alains I an employmi lot FOK THIS Itht'O a complaint or tor cxoiclsiitfl any ilfjttt ureter this Act. An cmployoo who behove* that ho hus Ituon tlitcriixmaiml Tvt-ik JTATIUN bgaitm may tile a crnnptulm no later than 30 stays nfim thu tlaciintinmion with llm U.S. Dtfiwitmunt ol Lain* Area Ollico "* the ikLIiom shown uIhivu. EMPLOYER nvortlMSMULITtES AND COURSES Of ACTION rou. -- .set ion ami UkHthl 1m> loinl in cniijtuiciioil wijll till* nmllic.ilit iclixktl liooklei ntilliihis nmplnvnr *<>tonsil*.Iit>* unil BIT Allow ANII Ntll It'ICAl 94 1979 6" of Dust FROM M. J. VAUDREUIL MR. 6. D. HICKS H &S Industrial HygiefjB PITTSBURGH OFFICE MASSENA OPERATIONS ,BD mlr ^ JO TBB ^ CCD 1979 August 13 RMJ HGS D8 I PHS MJV RE: INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY OF MASSENA OPERATIONS---------------------------------------------------- I. Summary and Discussion The following is a summation of the walkthrough survey conducted In conjunction with the OSHA industrial hygiene inspection of 1979 July 10-13' and 24-26. Recommendations are included for your information and for the consideration of production management. Observations made during the two week-long visit indicate that we have potentially serious health hazards at Massena. These conditions clearly deserve attention and remedial action. The problems which I will review should be given top priority. Management support of corrective efforts is essential. - Many of the conditions observed can be expected to result in OSHA citations. While the OSHA inspector's judgement and techniques may be open to criticism; nevertheless,.the fact remains that we do have health hazards that should be controlled. A number of these problems have been recognized before, but corrective action is not apparent. Again, attention by Massena management is fundamental to resolving these situations. The problems noted can be grouped into several major categories, each with plant-wide implications. Specific recommendations are listed in Section II. The major areas for concern are: A. Maintenance There does not appear to be an aggressive, : on-going maintenance program at Massena; particularly with respect to exhaust ventilation and housekeeping". Lack of maintenance and effectiveness of exhaust systems was evident throughout the smelting plant. Areas worthy of particular note were: ('pitch unloading, butt-stripping and Housekeeping of the workplace and lunchrooms was poor, resulti{ in excessive dust levels on floors, e ating surfaces, and in the plant atmosphere. Many sections of the potrooms and associated areas have as much as six inches of accumulated' dust on the Eloors. Vehicles passing through these areas were observed creating clouds of airborne dust. Similarly, several Floor sweeping machines put a greater amount of dust into the f-m a i ALC ** ARCH 18577 8/13/79 Housekeeping of the workplace and lunchrooms was poor, resulting in excessive dust levels on floors, eating surfaces, and in the plant atmosphere. Many sections of the potrooms and associated areas have as much as six inches of accumulated dust on the floors. Vehicles passing through these areas were observed creating clouds of airborne dust. Similarly, several floor sweeping machines put a greater amount of dust into the air than in their collection boxes. 95 FROM: D. C. WAGNER TO; R. D. KIELMEYER RE; ASBESTOS TRAINING VIDEO AUGUST 31, 1987 I received the video you requested today and reviewed it with I We feel the text of the film is quite accurate. However, the "flavor" of the film could cause unnecessary concern if shown to a wide audience or is not fully explained. Therefore, we feel should be used only for training those folks who are directly exposed to an asbestos hazard. stsd reel crrar: it sttoutq ds introduced by careful ly defining the difference between the average "asbestos worker" and the type of activity typically performed here at Wenatchee Works. Typical exposure for one of our mechanics, for example, is alot different than for the construction trades. We also noticed that the video does not differentiate between those circumstances which require sealing-off the work area and, therefore require contamination procedures to be followed, versus encapsulating pipe insulation for removal without sealing-off the work area. periods. This distinction must be made clear during discussion If you have any specific questions, please contact any one of the attendees directly. Dave cc 5 J AT HFH RBB BBW - INFO FOX 040071 We feel that the text of the film is quite accurate. However, the "flavor" of the film could cause unnecessary concern if shown to a wide audience or is not fully explained. 96 1961 1973 1973 1973 1973 1973 1973 1973 1974 1975 Asbestos lev Rules require special clothing for all levels above 10. 97 A lcoa Dangerous and Illegal Exposures 1. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos. 2. Mesothelioma is incurable and 100% fatal. 3. No safe exposure level known for mesothelioma. 4. People get mesothelioma from living in the same house as someone who is exposed to asbestos on the job. 5. People get mesothelioma from washing the clothes of someone who is exposed to asbestos on the job. 6. People get mesothelioma from short duration exposure: mesothelioma from one month putting insulation on home plumbing. 7. People get mesothelioma from living in the same neighborhood as a factory using asbestos. i exhibit ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 ACC35 - 1983 Clothing? Hankies and Diapers FROM E. BROOKS PARKER ROCKDALE WORKS MEMORANDUM 1983 June 15 Page Two MEMORANDUM The following day, June 08, Mr. Edwards returned for a more in-depth look at several operations in the plant. He was accompanied by Messrs. Henson, Parker and Damiano. The areas which were inspected were: Potlining, Bldg. 27 Pot digging - Pot 1, Room 6 Bath crusher. Courtyard 19 Potroom ore bucket filling stations, Rooms 134 and 128. Events which occurred in each area are discussed below: Potlining - Bldg. 27 Interviewed Mr. J. D. Hawkins, Potlining employee. Mr. Hawkins described several problems found in the Potlining Department. Skin irritation and chemical burns associated with removing remnants of old potlining from potshells in preparation for their repair. Mr. Hawkins reported that the material is removed with chipping hammers and small pieces which break loose can come to rest on the employees' skin and cause irritation and/or burns. The cleaning operation was conducted only momentarily during the inspection. Mr. Edwards asked about the nature of the material and it was explained that dUTing the smelting process, the potlining absorbs NaF which, when the pot is watered to facilitate digging, can react to form a caustic material. Mr. Edwards obtained a sample of the material for analysis. We split this sample with him Mr. Edwards observed the .......... clothing (handkerchiefs, diapers... taped glove cuffs'} and suggested that more adequate articles are probably Potential exposure to asbestos associated with deterioration of transite pipe used in the potroom fume duct. Mr. Hawkins reported that old pieces of pipe when they are dropped, tend to break and crumble and generate asbestos dust. We did not see an example of such an occurrence, but Mr. Edwards suggested that if this did happen, employees should leave the material alone and immediately notify their supervisor and obtain appropriate protective and clean-up equipment so that the material could be safely and properly disposed of. EXHIBIT 6/15/83 Osha Inspection "Mr. Edwards observed the "make-shift" protective clothing (handkerchiefs, diapers, taped glove cuffs) and suggested that more adequate articles are probably available (coveralls, hoods, etc.)" 100 Clothing Rules & Reality 1982 - Rules Alcoa asbestos clothing 1983 - Reality Alcoa asbestos clothing Disposable coveralls hair covering (under the hard hats) respirators approved for asbestos should be worn at all times when work is in progress. "Make-shift" protective clothing Handkerchiefs Diapers 101 List of toxics at Alcoa electrical. P0TR00MS POTUNING UTILITY 'Abrasives -Acetyle"6 -Adhesives -Aerosol -Alcoa Joint no. 2 Alcohol (Den.) iAntlfreeze - -Asbestos Gasket Cl - Asfcarels "xBakellte . Battery Acid - Brake fluid - Caulking Compounds Contact Re-Nu Copper and Cu Oust -1,2 Dlchloroethane -Alunlna ' Acetylene Acetylene Alunlmm Fluoride " Alcoa Joint No. 2 Adhesives -Bath ' Alumina Alumina -Cryolite "Alum. Fluoride Alumlmm Fluoride --Fluorspar -- -^Asbestos Bath -Pot Gases -- -vAsbest. Millboard Calcium Fluoride ' Potrooe Particulate - Bath , - Cryolite iSodliai Carbonate "Butts ' Fluorspar , Regenerated Alumina ^Castlron from A-446 " Coal - Concrete Oxygen Lubricants ------- - Penetrating Oil ' Copper and Cu dust Sodium Carbonate - Oug Potlining, , , , Sodium Hydroxide * Fullers Earth-Oil Ats. ,,(jethyl Naphthalene- ^Molasses ' - -Dye - vElect. Insul. Hat. - Epoxy _ Epoxy Cements -- 'Floor Sweeping Comp. ^Hydrochloric acid /Insul. Paint * Yam. . Lead . . .. Iilgeld Wrench1 xMl carta 'Naphtha, VM&P 'Nitrogen ANODE -Oakite - -Pipe Joint Coup. Abrasives Aerosol - Potasslun Hydroxide Brick --Sealing Conpound - Silicone Grease Butts .Coke Brazing Alloys^' fran Blked - Sodium Carbonate "-Solder --Soldering flux ^Transformer olT Varsol Solo-OGg White lead Carbon Scrap Oust from Carbon Butts Dust from Green Carbon Scrap Fumes from Melted lift Pitch Alcohol -'soypi?ch atomizer "" Potllnlng Mix .. . - " Reclaimed Al. Insul. Abrasivesc. - Refractory Cement.