Document rnpYd4EwRpDvZqEg3peEK507

A. AKHUAL MEETING 0? THE MEMBERS OF TEE l ead in d u st r ies as so c iat ic m Chicago, Illinois Kay 2-3, 1961 The annual meeting of the members of the Lead Industries Associa tion vas held on Tuesday and Wednesday, Hay 2-3, l?6l, at the Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois. Hechers Present >Suc Adler William R. Black C. K. Ccnard Vincent E. Doroan A. E, Lee, Jr. John J. Lennon David T. Steele Jean Vuillequer ?.. D. Bradford K. H. Brovraell A. J. Phillip Sloan D. Strauss Carl A. Underhill Carl A. Underhill, Jr, H. L. Young Richard A. Young Frank Hurless Roland J. Lapee Herbert Weed Frank P. Barton Julian S. Bers Frank Green R. J. Hopkins Otto F. Bauer H. V. Ealtoa John Rathjen V. C. Kiscock A. Y. Bethune Roger H. Cutting H. E. Elmore Sidney R. Cl11 W. G. Hevltt George A. Larson Harold E. Ice C. E. Scbvab Representing Allied Smelting Carp. American Metal Climax, Inc. do do do do do do American Smelting St Refining Co. do do do American Fine, Lead St Smelting Co. do do do Hie Anaconda Co. do do The G. A. Avrll Co. Bers 4 Co., Inc. Broken Hill Associated Smelters Pty., Ltd. do (C. Tennant, Sons 8: Co. of N.Y., Agents) do do (Consolidated Zinc Carp. Ltd.) The Bunker Hill Co. do do do do do do do i i1I |Ws& J ^a^^miKi^fS^m<mw ,'t ii^K^^.^^'tiiyfj^ LIA211A0 ii Annual Mectlr^ Minute# -2- Kay 2-3, l?6l I. L. Barker Cerro Corp. Ivor Thompson do H. T. Fargcy Consolidated Mining J. fbeltlng Co. of Canada, Ltd E. H. Gauiochi do R. Hendrick* do A. E, Turnbull do C. B. Andersen Deleo-Reray Dir., General. Motors Corp. S, F. Killer do C. E. Bassett Dixie Lead Co. D. R. Carter The Eagle-Plcher Co. John B. Vade do K. W. Green The Electric Storage Battery Co. E. R. Anderson Ethyl Corp. J. A. Costello do Harvey D. Ferer Aaron Ferer A Sons Co. Richard J. Propst do R. A. Gardiner, Jr. Gardiner Metal Co. Willard F. Haas Haraond Lead Products, Inc. Peter Murphy do V. P. Wilke, XU do George H. Eddlenan Inperial Type Metal Co. Ralph V. Johnson Mac Gregor Lead Co. J. V. Murph Murdock Lead Co. John Jennings Rational Lead Co. Jirett A. Tomey do Vllliaa J. Welch do Willlon A. Onkey Olln Mathleson Checlcal Corp. J. J. Sharkey do Francis Caneroo St. Joseph Lead Co. i Robert F. Doelling Charles D. Henderson do do ViIlian F. Hoffcann do Charles R. Ince do V. T. Isbell do Carleton C. Long do Donold K. Lourle do J. W. Sherman do John G. Wehn do J. Icbe Soclete Kiniere ct Metallurglque de Penarroya John K. Palner (international Selling Corp., Agents) L. A. Creglov United States Ctaeltlng Refining and Mining Co. Occar A. Glaeser do Daniel J. Herts do G. Howard Le Ferre do C. G. Rice do F. C. foyers do F. L. Warner do Howard Hovasel Victory White Metal Co. Reuben Vlcncr Hyman Vlcncr A Sons Robert ft. Quenell Western Lead Products Co. LIA21141 V>-X,y--I*-? '- > ii Annual Meeting Minutes -3- i >`-V 2-3, 1961 Represented ty Proxy Alpha Metals, Inc. Heel a Mining Co. Met.tica.1 Products Corp Revnont Mining Corp. Pend Oreille Hines Si Metals Co. P.cvex'o Copper and liras a, Inc. The River Smelting h Refining Co Gliattuck Dean Mining Corp. Sunshine Mining Co. Guests H. J. Allenong C. H. Alien Richard J. Bauer Hereon Bccker-Flucgel Karl Bcnnung Philip R. Blanc T. E. Brown Donald A. Carroll Dare Chapman B. F. Dolan Bcmic Durham J. 0. Edvards Gordon Eubanks Ernst L. Frank Arthur J. Gervals R. E. Giuliani Kartin Glenday Paul Guteroon Fred K. Kail Paul V. Higgins Vebcter Hodge W. D. Horde Frederick R. Jeffrey Lindsay F. Johnson Lloyd F. Johnson J. J. Kelleber T. J. In Bounty Paul Linz K. McMillan Dick Killer J. R. O'Connell, Jr. H. F. Osternan John W. Patterson A. J. Payne E. C. Quinn Charles W. Reene A. A. Scharf Maurice D. Schwartz Dick Seligjaann A. Sepulchre Korton H. Shapiro J. A. Singnastcr James Sou thworth Janes V. Stafford George Strong R. Levis Stubbs Mortimer J. Sullivan Eureka-UiUians Co. Vitollc Battery Co., Inc. Kenning Bros. 4 Cksith, Inc. U. R. Cmco 4 Co. Chericnl Coatings 4 Engineering Co. Indu3sa Corp. Hercules Powder Co. Donald Carroll Ketala, Inc. Dove Chapman, Inc. E-Z-Go Car Corp. Ifcarl Corp. Canadian Dept, of Mines & Technical Surveys Clevlte Electronic Components Division Philipp Bros. Ore Corp. International Minerals and Metals Corp. Hydrooetals, Inc. Clinton Engines Corp. Ketal Traders, Inc. Cordo Chemical Corp. 0. S. Tyson 4 Co., Inc. Battelle Menorlal Institute V. R. Grace 4 Co. Katiocal Zinc Co., Inc. The Sew Jersey Zinc Co. Illinois Zinc Co. Hercules Powder Co. Mearl Corp. Primary Ketai it Mineral Corp. Cleveland Electric Vehicle Co. Sportscen's Service Bureau E4MJ Metal 4 Mineral Markets Bronson Instiacacnts, Inc. Dept, of Mines & Technical Surveys, Ottawa Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Australasia, Ltd. Chrysler Corp. Portland Cenent Association Philipp Bros. Ore Corp. Pacific Smelting Co. Branson Instruments HV Kcnpensche ZinkalJ. B. Shapiro & Co., Inc. SIngaastcr 4 Breycr, Inc. Union Carbide Consumer Prod. American Metal Market E. I. du Pont de Kenours & Co. Lead Development Association, London International Minerals and Metals Corp. f lr I M 5 Annual Meeting Minute# -4- Hoy 2-3, 1961 W. K. Taylor Jnres H. Thomas Walter 3. Thenas TaXenori Tocita George L. Vincent Brian Wilson Cleric L. Wilson J. 2.1 merman British Qabassy "'.'ucleonics " Cleveland Electric Vehicle Co. Mitsui Mining A Haeltlng Co. "Ceramic Industry" "Steel* Emergency Lead-Einc Cccis.lttee Miles Metal Corp. Genremnent Representatives Earl T. Hayes V. W. Hopton H. G. Iverson Denali E. Moulds Janes A. Rowland Harold Schroeder Donald Shan U. S. Dept, of Interior, Bureau of Mines U. S. Dept, of Interior U. S. Dept, of Interior, Bureau of Mines U. S. Dept, of Interior U. S. Dept, of Interior, Bureau of Mines U. S. Dept, of Interior, Bureau of Mines U. S. Dept, of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign Coesneree Lead Industries Association Staff Robert L. Ziegfcld, Secretary-Treasurer David H. Borclna. Erucc Fader Edwin D. Martin Jerccie F. SBith Sid V. Turner Eoccr S. Tetnan Expanded Research Program--LIA-A2I Schrade F. Radtke, Director A. R. Cook Samuel E. Eck Louis Kettler The ninutes of the previous meeting of April 6-7, i960 were circu lated to members after that meeting and no changes or corrections were received. The president welcomed the participants at the meeting and made three suggestions: 1. Everyone agrees that the lend and zinc producers should use their own products as far as possible. He wondered whether each company hrvl done enough to oeXe their plants aware of the need to foster this practice. Thlo he thought vas particularly important In multi-plant and product companies. f LIA2H43 Annual Meeting Minutes -5- M.ay 2-3, 1961 2. He urged each company with a long lived Interest in tine and lend to do core applications engineering, core product selling, He thought there vns a crying need for the type of marketing practiced by competitors like aluminum and plastics and that each company should supplement the vork of UA and AZI--vork is comple mentary to the Hqndcd Research Program of each association. i f 3. He asked for core ideas on research. He said initially plenty of idea3 vere available because so little had been done but that nov core fresh ideas vere required to continue the program. He suggested that each company night set up lt6 own method of collecting ideas from its organisation. REPORT 0? HCKntATDW COMMUTES FOR DIRECTORS Mr. Harvey Ferer, Denber of the nominating Cocmlttee for Board of Directors, reported for his Committee, composed, in addition to himself, of Messrs. V. B. Clancy, Chairman, J. J. Forst, L. J. Randall and R. J. Searls, and placed in nomination the following slate: Julian Bers R. D. Bradford D. R. Carter J. A. Costello V. H. H. Cranoer H. L. Day Andrew Fletcher K. W. Green F. H. Hurless Harold E. Lee J. A. Martino C. G. Rice 3. D. Strauss Jean Vullleouez Willian Wilke, III Bers 4 Company, Inc. Federated Metals Division, American Stoelting and Refining Company The Eegle-Plcber Company Ethyl Corporation Kcv Park Mining Company Day Mines, Inc. St. Joseph Lead Company The Electric Storage Battery Company International Smelting !c Refining Company (Anaconda Sales Company, Agents) The Bunker Hill Company Rational Lead Company United States Smelting Refining & Mining Company American Smelting & Refining Company American Metal Climax, Inc. Hnrcsond Lead Products, Inc. There being no further nominations, the slate vas unanimously elected. RKPCKr 07 TH2 SEC3CTARY-TRKASURER The secretary-treasurer reported to the membership on the i960 activities and plans for 1961, his report having been ciruclated to member# on April 14, 1961. See Exhibit A, REPORT OF THE RESEARCH DIRECTOR The research director and his staff reported cm the progress of 0the various research projects and others being initiated. report is available upon request. See Exhibits B, C, D. A copy of this tm ^wjs^^wrr*: L1A2U^ Annual Meeting Minutes -6- May 2-3, 1961 ADDRESSES AT MEETING The following talks were delivered at the annual meeting: Lead and Zinc In a Changing World........R. 1. Stubbs, Director-General, Lead Development Assn., and Zinc Development Assn., London Bow Mass Communication Works for a Basic Industry........Charles W, Rcene, Director of Educational Cervices, Portland Cement Assn. IJev Patterns in World Autocotive Competition........E. C. Quinn, Vice Presi dent--Sales Divisions, Chrysler Corp. Storage Battery Outlook........C. H. Allen, Vice President, Vltalic Battery Co. and President, Association of American Battery Manufacturers, Inc. Potential of Lead in Sporting Ammunition....... Dick Miller, Consultant, Sportsmen's Service Bureau Markets for Lead In the tiuclear Industry, When, Where, Why and How Much........ Jones H. Thomas, Market Research Manager, "Nucleonics" Magazine Opening "Hew Frontiers"........D. M. Borcina, Assistant to Secretary, LIA Lead Zirconate-Titonate.....Gordon Eubanks, General Sales Manager, Clevitc Electronics Components Dir. "Ultrasonic Cleaning......H. F. Osterman, Vice President, Marketing, Branson Instruments, Inc. Small Engine Ignition with the "Spark Pump'.....Martin Glenday, Manager, Special Products, Clintcnetics Div., Clinton Engines Corp. Pearl Pigments............... Bemie Dirham, Salc3 Manager, Mearl Corp. Thermoelectrics and Miscellaneous........Sid W. Turner, Metallurgical Engineer, LIA Flexible Rooa Dividers...Dave Chapman, Dave Chapman, Inc., Industrial Design Australian Developments.....R. J. Hopkins, Manager of Research, Broken Hill Associated Smelters Pty., Ltd. Lead-Epoxy Materials.....Karl Bennung, President, Chemical Coatings and Engineering Co. Leaded Vinyls.....................Fred M. Hall, Sales Manager, Cordo Chemical Corp. The Potential for Lead as on Acoustical Material...Bruce Fader, Chen.Engr., LIA Battery Pcnrered Delivery Trucks....... M. McMullnn, Vice President and General Manager, Cleveland Electric Vehicle Co. Personnel Carriers........... Beverly F. Dolan, President, E-Z-Go Car Corp. Battery Powered Passenger Cars........H. J. Allenang, Pros., Eureka-Will lama Co., Div. of Rational Union Electric Co.* ** * Copies now available to members interested. ** Copies expected soon from authors. LIA21145 Annual F,eetlng Minutes -7- M*y 2-3, 1961 AJnoimca-M/r o f k i-f c t io n o f o f t ic im The election of the following officers for the ensuing year at the meeting of the Board of Directors on May 2 vua announced: Jean Vullleques, President and Chairman of the Board Joseph A. Costello Vice President Charles R. Ince Vice President Simon D. Strauss Vice President RLZiRH ctary fWi 'W L IA21146 Annual Meeting Klnutea Exhibit A ?'.* 0-3, lybl AKKUAL RSPCSRT Of TH8 8CP.TARY- TREASU/tEW yCR THS TEAS 1^60 i f rfl l t F A copy of my annual report baa been mailed to all member*. It lirtl tha detail* of publications of tha Aaaociation produced in i960, of our advertising and publicity program*, of tha activities of our ataff, and other project* in vhich the Association has been engaged. I hope *1l of you vill find time to read it. Al*o, please take a fev minute* to look over the display* in thi* room of cur promotional material* and sceje of the new lead product* that are ccalng along. I want to reiterate Dick Miller'* invitation to any of you vho are Interested in shooting a little lead into 'he air vitkln a few minutes of the hotel and to call your attention to the electric truck and automobile which are available for inspection and demonstration Just outside. Inquire at the registration desk if you are interested in shooting or seeing the truck and car. A* a time *aver I'm not going to read my detailed report here. In stead I vant to discuss in a general way our approaches to the problem of increasing markets for lead. I say "approaches" in the plural because there are many. Generally speaking each different approach can be useful, but they must be coordinated and balanced, with each being fitted into it* proper place. In ny opinion, anyone vho thinks that magazine adver tising alone, or publicity alone, or exhibit* alone, or direct nail alcce, or technical service alone, or even research alone will do an adequate Job of increasing lead markets to any major extent is deluded. Also, anyone vho thicks that a major impression can be made without major expenditures is deluded. i At the core of the Association's program to develop lead markets is, of course, our personalized technical service. Oar technically trained staff, enhanced this year by the addition of an architect, is well versed in the capabilities of lead In many fields. It attempts to make as many personal visits to potential important lead users as possible in the course of a year and to work with then in applying lead to their problems. It conducts a vide service by correspondence and telephone, and furnishes us with the technical Information we need for our publication* and ad vertising. At best, however, each man can maintain relations vith relatively fev people in this way, say several hundred a year, and these contacts are necessarily limited to the number of men ve can put in the field. This type of personal work is exceedingly effective, if you have the right men, as I believe ve have, but it is also exceedingly costly. Somehow our message has to reach more people, and acme means have to be used to create "hot" leads for these men. aiJ .n.I jUWajsJHMjs*IM jiuaewy N 229.01 LlA?1147 . -2- Annual Report for i960 {- A somewhat analogous approach permitting contacts vlth more people ! at less expense but not so selective nor under such I'avorable condition* 1# the trade show exhibit. Thess va use to a Unite! extent In certain Industries. While ye have Tend the** sbewa useful, they must be care* fully selected and exhibits carefully plarncd; and generally contact* thu3 made require further follow-up In cne vay or another. These exhibit* aro also valuable source* of nausea of people vlth some interest In lead for our mailing lists. \ Kext ve coca to the mass approaches vhlch are dependent upon and com plementary to the personal approach. Space advertising In selected field* offers an opportunity to get a brief message to a lot of people at low cost. In technical markets I do not believe that It often results In actual sales of a product, but It can be used to sell Ideas, to create a favorable atmosphere for other means cf contact, and to yield many valuable leads for follcv-up. It can create an Image for our products snd let In* dustry kr,ov that ve are alive. It has the advantage of hitting selected groups repeatedly In a planned manner. I- Direct mail advertising, vhlch ve also use, permits us to bring a acre detailed and technical message to selected groups and Is valuable by itself or as a complement to space advertising. Obtaining and maintaining good mailing lists is difficult and costly, and In thl* our other forms of promotion are helpful. The cost Is entirely dependent on hov cany people ve try to reach In this vay and hov detailed a message ve vish to convey. r We also employ technical publicity as a market development tool. Thl* nethod is low cost but cannot be planned a* methodically a* advertising and often cannot go Into the detail of direct mall. It is, hcvever, use ful, and reprints are valuable aid* In support of our other approaches. This brings us to research, of vhlch you vlll hear much more from the next speakers from our Expanded Research Program. There Is no question of the need for extensive research In our cacplex and ever-changing economy, and our Industry Is to be complimented on Its recognition of this fact. Kov research Is of tvo kinds, that done by our ovn industry vlth the laudably selfish purpose of finding new markets for our products and that done by other Industries to solve their cvn problems or develop nev product* of their ovn. The promotional approache* ve are using tie in vlth both of these. In the first Instance, nobody today beat* a path to your door even if you do have the best mousetrap In the vorld. You have to tell the vorld, or at least industries that should be Interested vhnt you have that vlll help them. In the second Instance, broad dissemination of technical knowledge about lead will encourage others to try It In their ovn efforts to solve their problem* and tell them hov to use it most effectively. Kov all of these methods have been used by LIA for many year* in vary ing degree*. I think our Industry 1* to be congratulated In that today ve are making the broadest effort in our history. Our magazine "Lead" first sav the light of day In 1931, the same year In which ve published the book "Useful Information about Lead," vhlch was modernized and expanded In 1952 ae "Lead in Modern Industry." A lot of other literature snd r i r-' 5 -r.aM'IMirS^1^.rV-^ A--:' ' LI A21148 f f i i .3. Annual Report for i960 1 advertising has appeared in the intervening years, for exaaple, our Red Lead Technical Cccraitteo via established in I9V3, followed by it* compre ji hensive test program on paint formulations and publication of Red Lead Technical Letters, The need for carefully planned research vaa recognized in 195^ vith i* authorization to form the Technical Steering Committee, which was dona the following year. On the heels of this cause the Cable Sheathing Task Croup, also in 1955# which planned the research on continuous extrusion of lead cable sheathing and conducted negotiations for a Joint project with the John Robertson Company for a program which culminated In an agreement vlth that company to build an experimental press. This was done in 1957# and actual testing, started In the spring of 195, was successfully concluded soon thereafter. There also followed In 1955 the formation of the Ceramics Technical Committee. This resulted In publication of "Lead in the Ceramic Industries" In 1956 and a program of graauate research fellowships in 1957. Also In 1957 Battelle Memorial Institute was engaged to make a systematic study of our Industry's research needs and their report was received later In tha same year. Likewise late In 1957 the architectural-engineering firm of Skidmore, Owings A Merrill was commissioned to study posalble expansion of lead's construction applications. The report, cade In 1958# came up with preliminary information cm lead for noise control developed by Bolt Beranek and Revcan and subsequently expanded to its present precising proportion*. * In 1958 the Expended Research Program was organized and research estab lished on a much broader basis. You will hear more of that later. Con currently the promotional efforts of the Association were also extended to a point where we now feel ve have a rather nicely balanced, though still modest, promotional effort. Our industry deserves credit for its vision and strong support. Yet we still have a long way to go. My remarks would not be complete without mentioning a problem our In dustry has that Is not cocaon to most other metal Industries. It Is the toxicity of lead. Just as Important as any research and promotional effort is our knowledge of lend toxicity and our ability to tell people how to use lead safely. Adverse publicity and the fear of lead poisoning are obstacles ve have to overcome Just as ouch as any other lack of knowledge about our products. This has been an important activity of LIA for years and should continue to be, on on even larger scale.I I have presented these remarks in the hope of accomplishing several purposes. First, I think it should be on record that our industry has done and is doing a constructive Job of trying to solve Its own problem*. There has been too much criticism and not enough recognition of pro gressive efforts. Second, I hope it vill serve as s reminder that no market development tool can be neglected If ve are to succeed In our avowed purpose to Increase the use of lead, and care must always be exercised to see that all the parts fit Into a balanced, smoothly running whole. Third, I feel that our greatest chance of success lies In providing technically competent people In many Industries with all the knowledge ve can develop Hi I .' .w.Wi im m | y .w i 11| i| ly iw y m ig-iiniWf qgjl k n .u i L IA 21149 Annual Report for 19ft about our own material* and helping then to apply thi* knowledge to the development and use of their own product*. SUKMARY OF ASSOCIATION ACTIVITIES--19ft DIRECT KAIL ADVERTISDSO 1. "lead." Again this magazine dealing with a variety of lead use* va* circulated four tinea to a list of over $0,000 user* and potential user* cf the metal, carrying a total of nore than 1,200,000 individual message* about lead applications. It va* "Lead1*" thirtieth year of publication, and, for the start of its fourth decade of life, an entirely nev and modernized cover ha* been designed better to reflect the modern image of lead and to conform with the magazine' modernized layout and coverage. 