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Tbe lotter shipped today because of demand for means danger point is reached at which fjc ,gcctri by l. ond type ol pul- prepared sixes for domestic stokers, cool must be withdrawn. For storage and by teed lxc, moitturt and etc. Screen openings usually designate details, see POWER, Sept. 1042, p 643. fl^fTT1J. The operator ahould check sixes. A "2-in. nut-and-*lack" nor Sompllnq. Coal composition varies Savior of coal* In hia pulverixer mally means all coal passing a 2-in. within o given seam or mine ond even tiiinit otondard indlcco to establish screen; amount of different sixes pres between points several feet apart on t ^ilon between puiverixer perform- ent moy vary widely. Occasionally a the face. Although shipped from one .pee and grindebility. limitation is placed on percentage of point, coal composition varies from Ccfclaff' CthlNo- Coniidereble confu- fines. So-called befwaen-screen sixes cor to car and from one part of a car iion exists regaining proper use of these (everything passing one screen ond re to another. Understanding the nature two terms. Heating coal drives off voU tained on another) give a closer idee of all these variations makes it possible tile matter, leaving behind practically unless spread between screens is large. to use laboratory tests intelligently. .part carbon. Thit is coke. It may take Cool sixe affects fuel-bed nature, To begin with, a laboratory analysis, 'lb* form of small powdery particles draft required, density of coke formed, according to approved standards, rep or may fuse into lumps of varying site amount of unburned-carbon loss. resents within an extremely small sd strength. Swelling may occur. In commercial coke-making, "coke" gen- PREPARATION, STORAOB margin of error characteristics of the sample on which it is made. How well colly refers to lump* of marketable Col Preparation. Many producers the analysis represents the lot of coal , |im;cofc/nJ coals make them. now offer cleaned or washed coals as Involved depends on sampling meth Coke formation, in one shape or an- products having a higher value to ' ods. Until recently, sixe of gross sam . other, represents on intermediate com users. Cleaning or washing removes ple wet thought to be of major im bustion stage in any fuel bed; the dif impurities and so lowers ash content; portance for accurate sampling. ference lies in whether a plastic stage it also tends to reduce sulphur In the Recent research shows accuracy of occurs and lumps of coke form. Coals form of pyrites and raise ash fusion. sample depends on number ond sixe Ihst become plastic and form lumps Treating coal with refined petroleum ol increments composing it rather than or masses of coke ere called caking oils of 100-600 asu, or blends of petro on its weight Proof of this point makes coals while those that show little or leum products, allays dust nuisance in possible use of much smaller samples ao fusing action are free-burning. handling by eliminoting most of the ond simplifies reduction of gross Caking properties of a cool ond the fine dust and much of the coarse. sample to laboratory dimensions. * nature of the coke masses formed, (sixe, Treatment remains effective more than * itrength, etc.) are valuable indicators a year, even in outdoor storage. Expe SAMPLING PROCEDURE /of behavior.in fuel beds. A recently rience seems to show that oil treatment New ASTM standard distinguishes adopted* test measures free-**e//ing reduces both moisture absorption of between "commercial1' 'and "special- Mu end 0 proposed test determines coal and freexing troubles. Tests show purpose" sampling and bases sample Aiihitineiinf value, an approximate it does not increase spontaneous beat sixe and number of increments on coal measure of that material in coal that ing, nor appreciably affect burning. sixe end expected ash content Note fuses and becomes plastic. Startup. Coal exposed to atmosphere that increment refers to quontity of SIZING. OF COAL combines with oxygen, liberating beat cool obtained by a single sweep of the Such slow oxidation is colled weathei- sampling Instrument; where possible list Srobltlry. Ability of coal to resist ing. It dulls the appearance of cool, cool should be sampled while In motion. breakage Is lisa stability; its opposite eauses reduction b sixe. impair* firing The standard provides for mechan . b Mobility, the tendency to break or and coking qualities, and lowers heat ics! sample preparation ond subdivi - crumble into smaller pieces. Where ing value. These changes are practically sion by large.and small riffle aamplera ' plant conditions make slse an Import unnodceable for anthracite, ond slight like those used in the laboratory. Com ant factor, friability must be consld- for most bituminous coals. Low-rank mercial procedure is designed so 05% ered to get 0 rough idea of the difference bituminous coals and lignite suffer of test results fall within plus or minus Ufcely to exist between slxe as shipped more markedly. Loss of heating value 10% of ash content of coal templed. sad as fired. A8TM has two tentative over 0 5-year period might run 1-3% Correct determination of ash value in lots for these complementary prop- for West Virginia and Pennsylvania dicates accuracy of other results. ' cities: (|) drop-thatter test indicates cools, 4-6% for Illinois. Knowing how closely a given analy f- resistance to breokage from ordinary If heat liberated by oxidation is con sis represents a given sample and lot haadling (2) fumbfer test, the effect of fined to a small ares, temperature rises, of coal, we need also to know how n**gher handling in mechanical con- increasing reaction rote. This cycle of reliable one test may be in predicting Vtywi, feeders, etc. rising temperature and faster oxidation the average for a series of shipments, Amltrociit Hit*. Standard sixes are: continues' until "hot spots" form ond or, if average quality Is known, what [i broken, patting a 4H-in. screen, re spontaneous combustion occurs. variation might be expected In Individ- fined on 3V*-in.; egg, 3V* to l%o; To guard against such troubles: (1) ual shipments. Recent research shows Mo*#. IM* to m; chestnut, m to ?Ms; Remember that small sixes pack tighter that for bituminous coals of less than *** *Mt to 9to; No. I buckwheat, %s end present more surface, making theth 9% ash, one-half of ash determinations Mt; No. 2 buckwheat rice, %e to Ms; likelier to heat. (2) Avoid piling coal depart from the average by no more J buejkwhea* (ber/ey), Ms to 9is. in hot weather or in a heated spoce. than 0.5%; for coals of more than 10% \ Cufm or river coal is refuse from (3) Don't crush before piling, ond ash, deviation is about twice as much. . gening anthracite into prepared sixes. watch pile closely during first three Common sense indicates that one . ^ now often dredged from riven months since fresh surfaces oxidixe test from one sample from one ship * Which it was originally dumped. more readily. (4) Avoid segregation ment is a poor guide. Statistical studies bbvtHnwj Slit*. There is little stond- of sixes by building the pile up in show that an average of ten shipments r of either screen openings or layers, leveling off and compacting U three times as accurate os a single |. liven to sixes. Run ol mine is each. (5) Check pile regularly, espe test while an average of 20 tests is 4.S , rj***tened coal as it comes from the cially S to 8 ft below the surface of times as accurate. Beyond 20 tests, l.*"*; 0 steadily decreasing amount is the flanks--temperature over 140-150 F gain in accuracy is small. 'PWlI . Dtctmbar 1946 <747} M