&Pr- Adhesives! -Solvents (Varsol)-' aA-e,nroesn1ol Js -*Trans1te Pipe ,, ` . ; x. Cc-- ", Aluminum, Molten Alumlnun Powder ~ Beryl 11 im^Coppert *8oron Nitride . Calcium Carbonate * . SHIPPING Cement, RTY Silicone rubbe Compressed Air `"'Abrasives Copper, Scrap * Adhesives Furnace Gases . * Aerosol Gas, Natural - -^Beryllium * Chromium y Copper Hydrogen Gas Inert Gas Inks . '-''Ether Insulating Materials --------- w-Inks *T1 tanlun Laundry Additive Lubricating oil -------- . A Zinc Marlnite -- Mercury ------ ` Nitrogen Oxygen - Ptti Paints and Enamels CONTROL - Alumina "'Aluolnum Fluoride '-Cryolite ^ Fluorspar ( IffchiKU ;Prod. Lubr. _._>Pttcfr _ ftefractery Cement; ^eVV- Rlng Furnace Exhaust Gases Skim, Furnace SodlunaCdrbonate Asbestos Dye Hydrochloric acid Lead PCBs (transformer oil) White lead Silica Beryllium Penetrating oil Mercury Chlorine ALC42 102 1956 Cralley Bros hide ball 27, 1956 Or. X. 0. CrsUvar, BMt "--------------- '? EUst BatbeiUwr Or. Cz illagr; 1 rot* r ~--nt iim mw. m i,*, , - omta intu JOB bad *--- r'* rTrJ"^.mVA d*fto wtth jour broU^rT^Ao ! 1 *" rlsss^agggJS^ar^rg^; U5 SLTX SJgfe-JiA ouhdrh ocMRunr or rnsBiu CBr ec - nr. a. Stoat, Wort* V. Crallsjr, Pittsburgh orfica S. . Primed in USA ARO 041331 Carl Stout to L. M. Cralley, 7/27/56 "I have just talked with your brother...and he suggests that your report might appear to the general public to possibly be biased if you knew the analysis of the material. He suggests, and I concur, that you do not include the analysis in your report, but we will attach the analysis here to the report as an addendum." 103 Alcoa Memo 8/17/84 104 1974 - Not too much info to workers THOMAS B. BONNEY PITTSBURGH OFFICE MR. C. R. KING ARKANSAS OPERATIONS CONFIDENTIAL February 20, 1974 .................................... .... ... Referring to our phone conversation of yesterday, it is essential for you to have an evaluation of your employees' exposure to asbestos dust. It is only by knowing the concentrations in the working area that you can determine what portions of the asbestos standard will apply. The concentrations will determine, for example, which type of respiratory protection is appropriate and whether or not special clothing is required. Enclosed are copies that may be useful background material on asbestos for you and your employees. It is important that the employees have enough knowledge about asbestos so that they will treat it with respect but without the unwarranted fear that make* them afraid to even be near it. Thomas B. Bonney / TBB:mh .^Enclosure cc: Mr. J. L. Laudenberg, Arkansas Operations "Re: Employee Exposure to Asbestos It is important that the employees have enough knowledge about asbestos so that they will treat it with respect but without the unwarranted fear that makes them afraid to even be near it." ) a 2/20/74 105 1974 - Do not tell employees about high exposures This copy for Messrs. T. B. Bonney and R. P. Carter SAY OWEN, JR. ARKANSAS OPERATIONS TO MEMORANDUM March 28, 1974 RE: REPORTING OF ASBESTOS CONCENTRATIONS TO EXPOSED EMPLOYEES today that we are not obligated to report asbestos concentra tions of less than 50 fibers per milliliter to exposed emplo ees provided employees exposed in the range of 5 to 50 fibers/ml are fitted with appropriate respiratory protection. (Note: The 3M No. 8710 respirator is appropriate respiratory protection fo the 5-50 fibers/ml range.) RAY OWEN, JR. R0: fw cc: 'J. L. Laudenberg, T. J. Forbes, C. T. Nienaber, L. N. Hynes Dale Mize, R. W. McConnell, Roy Turner Dr. V. H. Barbour C. R. King T. B. Bonney and R. P. Carter, Pittsburgh "...we are not obligated to report asbestos concentrations of less than 50 fibers per milliliter to exposed employees provided [they]... are fitted with appropriate respiratory protection." 3/28/74 106 MR. G. D. HICKS Page 2 1979 August 13 EXHIBIT J AlC re work Practices Many practices were observed which unnecessarily Y"!**; employee exposure to dust, noise, asbestos and coal tar pitch volatiles. The use of inappropriate tools, equipment and procedures is commonplace; and in several cases, standard operating procedure For example, (transporting ore and_bath^in paydoader; causes much dust to become airborne". *qutlng_siplWB tubgswlthout local exhaust ventilation. has much the same effect^ C. Training . m- In general, employees have not been adequately informed about the health hazards of their respective jobs, nor about the precautions needed to be taken. This is at least P^tlally responsible for improper work practices, as well as both inadequate and incorrect usage of personal protective equipment ^For example, workers have not received formal instruction in the use and care of respirators. However the effectiveness of the industrial hygiene program is dependent upon the support and commitment of Massena management at all levels. Conditions at Massena suggest that we must reaffirm this commitment if we expect to make progress in controlling health hazards. The Pittsburg Industrial Hygiene staff is ready to supply any needed assistance. II, Recommendations Recommendations are divided into two categories. The first concerns complex problems with plant-wide application. They generally call for organised efforts or programs, rather than for correction of specific conditions. The second category is devoted to the latter. r''Ur' Category I: Plant-Wide ------- ___ ,, , ~ Doss - Ct Pu ' -'c*- - C? <S A written, comprehensive respiratory protection program should be established and administered. As a minimum, the program should include sections 1910.134(b)(1) through 1910.134(b)(14) l /Str/ C`c$ of the OSHA standards as detailed in Alcoa's respiratory protection standard. ____ . _ . M/j !AJT~ EN& A written program for the m"Hn. evaluation of all exhaust ventilation systems should be devised and implemented. The ass isfSnc'eof^he'ERgln eer ing Department may be necessary. 4 The program should Include measurements of face velocity and static pressure, as well as comprehensive visual inspections. 8/13/79 "In general, employees have not been adequately informed about the health hazards of their respective jobs, nor about the precautions needed to be taken. This is at least partially responsible for improper work practices, as well as both inadequate and incorrect usage of personal protective equipment. For example, workers have not received formal instruction in the use and care of respirators.' 107 1975 - Educate workers about fiberglass W. J. BOVARD, M, D. VANCOUVER OPERATIONS RECEIVED - 1375 TO- PATRICK R. ATKINS i9 = MEMBERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH COMMITTEE VANCOUVER OPERATIONS %-m ^- November 26, 1975 REi ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH COMMITTEE MEETING 11-2S-75 - ASBESTOS FOLLOWUP The new proposed standards for asbestos were reviewed. It was generally .