2. Industrial Truck Brochure. Thi* 12-pege booklet on the advantage* of storage-battery-powered industrial truck*, which was prepared late in 1959, reached a total printing of nearly 100,000, including a German trans lation, at a cost to the Association of less than the cost of 5,000 copie*. Ihi* vaa possible because battery companies, utilities and others purchased large quantities for their own distribution. 3. Ternc Plate Roofing. A four-page flyer on the renaissance of tern* plate (1 p-id-al 1 cy coated steel) roofing was prepared and circulated to about 16,000 architects and builders. It. Sound Barriers. A technical report on the advantages of leadcontaining sound barriers vaa prepared with the assistance of acoustical consultants Bolt Beranek and IJevnan and printed as a 12-page brochure. It was nailed to about 15,000 architects and engineer* and a broad list of trade magazines. It also received a one-page review in "Progressiva Architecture." As a result, more than k,000 requests for copie* and technical information have since been processed. 5. Construction Bulletins. Two previously printed "Lead Construction Bulletins" were reprinted as the original supply was exhausted. They dealt vith lead shower pan* and waterproofing and with lead chemical laboratory drainage systems. 6. Sweet's Catalogs. Our two four-page catalogs in Sweet' Architectural File and Sweet'e Light Construction File were continued for another year. In addition, a new 12-page catalog was prepared and Included In th* 1961 Sweet'* Design Engineering File. To answer inquiries and use at ex hibits 7,000 reprints were obtained. 7. Ceramic Supplements. A new six-page supplement to "Lead in tha Ceramic Industries'1 on leaded porcelain enamels for aluminum was Issued and circulated to the 6,500 ceramists who have copies of the book. A second four-page supplement on leaded low-temperature porcelain enamel* for steel va* prepared and similarly distributed. PUBLICITY AND REPRINTS 8. Anode*. A paper on nonsacrlficlal lead-alloy anode* for protec tion of steel against corrosion va* reprinted from "Corrosion" magazine and reprint* used in answering inquiries', distribution at trade shews, nd circulation to member*. ; j I i | * i w w -j w w k j k sww "WSJ!. wpijim.il y iumsp LIA21150 i 5 Annual Report for i960 i j . Lead Dope. An article prepared by LIA vith the cooperation of, ?gr.ed by, the chief maintenance supervleor of the Hew Jersey State Prison Farm, describing 25 years of trouble-free service of the lead dace on the state prison at F.aLvay, Lev Jersey, appeared In "Keating and Air Conditioning Contractor." It vas reprinted, and distributed to sees 15,COO architects and sheet octal contractors. It Is Interesting that LIA originally prepared the specifications for this dome 25 years ago. 10. Niagara Paver Project. As a result of cooperation betveen LIA and the editors of "Materials In Design Engineering," a one-pege article on the use of lead lubricating seal# in this project appeared in that magazine. 11. Cooling Touer Antlvibratlon Pads. We vere Instrumental In the publication In "Air Conditioning, Heatingand Ventilating" of an article 00 these pads under the cooling tower of the skyscraper at 575 Lexington Avenue, new York, signed by one of the partners In the fira of consulting engineers for the building. Reprints vere obtained and distributed to 15,000 architects and engineers. Another article on the same subject appesred In "Plant and Power Servicet Engineer." 12. "The Challenge of Rev Sattery Systems." This was the title of a paper by the late C. 0. Grimes, vice president--research. Electric Storage Battery Company, delivered at the annual meeting of the Associa tion of American Battery Manufacturers. LIA reproduced it and distributed it to members. 13. Lead Welding. Hie chapter on this subject in the "Welding Hand book " of the AmericanWelding Society was revised for publication In a new edition. < lL. Sound and Vibration Attenuation. As a result of LIA cooperation vith editors of "Steel" and "Chemical Week," an excellent article appeared in each on this general subject. Reprints of both were obtained for dis tribution to members and others. 15> Technical Developments. A brief Review of recent technical de velopments in lead vas prepared and published In "Steel" magazine. l6. Battery-Powered Delivery Trucks. An article on these trucks was prepared and published in "Food Processing" magazine vith a 1*5,000 circulation. About 5,000 reprints vere obtained for further distribution. 17. lead Shielding far Portable Reactors. An article on this subject was prepared and printed in "Materials in Design Engineering." Reprints vere sent to members and our list of nuclear engineer* 18. Bearings. Through cooperation with editors of "Materials In Design Engineering" and "Design News," two articles appeared on tvo new types of lead bearings. Reprints vere circulated to members and others Interested. pWa>>i>)pira.r^eyiJ LIA 2115 1 -6- Annual Report for i960 19. Chemical Construction. A broad art!-la on tba usa of lead for chert.cal construction vaa prepared and published In "Chemical Engineering." Reprints vere circulated as & Chemical Construction Bulletin to our cam mailing list of chemical engineers and cheolcal engineering schools. 20. "Lead--Its Alloys and Compounds," He annual article co this subject vaa prepared and printed In "Industrial and Engineering Chemistry." Reprints vere distributed to a selected list of 1,600 people. 21. Value of Publicity. The value of space obtained In trade maga zines for publicity emanating from LIA end Its agency In i960, figured at advertising space rates for the editorial space occupied by the publicity, vas approximately $100,000. About tvo-thirds of this vas attributable to feature articles covering a broad range of subjects vhlch Included, but vere not confined to, nuclear shielding, roofing, storage batteries, sound and vibration control, stained glass, sheet lend, ceramics, plumbing end chemical construction. TECHNICAL PAPERS AKD LECTURES 22. Metal Dealers. A lecture on the uses of lead vas delivered be fore the Detroit Hetal Dealers Association. 23. Cable Sheathing. Technical reports of the research program on continuous extrusion of lead cable sheathing vere rewritten wet consolidated Into a paper vhlch vaa delivered by the Research Director before the fall meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Copies vere distributed to members and the power distribution industry. 2b. Ceramic Research Paper. A paper based on research supported by LIA's Expanded Research Program at Pennsylvania State University appeared in the "Journal of the American Ceramic Society." It vas reprinted far distribution to members and others. 25. Naval Reserve Lecture. A one-hour lecture vith particular refer ence to new lead uses In national defense vas delivered before a large group of Ravel Reserve Officers In New York. 26. Lesd Shover Pans. A paper cm lead ahover and safe pans vas de livered before the annual meeting of the American Society of Sanitary Engineering. -VO 27. Annual Review. The annual review of the lead Industry vas pre pared and appeared In ''Engineering and lining Journal." I EXHIBITS ARP MEETINGS 28. Annual Meeting. A successful annual meeting of LIA, with one session held Jointly with the American Zinc Institute, vas conducted In St. Louis. * L IA 2115 2 7- Aanual Report for i960 29. Trade Show Exhibits. LIA had promotional exhibit* at the follow ing Important trade shows; national Some Builders Shew Design Engineering Show national Association of Plumbing Contractors Shew Industrial Building Exposition 30. Meetings Attended. In order to maintain clos* contact with the varied group# In Industry that nay affect the use of lead, and to keep a finger on the pulse of associated Industries generally, cany meetings of Industry groups were attended. A partial list followst Signal Corpe Battery Conference Association of American Battery Manufacturers Sea Horse Institute (corrosion) American Ceramic Society American Mining Congress Porcelain Enamel Institute American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers American Society for Testing Materials Rational Association of Corrosion Engineers Rational Association of Plumbing Contractors Rational Association of Home Builders American Institute of Electrical Engineers American Chemical Society 31. Plumbers Apprenticeship Contest. At this veek-long contest held at Purdue University, LIA provided a Judge for the lead work, prizes for tbs three best lead workers, and lead materials to be used by the contestants. Also it supplied an instructor for the refresher course for plumbing In structors teaching lead work. SPACE ADVERTISDO 32. Advertising Schedule, i960. Following Is the advertising sched ule run by LIA last year: Publication Pages Clreulatlon Subject Materials In Design Engineering 6 Product Engineering 6 Enginmeering Hmevs-mReccrd 9 k Mamrine Biglnemerlnmg/Log k 2 Bulletin of American Ceramic Soc ,12 Ceramic Industry V Ceramic Ags 6 Brick and Clay Record k Metal Product Manufacturing k 31,000 12,000 81,000 81,000 16,000 16,000 8.000 6.000 8.000 5.000 15.000 15.000 Propmerties anmd muses Metallic lead for construction Memtal protemctivempaints Lead anodes Lead In ceramics Lead glazea for clay products Leaded porcelain enamels Lead pearlescent pigments Total circulation was over 200,000, with Individual sales messages totaling nearly 2,000,000. 'it 1 >e t (trial die trch ich H. D. ermine 1 al of (' cs dll ra- * era vernal .ring it Hovand LIA21153 8- - Annual Report for XyCO KTAI.TH AJTD SAiTTT 33 Alleged Lead Poisoning from Drink lr.g Water. A lawsuit against sn apart seat building owner in Milwaukee making this allegation was entered acre than a year ago. Because of the harmful effect a decision In favor of the plaintiff would have, ve have very actively aided In preparation of the defense, since the facts indicate the complaint to he without foundation. The trial has been postponed several tines since last fall, and it new appears that the plaintiff is not anxious to have the case come to trial because of the strength of the defense. 3h. Toxicity Research. A meeting of members and interested industrial medical men and toxicologists was held under LIA auspices to consider the need for research on lead toxicology and a proposal for sue! vork from Harvard, as well aa other possible approaches. The nee 1 for such research was generally agreed upon but It was recommended that details of approach be undertaken by a smaller group of experts. 35. Childhood Lead Poisoning. A grant of $2,000 was made to Hr. H. D. fwth nf t-he cinrir.r.iti Children's Hospital Research Foundation to determine lead's actual share of responsibility for mental retardation which lead poisoning in children is alleged to causa. 36. Health and Safety Rilietlna. Three of these Bulletins were circulated to members during the year. 37. Air Pollution Regulations. The trend toward state and federal regulation of the general atmosphere In commltles, much as factory atmospheres have been regulated In the past, has required close watch of developments In this area. 38. Lead Poisoning from Pottery. Two cases of lead poisoning from Improperly fired pxrttery, fortunately not serious and accompanied by full recovery, led to a vast amount of unfavorable publicity and started agitation for control of the use of lead la glazes. To forestall govern mental controls and avoid recurrence of such Incidents, we initiated a Jointly financed study of solubility tests and lead tolerances with th U. S. Potters Association under Ur. Hebert A. Kehoe of the Kettering Laboratories at the University of Cincinnati Medical School. 39. lead Poisoning In Cattle. Assistance was rendered the Southern Pacific Railroad in preparing defense of a suit for the poisoning of cattle resulting from sandblasting a lead-painted bridge. to. ASA Coccittee. We have continued to serve on the American Standards Association committee dealing with hazards to children fro* lead-containing paints. It met several times during the year. I>1. Moonshine Whiskey. LIA lodged a strong protest with the Internal Revenue Service over scare publicity Issued by that organization involving the danger of lead poisoning from drinking Illegal liquor. In this, at our request, we were Joined by the U. S. Department of the Interior, How ever, publicity had already Issued by the time the protests were made end received wide attention in the papers. I- t 1 . '----"`MS LrA22l54 ' 'x i -9- Annual Report for i960 Ug. Alleged Lead Poisoning fraa Lead Paint. Considerable assistance has been given the Delaware River Port Authority in preparation of its defense of a suit brought by several painters who allege that they con tracted lead poisoning frees spray painting the Delaware River Bridge at Philadelphia with red lead paint. 13- Meetings. Among Beatings attended in the interest of our health and safety work were those of the Air Pollution Control Association, In dustrial Health Conference, and Industrial Hygiene Foundation. Cxxr health and safety director was a speaker at the Industrial Health Conference, - which was sponsored by five major organizations in that field. hit. Health and Safety Director. The Association suffered a great loss in the untimely and sudden death of Manfred Bovditch, health end safety director for over 13 years, at mid-year. The Board has authorized his replacement, but a suitable man has not yet been located. Meanwhile the health and safety work ha* been carried on by the Secretary, as best he could, with the help of Mr. Bovditch's cony friends in the industrial hygiene field. 7 7- t HISCELLAKZCU3 Information Bulletins. Bine of these bulletins were circulated to members during the year. U6. Hew Headquarters. Tbe Secretary is proud that be was Inrtrument&i in the location ofand negotiations for the new headquarters of LIA, American Zinc Institute and the Expanded Research Program of AZI-LIA. The enlarged and improved quarters bring all three groups conveniently together on an entire air-conditioned floor laid out completely to our specifications and at a cost considerably lover (nearly 410*000 a year) than the amount previously authorized by the Board. The cove was cade c d May 2. Jr hj. Statistics. The Annual Statistical Review was prepared and circulated to members. Also the introduction to the lead section of the "lear Bock" of the American Bureau of Metal Statistics was prepared. There has been no change in regular statistical services, although effort* were made free tine to time to eliminate discrepancies in statistics emanating from various source* and to speed up statistical services. b8. Meetings. Among meetings of association members during the year, aside fren the Annual Meeting and those called by ERP, were: Board of Directors (2). Industry Development Comittee (2), Pigments Technical Conzaittee (2), Ceramics Technical Coccittee (2), Metallic Lead Products Advisory Cccnlttee (l). TECHNICAL SERVICE It 1* impossible in a summary report of this nature to give an adequate Idea of the technical aervices rendered by members of the staff fren day to dsiy by telephone, mall and personal visits. The following contacts are cited only to give a general idea of. these activities which probably oc cupy more eteff time than any other#- i 4* <jg|l9l9B.UU i = ---**1ilBXiyrg.i'^fyj` #,1#+* Li^1155 -10 Annual Report for i960 I9. Soundproofing. ISM (business machines), U. 8. Plywood Corp. (vail panel*), ii'ev Caisle Products (folding door*), Marley Co. (cooling tover*), Pemacel-Le Page, Inc. (adhesives), Mare Island Iiaval Shipyard (bull dangl ing compounds), Dave Chapman, Inc. (bo v able partitions), Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. (adhesives), Buffalo Force Co. (blowers), Cbeolcal Coatings and Engineering Corp. (leaded epoxies), 90. Metal Products. Cfcio State Highway Sept, (bearing plates), U. 8. Army Corps of Jnglneers (ICBM launching bases), Phoenix Building Products (waterproofing), Kev York Park Department (roofing), Janes W. Ruderoan, consulting engineer (Pan Aa Building), and many architects. 51. Paints. Pennsylvania and Michigan State Highway Departments (traffic carting paints). Crystal Essence Co. and Mearl Corp. (pearl pigments). 52. Koneacrlflclal Anodes. Electro Rustproofing Co. 53. Ceramics. Barrows Porcelain Co. and Monarch Aluminum Co. (porce lain enamels), 0. Ecxnoel Co. (frits), A. 0. Scith Co. (glass coatings), Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. (glass beads), Branson Ultrasonics and Clevite Corp. (piezoelectrics), E. I. du Pont de Beoours & Co. (porcelain enamels), Peaco Inc. (frits). STAFF The entire staff is to be commended for the high degree of initiative, energy, intelligence and loyalty with which it has conducted Its work during the past year. The sudden loss of our health and safety director in June vaa, of course, gravely felt, but ve have managed to meet all urgent health problems in the interim although acme of the more routine, yet important, work has undoubtedly suffered. Kev dictaphone equipment has enabled the clerical staff to handle aa Increased volume of work without increasing personnel. At the year end certain staff changes were approved In the Interest of efficiency. It was decided to replace one metallurgical engineer by an architect to p;uvide better technical service to the construction industry. It vas also decided to add one more can to work on technical publicity and general technical service work, and to discontinue advertising agency handling of publicity. Both of these changes have been made eince the first of the year, but the position of health and safety director still remains open. Ve feel that at the moment ve have a highly efficient and capahls staff. Respectfully submitted. RLX:JHH I ; J i 'f LlA?2l56 Annual Report for the t *r mo Th* Treasurer respectfully wb*Mi th# report of th# Audit of th* account* Of tha AssoCl*toa * of December >1, mi ty nadirs 4 Sell*. at follow*: HA5XIVS 4 SUIS Certified futile Accountant* 2 Broadway do* Tori A ACCOUNTmTS* QPlHtQk Hrch JO, mi load Industrie* Association; we hav* ex.*?med th* ballet *h*#t of Lead Industrial Association as of Dacer-der Jl. 19*9 and in* related staiemeri of Income. parse*. *.no reserves ar-3 supplemental schedules for the y**r tn#n noao. Our examination was made in accordance with general!/ accepted auditing standard*, and according!/ Included Sucn test* of the accosting records ana such otnar auditing procedural * * ccnilcerad ncets#r/ In in* cl rebalance*. In Our opinion, tht accorpenv i rg cal arc* xheet and statement of income, expenses, ana reserve* and supplemental schedules present f*lrl/ tn* financial position of the Association at Deceeeer Ji, 19*0 and the result* cf It* cperslion* for th# /ear then ended. In conformity with generally ac cepted accounting principles epp` I ed on a basis consistent with mil of tht preceding /ear. *as*lns l Sell* u a d i &u s t r ic s a s s o c ia t io n BAIUCC $*T. 0CCt** Jl. 1*60 Assert CASH: Operating funds [including saving* bank deposits. 8115,85).H)... ......................................................... Dnplo/ees Pension Plan Fi/td (saving* o*n deposi ts)........................ ....................................................... Total ca>n...... IMMU.IO i?t .*n.n ACCOUNTS ECl vip*.................................................................................................................................... AO^ASCtS ro* 7C**L CXPOiStS................................................................................................. a ia t r a v e l d e p o s it ............. .......................................................................................................... t o t al ACCOUNTS PAYABLE.......................... U3CvCS: Crdiner/ Fvnd............................. Health and Safely Fund...... industr/ Developn^t Fv*d.. Cp*nded Research Program.. Employee* Pansion Plan F^nfl llii.llTlESMOPfSWtl Total reserve* TOTAL t 56.07a.ft 25.81*.50 72.MI.U 218.622.07 1J?.*)5.2? 5529.2*6.87 200. 50 1,875.00 *25.00 1522.7*7.17 I 11.805.81 810,1*1.*8 5522.T*7.17 HO to: (l) Expenditure* for furniture, fixture* and equipment art not cepl tall Jed. tout an* charge* to expanse at tht tie# of purcn**t. (j) Tht a*cjnl of th* e^lO/eea pension plan fund reserve I* base* on an actuarial confutation and cover* both post service and currant ervlct co**. t i" ICAP <pg$TiCl|*SSOCuTIO s t a t d d t o f imc o w c . exposes, amo teutvet FOR TC ru* OMO 0CCMt tl, 1*60 TOTH o *o i*u *t FO*0 HUlTM a mo s a f c t y FU*0 lCHiST9T o c v q o p mc mt FtftO imc o n C: H^noer *Mp asses advent 9.................... ......................... I7J7.001.00 interest on savings bank deposits.................... . Miscellaneous (Includna sates of publ i cations)................................. Total incoae......................................................... exposes: Salaries and payroll taxes.................................... Pent and 11 aht.............................................................. . Office supplies end services................................. Travel................................................................................. Association does............................................................ OUerleiwwnt and luncheons.................................. Meetings (net of fees. SI.970.04)...................... Telephone ano telegraph........................................ .. Socks *^d subscriptions........... ,............................ Group lifa insurance................................................... Print ing............................... ............................................. MtUfn?............................................................................... Test Program.................................................................... Legal, accounting. and consultation fees.... ,010.73 i.ssvaj 7S7.M7.C8 ' 157.AOG.70 17.955.7 ft.SM9.S3 30.7*1.49 961.19 3.566.10 j.io7.*a a.vaa.a? 1.2.3.3a 1.1)1.65 *09.47 41..0C080i..0l60 5.760.?7 Conventions ara exhibits.......................................... fvmitwre and fixtures............................................... Moving anc ne space expenses............................... 70.669.11 4. *33.1J *.867.97 Cost of publications. n<t (see Sch^o^le a ).. Advertising and publicity (see Sc**0u'a 1}.. Research projects (see Schedule C).................... (ipa'set - net............................................. . 5*. 1C1.7 5 sj.ioe.ti ra.i7i.7a M3.e67.C7 *10).959.00 (25,750.00) 933.*9 47.9ft 79.569.85 78.350.7 10.019.ec 7,772.88 5.271.5 52.00 1.805.07 1.9*0.19 2.373.86 7*3.90 1,056.60 *v 9.47 1.509.75 10.158.71 2.678.04 4,071.82 3.197. > 7e.657.61 82 5,750.44 619.18 . 164.00 76.533.18 10.754.27 249.54 1.17339 7C1.50 330.59 187.21 7*4.72 433.79 133.93 761.00 3.722.9* If.488.97 8768.004.00 709.17 4*4.47 269.657.64 83.498.49 5.000.00 13.331.51 557.5C 2.130. U 8*6.*2 670.51 353.57 1.604.64 1,000.03 2.223.00 70.649.11 1,471.77 54.101.75 53.108.6) 2*0.597.76 t<ass of ii! ot tft'ists f c ?x: t u r ..... 187.700.01 *St*rtS. JAMLART 1. mo............................................. 327, 2*1. JS *.7*7.24 51.3*2.70 9.0*4.26 16.775.24 79.059.88 43.429.70 PCSCPVCS. 0CDece 31. I9i0............................. ........... ( ) Denotes red figure. '1 1 M.074.94 U a. b i * . 50 3 72.*9. M *07C: Adxin *Ual i ve expenses In the txoanoed Oesearch Program are paid, for tnenost parl,to Acencvi Zinc institute, hich handles the accounting for the program. tlPA^OCO *5tAoi 80CXAM CMAlOYCCS pt*3ic* PlAM fUMO 8365.038-00 l.m.w *66,810.64 Mr *97. J4 2.935.48 3,878.11 11.035.7: 1*8.1) 109.14 1,679.60 2*2.17 IS IS 835.8) 2.774.27 1,075.03 1.805 * 814.65 526.90 176.Ifl.78 7*1.077 *9 125.7)3.45 *2.489.67 8218.422.07 8 4.975.87 4.975.47 (lO.lM.7t) UO.lM.Tt) 15.1)0.18 127.835.09 11 J7.*93S. 77 *H'. **V*1 ( mmm * LIA21158 U0 i*0U3TltS iSWCl.TIO. svpftexmfu sctouui ro t h e u* ioto d ec eh o ei n. ih i**r................................................................ ACPr*^crp*H-r*lUnieUcTW..tC..rn.t.nl...C..-l.l..l.O.....t..t.r.ft..dt..r..f..C........o.....n.....f..l...i...c....t....I...o.....a.........f...e......l...l..f...t...t...l...f...t...f. SaHt'l CaUl^Jt.......................................... Wel` Ct)o9............................. J"6%lhelt*tildMryMnof* Hfcyr#rM*..o..O....e..^..f.t.....P...l.u...w....t.o...l..n..g...*..............,.............................................. SOvn<J Attenuating C*4ricUr!ll C9 of txT.... TOTAL, SCXEWIC * JO.*11.77 l.t'O.fJ 1,000.00 *>..70020*.4050 13*.*1 *.>51.>4 t 5*.101.75 1. *DV*T|StwC **<0 mfeUClTT A0Ptrfo*rdtulcltna&*!p*yC>..:.............................................. Const'get itm................................................... PI ......................................................... Cmci......................................................................................... lno9ci.................... ......................................................................... ToUl ilyfrllllAj production Publicity................. Appr)Oc* coMtol.... TOTH. SCMCOUU t 9.540.00 779..,7A041PS70...044C4J 2.800.11 >6,,445.20 T.,TH.|7 8 .Of7.7t tlt.TT 1 51 .10f.fl PtSfAOCM P802ECTI SCHEDULE C i Hh I ami ((Wily - * lor* UMvrlljr............................................... Pi onto t j for **tr wTuOtr v*nid4t - E*gle-Pl c*ef................. . Surf.c. c^.r.cttrt.Uc. of lf.0 - of N.ltoyfi'.................... KUCtll^ifcoi .ittrcti..................................................................... TOTAL. Sl7f.l7t.20 LI&Z1159 April 19l MEMBERS 07 THE LEAD I?fEUSTRI2S AS30CIATI05 Allied Sfeeltlng Corp. 5116 V. Lincoln Ay s . Alpha Metal*, Inc, Box 3V, Bergen Station American Metal Climax, Inc. 1270 Are. of the America* American Seeltlng & Refining Co. 120 Broadway American Zinc, Lead S Creeltlng Co. Paul Brovn Bldg. The Anaconda Co. 25 Broadway The 0. A. Avrll Co., Lead Product* Ut Lacgdon Tara Rd. fc Seymour Av*. Milwaukee lk. Vi*. Jersey City 4,!f.J. New York 20, H.Y. Kev York 5, 5.1. St. Loui* 1, Mo. 5ev York k, H.Y. Cincinnati 12,Ohio Ber* h Co., Inc. Broken Hill Associated Smelter* Proprietary Ltd. Broken Hill South, Ltd. The Bunker Bill Co. Ashland & Levis Sts. Philadelphia 2k,Pa. Collin* Bouse, Box 1291 K Melbourne d,Aust. Box 19V C, GPO Melbourne,Australia 660 Market St. San Francisco k,Cal. Cambridge Smelting Co. Cerro Sales Corp. Circle Wire A Cable Co. The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada, Ltd. Consolidated Smelting Corp. 100 Pacific St. 300 Park Ave. 5500 Kaspeth Ave. Box 1030 Place d'Armes 1*700 E. Hevada Ca bridge. Mass. Kev York 22,H.Y. Maspath, L. I.,H.Y. Montreal 1,Canada Detroit 31,Mich. Day Mines, Inc. Delco-Remy Dir., General Motors Corp. Dickson Weatherproof Hail Co. Dixie Lead Co. 2l01 Columbus Are. Box 590 Box 6625 Wallace, Idaho Anderson, Ind. Evanston 1, HI. Dallas, Texas The Eagle-Plcber Co. The Electric Storage Battery Co. Ethyl Corp. Evan* Lead DIt ., national Lead Co. American Bldg. Box 6109 100 Park Are. Box IV67 Cincinnati l,Chlo Philadelphia l,Pa. 5ev York 17,H.I. Charleston 25,V.Va. Federated Metal* Div., American Skneltlng & Refining Co. Aaron Ferer and Son* Co. The Firestone Tire h Rubber Co. 120 Eroedvcy 101-19 S. Oth St. Box F, Firestone PV. Hev York 5, H.Y. Cksaha 8, Reb. Akron 17, Ohio Gardiner Metal Co. Goldsmith Bros. Div. of national Lead Co. 1820 S. Campbell Ave. Ill 5. Vabash Ave. Chicago 32, HI. Chicago 2, HI. Hammond Lead Products, Inc. Beela lining Co. 5231 Hohman Are. Bamsond,Iod. Wallace, Idaho Imperial Type Metal Co. 3l00 Aramingo Are. International Smelting & Refining Co. (Anaconda Sales Co., Agents) 25 Broedwey Philadelphia 3k,Pa. Hev York k, 5.1. Knapp Mills, Inc. 23-15 Borden Are. Long Is. City 1,5.T. Associate Member wi P ? W > W l" 1ii'P 'if.'H iJ p IjiiiI ^la m ii _ u> y.^gpp^1tBFlfl **** w^-4 LI*21160 j i 2 - April, 19&L it Lead Product* Co. Inc. Lucky Friday 811ver-Lead Mine* Co. Boot 13V1 Houston 1, Texas Wallace, Idaho John R. MacGregor lead Co. Metalead Product* Corp. Murdock Lead Co. 1520 w. 15 et. 2901 Park Bird. Box 5293 Chicago 23, HI. Palo Alto, Cal. Dalis* 2, Texas Rational Lead Co. 5ev Park Hining Co. Bevaotvt Mining Corp. Rorth Broken Hill, Ltd. 111 Broadway 300 Park Ave. Box 1903R, GPO Rev lork 6, R.Y. Keetley, Utah Sew York 22, R.Y. Melbourne, Australia Olln Hathiesoa Chemical Corp. East Alton, HI. Pend Oreille Mines A Metal* Co. Fhelp* Dodge Copper Product* Corp. Price Battery Corp. Old Rati. Be. Bldg. 300 Park Ave. Spokane 8, Wash. Hew York 22, R.Y. Hamburg, Pa. Revere Copper 4 Brass Inc., Foil Dir. River Sselting & Refining Co. Rochester Lead Works, Inc. 196 Diamond St. Box 5755 390 Exchange St. Brooklyn 22, R.Y. Cleveland 1, Ohio Rochester 8, R.Y. St. Joseph Lead Co. Shattuck Denn Mining Corp. Soclete Mini ere et Metallurgiqua de Penarroya Sunshine Mining Co. 250 Park Ave. 120 Broadway Rev York 17, R.Y. Hew York 5, R> Y. 12 Place Vendcoe Paris 1, France West 300 Mission Ave. Spokane 1, Wash. u United States Smelting Refining and Mining Co. 62 William St. Rev York 5, H. Y. i t The Victory White Metal Co. Ryc&n Viener 4 Son* Vulcan Lead Product* Co. 6l00 Roland Ave. 5300 Hatcher St. 15l*5 W. Pierce St. Cleveland 27, Ohio Richmond 5. Va. Milwaukee <*, Vis. Western Lead Product* Co. P.0. Box 2291 City of Industry, Cal The Zinc Corp. Ltd. Box 381* D, GPO Melbourne, Australia *Asoclt Member LIA21161 S O ) 3 * j HASKI NS a SELLS C?.TifiCD *uUC ACCOUNTANT* TWO IROADwAr NKW YOWK 4 March 30, 1361 ACCOUNTANTS1 OPINION Lead Industries Association: i. Vo have examined the balance sheet of Lead Industries Association as of December 31, 1960 and the related state ment of Income, expenses, and reserves and supplemental tt f ' schedules for the year then ended. Our examination vas made in accordance vith generally accepted auditing stand ards, and accordingly included such tests of the accounting records and such other auditing procedures as ve considered i necessary in the circumstances. In our opinion, the accompanying balance sheet and statement of income, expenses, and reserves and supple mental schedules present fairly the financial position of the Association at December 31, 1960 and the results of its operations for the year then ended, in conformity vith gen erally accepted accounting principles applied on a basis consistent vith that of the preceding year. I * J^2 1262 o ) 1t LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION BALANCE SHEET, DEC.-XBER 31, 1960 ) A3 3 ET3 CASH: Operating funds (Including savings bank deposits , $115,853.38)........................................... Employees Pension Plan Fund (savings bank deposits)......................................................................... $382,311.40 137,935,27 Total cash.................................................... $520,246.67 ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE.......................................................................................... 200.50 ADVANCES FOR TRAVEL EXPENSES..................................................................... 1,875.00 AIR TRAVEL DEPOSIT............................................................................................ 425.00 TOTAL........................................ $522,747.17 ! i r ! f \ LIABILITIES AND RESERVES ACCOUNTS PAYABLE RESERVES: Ordinary Fund..................................................................... Health and Safety Fund............................................... Industry Development Fund........................................ Expanded Research Program........................................ Bnployee3 Pension Plan Fund............................... Total reserves TOTAL 11,805.81 $ 56,074.94 25,819.50 72,489.58 218,622.07 137,935.27 510,941.36 $522,747.17 NOTES: (1) Expenditures for furniture, fixtures and equipment are not capitalized, but are charged to expense at the time of purchase. (2) The amount of the employees pension plan fund reserve is based on an acturlal computation and covers both past service and current service costs. .'JffP-'Jf `-"i - A Li' ' Jf.'i-riy-Tf^ A". w.'. y.gr..w* I j.'-vn ffgTsratjS a s s o c iat io n STAT^iyr: <3K INCOME, KXPM".S"3, AKD RESERVES > y'cj-M yv.'Driy 31, i960 TOTAL c p.d t n a r y FUND HEALTH AND SAFETY FOND INDUSTRY DEVXLOPMHliT FUND EXPANDED RESEARCH PROGRAM ri^.SiO.i PiJW F3VJ< in c o me : Xe.viership asses amenta....................................................... Transfers between funds..................................................... Interest on savings banlc deposits.............................. Miscellaneous (including o des of publications) Total lnco:ne..................................... EXPENSES: Salaries and payroll taxes.............................................. Rent, and light.......................................................................... Office supplies and services.......................................... Travel............................................................................................ Association dues..................................................................... Entertainment and luncheons............................................ Meetings (net of fees, 1,970.00).............................. Telephone and telegraph..................................................... R.oics and subscriptions..................................................... G:-oup life insurance............................................................ Printing........................................................................................ s Mailing.......................................................................................... Test rrcrr.'js..................................................................... .. Ltga.i, accounting, and consultation fees.............. Pension plan costs................................................................. Conventions and exhibits................................................... Furniture and fixtures....................................................... Moving end new Bpace expenses....................................... Ml ecffl 1 fVieouo...................................................................... Cost of publications, net (see Schedule A).......... Advertising and publicity (sis Schedule B).......... Research projects (see Schedule C)............................ Expenses - net................................ EXCESS OF INCOME OVER EXPENSES FOR THE YEAR............ RESERVES, JANUARY 1, 1960..................................................... $737,001.00 9,010.25 1,555.83 747,567.08 157,600.70 17,955.23 6,349.53 30,731.69 961.13 3,666.10 3,107.48 4,968.69 1,273.38 1,131.85 409.4? 4,084.16 1,000.00 5,760.27 1,075.00 20,669.11 4,433.13 4,887.47 8,420.97 54,101.75 53,108.63 178,171.28 563,867.07 183,700.01 327,241.35 $103,959.00 (25,750.00) $25,750.00 933.49 619.18 447.36 164.00 79,589.85 26,533.18 28,350.78 10,019.60 2,222.88 5,221.58 52.00 1,405.07 1,940.19 2,373.86 243.90 1,056.60 409.47 1,509.75 10,754.27 248.54 1,173.39 203.50 130.59 182.21 244.72 433.79 133.92 10,154.71 761.00 2,628.04 4,071.82 3,197.36 3,222.99 74,857.61 4,732.24 51.342.70 17,480.92 9,044.26 16,775.24 $268,004.00 709.17 944.47 269,657.64 83,498.49 5,000.00 13,331.51 557.50 2,130.44 876.92 670.51 353.52 1,604.66 1,000.00 2,223.00 20,669.11 1,471.72 54,101.75 53,108.63 240,597.76 29,059.68 43,429.70 $365,038.00 1,772.94 366,810.94 34,997.16 2,935.68 3,878.11 11,005.21 148.13 108.16 1,679.60 242.17 75.25 835.83 2,776.27 1,075.00 1,805.09 815.65 528.90 178,171.28 241,077.49 125,733.45 92,888.62 $ 4,975.47 4,975.47 (10,154.71) (10,154.71) 15,130.13 122,805.09 RESERVES, DECEMBER 31, 1960................................................. 510,941.36 $ 56.074.94 525,819.50 5 72,489.58 $218,622.07 $137,935.27 ( ) Denotes rod figure. NOTE: Administrative expenses In the Expanded Research Program are paid, for the most part to African Zinc Institute, which handles the accounting for the program. r\n ASSOCIATION StJPFLIXr^TAL _ SCKi-.VJLE3 FOR THE YKAH ETipED DBC;MHH 31. I960______ r",'' u,'^r rr'^r^v-i T^hT tVavrat.-. -ra. - i.xjBte.t-s. t.f: - . .i;.<"V - r. ayvi.ofc- %.y , i till 1 SCKEUILJS A Arc'-''"eotural Flyers and Construction Bulletins i v , r Ln. t, 3 ................................. ....................... C'-.-ndc supplements.................................. .............................. Pigment Technical Letters................................................... Sweet' s Catalogs............................. ..................................... Sweet's Design Catalog...................................................... Battery Brochure............................................................... Sheathing Flyers................................................................... "Lead. Work for Modem Plumbing".................................. "Sound Attenuating Characteristics of Lead".... TOTAL 2,4.35 .92 1,370.63 4,COO.00 3,coo .no 6,924.t>5 5,655.39 134.41 535.39 4,351.36 4,432.23 SCHEDULE B ADVERTISING AND PUBLICITY Advertising space: Product design............................................................................................... Construction............................................................................................ Pigments................................................................................................................. Ceramics................................................ ;............................................. .. .............. Anodes..................................................................................................................... Total................................................................. Advertising production.................................................................................... Publicity............................................................ '..................................................... Apprentice contest............................................................................................. TOTAL......................................... $ 9,540.96 7,746.00 7,480.62 9,017.44 2,880,18 36,665.20 7,736.87 8,087.79 ............ 618.77 $ 53,108.63 SCHEDULE C RESEARCH PROJECTS Powder metallurgy - Rensselaer................................................................. Lead coated steel - National Research................................................ Reinforced lead - Armour............................................................................... Vibration attenuation - Lessells & Associates............................. Sound attenuation - Goodfrlend, etc..................................................... Lead alloys - Armour........................................................................................ Lead Chemicals - A. D. Little................................................................... Heat'emlssivlty - New York University........................................... Ceramics...!............................................. Lead organic compounds - Organlsch............................................... Pigments for water soluble vehicles"- Eagle-Plcher................. Surface characteristics of lead - University of Melbourne. Miscellaneous research................................................................................... $ 13,522.92 2,000.00 14,461.81" 26,363.77 2,461.13 28,769.21 30,276.30 6,000.00 28,240.00 5,813.77 15,628.19 4,000.00 ............ 634.18 i i i ii LH2U65 *1 * Annual t'cctlng I'd nutft* ;\MbU B bay 2-3, lhCl FOR RELEASE NOT EARLIER THAN 4:00 P.M., Tuesday, May 2, lj>6l EXP/JICO) RESEARCH PROCRAM REPORT By Dr. Schrade P. Radtke Director of Researeh Expanded Research Program - Lead Industries Association Our prograa has nov moved into Its third year. I think we ahould take stock of our position, review the progress of cur research and taka a look at what we have accomplished. The Industry has achieved surprising success in this brief span of tine and the prograa has grown larger with each year. It Is befitting, therefore, that in spite cf Its glamor, ve do not overlook the most Important factors In our research, and that we remember the solid foundation on which our prograa has been built, and the combined support the Industry has put behind this effort. It would be easy to take pride In the ever growing dollars in our budget - but dollars alone don't produce anything. Money Is Inanimate and accomplishes nothing In Itself. Machines merely repeat vhat man tells them to produce. Only people have the ability to make significant advances. Dollars provide people with the time to devote to this prograa and machines and equipment provide the tools Deeded for investigating new uses for our metals. Behind the research report, to be presented today are long hours of inagincerlrg, planning and programing which Is done by our Industries* technical people In our working technical committees. These steps are followed by screening of research proposals, selection of contractors. (Presented at "33rd Annual Meeting Lead Industries Association Chicago, Illinois, May 2, 19&. S \ LIA2H66 FsaiSaatei -iffrtirfta> *ftawi-w. iti IS. SCHRADE r. RADTKZ -2 - ' f- award of research contracts and the follow-up to ma'-.e certain that our research Deeds are net. All this requires highly competent technical manpower, dollars for expenses to travel to meetings and to confer vlth contractors and finally. It demands tine avay frca assigned company respon sibilities to see that this industry-wide program of research meets with success. The technical data ore then passed on to the sales and marketing people of the many companies In our Industry, who In turn nVs studies os to how this Information can nost effectively he used to further their business and to increase the sale of Iced and tine. In like manner, the information Is put In the hands of the Lead Industries Association and the American line Institute to permit promotion of the perfected develop ments. Returning again to the technical canaittees and to the technical personnel of the member cacponies, here Is where the vital cooperative effort Is made: the pooling of Industry Information, the assistance to the Expanded Research Program, to our research contractors, and to each other. These are the people who moke the Industry stand together to insure the technological progress of lead and sine. Without this Industry backing, J. without the solid support of Its people, we In the Expanded Research ProgrM could not accomplish our goals effectively. While I have talked about the committee function in this program, it Is only one facet of the total effort put in by the Industry people. At 1 the risk of becoming tiresome I will briefly outline several case histories (S showing what the companies have done to advance our program. These cases 'i do not appear in any of our budgets and have not been reported previously. ci a ' 'i fri Q t| II I ......