-agreed that the more stringent standards will be nearly impossible to achieve. The proposal calls for a level of 0,5 fibers per cubic millimeter, John Blesslnger commented briefly on replies from Pat Minturn of Electrode and Mike Scherbak of Ingot. John Pierce will ask Bill Miner to poll other Alcoa locations regarding their use or substitute for thermocouple wire Insulated with asbestos. Bovard and Werner will ask for corporate recommendations for substitutes and/or experience in "like-usage" of asbestos products, at other locations. Bovard will request Don Wooden, Purchasing, CO continue supplier information quest for substitutes. Wooden will attend the next meeting in January. R. J, Hosfeld will expedite transition from asbestos paper plugs to foil In siphons used in tapping. Ed Skowyra agrees the new TLV will not be attainable in transjte and ynar-tnlte shaping operations. Translte use in pot ducts and water lines was discussed briefly. Bill Moore has acquired A fiberalass^substltut & which will be recyclable in interleaving on age oven use -with t-jil stock. It may be acceptable but Imposes handling precautions to avoid skin irritation. Education and__ instruction will be in order for employees expected to handle the substitute Bill assures us of increased effort to comply with handling and disposal of residual asbestos paper expected in use while evaluating the substitute. Asbestos monitoring in that site haa failed to show airborne contaminant but the standard implies prohibitive protection, monitoring and surveillance routines which make a substitute segro economically and practically the only alternative. Another meeting is to be scheduled in mid-January, W, J. BOVARD EXHIBIT l+LLnl VJB:fh Copies to: G. H. Walter, G. P. Nelson, B. W. Moore, M. D. Wooden, E. R. Skowyra, fi a. Ariiinii - fill ALCOA ARCH 004230 . .a fiberglass substitute...It may be acceptable but imposes handling precautions to avoid skin irritation. Education and instruction will be in order for employees expected to handle the substitute." [moral: if there is an immediate adverse effect from handling a product (such a fiberglass), then give education and instruction to the workers. If the danger is delayed, as with asbestos, then say nothing. Educate for products with onion properties; remain silent if there are no onion properties] 108 1975 Alcoa Knows Danger of No Onion Properties T. B. BONNET DR. W. J. BOVARD PITTSBURGH - 7 VANCOUVER OPERATIONS CONFIDENTIAL August 28, 1075 RE: ASBESTOS______________________________________________________________________ Regarding our recent phone conversation, I Believe there are convincing reasons for us to find substitutes for asbestos. You are certainly aware of the poor publicity this material has gotten in recent months. Organized labor Is not only aware of this, but they have contributed to It. Furthermore, the fact of asbestos being a carcinogen places It In a separate oategory complete with emotional overtones. Alcoa has had a long-standing Industrial hygiene policy of permitting the use of any material so long as adequate control measures are taken to keep employee exposures within safe limits. However, experience has shown us that with long-term use of a hazardous material, the users often become careless. Maintenance of preventive measures can only be accomplished by continuous surveillance. Deterioration of environmental control measures are not too much of a problem with materials such as hydrogen chloride and caustic soda whose presence in excessive concentrations In the working environment are apparent and whose harmful effects are lmnediate. Rather, the most serious potential problems lie with those materials whoseharmfu^ effects are long-delayed and whoa '' ' * Is in this latter category. Ve believe that it is in the Interest of our employee's health to eliminate the use of such materials whenever possible. In the case of asbestos we have additional legal and economic incentives to look for substitute materials. The OSHA asbestos standard Is a demanding one. No action level has been defined; the mere presence of fibers (regardless of concentration) in the working environment makes the standard applicable. Where airborne fibers are present we must at least do air sampling and analysis and provide special medical examinations - none of which come with out cost. Furthermore, all violation of asbestos exposure limits are classified'as "serious violations". As vs look at the overall situation, we find strong Incentives to find suitable- substitutes for asbestos - as many of our plants already have. In doing so, we will assure ourselves of a healthy working environment, eliminate the very real possibility of violating an OSHA standard (whose consequence can be costly engineering control) and eliminate the costs of special medical examinations and industrial hygiene evaluations. T. B. BONNET TBS *m/p . cc: L. L. Haisch - Vancouver I ALCOA 8/28/75 44...the fact of asbestos being a carcinogen places it in a separate category complete with emotional overtones. ...the most serious potential problems lie with those materials whose harmful effects are long-delayed and whose presence is not apparent. Asbestos is in this latter category.9' 9 109 1975 - TLV cannot be met with marinite & transite FROM w. J. BOVARD, M. D. VANCOUVER OPERATIONS RECEIVED 1975 TO- PATRICK R. ATKINS MEMBERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH COMMITTEE VANCOUVER OPERATIONS November 26, 1975 tffL- RE: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH COMMITTEE MEETING 11-25-75 - ASBESTOS FOLIOUUP The new proposed standards for asbestos were reviewed. It was generally agreed that the more stringent standards will be nearly impossible to achieve. The proposal calls for a level of 0,5 fibers per cubic millimeter. John Blessinger commented briefly on replies from Pat Minturn of Electrode and Mike Scherbak of Ingot. John Pierce will ask Bill Miner to poll other Alcoa locations regarding their use or substitute for thermocouple wire Insulated with asbestos. Bovard and Werner will ask for corporate recommendations for substitutes and/or experience in ''like-usage*1 of asbestos products, at other locations. Bovard will request Don Wooden, Purchasing, to continue supplier information quest for substitutes. Wooden will attend the next meeting in January. R. J. Hosfeld will expedite transition from asbestos paper plugs to foil In siphons used in tapping. Ed Skovyra agrees the new * marlntte shaping operations. Transite use in pot ducts and water lines was discussed briefly. Bill Moore has acquired i fiberglasspubstitute which will be recyclable in interleaving on age ovea visa *riTCfiT-l2 stock. It may be acceptable but imposes handling precautions to avoid skin irritation. Education and instruction will be in order for employees expected to handle the substitute. Bill assures us of increased effort to comply with handling and disposal of residual asbestos paper expected in use while evaluating the substitute. Asbestos monitoring in that site has failed to show airborne contaminant but the standard implies prohibitive protection, monitoring and surveillance routines which make a substitute sedm economically and practically the only alternative. Another meeting is to be scheduled in mid-January, W. J. BOVARD VJB:fh . . Copies to: G. H.-Walter, G. P. Nelson, B. W. Moore, M. D. Wooden, E. R. Skowyra, t n i ftthing - fill. ALCOA 11/26/75 "...the new TLV will not be attainable in transite and marinite shaping operations. 110 1976 Pot shell linings dangerous FROM THIS COPY FOMl WATSON (PITTSBURGH) H. N. MUELLER ' SAFETY AMO HEALTH ADMINISTRATOR Rockdale works MR. D. 0. McGREGOR WORKS MANAGER ROCKDALE WORKS April 15, 1976 RE: SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE MEETING The Safety and Health Committee met on Thursday, April 8, 1976, at 3:0(1 in Room 21-B, Building 80. Those in attendance were Messrs. R. R. Sugg, Jr., E J Gaas, Finis Black, Thomas Williams, Ike Karenek, T. L. Stuller, l. G. Parsons, W. B. Howell, E. R. Goltra, M. D., E. B. Parker, E. C. Remaley, Ferro Pagliai (Vera Cruz, Mexico), and the writer. 'The following items of old business were discussed: 1 Mr L G. Parsons explained how the cool hat with a vortex tube cools * the head and shoulders. It was explained that this system has proven very effective for the spike pullers at Point Comfort Operations. Plans are to try the cool hat with vortex tube April 9, 1976 in one of the Line 7 cranes. 2 Mr R R. Sugg, Jr. reported on progress being made on the new lunch * roans in Buildings 32 and 56. It was also reported that the next new lunch room scheduled is in Line 5. 3. Rest room and shower facilities for ladies were discussed. Tentative * plans for alterations to provide such facilities were discussed. 