^ 7 LI A 2 1167 f*' DR. SCHRADS P. RAOTXB - 3- In cur program for development of improved technique# for sheathing cable ve had outstanding cooperation frees the John 7. Robertson Company who designed the equipment. Installed It arid participated In paying for the operating cost# to improve the machine. The American Sneltlng and Refining Company and the Anaconda Company provided the material# used In Improving the machine. We had representatives of the cable sheathing companies vho offered their technical advice and suggestions. Of very great significance was the outstanding work done by representatives of the Anaconda Company in carrying out the physical testing and metallographlc examination of the products produced on the equipment. The Lead Industries Association contributed by working with us In the final write-up of the technical paper covering this development. In our study of lead-base alloys st Armour Research Foundation, the American 3aeltlng and Refining Company and St. Joseph Lead made available to our contractors background Information on lead alloy development to assist them in their work. Consolidated Mining and Efaeltlng Company as well as American Saeltlng and Refining Company provided extremely high purity materials which were used as the base stock for the alloy study. TO reduce the high cost of analyzing lead alloys and the difficulties In carrying out such analyses, we had outstanding cooperation freo American Smelting and Refining Company, St. Joseph Lead, Eagle-Plcher, CCMUJCO and Cerro de Fas co who provided the analytical data for the vide series of alloys which was prepared. Other Deiaber companies furnished Information on metallographlo techniques and offered help to facilitate progress of the program. In our Investigation of the behavior of lead asbestos pads ve had outstanding cooperation from Hew York Central vho provided background information on the use of these pads as veil as from the Abernathy Company fr ; > 1 * *y i l t i g^^^g3ggg!ia^^gg^gjg^y^B^y^S^yW^StWy^^^y^^gWgBggBgg^^wa^ I'wTf^*f1,'frftiakirt.I'.` vx;' '<>>'i;^ s1^jsJF&*&jpti*2ii. iwa^^nai^aapijj^^ n. LIAZ1168 ------- --------------------^ * '" WWSlMff ju mi-si msew;u".i.t< iwfisi'.wis ..... .. j DR. SCHRADE ?. RADTKK -%- which made all the test samples employed In our Investigation. Id our examination of nev techniques for producing high strength lead alloys the American Saeltlng and Refining Company conducted the first evaluation of test materials vhlch proved the feasibility of this approach for producing nev high strength creep resistant alloys. Subsequently special lota of materials and alloys vere presented to the contractor by American Metal Climax and Consolidated Mining and Staeltlng Company. In addition, Anaconda and American Sseltlng and Refining Company lent assistance In proper metallographlc techniques, as ve vere nov working in nev areas vbere existing techniques vere d o longer effective. In lead for souod attenuation ve have had excellent help from Cordo Chemical, Bar Ray, various naval research laboratories, Dave Chapman, Inc., Mohasco Industries, Curlator Corporation, American Viscose, United States Plywood, United States Gypaua, Broken Elll Associated Shelters, St. Joseph Lead, American Sfcselting and Refining and COffNCO. Each of these organiza tions contributed sample lots of materials or provided us vlth Information for our study and evaluation. Use U. S. Kavy, vhlch la conducting a related program, provided, us vlth the results of verk they have done In this area. One of the major objectives of this program is that ve are able to produce cheap lead sheet at nlnlmn cost In large tonnage quantities. Initially Consolidated Mining & Smelting Ccmpany developed a continuous casting process for producing starting sheets. Broken Elll Associated Saelters took up this Idea and expanded It into a coumerctally feasible -i piece of equipment vhlch has been designed, built and operated In their South Melbourne laboratories. Because of the Inherent simplicity of this :: technique and its adaptability to many of the needs In our program, JstfJrT*--T"w*< -WSJ . LIA21169 DR. SCHSAD8 ?. RADIKB -5- Broken Hill Associated Shelters prepared an outstanding movie on this device vhich will be shown to you on Wednesday moraleg Hay 3 at 9:00 o'clock at the opening session. Tils device will be ultimately of tre mendous importance to us in our sound attenuation program. In addition, these two companies have developed manufacturing cost data and have ex perimented with various alloys which can be cast and have made this infor mation freely available to the industry. In addition, Broken Hill Asso ciated Shelters have studied methods for adhesive bonding of lead sheet vhich have also been made available for future incorporation in this pro gram. Interestingly enough two of our member companies are constructing new office facilities and are using lead at this early date in the con struction of their building to permit practical application of the develop ments in this research effort. In our study of nev methods for producing lead coated steel stock ve have had the wonderful cooperation of the American Can Cccpany vhich has worked closely with us in establishing specifications and in testily the final product from the standpoint of bonding, corrosion, formabllity and adherence. The steel samples for this program are also supplied to us by the American Can Company so that ve will have material of uniform quality for evaluation. We are studying the effects of surface conditions on the chemical and mechanical behavior of lead. Broken Bill Associated s Smelters are assisting markedly in this program and are providing the high purity materials frea CCMIHCO as the base stock for our testing. la addition, they are spending considerable time with the contractor for this research to assist us, because of the lor*j distance Involved between our headquarters and the source for the research. On our very Important program for the development of nev lead organic compounds and nev applications ve have hid vital help from our associated v ^'^*faiiiiirim r.^Ai>fi`jii'-*irtlfsft"V: 'viVn-y';^in- , .' rf-t^ii*' LIA?1170 '-Si :l ' DR. SCHRAD2 T. RADIKS -6- companies: The Ethyl Corporation, Rational Lead, Associated Ethyl la England as well as the Cfciartemaster Research and Engineering Command of the Quartermaster Corps located In Hatlck, Massachusetts. These cooqpanles and organizations have provided analytical help and Information on the safe handling of these materials. Eagle-Picher Company, Rational Lead, The Ethyl Corporation, Haaaond Lead have all made significant contributions to the research which Is being conducted at Eagle-Picher on lead primer pigments compatible with water reducible systems. This help has been In the form of technical consultation, sample materials and the provision of background data developed at each of these companies' own expense. We will soon award a contract to the Eagle-Picher Company far investigation of lead pigments for exterior paints. At a very reasonable coet we are obtaining tremendously valuable background and experience from the EaglePicher Company which ultimately will be made available to the benefit of our Industry as a whole. We have many ceramic fellowships located in the universities here and abroad. Oir Dember companies have provided background information as veil as many Important sasple materials for our students. We have just recently initiated a program to develop Improved methods for high speed plating of lead. 0. 8. Saeltlng, Mining & Refining Company have turned over to us data which they have developed In this field for the assistance of our contractor. We are looking at problems which are encountered In lead plating tanks where electrochemical corrosion Is Involved. The Eathone Division of American aseltlng & Refining Company, Rational Lead and the British Ron-Ferrous Metals Research Association all have provided background data to assist us in this area. V-v.4 ummrn m - -<- - ;...-,< - - . ..... LI4?H71 ; DR. SCHRADB T. RADIKZ 7- I am cure that I have emitted other Important contribution* amle by our member companies and by our associated companies but I have used these fev example* to illustrate the really vital contribution*, that are being made. When someone asks about the dollars being spent by our industry I alvay* hesitate, because the exact dollar* vhlch appear la our Expanded Research Program do not truly reflect thl* tremendous Industry cooperation and contribution to the over-all program. It 1* impossible to convert into dollars the broad experience of our Industry, their back ground, and the preparation of sample materials, yet I hope that I her* shovn you Just how Important the Industry backing Is to u* In our Expaxded Research Program and bov ue could not make the progress ve have made were it not for this tremendous help. Alto, I have not pointed out thl* re markable Industry contribution simply as a pat on the back for the Industry, rather do I want to ahov how much our Industry 1* behind thl* program and how vital their solid contribution* are to our progress. One of the very Important programs we have had in the past and which has continued to achieve success for the Industry 1* the program for the development of Improved techniques for sheathing electrical cable* with lead. Thl* program has been Initiated originally by the Lead Industrie* Association In cooperation with the cable manufacturer*. There have been several machines developed In the past for the continuous extrusion of leftu; but, their range- of capabilities was limited to chemical lead and to copper bearing lead. The machines were not able to produce the high strength lead alloys which have found such vide application for cable sheathing of electrical conductor*. A* I have mentioned before, the John 7. Robertson Company offered to look into thl* program and to modify the existing design of the Hansson Robertson Machine to permit continuous ... ------------- TAVlii,-'1- ^ far*? - _ ' - rf- - toih.' f'r*\h/Httv;\`,r-]lifVr`K'i i i LIA21172 r. SCHRADE r. RADXKE -8- extrasloo of the cable sheathing alloy*. These alloys, of course, are antlmonial lead, arsenical lead, tellurium bearing lead and related alloys. In 1958 progress vas still slow and tedious but by the early part of 3.959 success vas achieved and all the alloys vere produced on a pilot plant i basis. Certainly not all the production problems were solved but the feasibility of extruding these alloy* on the Hans son Robertson frees vas conclusively established. Semple cables vere sheathed and the physical i properties vere found to be at least equal or better than material produced on the conventional lnterulttent hydraulic press. Throughout thla program, our member companies supplied the materials, the cable manufacturers furnished us vlth free consulting services and special mention rust be made of the contribution of Hr. Claremont Snyder of the Anaconda Company vbo did all the evaluation of the physical properties of materials. When the results obtained from the nev machine design premised a significant camaercial potential, the information vas brought together and a paper vas written for presentation at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. LIA staff contributed significantly to the preparation of the peper n< without their help ve would Dot have been able to meet the deadline tor presentation of the paper. The Information vaa disseminated in countries around the world. To describe the apparatus ve prepared a abort film which had been presented at our first industry meeting. This film, together vlth the data, has also had very wide circulation. At the beginning, the response to the equipment vas lukewarm and there vas setae question as to the value of the development which had been accomplished. However, after the presentation of the paper and the discussions held in the various countries trade Interest increased and we have recently learned that during i960 there vere l6 of these machines sold In Europe, 6 in Japan, h In the ih irm ti im mi,, iini--t t t rT~jTrTTt --'--r-------------- ----' 'j-rH; ,St3hr `i-'-. LI A2 1173 IK. 6CHBADS F. RATOCK -9- United States and one In Australia. The delivery schedule of one of the suppliers of this equipment requires completion of one nev continuousextrusion press every three weeks for the entire year of l^fil. Other manufacturers of this type of equipment are doing extensive research to modify their own apparatus for producing the alloys I have mentioned or similar alloys. These Improvements certainly mean continued use of lead in cable sheathing, retention of our present markets and the arrest of the decline In the use of lead In cable sheathing. Ibis case history highlights two very Important factors which deserve special emphasis. First, that once a technical advancement has been developed, it must be followed up by wide dissemination of the Information to stimulate other people Into considering the knowledge and making use of It. Unless this Is done the benefits of research are entirely wasted. Secondly, that the published research data did not produce an inaedlate response, and that there was a lag In time before full use was made of the information and before procurement of the equipment was stepped tip. Thus we learn that people must be patient and time must be allowed for research results to become fully effective. We see that approximately five years have elapsed frco the Inception of the Idea to its successful realisation In terms of new sales and Increased consvcption of lead for cable sheathing. In conclusion, I want to emphasize the progress which has been made possible only through full support on the part of the Industry. This Is ' not the work of one mn or of a few men; It Is the work of the entire Industry In which technical people as well as sales people are playing an Important part to insure the success of our efforts. The results cannot be achieved over night. As a matter of fact. In this particular case LPHftga i WUI.lIII! H| ,. 1 t] * I LIA21174 DR, BORATE 7. RADIX* - 10 - which I have described, five years have transpired before the effects of an idea were realized. I have talked about the results of only one prograa, and nov I want to turn the prograa over to Hr. Eck and to Mr. Cook vho will discuss our over-all prograa and the progress we sire Baking. Diaak you. < wljiigijgjl^ 11. nw**ww LI A21175 Exhibit C r*j- 2-3, FOR RELEASE BOT EARLIER THA* 1*:00 P.M., Tuesday, May 2, 1961 EXPANDED RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT (CHEMICAL AKD ELECTROCHEMICAL) By Albert R. Cook Research Engineer Expanded Research Program - Lead Industries Association 0f the 26 research projects dealt with la our last quarterly report Dr. Radtke has asked me to consider for presentation to you today those deal ing vith the electrochemical and chemical aspects of the use of lead. The UBe of lead in paints is a subject of immediate practical Interest and Importance and ve are particularly pleased that one of our ovn members, the Eagle-Picber Company is carrying out research for us at their Joplin labo ratories under the direction of Mr. Harold Hamer. Their assignment to develop a primer paint for steel incorporating lead compounds and vater soluble vehicles has already demonstrated the rust-inhibiting value of a number of lead compounds not hitherto recognised. As a result of their work so far, we have confirmed the value of a number of old favorites and have added some new ones to the list. Some examples of effective corrosion inhibitors are red lead, basic and normal lead carbonate, chromate, silicate and slllcochromate and lead dioxide. Of particular Interest is the discovery that reducing compounds of lead containing nitrogen show anti-corrosive properties. These would Include lead nitrite, cyanate, and cyanaalde. The complex ferricyanlde also showed anti-corrosive properties. The next phase of this work will be to develop vehicles which are compatible with the preferred lead compounds and in this rapidly developing field we shall be choosing the best available fro* the Industry,.and we hope paint manufacturers will see their opportunity and Join us in the development of vehicles suitable for our special purpose. (Presented at 3 3rd Annual Meeting Lead Industries Association Chicago, Illinois - May 2, 1961) 1 N 229.03  4 ii a ^ - in lii iwlim tii lim ii.iiiiii.h. ... i * LI A2U76 A. R. COOK *r.**&&& -v: ^irjn^,rTr^?<VV4ffw>^6iafcj>'w.lifc' ;> -2- K Hili (Bo. 1) Is Orville Rose at Eagle-Picher's lab applying paint In controlled film thickness with a vlre wound RD6 Laboratory Coating Rod. Bill Arrandale (Ho. 2) determining dry film thickness of paint on test panels, the instrument being used is the.Magna-Gage which makes use of the magnetic properties of the basic material in its thickness determination. Mr. Marvin Long (Ho. 3) measuring the front Impact resistance of a test paint on auto* motive steel by means of a Gardner Variable Impact Tester. Mr. Boward Hughes (Ho. U) determining film hardness by means of the Sward Hardness Rocker, This (Ho. 5) is Mr. Howard Hughes inspecting test panels In the humidity cabinet. (Bo. 6 and 7) the salt spray cabinet. Mr. Everett Ritchie (Bo. 8) assessing results after the salt spray test. These slides give you some indication of the detailed and painstaking work which is involved in our research and which is normally summarized for us in quite a few words. We are glad to say that Eagle-Picher Company has agreed to conduct additional research for us. The new project will be the development of water-based paints for wood for exterior use and will cover those surfaces not dealt with in the present research. It is particularly fortunate that both these programs sire to be handled by the same group since much of the information developed in our present program will be applicable to the new one. The high speed plating of lead is a project on which work haa only recently been started. CXir contractor is Graham, Savage & Associates and this slide (Ho. 9) shows Dr. A. K. Graham, President and Director of Operations. This *Ho. 10) is Mr. H. L. Pinkerton, our Investigator and an electrochemist of long experience. The purpose of this investigation is to develop high speed plating processes which will allow lead-coated steel to compete in the non-food container market, for architectural uses and for use as a shield I **** mypiis lags**? LIA21177 c.M>NAsa^^gialfeaKasiww^ A. R. COCJC -3- agalnst atomic radiation. The properties of electroplated coating* ar# different from thoe obtained by other method* and it i* very likely that quite thin film* will provide good corrosion protection. However, thia la something which we must put to practical test in this investigation. (Ho. 11) This Is a plating cell used to determine limiting current dear slty. It include* provision for rotating the cathode to simulate high speed plating. (5o. 12) Measuring the thickness of the lead coating using a Dermltroo. (So. 13) Adhesion and ductility are measured In this hydraulic press. (So. 1*0 Samples of lead-coated steel. The rods vere plated in a small cell designed for rapid screening of additive agents for the plating bath. This again Is an exarple of a program whose success would have early practical Implication* for our industry, tackling as it does problems in the large potential markets in the container and building industries. It is not at all difficult to appeal to the imagination with project* of the type Just discussed. Here (So. 15) are 6ome gentlemen discussing your research into lead organic compounds. They are, left to right. Dr. G. M- van der Vast, sub- director of Organisch Cbemlsch In8tituut of Utrecht, Holland, Prof. G. J. M. van der Kerk, Director, Mr. L. C. Wlllemsens and Kr. M. Suiter. These gentle men are at present evaluating the known methods for establishing chemical bonds between lead and the carbon atoms In organic chemicals. As a result of this work lead compounds are produced which are then tested to get an Insight Into the relation between chemical structure and the antifungal activity of lead compound*. There would be wide application for an efficient fungicide. Dr. van der Kerk'a group 1* particularly qualified for it* work on organo* lead compounds on account of their vldely acclaimed work with tin compounds which had important results for the tin Industry. Included In the Investiga tion will be work on the stability of these new lead compounds. Tb the cheml- f mmmm LIA 21178 If'4iitV ii ~ iix-ttta+v* u A. R. COCK -k- t CA1 industry an Interesting possibility demonstrated by the work so fsur is that lead compounds may be used as Initiators for polymerization at high temperatures. The normal types of radical formers such as peroxides, azo compounds, etc. function at much lover temperatures and here ve see the possibility that lead compounds may operate over a vide range of temperature. This (Ho. 16) is Mr. Wllleaaens searching for a solvent for crystalliza tion . (Bo. 17) Mr. Ruiter at the cracking apparatus. (Ho. IS) An investiga tion into the effect of trlbutyllead acetate on broad beams. We have Just asked Eltex Corporation to commence work on the development of processes for deposition of adherent lead films on metal and non-metal sur faces. By using chemical methods for laying down metal coatings on surfaces it is usually possible to obtain a very uniform and dense coating vhlch would be expected to have good corrosion resistance. It is also clearly possible to lay down such a lead coating on complicated shapes and inaccessible parts. The capability of coating non-metals also has interesting possibilities and we expect that if this research is successful there will be a number of interesting applications for lead in this area. Some of you may like to know that the method for reducing the ionic lead would be based on the adsorption of a metallic salt or complex which could be converted to catalytic nuclei capable of generating activated hydrogen supplied by suitable hydrogen donors. Dr. Harry Kroll will be conducting this investigation. 5 As a result of our committees* recoszsendatlons and with the help of Mr. Zlegfeld's staff, a survey has been carried out prior to instigating work on the electrochemical corrosion of lead in plating equipment. As a result of this investigation it now appears that there may he solutions to this problem already available. After appraisal of this survey ve shall be in a position either to advise the Industry how to overcome this widespread problem or we shall be able to lnstlgnte work secure In the knowledge that pres .at practice 'x.- ` has been thoroughly reviewed. mniiiiinn -1r f in lM f i L IA2H79 . A. R. COOK 5- At the University of Melbourne we are sponsoring a fellowship program which la designed to ls$>rove our fundamental knowledge of the surface charac teristics of lead. Little Is known about the kinetics of adsorption and the. Initial stages of the reaction of oxygen on lead and this work should make an Important contribution In this area. Our Investigator, Mr. V. B. Tare, Is working with evaporated films of lead which are first examined for thermal stability over a wide temperature range Involving temperatures between -lfl3C* and 20C. Electron diffraction patterns for the lead films are then examined In order to determine their crystalline structure. Electron micrographs then allow a determination of crystallite sire. It msy be of the order of 500 A where an angstrom unit Is one hundred millionth of a centimeter. This work has given an Insight Into the effect of oxygen on the surface area of the film laid down by evaporation. The heat generated in the chemi sorption of the oxygen probably causes sintering of the lead, leading to m reduction in surface area. After this initial reaction the rate of sintering Is reduced due to the oxygen atoms acting as a barrier and decreasing the mobility of the surface lead atoms. Such work as this, by throwing important new light on fundamental corrosion mechanisms can have important application over the long haul. In addition to this project we are sponsoring a number of other research fellowships and the majority of these is being dealt with by my colleague, Mr. Eck. Tbrthcomlng work will Include further studies into organolead chemi stry and the evaluation of existing lead chemicals. I have given you a very brief indication of the following projects: 1) Lead in water dispersible paints for steel and for exterior application on wood. 2) High speed plating of lead on a program of research aimed at the canning and building industries - : - i' L l  yaBWwgBBMa-- \lA21l80 A.R. COOK -6- 3) An Investigation Into fundamental aspects of organolead compounds. U) The plating of lead hy chemical means to Investigate the special characteristics of the electroless lead film. 5) An investigation of the corrosion of lead used for plating baths. 6) A fundamental approach to the oxidation of lead. Our aim is to increase the effort on this area of research. (Xir >*st vork at Arthur D. Little on lead chemicals pointed to some interesting areas for future study and we shall work toward the satisfactory definition of further projects in this field. Such possible applications as the use of lead in anti-fouling paints for ships and lead compounds to inhibit sllmeproducing organisms in Jet fuel come to mind and will be carefully examined in relation to our overall program. We are optimistic that the use of lead chemicals will be considerably increased in the future as a result of our research. Apart from the actual practical results of our program we are finding that our work provides a stimulation to other research groups in industry and in the universities to pay more attention to lead. Ojr industry can only profit by this all-round increase in research activity on our material. i * l\ r. ' "i hi *! s i' >BHii mi nm nr in" i "in m nr i r ~i -up LIA21181 Annual resting Kinutea ', - ' > r tV-iri- - ---' - e. -- Exhibit D FOR RELEASE HOT RAF.Ur.I THAR f>y 2-3,l';6l 4:00 P.M., Tuesday, Hay 2, l?6l EXPANDED RE3EARCH PROORAM REPORT (METALLURGICAL AND CERAMIC) BT 8anuel B. Zck Research Engineer Expanded Research Program Lead Industries Association It Is a pleasure to be with you today to briefly describe the metal lurgical and ceramic projects on the lead Expanded Research Program. Because of the many programs now In progress the comaents on each of them vlll of necessity be brief and vlll be supplemented by slides to acquaint you vlth the people vho are carrying out the research and the activities they are engaged In. Tor more cmnplete descriptions of the Individual programs there Is available the latest Expanded Research Program Quarterly Report and also, there are exhibits on many research programs which ve Invite you to visit. I would like to begin by describing two programs by which ve are seeking improvement in mechanical properties of wrought lead products to - eventually offer the lend consuming Industry more self-supporting rolled and extruded shapes. One avenue of attack consists of a continuing study of lead powder metallurgy at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Through the powder metallurgy process new alloy systems and mechanisms for hardening have become available which show very promising results. The majority of the effort has 5 been concentrated on the lead-copper alloys which, by powder metallurgy techniques higher percentages of copper can be retained In a more finely dispersed form than by conventional casting and working procedures. 5 We have a few slides which briefly outline how these powders are 13 (Presented at 33rd Annual Meeting lead Industries Association Chicago, Illinois, May 2, 1961 1 i 1 ijj|^gpgajggiygj^^ LIA21182 -2- * MR* SAMUEL E. ECK consolidated into wrought forms. (Xir first sllda shows Mr. Baum, project engineer, using the microscope to determine the site and distribution of the copper particle within the lead powders. Interpartlcls site and spacing has pronounced effects on final properties. Prior to extrusion the powders are precompressed into small billets and extruded In the miniature tooling shown in the next slide in which a small extrusion produced by the tooling Is also apparent. The consolidation of these powders into homogeneous vrcxight forms is achieved only by the working In preccmpactlons and extrusions. Bo sintering process usually used In powder metallurgy Is required. Extrusions made in this manner have demonstrated excellent tensile, creep, and temperature stability characteristics. In the lead-5% copper alloy tensile strengths as high as 8,000 psl are achieved free as-received powders and 5,000 to 6,000 psl from oxygen reduced powders with ductility as high as l*55t elongation. These strength levels coupled with the fact that the properties are retained on exposure to high temperatures are in their own right very ctxnendable. An added benefit, however. Is the fact that the creep strength of these powder extrusions is considerably in excess of those of any alloys prepared by conventional methods from cast Ingot. At a creep stress of 3150 psl Inverse creep rates of only kj. 5$ elongation per year result,--a level of performance not hitherto obtained In lead alloys. The work on the lead-copper system as well as others will continue In view of the premising results achieved to date. In a program at Armour Research Foundation another mechanism by which the properties .of lead can be enhanced is being Investigated. This Involves reinforcing a lead matrix with metallic fiber components which Is accomplished by infiltrating fiber structures with Dolten lead. Armour's work has developed techniques for successfully carrying this out and has shown that eccellent properties can be obtained from the lead-fiber composites. ti; I t E J - m LIA 2118 3 - uni] it I r`- ntf'i.rftit-hl-'" vV . - - i - - - - '- l-,T-- " -| Virr;iln.n,.'.U-trTTii--i - r*~ .-' i :- - - it1-- hi ii.r~n- KA. SAMUEL K. EC$ We have acme slides vhlch show the apparatus by which Infiltration Is carried out. The first slide depicts the aluminum mold partially filled with molten lead of the desired composition. The preformed and sintered steel fiber mat is being placed on top of the molten lead where It will float as long as the lead and steel do not mutually wet each other. The second slide shows the bell Jar in place over the mold which is being filled with ' HC1 gas which reduces the oxide coating on the steel fiber to allow wetting. As the steel surface becomes clean the fiber mat sinks Into the molten lead and becomes Infiltrated. A major portion of the work has been devoted to evaluating gaseous fluxes to obtain wetting between the lead and the steel fiber mats. The most promising flux found Is hydrogen chloride gas which has allowed good Infiltration at teaperatures as low as 750 as contrasted to 10OOF. for hydrogen. The strength of these composites are found to be outstanding. Infiltrated fiber bodies of approximately 50^ fiber density show strengths In the range of 15,000 psl and strengths as high as 26,000 pal have been obtained. Another.luteresting observation is that lead will not separate from the fiber bodies once Infiltrated even though the melting point of lead Is for exceeded, and this coy lead to Important applications In bearings and solder composites. The next slide shews how this effect may be put to use. In the center ore some copper sections vhlch have been soldered using a section of lead- fiber composite. The copper Is vet only underneath the composite and lead does not flow beyond regnrdle3s of the soldering position. In addition the Joint Is strengthened by-reinforcement from the fibers. This ability of the -I lead to melt yet remain in place may have Important implications In bearings. w.)uiujj;,4iif|gg|8jgjppjaiMwwfpppjffiijfi^ .... " ::.. ' LIA21184 -jr--- ^ 1 - n lrir--^ '- - - `*i-"it-~-ir;'--,'-',"^ i i i i[ r r r MR. SAMUEL S. BCX -I*--. *i While the fundamental progroa vill Boon he brought to a successful conclusion, we are at present considering further work on solder conpoeltes and bearings In conjunction with Amour and the Buyck Corporation vho Is sponsoring a oajor prograa on fiber metallurgy. In the area of fundamental research ve are conducting a comprehensive study of high purity binary and nore complex lead base alloys at Amour to obtain a thorough understanding of the strengthening mechanise* by which various alloying elements enhance the properties of lead. Thorough under standing of these nechanlsns we feel, will lead to alloys of improved mechanical, physical and corrosion characteristics. In recent work the pronounced role that oxygen plays in lead alloys has been determined with regard to strengthening. Strengthening due to oxygen occurs rapidly after the solubility Unit cf approximately 6 ppa is exceeded and 15 ppa has been shewn to Increase strength by almost 300 psl. We have a series of slides which show the process by which the high purity alloys are node in the laboratory. Our first slide shows Carl Reichel, the project engineer at Amour, renoving the tarnished surface froo high purity lead under on inert gas atmosphere to prevent the clean surface froo reoxidlzing. Only after the lead is finally cast does it ccae in contact with oxygen again. Our second slide details the high frequency melting fur nace In which the alloys are node also under an inert gas. The high purity graphite mold Is used and the melt is cast In a water cooled copper crucible that con be seen below the mold. Froa this work considerable knowledge has been obtained on the potent role of oxygen ln lead alloys which has always been present but not too well understood. The effect of numerous alloying additions has also been deter* nined and now the investigation of more complex systems to study the Inter action of alloying elements is being undertaken. Pd " ',u -.w iim ' i i ii j i w h s w i.h u . l: i.: - m i , |-| ^1[|.| |n ,r r r ^-nt LIA2H85 * vJ^'C' inff tyrr* - ' -~ r " *'* -- - *- ... -- -5- KK. SAMUEL 2. ECX We feel that this fundamental information vlll bo of considerable value to our industry as veil as to the consumers of lead products. Direct benefits are already arising from the program In the battery Industry vhero sooo firms are using the fundamental lnfomation to advantage in their ovn research on grid alloys. The infornatlon is also being put to good use by many other contractors in the load research program. There are three prograns in applications research for lead which I want to briefly describe. The program to develop alternate methods for producing load coated steel is presently Coving forward in two separate directions. We have obtained lead coated steel by which the lead was applied by vacuum deposition tech niques in very thin coatings for possible utilisation in the container, in dustry, and this preliminary material has been evaluated by a major container mnnufacturer recently. The results have shown that the vacuum metallised steel did not perform as well as conventionally produced terse coated steel from the corrosion standpoint lut better from a forcing standpoint. An initial economic study cf producing lead coated steel by the vacuum metal * lisation process Indicates that potentially the process would be competitive to tinplate- The high cost of conventional tome has been the only Uniting factor to its Increased usage in that its superior corrosion resistance coo- pared to tin;)late is readily acknowledged. Because of the potential economies of the vacuum metallising process consideration is being given to extending the study to overcome the deficiency of the preliminary material. Only recently a program was initiated at the University of British Columbia to evaluate techniques for direct roll cladding of lead powders on steel. It is intended to study thicker coatings which nay hove architectural applications os veil as the thinner coatings of more interest to the container Industry. Cladding by this process Is carried out by feeding the steel and i i rj *- Ij iMiiitfiiftifti ' _ ,: i' ' - ........ rt- 'rrk i- M \?>b ,T> -6HK. SAMUEL K. ECK particolont material simultaneously into the gap of a rolling mill, and adhesion Is accomplished by the drastic working of the particulant material* as it is forced through the rolls. If technically feasible, the process has the advantages of coating only one side, applying heavier coatings than those obtained by hot dipping, and applying coatings of compositions other than tin alloys used in the hot dip process. The majority of experimental work on our program at Lessells and Associates to obtain design criteria for the increased use of lead-asbestos pods for vibration attenuation has been completed. The Intent for entering this program was to obtain additional vibration attenuation data on the pad* so that greater usage will be made of them in applications other than building foundations and heavy machinery such as printing presses for which they have been used for numerous years. The technical results have shown, contrary to expectations, that the dynamic stiffness is considerably greater than anticipated and that the pods, therefore, will not be too effective in the lower vibration frequencies range. This, however, does not subtract freo the efficiency of the pads at higher frequencies which are also cf concern in many applications, and this cccblned with their long life and lower price compared to competitive materials Insures their value In the vibration field. At present we ore in the process of interpreting the range of usefulness of the asbestos pads end reducing the experimental data to a form which can be used by vibration engineers in specifying their Installation. The high-spot investigation performed by Bolt Beranek A Bevnan on the uses of lead for sound attenuation in architecture demonstrated the potential of lead in this area. We have entered Into a major research program with Lewis S. Coodfrlend A Associates, acoustical consultants, to develop method* and material* for increasing the use of lead and lead product* In architecture for the purpose of sound control. mm. LIA21187 MR. SAMUEL S. ECX -7- In the initial phase of this progran, analyses are being mads of coaposltes of lead and other architectural naterials in various constructions to determine the moat feasible methods of Incorporating lead. Many lead aol leaded naterials ore being considered for possible utilisation including lead sheet, lead-plastic conposltes, leaded fabrics, ni' w v h damping materials. These ore being considered in composite con structions with gypsun board, plywood, fiber board, steal, aluminum, cement- asbestos board, and other construction materials. In caking analyses many factors must be taken into consideration such as the mass and stiffness of the individual materials and the composite, resonances, flextural wave characteristics and their effect on transmission loss in the mass lav range and plateau area. These analyses ore basically a screening nechanlsn by which final choice of structures to be evaluated will be delineated. These preliminary studies have shovn that the mass and limpness of lead result in outstanding improvements when laminated to conventional con struction naterials and In many coses yield the added transmission loss necessary to increase the performance of a vail system to elevate it froo an inferior to a superior acoustical partition. The addition of equal thickness of lead to aluminum, for instance, vastly Increases transmission loss perform ance, and this composite will receive further consideration for enclosures of high sound level machinery and office equipment. Combinations of lead and cement-asbestos board or fiber board also show premise for use In partition systems, from these initial evaluations it is easily seen that lead has deserved much more consideration for sound control In industry and architecture than it has previously been given. It is anticipated that lead will find many new and valuable markets in this hitherto unexplored area. Finally, I want to review the many ceramics programs now being under taken through fellowship grants to various universities throughout the 'WWPWWWII. l L J U iillH WW W m M I HJWHIJm HR. SAMUEL K. ECX country. This program 1* very diversified, Investigating the cony use* of lead oxide and other cccpounds In such systems as glazes, vitreous enamels, glasses, and dielectric ceramics. Wo feel this progran contributes In many ways to the development of greater usage of lead compounds In the over-all J ceranlcs Industry. It produces fundamental technological InfomatIon which is useful in its own right. Through publications of the research in leading ceramics and physical magazines. It stimulates the interest of others in t ! further study of our materials. It provides a medium by which young scientific graduates are made aware of the cony benefits leal contributes to ceramics systems, and it obtains the thinking of eminent scientists who supervise the fellowship programs on our products. Many publications have arisen directly from these fellowship programs which have appeared in leading scientific Journals and many more are forthcoming. In the program at Hew York University the thermal and spectral enlsslvity of lead compounds such as lead tellurlde aud lead selenide ore being measured and studies on the effect of surface characteristics on these properties are being carried out. From this program it has been observed for the first time that absorption and emission of radiation is a bulk characteristic rather than a surface phenomena as previously understood, lead tellurlde and lead selenide have shown high emission characteristics and the present program is concerned with increasing these properties by r t. alteration of the surface. f In the program at Clemson Agricultural College studies are being made on the wettability of lead glazes on many structural clay product bodies. The interrelationships between wetting, glaze maturity, adherence, and Viscosity of lead glazes have been determined, and the superiority of lead glazes with respect to these properties strikingly demonstrated. k l IA 2118 ^ i '' -9- HR. SAMUEL E. EQC At Pennsylvania State University the ceramic system, FbO-La^Oj-SiOg, has been thoroughly studied with respect to phase relationships and physical properties. In the next slide Hr. Argyle, the fellowship recipient, is melting a glass sample in a platlnua strip furnace for subsequent evaluation. The small orange spot on the white shelf near the floor is the sample being melted. Two papers from thie program have been submitted to the American Ceramics Society for publication. Three programs are in progress at the Department of Ceramics Engineering of the University of Illinois. Our first slide shows Mr. Amin determining by x-ray diffraction the crystallographic make up of the opacifying phase in his study of low temperature lend bearing enamels for steel