4. The Safety Audit of the Services Department is complete and J. L. Roddy * will be auditing an area of the Potrooms in the next week. The hazardous nature of the asbestos mill board spacer strip used between! pot shells and cradles was discussed. It was pointed out that new, unused material poses no problem since the asbestos fibers are bonded together to prevent them from becoming airborne. However, after pro longed service at high temperatures, the bonding material breaks down and the mill board becomes brittle and crumbly. For this reason,' > A substitute material has been located and asbestos mill board will be phased out. We will continue to look for substitutes for all special asbestos products used. 2 The qeneral feeling toward the plant-wide Safety Rule Book is one of * acceptance. The only exception to this is the feeling that the section marked "Rules of Good Conduct" should not be in the Safety Rule Book. It was pointed out, however, that it is quite difficult to separate "Rules of Good Conduct' and "Safety Rules". "The hazardous nature of the asbestos mill board spacer strip used between pot shells and cradles was discussed...after prolonged service at high temperatures, the bonding material breaks down and the mill board becomes brittle and crumbly. For this reason, special precautions must be taken when removing potshells from their stalls." 4/15/76 ill 1979 cancer is a "tolerable" risk to Alcoa HE OBJECTIVE IS TO CONTROL THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN THE WORK- 1LACE - TO ELIMINATE OR REDUCE TO A TOLERABLE LEVEL/ THE HAZARDS TO HICH WORKERS MIGHT BE EXPOSED. THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED BY ANTI THE HAZARDS. IN DEVELOPING A NEW PROCESS LIKE THE ALCOA SMELTING PROCESS/ WE MAY OFTEN BE CREATING NEW HAZARDS. RFC0GNT7ING EXISTING HAZARDS IS AN INTEGRAL AND ONGOING PART OF I.H. THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED BY CONSTANT SURVEILLANCE OF THE WORKPLACE. AND, FINALLY. FVAI HATING THE HAZARD TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE OR SERIOUSNESS OF EXPOSURES THAT MAY EXIST. THIS IS THE HIGHLY TECHNICAL SIDE OF THE BUSINESS. IT INVOLVES SOPHISTICATED SAMPLING OF THE CONDITIONS AND SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS, BOTH QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE, OF WHAT IS PRESENT. ALL OF THIS IS IN AN EFFORT TO DETERMINE THE NEED AND TYPE OF CONTROL MEASURES THAT ARE APPROPRIATE. "The objective is to control the environmental conditions in the workplace - to eliminate or reduce to a tolerable level the hazards to which workers might be exposed." TO ACCOMPLISH THESE THINGS, THE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENIST MUST BE A Of AND IFPTifiG I SALES "JACK-OF-ALL-TRADES", HE/SHE MUST HAVE KNOWLEDGE OR TRAINING IN DIVERSE FIELDS, SUCH AS - CHEMISTRY, ENGINEERING, PHYSICS, MEDICINE, vm<. TOXICOLOGY, AND THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES. HE/SHE MUST ALSO HAVE A FAIR MEASURE OF OTHER BUSINESS AND COMMUNICATIONS DISCIPLINES. CONVINCING PEOPLE TO DO THINGS THEY HAVE NOT DONE BEFORE REQUIRES A HIGH DEGREE OF PSYCHOLOGY, HUMAN UNDERSTANDING, AND SALESMANSHIP. LABOR RELATIONS IS A FUNDAMENTAL PART OF ALL OF THIS. OF FISSION XHOTES !OW -FMENT, I RESULT. 8ERC1ES, LOPING WORKPLACE. ES,,. THESE ARE ONLY SOME OF THE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS OR CONDITIONS THAT REPRESENT OUR CONCERN IN ALCOA PLANTS, OLE IN .T-SBBP- |l WB 4/23/79 imtmnmrS: OF PEOPLE AT WOFK. 14 !'t tine :u rows AflCM 19444 Response to knowledge: 112 1979 Wenatchee - No Report PLANT ATC Davenport Lafayette Massena Pt. Comfort Rockdale Tennessee Tlfton Vancouver MOLTEN METAL MARINITE USES IN ALCOA PLANTS INGOT CASTING SPECIFIC APPLICATION AS REPORTED FROM PLANTS -Ingot casting items - Manufacturing Section -Variable head distributor float #2 DC pit -Float - 18X50 and 18X60 DC molds -Float - 12X48, 16X50, 16X43 DC molds -Float - Flow control DC casting unit -Float - 24X72 ingots #9 DC pit -Trough Plug - pouring troughs -Support - DC pits -Trough dam -- pouring troughs -Trough dam - 503 and 528 filter boxes -Skim stick - DC pits ' -Float - DC pits -Float support - DC pits -Blinder - DC pits -(Marinite board) Doorframe insulation on melting and holding furnaces -Casting tools -Insulator - part for chip melter, side bay -Headers (sanding of Marinite headers in mold shop) -Float used for HDC sheet ingot tooling, 30 complex, level flow control, cast units -Miscellaneous Marinite: Spare parts for 30 complex; insulators; inserts; bearing housings; couplings; covers; etc. -Basins for HDC casting -Pre-cut Marinite for molten metal casting -HDC headers - South Plant --DC casting floats and spouts -Headers (Note: ceramic molds replace 2/3 of Marinite heads at present time.) Vernon Warrick Wenatchee Page 2 SPECIFIC APPLICATION AS REPORTED FROM PLANTS -Marinite board (Non-asbestos Marinite now being substituted on trial basis) -Also use asbestos rope for door seals (being replaced with ceramic) -Also use asbestos--containing block or brick -Trough liners; headers (partial substitution of ' plastic trough lining continues) NO REPORT 411084 1350 FOX 041258 HAIG G. SAKOIAN 1979 May 04/eds 411084 1351 1992 Wenatchee Abatement Too Much $ f t * ) * ~ !*^ The referenced RFA for $425,000 includes $120,000 of expense to demolish the Homogenizing furnaces for the purpose of removing the asbestos. These furnaces were scrapped in place five years ago and the value has been written off. There is no financial advantage today for talcing this action. This action was proposed in an RFA a couple of years ago, and it was ray understanding that our strategy was to leave the furnaces in place until the floor space was required and that the asbestos, being contained in the furnace, posed no hazard. The main concern was that we would forget to remember that it contained asbestos and that future Wenatchee Alcoans may get into it unexpectedly. 7> 0*. Your written comment "We have to eventually do it, why not now? f It's a headache to have in the ingot plant" makes me think that ^ j $120,000 is an eynensiva ar>Sr-in whan i-h^ nnpf win go to the ... ` ,, CAP, it was not budgeted in our 1992 CAP forecast, and the company 4 }$ is struggling to make a profit and is undertaking cost cutting measures at other locations. ^ Jim, I am willing to support you in this project but X need better reasons. Would you please provide me with the fulluwi'iiy; s^-s- 1. Any regulatory statues which prohibit the asbestos to remain in the homogenizing furnaces. Vi '2. Please (^quantify the "headache* ^>f keeping the homogenizing furnaces. ,0 - 3._JEhe^proiected costs consequences of delaying the removal 1, 3 and 5 years. How may current or future regulations impact the cost of this project? X will hold the RFA awaiting your response. /yviosJj<^ M. H. Widmer c ci S. A. Quazi w. B. Mallett R. D. Huber informational copy; D. J. Carney WEN 708466 I)-' %-r % FOX 040325 u .. .an expensive asprin.. 44 . .1 need better reasons..." . .strongly recommend we do now." 114 1985 Training inadequate FROM J- DAMIANO PITTSBURGH OFFICE - 6 T0 J. R. ARCHIBALD PITTSBURGH OFFICE - 6 1986 January 07 RE: INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AUDIT FOLLOW-UP A coordinated effort was made to investigate the development of industrial hygiene programs in the twelve plants audited December, 1982 through March, 1985. Progress reports have been completed and are enclosed in chronological order. The recommendations in each progress report were extracted from the text of the full audit report; the status comments were composed by the responsible Pittsburgh liaison in consultation with the plant industrial hygienist. The plant contacts have been given copies of their progress reports. The following observations are noteworthy: o Environmental surveillance remains the weakest element in most plant programs. Inadequate environmental surveillance was reported in every audit. This broad deficiency was recognized in 1983 and attributed in part to the absence of standards for adequate surveillance. A sampling guideline was developed with input from our plant contacts and issued in January, 1985. The Alcoa Sampling Guideline is a tool for effectively managing environmental surveillance. Most notably, it provides the industrial hygienist with a method for quantifying sampling needs; such information can be used to solicit support for increased staffing. Sampling efforts have increased