aid niimtnm. Molybdenum oxide has been found to be an excellent opacifier of lead enamels, producing good opacity without altering the low firing temperature as other materials do. Another fellowship involving the study of recucticn of lead compound on firing ceramic systems is also being carried out, and cur next slide shows Mr. Baertllng following the reduction process by resistivity measure ; ments. The sample contained in the small tube furnace is being subjected to a controlled atmosphere of known composition to delineate kinetics of reduction. The third program at Illinois is oriented towards electronic uses of lead systems, and in our next slide Mr. Wilcox is making measurements of dielectric constants and dissipation factors on the lead hofnate systems. It is felt that the lead hafnate-barium hofnate and lead bafnate-strontium hofnate systems will exhibit pleroelectrlc properties similar to lead zlrconate-tltanate transducer material and these properties are being explored. j -i i wwpiiH.r.rrr:'i--nmi i iirj"i ~~nTirn11 "rirrrT --"rr~r--1-- --------- L IA2119 0 10- MR. SAMUEL E. ECK At Rutgers University lead glasses vhlch devitrlfy during firing are being Investigated as potential dielectric oaterials. In the next slide Mrs. Etayth, the fellowship recipient, is studying a diffraction pattern of a devitrifled lend glass with Professor Koenig, Head of the Ceramics School at Rutgers, this team has been associated with our fellowship program sines its inception and developed the very low-loss lead ceramic dielectrics vhlch ore receiving the attention of the ceramics Industry. They have presented and published several papers on their work. Basic physical properties of lead glasses are being studied on the fellowship program at Alfred University. Thermal expansion measurement* are being made on glasses of the Pl0-K^0-S102 system to determine the inter action of the three components on expansion properties. Our last and nost recently Initiated fellowship program is being carried cut at Pennsylvania State University where a study is being made of the therm-dynamic behavior of lead oxide and hydroxide under high temperature and pressure. In the next slide Mr. White is preparing a high pressure and temperature experiment on lead compound. The apparatus can bo used to study decomposition reactions at pressures up to 600,000 pal- Many lead oxides that have been encountered so far Including the well known phase PbOg In rutile fora, Pb^Oj, minimum fora, FbO tetragonal fora and PbO orthorhombic fora. liuree less well known phases have been prepared Including PbOa in orthorhombic fora, Pb^D-, and ft]? which they have established as being the sane as the reported alpha PtOx, PbjOj} and fV^O] 1. This concludes the discussion of the lead metallurgical and ceramic program. It has been a pleasure to discuss these programs vith you and I thank you for your kind attention. nseimms nmns ' < WjWW.M*'"11S-HW' w m s jw n ."ip LIA2i19l s fOH RELEASE HOT EARLIER TKAH 12 HOOH, TOESDAT, MAT 2, 19<5l ' LEAD AJTD ZIHC IH A CHA5GIH0 VORLD By R. Levis Stubbs Director-General Lead Development Association and Zinc Development Association London, England Since I spoke at the Institute's neeting In Chicago tvo years ago, the rela tive positions of dnc and lead have changed dramatically. Zinc, vhlch for nearly thirty years had been looked upon as lead's poor relation, la nov the more highly priced. From November 195 In London, and December 1959 In the U.S.A., their prices have been diverging, that of tine having risen as lead has slowly declined. In December i960 the price of lead on the London Metal Exchange fell to 162 a ton. Its lowest for ten years and, although world consumption reached Its highest Oever In i960, the price has as yet barely recovered despite the recent announcements of cuts In production. Zinc consumption has expended even more and it too reached a new record level last year. The London price, which rose In October 1959 to 198 a ton, its highest for several years, has now settled back to between LflO and 190 a ton, a level which appears to satisfy most producers and consumers -- or at any rate those outside the United States. Indeed the world situation looks different when seen from the other side of the Atlantic. In contrast to the U.S.A., consumption of both metals in Europe has been rising steadily In recent years. When U.8. stockpiling came gradually to an end in 1958-9, total world con sumption of line was steadily growing and, the Initial excess production no longer being (Presented at Joint Session of American Zinc Institute and lead Industries Assn., Chicago, Illinois, May 2, 19^1) .. ~ -2- R. L. STUBBS taken for stockpiling/ v bl s soon absorbed. Co the other hand, total world consumption of lead vas not so buoyant and much of the production vhlch previously vent to stock* piling was added to producers' stocks vhlch began to depress the market. The U.3.A. Imposed Import quotas In an attempt to protect Its Industry free the full Impact of the growing surpluses outside, but even this protection, and reduced production due to strikes, did no more than delay the arrival of the changed situation. In view of the problems confronting the industry It was not surprising that the conferences on lead and line, held by the United Rations in 1958 and 1959, should have led to the establishment, in february i960, of the International Lead and Zinc Study Group. This new organisation has a membership of 26 countries. Including the Soviet bloc, and embodies all those with important producing and consuming Industries. It thus provides a forum at which the vorld situation can be authoritatively assessed, and at vhlch producers have been able voluntarily to reach agreement on steps aimed at correcting the Imbalances between supply and demand. Its preBs notices contain information which I so going to use In ay review of the current situation. THE CURRENT SITUATICq Zinc The Free World's production and consumption of line metal have both risen by about 100,000 metric tons* a year since 1958. After taking into account Import* from the Soviet bloc and changes In stockpiles -- acquisitions by the U.SJt. and then disposals by the United Kingdoa -- there ha* been a reasonable balance between supply and demand for most of the time. The situation Is suranarised In the following table: Metal Production Bet Imports from Soviet bloc . Stockpiling (Increase -)(decrease +) Metal Supplies Metal Consumption Balance (surplus +) (deficit -) 1957 2U50 60 -22C 2290 2250 +1*0 1958 2250 70 .65 2255 2230 +25 1959 2320 65 1,000--------- _ metric tons 190O 1961 (eat.) 21*30 75 25**0 75 -25 2360 2390 +35 251*0 21*60 +15 2630 2580 -30 +80 50 * All figures In metric tons of 2205 lb*.  ^-tosa^a--jp,,,- ewywgsMM^pMiWIifSiaPpP*^^ Li a ?1193 - 3- R. L. STUBB3 Only once since the International meeting* began has It been felt necessary to restrict lino supplies. In Hay 1959 several producers agreed to curtail sales but the continued rise in vorld consumption soon allowed these restriction* to b# removed. There are now sign* that during the past six months, supplies were again running ahead of consumption, possibly because the recent expansion In Europe has slowed down ft lit tle and a* yet there seems to be no eignificant recovery In the 0. 8. demand. Producers' stocks In the tJ.S.A. are at a high level and at present still rising, but elsewhere they are low and consumption Is buoyant. For this reason, al though acme deterioration in the tine position was noted at the last meeting of the Study Group In Mexico City in March, no step* were taken to restrict supplies especially as most members, except perhaps the U.3.A., seemed satisfied with present price levels. In the Immediate future further rises In consumption should be sufficient to absorb the increased production both from existing plants a* well as from the new units shortly to be completed in Australia and other countries. An element of un certainty 1* the Congo production, about 55/000 tons of zinc and 80,000 tons of tine In concentrates a year, which might still be vulnerable to political upheaval*. Imports from the Soviet bloc have also grown a little In recent years, but no great Increases are expected in the tracedlate future. The Soviet countries, whose production and consumption Is rising steadily, but is not dealt with In this report, are cooperating lu the work of the Study Group and seem to want stability In the world market. For zinc then the lsaedlate outlook seems reasonably good. Any Imbalances that might occur should not be too difficult to correct, providing wjrld consumption continues to expend. lead lead presents a different picture. Its world consumption has also risen since 1958, but by only 60,000 ton* a year, a slower rate of increase than for zinc. Vorld production, however, has fluctuated and in i960 was slightly lover than In 1957. ^ gpgm LIA21194 l -4- R. L. STUBBS After taking Into account Imports frcra the Soviet bloc, which although comparatively small are rising, and acquisition* for stockpiling supplies have exceeded consumption each year since 1957# a* 1 shown In the table. Refined antlaonlal lead Is included In both production and consumption figures. 1000 metric tons Metal Production 1957 1958 1959 i960 1961 (est.)* 2360 2250 2190 2270 2200 Set Imports Soviet bloc Stockpiling Metal Supplies Metal Consumption Balance * After Mexico reductions 5 10 15 30 30 -135 -80 -1*0 -75 2230 2180 2165 2300 2155 2l4o 1990 2155 2210 2280 +90 +190 +10 90 ___________ S The voluntary restrictions on commercial sales made by several producers In May 1959 were continued right up to the meeting of the Study Group in Mexico last March. However, In the absence of corresponding cut* In production, the metal with held was added to producer*' stocks, which In the U.S.A. and In other countries out i side Europe have now risen to very high levels. In Mexico the Study Group vas faced with a depressed lead market, high pro ducers' stocks and a continuing surplus of new supplies over consumption. In the circumstances seme of the main producing countries agreed to reduce production below the levels they had planned for 1961. Thus In Australia, Canada, Mexico, Peru, the U.S.A., Sweden and the Coctaon Market refined lead production Is to be curtailed this ;; year. As a result Free World supplies of new metal will he approximately 2^ (50,000 tons) below estimated 1961 world consumption, and production about 70,000 tons lower than In i960. At Mexico City, the U. S. Government repeated the offer, previously mad* last September In Geneva, to barter agricultural products for surplus stocks of lead ff. W)B*B|P)plE!WW^ ., f^^ ^gf)isga^' LIA2U95 'turn held by producer* at the end of i960 and, If these barter deals (which are believed to involve about 75,000 ton* of producer* *urplu* i960 stocks and about 25,000 ton* of nev production from concentrate* accumulated previously) are *ati*factorily con cluded, the producer*' exce** stock* outside the U.3.A. should be reduced to more \ normal level*. These impending stockpile transactions, together vith the curtail ment* in production, should strengthen the price of lead and help to stabilize the market, so benefiting producers both in the U.S.A. and elsewhere. nevertheless it is important to recognise that these voluntary curtail r] ments by scoe producer* vould not be easy to repeat unless they were applied more widely and shared more equitably. However, now that production has been curtailed t it will peihaps be slov to rise again above industry's immediate requirements. RECEHT TREXPS IX CCWSUMPTIOB The Study Croup's assessments of the current situation have provided a ( basis for far-reaching decisions on level# of production, and this work will continue. e However, It it not the function of the Group to develop consumption, the basis of our long tens prosperity, even though it* work may lead to more stable prices, so desirable i' for encouraging it. The long-term prosperity of lead and line will depend on rising consumption *0 let us see how they have fared during the past ten years. Focus on 1950. Then lead and zinc were becoming scarce and soon the Inter national Materials Conference vas set up to ensure that the available supplies were distributed fairly among consumers in the Free World. Shortages persisted for several years and led to forecasts of the depletion of world resources within a few decades. During the next ten years the price of zinc was to fluctuate between l6l and U90 a ton, and that of lead between l62 and U.90 a ton. These gloomy prognostications and the Instability of prices no doubt spurred on our competitors and ltd some of our own K customers to look for substitutes. In these circumstances it is both surprising and encouraging that the use of both metala expanded at all. In fact the total world consumption of zinc grew by nearly ^ a year and by the end of i960 vas about higher than la 1950| lead grew ^ -*-a r t . .. m '".' LTa211 96 V.:>. -SJS-r'inC - 6- R, L. STUBB8 by newly 2-l/2$ a year and by about 25$ during the period. In 1950 ths U.8.A. took half the Free World'* tine and lead, and Europe, vhich va* only beginning to recover from the war, took only a third. How the position 1* reverted, Europe accounting for half and the U.8.A. for only a little more than a third. Consumption in countries outside Europe and Horth America, especially Japan, Australia and India, it alto growing and now accounts for about 15$ of the world total -- twice the tonnage of 10 years ago. Europe is still the largest and most promising market. In almost all European countries consumption of both metals Is rising steadily and in I960 record level* were achieved nearly everywhere. In ten years the total for lead has gone up from about 650.000 tons to on* million tons a year -- a 50$ Increase -- and for zinc froo about 700.000 ton* to 1,100,000 tons a year -- a slightly greater Increase. FOr both metals the sharpest rise bat been In Germany, the rapid growth In Trance at the beginning of the period having levelled off in recent years. Considered statistically the developments in Europe are most promising, but the patterns of consumption for both are very different from those In the 0.3.A. Uses of Lead 1959 Cable Batter Sheathing ies Sheet k Pip* Tetra ethyl Others Europe U.S.A. 30$ 20$ 6$ 3H 22$ >*$ 24$ 5$ 15$ 40$ In 1959 the principal uses of lead (new and secondary) In Europe was for cable sheathing, a minor use In the U.S.A. Sheet and pipe, also minor uses In America, are store important In Europe. Perhap* the most encouraging feature of the European pattern Is the much smaller consumption resulting from the use of automobiles, vhich accounts directly or Indirectly, for half the lead used In the U.S.A. Motor car pro* ductlon la booming In Europe and every year sees'nor* cars on the road*. i i'-V-*'*. - > Ix.yv^s-.'aeiK r:^^.Z-.:Jr). , ,: * tfj ^7Tj 97 / Uses of Zinc 1959 -7- R. L. STUBB3 !i f Galvanising Brass Sheet Die Casting Others Europe O.3.A. 29* 26* IT* 11* 36* 15* >* >0* 15* 3* For tine (new and secondary) there are similar difference* between European and American pattern* of consumption. The biggest use In Europe 1* for galvanising which takes 29% of the total cocapared with about 36* In the U.8.A. In Europe bras* run* galvanising very close, taking 2&% compared with only 15* in the U.3.A. Sheet sine 1* third -- 17* coopered with a mere it* In the U.S.A. Die casting, which 1* your first use, consuming ho* of the total, still only accounts for 11< In Europe although It Is growing steadily. Within this European pattern there are great variations between countries. Thus only In Belgium and France does sheet galvanising take more sine than Jobbing galvanising, which Is highly developed In the (J.K., Germany and Italy. Sheet sine for building Is more Important In Belgium, France and Germany where It Is the s>ost popular building metal. The traditional uses of both metals continue to account for a signifi cant part of consumption In Europe, end are holding their ground. The newer uses of zinc such as strip galvanizing and die casting are still to be fully exploited. The use of lead will grow as more batteries and tetraeythl are required. Looking further ahead the political and Industrial development of Asia, Africa and South America should benefit sine and lead. Japan Is an outstanding example of the growth that can be achieved; during the last ten years her annual consumption of sine has risen from $0,000 to 190,000 tons and of lead from 27,000 to 93*000 tons. India also Is now beginning to expand rapidly and there sine hea risen from 25*000 to 60,000 tons and lead from 8,000 to 25,000 tons a year. It la not too much to ex pect that soon other emerging countries will reach the stage when their economies will become significant consumers. r' * r` p....... - 8- ?. L. 8TUBB3 Australia also has a remarkabIs record of grovth Id zinc consumption, from 52,000 to 9^,000 tons a year. Against this premising picture let us nov examine the recent trends In zinc end lead In the U.8. Bear In mind that your techniques are folloved all over the world and so will Influence not only European manufacturers, but perhaps even more strongly, the emerging countries who rightly want to adopt the latest Ideas and whose choice will not be restricted by the need to use existing equipment. In the U.S.A. both lead and zinc consumption are now lover than In 1950. Their decline from the peaks of five years ago has been vatched with concern from abroad and It Is of little comfort to zinc and lead that copper consumption is also lower. The Individual uses of lead and zinc do not seem to have changed much during the period although It Is encouraging that the never uses -- die casting and strip galvanizing -- have continued to expand. To t lead the most significant change has 8 been In cable coverings which now take only 60,000 tons a year canpared with lUO,000 tons a year ten years ago. Some of the smaller uses have fluctuated and several have grown. However these variations do not account for the overall decline In consump tion, nor does the lower production of automobiles and the possible saturation of the market for consumer goods, even though they have obviously played their part. Ikirlng the period about which we are speaking your population grew by 26 million, nearly 15%, and your industrial production rose by over 20%. Even more significant was the doubling of your aluminium consumption and the even greater grovth In the use of plastics. Both have been very rigorously promoted in north America, more so than anywhere else, and it would seem that they have mads Inroads into the markets previously held by the traditional metals. TKE FUTURE Taken as a whole our survey of the last ten years contains much to encourage optimism about the future -- steadily rising consumption in Europe and the prospect of i i i ! LU2Uq<) Tftg-ag** ;*''^V^fk'-:g,it;r. - t iV. t<^rrirVrf''ff-V^VfVg^ j L- - 9- S. t. 8TOBBS increasing demands from other countries as standards of living Improve and populattjns increase throughout the world. However the recent trend* in the U.3.A., vhere con sumption of tine and lead hae not grown vith the rla# in industrial production, aal i* now lover per head of population than it wa* a few year* ago, 1* a warning tha". the future cannot be taken for granted. Beverth*le, given reasonable stability of price and larger promotional campaign*, our market* should grow. The 8tudy Croup will no doubt continue to provide information 'a which production can be planned and so make our short-term problems easier o solve. Soon it is going to publish a statistical bulletin containing very prompt and comprehensive figures of production, stocks and consumption in the Free World. The Croup i* also going to atudy measures for achieving long-tern stability for zinc and lead, including commodity agreements. Whether such arrangements will ever be necessary and whether they would be adopted and welcomed by industry remains to be seen. It took five years to prepare the first agreement on tin. As well as seeking greater stability of prices -- so important to producers and consumers alike -- the producers might also give seme attention to the service they give their customer*. Do we consider what the customer wants, and do we provide him with a service comparable to that given by our competitors? Before looking at promotional work I should like to say how highly w in Europe regard the Expanded Research Program which is supported by producers in the British Cocsnonvealth as well as in the United States. We have great hope# that it will bring many benefit# in the future end appreciate the way in which we are able to follow the work In detail. However the result* of research can be long in coming and by their very nature are unpredictable. It would be unfortunate If our new enthusiasm for research were to allow us to overlook the many valuable properties and existing use* of zinc and lead. They could do more with publicity than they have had recently. Greater promotional efforts in the U.3.A. aimed at retaining and expanding the markets for both metala in face of the vigorous competition from new metala and material* would, I believe, help to stimulate consumption all over the vorld. * u,'1 Af -v... \-Z ~\L--` 20q - 10 - R. L. STVBB3 How I should llk to describe briefly some of the work we ere doing In Europe. l'he Zinc Development Association It, I think, well known to you, end through the visit* of varlou* team* sent over by the Association and it* affiliated member*, the Zinc Alloy Die Ca*ter, the Zinc Pigment Development and the Hot Dip Galvanlzers Association*, you will have heard much about the activities of our group. We have numerous committee* dealing with technical problem* and promotional work, and we pub lish advertisements. Issue booklet*, make film*, give lectures and participate in exhibitions, all on a scale at least comparable with that of similar bodies in the U.S.A. The Lead Development Association Is not yet so big, but It too covers much the same field and it* committees and staff are actively engaged In encouraging the existing uses of lead as well as seeking new ones. Of perhaps even greater Interest are the ways In which producers and fabri cators in Europe are cooperating to develop existing uses and to find new uses for zinc. The European Pressure Die Casting Committee and the European General Galvanizers Association are both known all over the world through their successful international conferences; the next conference on galvanizing will be held at Interlaken fra* the Uth to the 9th June 1961, and a record attendance Is expected. Other European com mittees deal with technical matters and developments ard Information Is also exchanged regularly on analytical techniques. Recently * new European cocmlttee -- Zinc in Architecture -- was set up to study sheet zinc in building and to coordinate the existing work to promote it. Its first bulletin, similar to those of the other European organisations, will soon be published in English, Prench, German and Italian. We rate this cooperation highly and attribute to it and to the energetic work of the various European development associations, and especially those in Prance, Germany end Italy much of the credit for the recent expansion in zinc consumption. There ha* *o far been less cooperation In promoting lead, but only a few weeks ego the Director* of the European Associations met In London to prepare plan* for the regular exchange of views and cooperation on much the same line* as zinc. We Mf) syquiB iW>y*m^*wssi**si'is swueim' ! ,1 -r7. mmm *frF>y m. h "...... LlA2l20i -11- A. L. STUBB3 are now working together on some of the promising new usee for lead such as sound 3 attenuation and radiation shielding. As vw expand our promotional work la the U.6.A. and In Europe let us also take steps to encourage Interest In lead and tine In the newly developing countries. For many years now the British Associations have had arrangements for the vide dis tribution of their publications in India and Africa and we hope soon that, with the assistance of our members, ve will be able to follow up this initial work by the establishment of competently staffed offices In these countries. If a chain of In formation offices for zinc and lead could be set up throughout South America, Asia and Africa, the benefits In the long run would be immeasurable and would amply repay the expenditure Involved. Hone of ue In the lead and zinc industry can have any doubts about the valuable role our metals can play In a changing world. Ue will have only ourselves to blame If they do not fulfill our expectations and continue to expand their con Ssumption. tt-V* .4-y " ; if* i -  m?