in Rockdale, Warrick, Vernon, Corona, Cleveland, and Badin; however, none of these locations have used the guideline to plan their sampling programs. Point Comfort has just recently used the guideline to assess baseline needs and the plant's is sampling efforts have expanded in accordance with the identified needs. Regrettably, Davenport, Lafayette, Arkansas, and Logans Ferry have not used the guideline and what little sampling is conducted in these locations is performed on a fire-fighting basis. Without using the sampling guideline, the plants are really unable to ft assess the adequacy of their exposure data. More importantly, without establishing minimum baselines, the plants frequently do not have enough data to differentiate between acceptable and unacceptable exposures. I- o Increased industrial hygiene staffing was recommended for Cleveland, Arkansas, and Lafayette- Since the audits, staffing has increased in Cleveland and decreased in. Arkansas and Lafayette. A decrease in staffing was also reported for Logans Ferry Works. Q ALCOA 474763 1137 FOX 040358 J. R. Archibald 1986 January 07 Page 2 o Inadequate instrument calibration practices remain a common deficiency. There is a continued need to issue a calibration guideline to the field locations. o Steve Roth has noted progress in noise reduction in Davenport, Lafayette, Suralco, Vernon, Corona, Badin and Point Comfort. o The enforcement of hearing protection rules remains a problem in Cleveland, while Arkansas and Logans Ferry have attained increased usage of hearing protection. o Inadequate respirator fit testing remains a common deficiency. A major exception to this is Rockdale where each employee required to use a respirator has been fit tested. o Inadequate follow-up on significant threshold shifts revealed through audiometric testing remains a common deficiency. The investigation of significant threshold shifts is fundamental to the prevention of re peated shifts and permanent hearing loss. o Each location has upgraded its health hazard training activities, most commonly in the areas of new employee orientation and hearing conserva tion. (Inadequate training had been reported in every audit.) There is a continued need to improve the management of health hazard training ' efforts (e.g. identification of training needs, planning refresher training, recordkeeping, etc.). Only one location, Arkansas, has stepped up to the task of evaluating the effectiveness of health hazard training; this is done as part of their internal CORE audits. More training is needed on health hazards specific to the location (e.g,, solvents, beryllium, etc.). Training sessions on silica and welding fumes remain a common need. o Most plants have made significant improvements in the various adminis trative aspects of their industrial hygiene programs, such as the quality of written programs, the development of materials inventories, acquisition of material safety data sheets, and the organization of exposure records. The following suggestions are offered: o Corporate Safety and Industrial Hygiene should reinforce plant account ability for adequate environmental surveillance. A structured approach could be considered with target dates for completion and reporting of baseline data for selected job classes and exposures. We will need to support efforts to increase plant staffing where more manpower is necessary to attain sampling objectives. Follow-up and reporting of plant progress in meeting recommendations made in audits should continue on a periodic basis. Each Corporate staff liaison should strive to focus plant attention on the significant and persistent deficiencies in their Safety and IH programs (e.g.. 1986 No Action on IH Audit Staff Liaison: Auditors: Audit Date: Report Issued: Joe Damiano Bob James, Joan Karas 1985 October 22-23 1986 January 31 WENATCHEE WORKS _____________________________ RECOMMENDATIONS__________ 1. Establish plant industrial hygiene objectives. 2. Increase staffing to meet Wenatchee's industrial hygiene needs. 3. Determine plantwide sampling needs to meet Alcoa's guidelines for adequate baseline data; develop and implement a sampling schedule. A. Provide feedback to employees on results of industrial hygiene evaluations. 5. Improve instrument calibration practices and records. 6. Improve lab practices for gravimetric determinations. 7. Establish a quality control program for asbestos determinations. 8. Establish a written Hearing Conservation Program listing jobs and tasks requiring hearing protection. 9. Assure that employees incurring confirmed significant threshold shifts and their supervisors sure promptly informed; investigate each STS and require hearing protection if > 85 dBA. 10. Update the Respiratory Protection Program. 11. Fit test each employee required to use a respirator. 12. Develop a comprehensive health hazard training program: - Establish new employee orientation on I.H. - Establish a schedule for basic and refresher training. - Maintain records of training sessions, their content, and employee attendance. STATUS 87/02 Nothing done in a year. Page 1 of 2 o X g w 116 (0 <0 UiNHDENIiAL ALUMINUM c=!',pANY or ***** WENATCHEE WORKS BIdg Sample No.. Operation ATMOSPHERIC TESTS Dale /J> __ Analysis For i tixJpa. J)7aIrLs .1. -<.* u. Location^. ^SpCtp SAMPLING DATA Position , Cl, Time of Semolina <> Method of Samp 11nq ^ Absorblnq Medium Suction Apparatus Rate <=3 Temperature r- 'C* to a 9<?L~ . . M S', -/_______ Duration <s> C Pressure Vo1ume ` ml min. A 1 r Vo 1 ume ;a ~C -&=*-. mmHq Collecte d bv 0 Remarks: WEATHER CONDITIONS Temp. Outside _ F Wind Humidity , percentage of Windows Open ______.___________ Remo ks: ~ -} sky . NALYTICAL DATA and CALCULATIONS Ajtfa.sU- ^fafaZfafa-J^ ECNHDIHIIAL RESULTS , pfaauj t /fa-sss- JZ.S.Jr/,./I sa) fa/3, T>tc/Paue /Ziee MasS d>*). TCNFIDENTl FOX 040811 11 fibers/cc 27.6 fibers/cc QCLfaJi /}2?/CS (lt( Oi/f'U tL, 1990-34,000 feet of asbestos pipe insulation ASBESTOS STATUS WENACTHEE WORKS - ALCOA LOCATION & DESCRIPTIONSQTY STATI IS POTROOMS NORTH PASSAGEWAY- Remove 1620 l.f. asbestos insulation from steam/condensate lines between 5 restrooms and mains. Remove asbestos from wet scrubber water risers outside the passageway. BOILER HOUSE - BLDG. 66 Removed insulation from utility pipe at East end and re-insulated. 200 l.f. INGOT PLANT - 2 HOMOGENIZING FURNACES POTROOMS CENTER PASSAGEWAY- Removed asbestos insulation from water, steam/condensate lines and re-insulated. 2451 l.f. POTROOMS SOUTH PASSAGEWAY- Removed 2676 l.f. asbestos insulation from water, steam/condensate lines and re-insulated. SHOWER HOUSE - BLDG. 49 Removed asbestos insulation from water, steam, condensate lines and re-insulated 4200 l.f. RODDING ROOM - BLDG. 32 Removed all asbestos insulation along East wall and re-insulated steam and condensate lines. 2000 l.f. Remove asbestos from the steam and condensate lines running in East-West direction in Bldg. 32 and re-insulate. 1000 l.f POTLINING-BLDG. 59 Removed all asbestos insulation along East wall and re-insulated steam and condensate lines 750 l.f Remove asbestos from the steam and condensate lines running in North-South direction in Bldg. 59 and re-insulate. 2000 l.f Completed 1991, 1993 Completed 1991/92 Completed 1992 Completed 1992 Completed 1992 Completed 1992 Completed 1992 Completed 1995 NOTE- ALL QUANTITIES INDICATED ARE APPROXIMATE OF SUSPECTED AREAS. FILE:\HOMP,QAZFPROJECTSv',SBESTOS\PI.AN WEN 108763 ASBESTOS STATUS WENACTHEE WORKS - ALCOA LOCATION & DESCRIPTIONSQTY STATI IS 9. LIQUID TAR TANKS-WEST OF BLDG. 59 10. CAFETERIA - BLDG. 81 Remove asbestos pipe insulation from utility piping and re-insulate. 11 - STORES - BLDG. 45 Remove asbestos pipe insulation from utility piping and re-insulate. 12. MAINTENANCE SHOP BUILDING - BLDG. 44 Remove asbestos pipe insulation from utility piping and re-insulate. . 13.ORE-UNLOADING - BLDG. 43 Remove asbestos pipe insulation from utility piping and re-insulate. 14. ADMINISTRATIVE BLDG. - BLDG. 80 Remove asbestos pipe insulation from utility piping and re-insulate. 15. INGOT PLANT - BLDG. 34, 34C, 36 Remove asbestos pipe insulation from utility piping and re-insulate. 16. GREEN MILL - BLDG. 54, 54A, 54C Remove asbestos pipe insulation from utility piping and re-insulate. 17. POTROOMS - ROOM 4, 6, 10, 12, 16, & 18 Remove asbestos pipe insulation from water piping running in NS direction and re-insulate. 18. BAKES - BLDG. 58, 60, 62 Remove asbestos pipe insulation from utility piping and re-insulate. 800 sq. Ft. Completed 1994/95 500 l.f. 500 l.f. 3500 l.f. 100 l.f. 2000 l.f. 1000 l.f. 1000 l.f. 7000 l.f. 3000 l.f NOTE: ALL QUANTITIES INDICATED ARE APPROXIMATE OF SUSPECTED AREAS. FH .E:\HOME\QAZFPROJFCTSnASBESTOSUT .AN WEN 108764 1985 High Dust Count v ii**--** F'R0H- / REs Recent Industrial nvironiMnnl RECEIVED 1.iun o 1985 Industrial Hygiene tS*o?,a.ir,,i5SsJ',1pfHi:":o:nhS1iRtr!p in ort minute.the_cryptic .computer codes^for the ascriptions. This mas interpretation of the data easier foor those who receive it. A single respirable dost exposur showed severe over-exposure. If unusually hinh reading (and past R.U. 5ALNICK exposure measurement made in The reai ling was comfortably a:. t1 r5* 1 > NORTHWEST alloys health INFORMATION SYSTEM ill A LIST HIS FO? THE EfMROHhEim OEPAf.niEteT FOR 5/01/85 THROUGH 5/31/35 MAh! TEFrr v, DEE L ITErtS If? C.arfit!0R ssh date depti job or task 534-58-83^ 5^21/65 tt BLOG 2vlB COBTAWIMEHT RESP DUST LEVEL "Ri A HG/NS FOX 040355 7. OF ALLOUABLL * ism 119 1981 Marinite Dangers p,>. '4^ - ' ' . VIRGINIA L. HAMMERSMITH ALCOA TECHNICAL CENTER - B LikE" $Ue- vJa+jts ^croic- CoP'-e-^* \ C MR. ELM IN L. ROOV . Hi . .many people feel that OSHA, Alcoa Safety, and RE: ASBESTOS RE PLACEMENT - Alcoa Research are overly concerned and hence, Alcoa's ongoing policy for several replace any asbestos containing mat we are all aware, the larne.t bh.ejL^lth_aabestos contain 1TM iactured by John's Manville it~thei Plant. For the past few years, reg has been no more than 5% of thei7~? SXEej--Reedht.. grade molten metal TM,r it is rn both John's Manvilla's and from their product line and, more s materials with an asbastos-free typ fibfrefbla p*rfrm*"=e of their new fiberglass reinforced refractory bo metal marinite is certainly welcome: However, it has been brought to my , are exceedingly...slow to rtco..:,. . implement the new MtS'rieilt^Tti OSHA maximum limitations presently/ averaged over an eight hour perio/ The OSHA action level, maximum o/ monitor the persons exposed for/ ana disease. In the case of o/ short term limit is a maximum/ period. Most countries have/ we, as a corporation, can a o' IS questionable. / they have turned their ears and eves awav from citing violations such as the continuing use of asbestos materials.. .and to assume that "small" infractions (drilling, sanding, air hammer removal, etc.) should go unnoticed...Even transporting a small item of asbestos marinite can release surface fibers, Many people feel that osty overly concerned and, he/ away from citing violat/ materials when an alte^rtTfi^e^is ava -Ismail" infragfclPB? (drilling, dA . sh o u 14 ,_go....Mn notice^. AlsoTtts^otT as we, as a corporation, are not act the asbestos fibers are tied up in t hazard. Even transporting a small 1 especially in the lengths most often associated with future lung disease." [emphasis supplied]. associated with future luna'di^h^" *ne A6nqth 40 not appreciate the --s; "i"ir:::" III! alcda 410022 0001 FOX 041255 120 1981 No longer only a moral issue . VIRGINIA L. HAMMERSMITH . ' CHEMICALS AND CERAMICS DIVISION ALCOA TECHNICAL CENTER - Q "5fe.rr<-( -- Lsr Suer vJkwrs y-Olt. -3T>t5 ^ MR. ELWIN L. ROOY *4i*4i<lu H&S _ ______ Pittsburgh - ^>jiustrfarH.yfe!g6&-c?i BDD 1981 JUNE 15 EER TBB R\Nf 04 CO Cl pw H i Ss RE : --AS BE S TOS REPLUCEMBh'I' MOLTEN METAL MARINITE AIlceoa's ongoing tilLfrr| SVeril1 S'**15 n has been "to actively replace any asbe Ih. I 9 naterial herev,t possible". is we are all aware, fcks~lax3a3t_usage of^such materials bv Alcoa ha. still been with a factured by Jo'hn' plant. For the p has been no more than 5% of theirtjtlf-S^tf'^ "f"116 type-,----h--e---a--der grad^SSltsnjSital marinite. no III'. it is in both Joh n'li"ra^1*'S and AT^ ` interest to removCeertainly, from their produc interest ai"etos?irrrt,,Spaifia^y- t0 r*E>l* =re*mtohvee these materials with an ype prior to any government edict. (a rciu" ---metal marinite is certainly wa1:L 1t' * the re^ular grade molten However, it has been brought to my'attention oper*'lio,'5 - -ire exceedingly slow to recount- - ?------------ that Hg.....j^-..o9.ccaactriopnnss implement the new material --5-^^tSL-g.hange quibklv and t-n Mr. Elwin L. 1931 June 15 Page 2 Rooy to these practices. Hence, I do not feel personally that removal and proper disposal of the asbestos containing marinite wh-t^w ,, be replaced with a- mio"re safe "mat*eria*l Ainil uouurr ooppeerraa1t1ions! longer only a morraall '^w^ssuuse"^aannd d+tobetakenllahtiy. items of premium gra be exempt due to the really limited to on cautiously: 1 Shee 2. Hun t 3 . Smal 4. Tool The pursuit of our e^"12 takes on increai items from the list stos marinite which should temporarily *h*iity of the asbestos-free grade are n<3 necessarily must be handled very (Tennessee Badin) 'Uth (Badin) srs (Vernon) and Warrick) Marinite H and Pyrotek -toval of those few However, your assist, can more swiftly att; free materials all Certainly , the seriov effective September 1 operations and needs a corporation, ^fel_e--asbe stos- e program, finite OSHA maximum averaged ova The OSHA act "Hence I do not feel personally that removal andmonitor the and disease. short term 1 period. Mos as a cor proper disposal of the asbestos containing marinite, is questiona Many people overly conce. which can be replaced with a more safe material inaway from ci materials wh< JlsmaiO- should ao gp as the asbestos our operations, is any longer "only a moral issue" and hazard. Evei release surf; associated wi to be taken lightly."do not apprec ALCOA 410022 0001 "*10022 0002 FOX 041255 FOX 041256 STOP 122 1933 NSC Invisible Dust The Mechanical Control of Medical research has shown Occupational Diseases us.. .that the dust that is most By DAVID S. BEYER* dangerous, through its deep H HKvhank--! control 0/ industrial Tdicy* r.innnj be covered adequate ly in a single article; ail we Both the engineer and the physician are needed in protect ing the health of the worker and the pocket hook of the i.ni hojk' d> do is 10 touch upon a few employer. In this article Mr. Boyer presents the engineering ..1 ilu' imp-'rum points encountered by ... n;i managers liu an* sirrgclin'.; side of the problem. In the June issue Ur. V. Irving Clark inhalation into the lungs, is so small ,, -;i ;ii.- problem today. disen>sed ii fn llir point of view of 1 pin j ii : ,.r>- .m'iiic ioriy ditTcronI discards ,, Ih-Ium'I in 1 he compensation acts of v;iriiiiij Anvririui states; in Ma$s.i- that the individual particles areU hen the subject of dust is mentioned 1 slops t(j figure how many 13-gram be .lui^-iis. fonnecticut and several other most of u probably think of visible par ties are contained in a ton of this du: one- there is no definite list of diseases ticles. In fact, much of the dust re its potentialities are appalling, rl..ii an- er.mpensjted, but these diseases are (.awitlered as "personal injuries" 'iixler the l.nv and compensation is paid moval work, even by companies special izing along this line in the past. been directed at this form of dust. first need is to get rid sary accumulations, an< p^h invisible and can only be seen by uii!-u; any specific schedule of disease- Medical research has shown as. how Many of these diseases are of y ever., that the dust that is most danger Inijueni occurrence. Probably most of us outride the medical profession have iM-vrr pvt*n heard of'`{ionioma K.amassi" ous. through its deep inhalation ini; lungs, is so small that the indivklul tides arc invisible and can only be the naked eye if they are gathered in African boxwood) on "miner's nystag by the naked eye if they are gathered to mus." which appear on some of the sute li.-j>. A half dozen of the more iml',,rum rlisenses. however, will protuhly M-r ninety percent of the total pay- a dense doud, which may have the ap pearance of a gray fog. We are told that the amount of dust found in the lungs o( miners who have rid of the dust 1 by occupational disease c case with many industrial concerns'"? dav. a dense cloud, which may have the iiN-rr- I --ins made thrdughnut industry , died n7*~*rilifosis is aimut 13 grams', or" me ail ndit.-iri.il diseases today. approximately halt :m ounce - about An analysis of approximately $300,000 enough to till a ten-rent soda-mint hoi tie. **' ).