***1- -j gyW *T-aawe ' >; *, LI*21202 yw*\ -* --'wj'aii'.trf- fcX^t'&-.*-Qr-. flisS-j bc w HA33 cai'inrrc.-jrora wcrac yes a bas ic imrancr Charles V. Beene Director of Educational Services Portland Cement Association I am pleased to have opportunity to tell you something of the verk of the Portland Cement Association. Vo share Bare than a fev coaaoo Interests. Lead, tine and cement were a part of early history.,.and yet new usee of each are abundant today. This speaks veil for the Integrity of these materials and for the progressive spirit of our industries. As in the case of your own group*, our efforts on behalf of the cement industry In the United States and Canada take many forms. That part of our work vhlch I vculd like to discuss, however, can be Identified Is one word: "Ccnsunlcation." In the need for cocnunication, I'm sure that ve have deep cocscn interest. There Is nothing mysterious about conrirdcation.. .It Is basic. It com prises the strands connecting your Industries. It links the researcher, engineer, sales representative and customer. Kearly everything Inportent to the achievement of your purposes depends cn clear communication. The best research finding, the test promotion Idea, the beet product Is worthlese unless the right people know about It at the right time. Bote that I refer to clear cixesml cation. Today business people simply do not have time to ponder something vague or confusing...such as this definition of concrete (slide) vhlch a tongue-ln-cheek editor ran la a recent Issue of a trade magazine. Ve try for the other extreme: plain, simple, understandable Information. Concrete la a mixture of cement vith vater, and sand, gravel or other suitable materials. It will harden to form cany useful shapes. Those of us who work day-to-day with any product have difficulty realizing how little others know about it. Also, ve may not recognize the degree of difference among users. Even college seniors studying mechanical, civil or chemical engineering speak quite different languages and already are so specialized they cannot readily talk vith each other. In the coostruotlon Industry, ve must communicate vith military, highway and dam construction experts...architects, builders, contractors and public officials. The farmer, the business man, and the housewife will always talk and think differently. Each must be reached in terms he understands. Presented at the 33rd annual meeting--Lead Industries Association Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, Hay 2, Ij6l i. -'= ^'Kv' ....... " N 229.06 V a^vAidfc'Ii Charles V. Beea* 2- How Km a Ccracunl eat lcoa Work far a Basic Industry We endeavor, therefore, to apply a few besio rule* In our coenunlcetlon which I'm aura are not original! 1. Sever go over recipient'* bead 2. Cm ordinary English--not mathematics, abbreviations or epedal term* 3. Present one or tvo main Idea* V. Tell story more than once Saving established acme ground rule*, who carrle* out tbi* responsibility, and bcvl Good communication today require* epeoial skills, Caasunlcations people have long since ceaaed being a hybrid between a shipping clerk end a preaa agent. They are professional*, aa much respccaible for the succes* or failure of an organization aa other professionals on the management team. It follow*, then, that an organization should have sufficiently skilled people for the coranmi cation* assignment. There are, of course, many way* of reaching people. This meeting la a good example. However, an Important part of our Association's promotion depends on reaching large number* of people quickly, economically *< regularly. This mass coraunlcation function la the main area of ey responsibility, anl I would like to tell you sooethirg of how we carry out such work. (Slide--Advertising, Public Relations, Publication*, Motion Picture*.) To crrjr.nl cate effectively with diverse group* through these well-traveled avenues, top-notch creative vark 1* necessary. We try to be realistic enough to know that information trust be transmitted to busy people who frequently are Indifferent to our message. Thus, each advertisement, booklet or film requires careful definition of purpose. Each 1* a sepexate creative challenge. Advertising la our most direct avenue of moss communication. It can exert considerable Influence on how people think and act. It helps build a favorable climate of opinion essential for the successful promo tion of concrete In major markets. Ve use trade and professional magazine advertising to carry the story of concrete to architects, engineer*, builders, contractor* and public offi cials who specify materials for a large port of all paving, structural and conservation construction. Our consumer advertising appears In national magazine* directed to prospective hcroe buyers, farmer*, influ ential business groups and the public at large. In all, about 370 national advertisement a will run this year, all processed and placed through the J. Walter Thompson Cocpany, our advertising counsel. You might ask why ve use magazines for national advertising. Basically for four reasons: (Slide--Selectivity, Flexibility, Continuity, Economy-- with discussion). Here are advertisements representative of approaches ve currently are using to promote specific markets: (Slides--typical national and local ada--with discussionJ -- ---- ----------- fW fSI- , I f ------- LhM -mu i' ' '" ......... ' - ' ' ' - " `:l ^2120a ......i* Charles W. Reene -3- Eov Has* Connunlcetlons Work for a Basic Industry Our national advert1sing program Is no more important than local advertis ing carried out by most of our 35 district offices. last year more than 15,000 messages such a* these vere sponsored by PCA district office* la newspapers, farm paper*, local magazines. Radio and television also vere used. Local advertising 1* closely coordinated vith cur national campaign*. Many of these ads vere especially prepared for use in a particular city or state to help aolve a epecific business problem. In covering h9 states and 170 metropolitan areas, this represents a substantial creative assignment. The advertising agency's 12 field offices throughout the country maintain continuing contact vith cur districts In carrying out this program. In riev of the substantial growth of the cement industry during the past decade, it is Increasingly Important that the public understand and think veil of our industry and product. To help achieve this, PCA public rela tions people employ a variety of techniques. Public relations literature is frequently quoted and has proved one of our best methods in this field. It tells the story of the contributions of the Industry in terms of engineering, research, safety and educational activities. Our public Interest notion pictures have much the same character. An exception is an cevareel shoving interesting end outstanding uses of concrete vhich is videly utilized by schools, civic clubs snd other community organizations. ISost of our public relations films are placed vith notion picture distributors, tost year more than one-half million saw these films in person and over five million vleved them on television. Our publicity and public relations vork is divorced from product advertis ing. However, ve use institutional advertising as a public relations tool. This is a typical advertisement (slide) directed to editors, broadcasters and thought leaders. Many young people go to vork after high school. Thus they are on Important part of our population to be reached. In the past tvo months ve have dis tributed for high school use approximately 23,000 copies of the jxiblicatlon, "The Making of Cement," shown here (slide). Also, our Public Relations Bureau provides information and display materials to colleges to reach tomorrow's architects and engineers. As another means of ccecunlcatlon, the Public Relations Bureau prepares speeches, presentations and releases. As to releases, ve avoid indis criminate moss mailings. What Is released must be legitimate "news." Our largest single public relations activity is editorial service. Birdin-hand clippings Indicate that articles prepared in whole or in part by the bureau appeared in U79 national and regional magazines in the past year. I j pw p i d m i >m > 1205 Charles W. Been* 4- Hov Kui Communications Work for a Basic Industry Additionally, the Public Relations Bureau has responsibility of coordinating its work with that of full-time public relations representatives in moat of our district offices. Thera is constant inter-flow of information and ideas erncng this group. Each field representative tailor# his work to tbs promotion needs and objectives of the district office. In public relations as veil as product advertising, services of the J. Valter Thompson Company are utilised. Usually this is for a special PR campaign when time or talent is not available Internally. Because public relations work is subtle and frequently indirect, it some times is able to impart knowledge or persuade a favorable opinion where direct promotion eight antagonize. Public relations la also a two-way street. It can do ouch to increase the understanding and use of our product; it also should help interpret the wants, needs and desires of the public to the enlightenment of overall industry promotion. A third major tool in PCA'a cocminlcatlons program is literature. Our current index includes over 500 numbered publications. About 6,000,000 pieces of literature are distributed per year, largely through field offices. The form varies from a simple nailer to a complicated technical book. This year we expect to produce acme to new publications, mere than 30 of which will be in color. Since World War H the engineering field has mushroomed, and our production of literature has expanded to keep pace with related needs. With increasing specialization and diversification in markets, we seem to be relying even more than heretofore on literature to help back personal promotion work. Emphasis is placed on good publication design and efficient distribution. All publication work is done internally with the exception of printing, which is purchased on a competitive bid basis. The number of motion picture projectors in churches, schools, civic clubs and community organizations has increased from 25,000 to more than one milllcn since World War H. This growing emphasis on visual communication represents a fourth important opportunity to tell the story of concrete through well conceived educational notion pictures. There are about 80 title# in our catalog Illustrated here (slide) which vary from general interest productions to specialized training films. As you see, we expect to release 12 new films this year. All steps In the production of these motion pictures also are accomplished internally with the exception of the final laboratory processing. This makes for efficiency and a low cost per picture which cannot be matched commercially. Our advertising, public relations and publications activities require a great variety of still photographs for illustration. This coverage also is accomplished by our photography crew# who spend a great amount of their time in the field. In mass communications ve try to present clear, positive information to audiences important to decisions favorahle to concrete. Ws strive tor  wo-* . --&r*9t>qr Uziz 06 I Charles W. Reene -5- Kov Maas Concunlcatlons Work for a Basic Industry the etraightforvard and, if you vlll, simple approach. However, wa look for ideas that stand us apart from the crovd. There is nothing so powerful as a useful ilea conveyed to the right people at the right time. Most basically, there is the ever-present consideration: how to do tha best Job at the least cost. In choosing means of ccnaunication, ve ask ourselves these questions: (Slide--Purpose to be served! Audience to be reached! Message to b conveyed!). There is no pat ansver or formula. Host frequently several avenues of ccmnunication are used to accomplish our purpose. And of course we must always think in terms of a total promotion program in which all action is coordinated. More than ever before, there is need for skillful and vigorous cocmunicatioa. Perhaps you will agree that tha advances of tha 60's bold highest precise for those industries in touch with the people. | ! I i j i -i < LIA2120? i i v ] Speech by E. C. Quinn, Vice President - Sales Divisions, Chrysler Corporation, i at the combined annual meeting of the American Zinc Institute ami the Lead Indus- trica Association, Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, M:i^2, 1861, 10:15 A. M. U NEW PATTERNS IN WORLD AUTOMOTIVE COMPETITION I am very happy to take part in your meeting this year. The automobile 1 ! industry and the zinc and lead industries have operated in close association for a long time --to their mutual great benefit. My main purpose today is to talk about some of the challenges and opportunities that people In your industries and mine are going to encounter as we move deeper into the Sixties. But before I do that, I would like to talk about the automobile industry's Immediate prospects as they appear to us in Detroit. The automobile industry being the biggest consumer of your products -die castings and galvanized sheet, batteries and body solder -- I know that what happens from day to day in the industry is of the highest interest to you. The most reliable indicator of current levels of activity in the automobile business is the daily rate of retail sales -- and by studying the daily rates of retail sales over a period of weeks or months we can often spot significant trends. For example, last October and November the rate of new-car retail sales was approxi mately 21,000 a day. In December the rate fell to 19, 000 a day. And in January It fell again to 15,000 a day -- where it stayed right on through February without any further declines. In March the daily rate rose to 17, 800, with a further estimated rise to 18, 400 for April. The spring upturn is now well underway. Solid evidence that the spring upturn of retail sales of new cars may be the sustained rise we've all been looking for comes from a similar examination of recent trends in the daily rate of retail sales of used cars. In October and November, used cars were selling at a rate of 26,000 a day. In December that rate fell sharply to 23,000. But instead of following the downward trend of new-car sales into January, N 229.07 0 LIA21206 the dally rate of used-car sales Bnnpped back up to 25,000 In January, 25, 600 in February, and 29, 000 In March. Preliminary figures Indicate that used-car sales held steady In April. This evidence of recovery in used-car sales is important to us because, as you know, used-car sales normally Improve in advance of new-car sales. For a minute or two let's take a look at some of the broader trends that provide additional reasons for optimism. It is now about a year since the first indications of an economic downturn appeared, and If experience with the other postwar recessions has any validity, this should mean that Improvement in general business activity is not too far away. Defense and other types of federal and local government outlays are being increased, and inventories in many lines of business need to be rebuilt. Personal savings are at a very high level, so the money and credit are available to be used when the buyers decide to use them. It is clear that consumers have been holding back on their purchases -- especially their purchases of durable goods like automo biles. But we know they like the automobiles that the industry has brought to market this year. We know also that the older cars are being retired from use at the fastest rate on record. So the basic automotive needs are there, along with the means for filling those needs. On the basis of these indications, we estimate that new-car sales this month and next month will be back up to the level of 19, 000 to 20, 000 per day -- which was the level of sal^s reached in the fourth quarter of 1960. If this rate of sales can be reached and sustained, U. S. retail new-car sales for 1961, including sales of about 400, 000 Imported cars, should come very close to 6 million units. This would mean a good volume year for the industry, even though it would be somewhat below the -level1 of last year, when total new-car retail sales amounted to 6.6 million. ptwuw. ;i <**ifg&?-'<*J>**-***,ii%* * ** ---'. ***>**;*. LIA21209 3 Wo Jill know that developments in tin* automobile industry over the last few yearn have had a profound effect not only on the automobile industry itself, but also on the industries associated with it. One of the most important of these developments has been the increasing popularity of the smaller cars. In the more-car-per-car market that was at its peak In the mid 1950's, it seemed clear to us in the industry that people would go on year after year demanding wider, lower, longer cars -- better equipped and with a wider range of luxury options. The automobile market, however, has been changing, and one way to meas-ire the degree of change is to compare the popular-priced 4-door sedans of 1958 with those of 1961, including the compact sedans. In 1958 the average length of these volume cars was 207 inches. In 1961 it is 202 inches -- or five inches shorter. in 1858 the average car-weight was 3, 418 pounds. In 1961 it is 3,250 pounds -- or S168 pounds lighter. The V-8 engine hit its peak In 1957. In that year it powered 80 per cent of the cars sold in the volume sector of the market. In 1961 -- partly because of the excellent performance of the current six-cylinder engines -- the V-8 is powering 57 per cent of the cars sold in this sector of the market -- a reduction of 23 percentage points. What does today's strong demand for smaller and more economical cars mean to the automobile industry? One way to answer this question is with a single phrase -- profit squeeze. The popularity of Bmaller cars has reduced the industry's average wholesale price per unit. And what does the great demand for these cars mean to the zinc and lead industries --in fact, to just about all the industries associated with the manufacture of automobiles? Well, I don't think we need a mathematician with a slide-rule to tell us that building smaller cars requires less material per car. And we are building lotB of smaller cars. The average compact now accounting for a large share of the low-price volume market is 26 inches .shorter and over a thousand pounds lighter than tlic average car of 1958. *WM!'P8gW-',g^;gigMjK8igUM!