<*$ nf one insurance company dtiine a ecnrrai workmen's compensation and Microscopic Menaces In 1 where there i called "dusty" trade employing onl about 2000 men on an annual Uasi there have !>evn 92 occupational disea: claims during the ITHii 1 hiil ilili fr appearance of a gray fog. liability business, for recent industrial Some idea of the problem of collecting year |wril (6$ of them" livase claims, showed 5* per cent for such infinitesimal panicles may be had permanent total disability) wi? 1 ^lies involving pneumoconiosis (inrlud- when we further learn that these 13 bined losses of nearly S300.000. --!XU.^liC(ess. nsl>estosis. etc.1 26 per cent grams contain some 20 million million In some industries the cost of indus (r find poisoning. 9 per cent for various particles; many of them ar*. about the trial disease is now four f..rnw dermatitis, 5 per cent for benzol. -:rv! ;]'> rr.-mnininc 6 per cent for scatter ' -.1:^5 such as carbon monoxide, carimn tetrachloride. chrome and chlor ine, size of the tiny globules oS tarry sub stance that make up ngaret smoke, that is. about a hundred thousandth of an inch in diameter. If they- were equipped with legs they could march fifty abreast that of ail other indu combined. Many concer serious occupational disea lending over a perio3 themsdves virtually ur .. .it is better to spend the money and ^e will accordingly look at the sub- through the hollow center of a human cause of the heavy Ijabi 'n:t from the standpoint of these few imrrtant causes, bearing in mind that the r"st |r"port.mt nf all is covered by the ~ener.il heading of pneumoconiosis, or hair! So little has the seriousness of this hazard been appreciated in the past that it is not uncommon to go into a plant that has been built up at past exposure. A Matter of Sclf-Pr effort in getting rid of the dust than to 'lii.-av- ,'-`>usel by dust. Of these dis- and find four nr five tons of this fine It follows, therefore, th tin- nmu serious come from inhnl1- 'I- `ilii a fmmrl in sand, granite dust, dust which has floated in the air and settled on the r>f iru-svs anil overhead structure; of the building. Here Ii mav of seV-preservaiinn plant dustries must start iinmer prehensive proc be overwhelmed by occupational ix* dislodged by gust* of iir or vibra will at least check the d tions from moving cranes, etc. U one new cases. In general, the most disease claims, as is the case withrnrrrci a dust hazard is t many industrial concerns today. 1935 NSC Invisible Dust 17 No Half Way Measures in Dust Control By ARTHUR S. JOHNSON (tm/onl tu the Manager, Kitgtntrrtng Stepartmrni. im/ricajt MBfltsl Lultililfi Iniuranee I'ompanu O t <ATROL it> dust hazard to Tthe extent of making the occur rence of pneumoconiosis improb able. industry mu't do much mure than Dust control is not an event; it is a program that requires concentrated day-to-day attention buy mechanical dust removal equipment and set it going. With it there must be al to the amount of silica in the air not produce disabling lung pathology, set up a routine ni check and double breathed. A new ray of hope lies in yet we are faced with the farts of claims check, perhaps whole new operating some fairly good evidence that there prosecuted successfully. Quantity of practices and a sharp definition of re may be mixed dusts in which such dust dust, rather than Quality, was doubtless sponsibilities. f'his all boils down to as limestone, gypsum, coal, hematite. responsible for any ill health. Some day-lu-day iitenium t<< a program ne- ! lay or cement dilute the silica hazard -tale regulations require dust exhaust daned upon t inntr ranee health con- and produce less physiological reaction macfiinetv on fume operations. We ^ercution policy. Half-way measures un than the silica content operating as pure mu -it. tnereiore, include for control some related to each other won't work. Nor quartz alone. lusts which hv nature mav not be harm i< this i "done unre. done forever" A second group uf dusts produces ful. ` affair. [Just concroi is not an event, it somewhat the same dinicai picture as i >ur fourth grade of hazard is tuber Experts seem to be in rather general agreement about tour grades of pneu moconiosis hazard. First, quartz caus ing leal jilicoiis. a serious solidification .if the mass of the lungs by fibrosis or growth ot scar tissue. It takes years to get started, but once started is progres sive, a condition which will not stop and cannot ! cured. After exposure uf IS. 'o nr 25 years, men in certain trades ac . umulate this fibrosis uf ihe lungs which silicosis in its early stages, yet the x-ray of the chest shows the shadows pretty much confined to the lymph ducts. The damage appears not to be so serious as silicosis in many ways, particularly in that it is not progressive nor does it pre dispose to tuberculosis. The dusts pro ducing it certainly should be classified as absorptive and therefore harmful al though not in the same category as quartz. There is no question but that lessened lung capacity results from them culosis. Tuberculosis is a disease caused ny a uerm. and probably more useful wurk has been done to control this disease than almost any other. From time immemorial the dusty trades which we now speak of as having a silicosis hazard were always among the danger spots lor tuberculosis. What we now know is this: that silicosis makes a first , lass place for tuberculosis to thrive in ,ind kill the patient oft much earlier than wouid silicosis alone. Opinion seems to lessens their capacity tor physical labor. after long enough exposure but it cer lie mat perhaps simple silicosis un It makes them short of breath and -aiues ..crtain well-defined clinical symptoms. Xrav of their chests show characteristic snadows. A few of these men die us a direct result of this condi tainly takes more dust and more time to lower capacity for work. Asbestosts tails in this group and apparently simiiar con ditions develop from exposure *o ex cesses of many mineral dusts relatively . `implicated by tuberculosis may seldom lie fatal, blit shortens the working life t the victim just as angina, xrteno - ierosia. and such degenerative diseases do. tion. low in free silica content. Mthuit'b iew -d them h,t\e their sin ihe other hand, we may expect imni 'ubercuioMs ,,nv >( two ihings. ph\ su.al capacity tn wurk lessened even in i S or 20 years, thpre may be actual lung impairment which predisposes them to tuberculosis. The iause of this sili- i. -ilica us free quartz, not com Inert Dusis A third group of mineral dusts may he harmless in reasonable quantities. l'he result of work by some investigators jin*:. a man brings tuberculosis, no mat ter how dormant it may be. into a dusty t rade, he mav reactivate the tuberculosis inti have his case diagnosed as 'aggra vated hv" the dust: or second, hv get bined with cither elements in the form oi -dicates. but 'he uuariz as found tree m aranitf. md in it^ purest natural form as dint and canister. The studies made ot many cases ot silicosis and the exposures which has been published recently indi ate clay, talc, emery and carborundum lusts to be inert. In some animai ex perimentation these dusts did not pro duce fibrosis. Contrarily, there have ting .-.imple ,%ilicosis or perhaps other pneumoconiosis, and then untracting im'Kuiois irom tubercular a^auuates i-ithcr it work or elsewhere, die uf tuber uinsis superimposed on silicosis, luber- which caused them in the rock indus- been claims for disability from workers i.ufosis associated with silicosis does not mos. -und grinrfme industries, fire >sho alleged that the exposure to these respond well to treatment. Regardless brick making, etc., have shown that the yme dusts caused their ailments. Ex ut the fact that tuberculosis is an infec hazard is silica and that it is pronortion- perts state that these dusts generally do tive disease not necessarily occupatioQ- SEPTEMBER. 1<1* t8 al. wo must face this fact, that tubercu losis in so uticn the disabling result <d bust expo-ure, that dust < ntroi must include tuberculosis control at the same loading a cubic foot, This means that if it is found necessary to exhaust the dust at US point ni origin so that that which gets into the breathing omc -u the workers will be 5 ur fewer million invisible motes in each fool oi space, we ihir.gs oy arbitrary standards, I Dux, which jic known in be iargi-lv .iLittz. )U to too per cent, anun r-pri-wnti hie tjnos. and ijnJ urines wnirli .ire ustti m molding '.petitions, ;unj hl-utinfi "ptijlioii', ihrasive pulverizing, gunister brick mixing and ..ther such operations. Can well be grouped tor Measuring the Hazard Summarizing, we have three nust haz ards: 111 quartz, which produces true ,'dicosis -- .t progressive, tung-disabling disease; i 2) some dusts which produce ,t pathology which usually is not serious and not progressive after exposure stops, yet a pneumoconiosis none the less, and ti) some dusts which para doxically are probably relatively harm less, yet have been the claimed basis for tuberculosis and other disabilities. In the absence uf adequate diagnoses, occu pational histories and a more satisfac tory method of adjudicating claims than prosecution at common law. we must conclude that it is necessary to find a practical method for controlling all min eral dusts. Let us now see whether it is necessary to give them all the <ame de gree of control. We have learned that the siiicosis haz ard is measured by the amount oi siiica in the air breathed. This means that with but few exceptions it is directly proportional to the amount of dust in the air and the percentage of silica that is in the dust. The studies which have established the safe limit, or tolerance, nr threshold limit for continuous expo sure without deleterious effect, have ar rived at 5 million particles of quartz, dust per cubic foot of air. none of ' ' dust is larger than 10 micra ii think we reed to digress for to visualize what is particles of dust of sud know it is invisible to the have visib ustoi has exna ni tl ualii least somt it di R< repe; as tl the the verst may limit quar I think we need to digress for a moment to visualize what is meant by 5 million particles of dust of such tiny size. We know it is invisible to the naked eye because it takes 15 to 20 times that much to cause it takes 15 to 20 times __ to produce a haze, and even th: visible as particles of materials, particles, therefore, are so small as to1 produce a haze, and even thwart imagination. As one looks across a dusty room and sees great gobs of dirt floating in the air. -.ettling out rather rapidly, ur being blown around by draft currents, he ii tr>id that that is not the oust we are talking about. The ianger lit*a in such tiny particles that they could be run be tween the bearing and the shaft v>i a xv-ry fine machine and not touen, for a micron is roughly ,00004 uf an inch. Five particles of sand, each piece m small as to be only .02 of an inch >n diameter, pulverized down to f. micra. makes just that S million particles for that isn't visible as particulates of materials. nut. Also much evidence indicates uiac petrographic analyses of the smaller sizes is impossible. It seems to me that, without being contradictory either in attitude or results, we can simplify -ontroj machinery you want to find out wjjat tj,e hazard is and how much. The f,rst thought would lie to take dust < Please turn to pa^c 4# > NATIONAL SAFETY NEW? 124 1936 National Safety Council Knowledge re: invisible dust Occupational Diseases 118 Ticcnty-fifth National Safety Congress FRIDAY MORNING SESSION October 9, 1936 session was called to order by the --urian.' Dr. Hart E. Fisher. Yice-Presi- c*Tor Health, National Safety Council, and Chief Surgeon, Chicago Rapid Transit Co., Chicago, who presided, introducing the speakers. Tbe Lesser Known Facts About Common Occupational Diseases By DR. ROBERT B. HUNT ' Medical Advisor, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston Probably the leader in the parade of bdustrial diseases is an acute or chronic sissstation of the skin which we call ttjxatitis. This disease may present ititf a any type of shop, factory or foun All cases of dermatitis cannot be cured by eliminating offending foods, but fur ther investigation aiong these lines may ffif ' ' lo: and symptoms of lead poisoning. But imagine the surprise of that supposedly cured person when years later, perhaps following some type of infectious disease or the excessive use of alcoholic bever ages, He awakes to find that he suffers the aches and pains and paralyses of an acute lead poisoning. As the body fluids alter lead that it may be deposited, so may those fluids attempt to de-lead the body, and too rapid absorption may pro duce the original disease with all its dis comforts. _ One can readily see. then, that in some cases investigation of previous occupa tions is quite necessary to determine the original contact with lead. Heating of molten lead causes a black scum oi lead suboxide to form on its sur face, and the heat from the metal dis burses the fine powder into the air. i-t in thff process of smelting ores nose and mouth. The smaller the dust (the size of smoke particles for example the greater the speed of absorption ^ the blood. Fumes from hot metals carry not only poisons but numerous minut* dust particles. This explains the irica. parities occurring among those engage in acetylene and electric cutting *0(j welding. When men are so employed over a prolonged period of time, the constant inhalation of fumes and dust might produce symptoms of the metal upon which they work. In the ship, building trade, particularly in the construccion of metal ships, we find occa sional cases of metal-fume fever. 'Brass chills'' and "spelter shakes" from zinc are names applied by the lay people to such diseases. The terrific heat ap plied to some of our common metals and alloys by acetylene torches produces suf ficient fumes to cause a temporary inca- dry. Any paste, powder, gas or liquid *-cii comes in contact with the emjLyee's skin, even the water supplied by .. .asbestos work.. .and many other occupations offer town in which he lives or works, may ie ie potential cause of such a skin csrzrbance. Toe wide diversity of causes together wxa the varying susceptibility oi diner* opportunities for employees to inhale microscopic at individuals makes the problem of scutrol difficult. . ifrch investigation is under way to irttmine why one person may be sus dust particles and create a foundation for future ceptible to a certain substance while an other :s not. It has been proved many uses that a poisonous substance formed :tbin the body has been able to prolong incapacity tie action started by some external indu ce. A printer developed a marked cerxatitis from ink which persisted for ^*0 years. Finally food tests were made aai showed that he was susceptible to '*m:ce, which, when removed from his i-e cleared the skin. He returned to his occupation without a return of symptoms. Tee poisoning of allergic substances is cs^ailv an accumulative process. It takes c=2 to produce a manifestation of dts^ie. but let any other substance cause disease, and the irritating food may "*_ot sufficient strength to magnify its action. others who continually come in contact with metallic lead. Lead in any form, introduced through the mouth, acts rather slowly when com pared with the ir.haiation of lead dust or fumes. However, no matter what the portal of entry may be. lead is acted upon by the body fluids and so converted that it . may eventually be deposited with in the bones. Those bony sa^c deposit vaults may retain their lead moments for days or for years, and if the JtxpbSwe is removed, may also free- the^Vmployee of all signs 117 omiutn Chromium is a metal widely used as a foundation for colors, and dusts, from its various salts may produce lesions of the skin and mucous membranes of the nose. Chromium plating by electrolysis may cause fumes which are similarly irritat ing. Although chromium poisoning does not usually cause death, the number of davs of absence from work on account of incapacity which it causes is gradu ally increasing. Other AletaU The most efficient po.'tals of entry of foreign substances into the body are the We are interestetFparticmany in cnose men who work with sandstone, quartz, flint, granite, and sand, because they ex pose themselves to silica, and the chem ical changes between that dust and the body fluids, in the presence of tubercu losis. may and usually do lead to a fatal ending. It is safe to say, in light of our present knowledge, that the action of other in organic dusts is much less virulent and incapacitating. That, however, does not allow us tjjjhoft'en the vigilant methods to improve Jtest control and protect em ployees, fcSicause all dusty occupations are potential trouble makers. 125 T 0U0C..-1 0000L5