^^ , -' TV2^-xIwsn-. *.-U, .. .i ^ -t*-f > vv^^OTTOifT.*>ac-4 * .?*t. H*-,'tif^rr^-^- v-vw.*ar^--- LIA2121C V 4 For these and related reasons, what happens in the compact market ia of vital interest to your industries and to mine. And it would be helpful to all of us if we had a blueprint of the future showing exactly how popular the compacts are going to become. Unfortunately, no such blueprint exists. We do know, of course, that although the growth curve of the compacts is flattening out, it is still rising. Com pacts -- which last year accounted for 27 per cent of all domestic retail sales of new cars -- are now accounting for 34 per cent. And it appears likely that this figure for the current model run wi'l be one or two percentage points higher. Given these conditions, what can we expect for the future? Is the automobile industry approaching a time when the profit squeeze will become even more intense? Are related industries in metals, glass, textiles, and other materials going to have to prepare for curtailed sales to the automobile industry? These are possibilities -but before we call for crying towels let's look at a few facts. To begin with, although the move away from the more-car-per-car market of the Fifties indicates that many motorists are highly interested in economy -certainly many motorists are highly interested in other things as well. They want performance and convenience, comfort and space. Bigger cars -- from the standard-sized, all-purpose family vehicles to the luxury lines -- are still accounting for 66 per cent of domestic sales of U. S. -built cars, and we see a steady demand for these cars in the future. And speaking of the substantial demand for larger cars -- some of the so-called compacts are quite large when you consider their wheelbase, weight, and horsepower. In fact, all compacts introduced since the three major companies brought out their first ones in the fall of 1959 have been larger. Moreover, within a given line of compact cars, frequently the most popular model is not the most economical model available. Top series are very popular. According to the \ ft- i I LrA2l2ll' I 5 mo8t recent figures available, top series are accounting for 65 per cent of compact sales. In addition, about 40 per cent of all compacts are equipped with radios * about 45 per cent are equipped with white sidewalls -- and 58 per cent are equipped with automatic transmissions. As the Wall Street Journal put It a few weeks ago, "Auto makers are finding that economy sells best when It's mixed with a little luxury" -- aad to luxury we might add performance and convenience. From ycur point of view It might be pleasant for me to assure you that all of t these signs point to a quick return to the more-car-per-car market -- and therefore to automatically increased sales for zinc and lead products. But neither 1 nor anyone' else can honestly make that prediction. Right now the automobile Industry Is going through the most sweeping transition in its history. It is gauging motorists' reactions to a wide variety of automotive products in a new kind of market. The relative stability of the automobile market of the Fifties has given way to variety, dynamic change, and now and then even confusion. Where once, only a few years ago, consumer demand seemed to move clearly lti a single direction -- that of longer, lower, wider cars -- it now moves in all directions. With the automobile market In its present state of change and with the undeniable popularity of the smaller cars -- where does hope for growth for our industries lie? How are we in the automobile industry going to counter the profit squeeze? And how are those of you in the zinc and lead and other related industries going to make up the amount of material that has been taken out of the average car unit due to the development of the compacts? 1 would like to suggest that our greatest hope for growing markets -- markets for what you sell and I sell -- lies not in more-car-per-car, but in more-car-per-capita. - LIA21212 Let me explain what 1 mean. We In the automobile industry will continue to give the Individual motorist all he needs or desires in the way of options, luxury, and large size -- in short, all he wants in the way of more-car-per-car. But it may well be that a major part of our future growth will be the result of the car population increasing faster than the population Itself. Another way to describe an increasing ratio of cars to people Is to call it more-car-per-capita. Steadily increasing per capita car-ownership has been the traditional line of development for the automobile industry in the United States and in other industrialized countries as well. Here in the United States we have experienced phenomenal growth in per capita ownership since 1920. In that year, on the average, there wss one car for every 13 people. Now, there is one car for every three people. Oir future over-all growth in per capita ownership will be more modest -although in different sections of the country the rate of growth varies widely. As one automotive writer recently pointed out, if the 7,700, 000 people in New York's five boroughs had to be evacuated by automobiles, almost every one of the available * 1, 300, 000 cars would have to carry six people. In Los Angeles County, on the other hand, with its higher per capita ownership -- six million people and 2-1/2 million cars -- in a mass evacuation no one would need to ride in the back seat. Clearly, more-car-per-capita is an established trend. There are many reasons for believing that it will be a continuing trend. What are some of these reasons? Let's look first at one important popula tion shift that will occur between now and 1965. The number of young people between the ages of 15 and 24 will Increase by more than six million, or about 25 per cent. In the lower age-range of this group are the high-schoolers who are obtaining their first driving licenses, many times through driver-training classes at school -- BO inim!' .IBfWW :*ww,^<tjwni:i&- <-. LIa?1213 7 which, by the way, are multiplying rapidly ail across the nation. In the upper age-range of thla group are the young-marrteds setting up new households. The sharp expansion of the 15-to-24 age group will provide a strong stimulus for the growth of per capita car-ownership In this country, because almost all of thess young people will be first-time car-buyers. Since these young people are just getting started in life, there will be certain restrictions on their expenditures for personal transportation. But certainly they will provide an excellent market for economy cars and used cars. As 1 mentioned earlier, activity in the used-car mar ket strengthens the whole Industry. It keeps trade-in values high and encourages new-car purchases. There are other reasons for looking ahead to substantial growth of per capita car-ownership. Take multiple-car families. In 1954, there were four million multiple-car families In this country. Last year there were seven million -- an increase of 68 per cent, or about 11 per cent a year. A continuation of this average rate of growth would mean that in 1665 almost 11 million families will own two or more cars. Several factors contribute to the growing number of multiple-car families -as well as to the greater use of automobiles generally. One is the rapid expansion of the population into the suburbs, which continues unchecked. As you know, a great majority of the suburban communities make little or no provision for public trans portation, and the people in them must rely heavily on personal transportation. Two other factors are what we call the specialization of function and the personaliza tion of ownership. In the past it has been the custom to think of the automobile aa an all-purpose vehicle for the use of the entire family. But with modern life becoming increasingly complex and diversified, people have begun to think that .................................... ' LlA?l?U one car in the family is entirely inadequate. Most families want a car that Is suitable for trips to other cities or for hunting and vacationing -- and they also want a car that is designed for the dozens of short hauls that suburbanites make every week. In other words, they are beginning to want a stable of two or more cars that are designed for various uses. In addition to this specialization of function, we are seeing the beginnings of an increased personalization of ownerahip. Individual members of families are beginning to look upon the possession of their own personal car as a practical neces- sity. giving them mobility and independence in a world that has been geared to private rather than public transportation. This growing emphasis on specialized function and personalized ownership -- which is reflected in the increasing popularity of the com pacts and station wagons -- could make the automobile markets later in the 1960's far bigger than the most optimistic of us now anticipate. You have a tremendous stake in the future of the automobile industry, and you are interested In knowing as much as possible about how fast we in Detroit expect our market to grow. Since 1955 the market for new cars sold at retail in the United States has averaged a little better than six million units a year. We expect this average to rise in the next few years, and after 1965 the average year should produce close to seven million new-car sales. By 1970 the eight-million-car year is a definite possibility. And where the total number of automobiles now in use is approximately 61 million, by 1970 the number should be about 80 million -- or 19 million more than at present. These are optimistic projections, but we believe they are justified. We look for substantial growth in our industry -- and, of course, this ought to mean substantial j growth for your industries too. For example, the weighted average poundage of zinc die castings used In all makes and models from the compacts to the luxury cars | if I~IA2 1215 & based on figures provided by the Zinc Institute -- Is 59 pounds. Using 59 pounds -and figuring on the basis of a eix-million-car year -- we conclude that the automo bile industry consumes a total of 177,000 tons of die castings in an average year. If present consumption patterns should continue to prevail on Into the Sixties, In the aeven-mllllon-car average year which we expect to come after 1965, the consump tion of zinc die castings by the automobile Industry could rise to 207,000 tons --an increase of 17 per cent. Or take solder. Our engineers tell me that 4-1/2 pounds is a conservative estimate of the amount of body and radiator solder used in the average car. Assuming the same base figures that we used for zinc die castings, we conclude the automobile industry's consumption of body and radiator solder for the manufacture of passenger cars could rise from its present 13, 500 tons to 15,750 tons -- again, an Increase of 17 per cent. Now I realize, of course, that any time you project figures of this magnitude and complexity five to ten years into the future you must include some mighty big "ifs" in your projections. The dramatic changes in the last few years clearly illus trate how fast changes can come in the automobile business and how far-reaching the consequences can be. For example, the gas turbine engine is just one development that could revolutionize the industry. This engine has about 20 per cent as many moving parts as a comparable reciprocating engine, needs no radiator or liquid cooling system, and runs on anything that will flow through a pipe and burn. There are bound to be many surprises ahead. The thing every company must do Is to be strong enough and flexible enough to turn surprises into opportunities. Research and technology are going to be more Important than ever before --as you well know. Those of you in zinc dle-castlng,- for example -- using the findings of - tWi LIA21216 10 es the research program you began financing at the Battelie Memorial Institute five years ago -- have been making real progress in the finishes of your products. And I understand that with regard to functional automotive parts, you are working with some promising alloys which are lighter, stronger, and better able to withstand temperature extremes. I also understand that tome of you In the lead industry are carrying on research th8t may eventually find application In the automobile Industry particularly In the field of antl-corroslve pigments. This kind of aggressive product research and forward planning -- reinforced by regular consultation with automotive engineers -- will go a long way not just In maintaining present zinc and lead con sumption levels on Into the Sixties -- but in raising those levels. One thing you can be sure of -- your competitors in metals and In plastics are not going to be standing still. With your Interests and investments all over the world, certainly you are aware that competition is not just national, but international. No one has made this point more clearly than it was made In last month's Harvard Business Review by Peter Drucker -- who believes that ultimately our strength In the world markets depends on our strength at home --on what we as businessmen do to hold our costs in line here -- and on what we do to build quality Into our products here. Every businessman, he wrote -- including the businessman in Kokomo, Indiana In the heart of America -- must ask himself one simple but all-lroportant question: "What would I have to do to be able to compete In Osaka or Dusseldorf or Bordeaux?" Mr. Drucker then answered the question in the only way that it can be answered. "if a product cannot compete In foreign markets, then foreign products can drive it out of Kokomo." We in the automobile industry are very much aware of the pressures of foreign competition. Evidence that we are meeting these pressures lies in the vi-ii - .................. iiipji^iiMiTTji[|TTTig|ir*TjT''ii------- t ~t ~t rT---rr----frrr--------- ---- LIA21217 11 receding tide of automotive imports. The high-water mark waa reached In 1959, when 810,000 Imported cars were sold in this country. In i960, the first full year for the sale of the new American-built compacts, sales of imports fell back to about 500,000. And with the sales of Imports still declining, it is generally felt that the import sales for this year will be in the neighborhood of 400, 000. Our competitive response is turning back the automotive challenge from abroad, and it is helping us tc move out into the world market and Increase our exports. The American-built compact cars have turned out to be highly attractive in other ports of the world, because they combine what the motorists of many countries think of as luxury-car performance, comfort, and convenience with economy in the initial purchase price and low cost of operation and maintenance. In 1960, 47 per cent of the cars built in the United States and shipped from U. S. plants for sale in other countries were compacts. It may very well be that -- with some relaxation of trade restrictions -- the wide range of U. S. -built compacts will become one of our most powerful competitive weapons in the International automobile market. And that market has vast potential for the growth of per capita car-ownership -- the same kind of growth as that which has characterized America since 1920. Generally speaking, Americans are now well-supplied with automobiles. The peoples of other countries are not. For example, in England in 1946, the first year after the war, one car had to serve 17 people. Now the same number of Englishmen have two cars at their disposal. That is an increase of 100 per cent -- with plenty of room for tremendous growth yet. As you would expect, the world automotive market outside of the United States is growing faster than our own. And by the end of this decade, when eight-million-car years may not be too unusual in this country, the market for'automobiles outside the borders of the United States_may very well be as big as or bigger than the United States market. iwywy i*<***im*TMt*' LIA21218 12 We in Detroit are increasingly aware of the enormous new worldwide challenges to our competitive ability. We have made good progress in meeting them over the past few years, and we intend to do even better in the years ahead. It has always been an article of faith with us in the automobile industry that there is no such thing as an entrenched and unassailable position in the automobile market. Opportunity always exists for the automobile company that can come into that market with a new product idea and the will to promote that idea aggressively. The same thing may be said of the supplier companies. Year after year we have seen new automotive products make their bid for customer favor. The result of this competition has been a net gain for the motorist and an expansion of the country's economy. Now we are witnessing the effects of this same kind of creative competition on a much bigger stage, and it will be a source of great satisfaction to all of us in the years ahead to make a contribution to the world economy through free and vigorous competition -* the same kind of competition that has helped to make our country strong. #-#-#- V i ...in .jiii'PjiiMiiifiwwrj'nninf ^nl]^nrr^l^l1rrr;.'Iljlp^]^ ~j'^;i^TTrrrrT rin~rir-T-irtit ~t '71*71 --"--~t , T --wife V, Ll4^l?29`....... J rf% j|i| , ST0RA03 BATTERY OUTT/XIC--I96l C. Herbert Alien President--As seelation of American Battery Manufacturer*, Incorporated, Vice Prealdent--Vitalic Battery Company, Incorporated and Southland Battery Company, Ballaa, Texaa I doubt If there are any here vho do not already know that during the year i960 the battery Industry used lese lead than It did during the preceding year. I can assure you that the battery manufacturing industry did not plan It that vay. All of us would like to see our respective markets In crease rather than decrease. It should be remembered that 1959 was the biggest year In the history of autemotive battery manufacturing and, when both replacement and original equipment butteries are considered, i960 was not very tar behind 1959- la fact i960 storage battery production was exceeded only by that of 1959 and record-breaking 1955* 1" I960 the decrease In replacement batteries required was mostly offset by the Increase In original equipment batteries used for new car production. The decrease in total production was actually less than one per cent. Replacement battery production was down approximately 4 per cent, original equipment production was up 8 per cent. Battery sales In units and In dollars have not kept pace with the Increase In automobile registrations In the United States. Since 1954 automobile registration has Increased approximately 26 per cent. Battery production has increased only 11 per cent. Mileage driven by these automobiles, as estimated by the Bureau of Public Roads, has Increased a total of 28 per cent. Vehicle miles per battery have Increased 15 per cent since 195- This can mean only one thing, ie, batteries manufactured during recent years are lasting longer than they did several years ago. All of us realise that more efficient utilization of leady materials does not Immediately help the volume of your business, but It does place your Industry and my Industry ca a more firm footing for the future. In order to compete with other types of batteries or other energy sources, we must all strive for economy and reliability and longer battery life. Let's not tempt "necessity" In the old adage "necessity Is the Mother of Invention." United States Bureau of Mines reports show that lead used by the battery Industry In i960 was approximately 7 per cent less than was used In 1959. Since total battery production In i960 decreased less than one per cent from 1959, this Indicates that there was less lead being used per average battery during i960 than was the case In 1959* The seme report for i960 shows a decrease of slightly more than one pound lead per battery fren the 1954 statistics when the average lead per battery was 19.9 pounds. Presented at the 32nd annual meeting--Lead Industries Association Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, May 2, 1961. ..... .n ij i||s* ii.>m9nssnaivi|pv. ij i. .juasuisiw. ' N 229.08 1 tfiwuw Bgja iWWS--*......... .... ...................~ i' t.... .. ' '~i nmrnu--"it i'ii--HTim~mmrmi-ri--r~-ir-r~i -mmn i i'h 't LIA21220 Hr. C. Herbert Alien -2- Storage Battery Outlook--1961 The replacement battery production reported by the Association of American Battery Manufacturers and original equipment batteries required for new vehicle production, together with the battery lead reported used by the United States Bureau of Mines indicate that lead per average vehicle battery was 18.3 pounds in 196. a trifle less than the 18.4 pounds calculated for 1950. Dividing battery production into battery lead re ported for 1959 gave 19.8 pounds. Ho explanation is offered at this time as to vhy the 1959 figure is that high, when the corresponding fig ures for 1958 and i960 are lever, le, 10.4 and 18.3 respectively. Itotvithstanding the fact that there is less lead per battery, they are lasting longer. Previously mentioned car registrations and battery pro duction statistics confirm this statement. Batteries are lasting longer for several reasons: 1. Tou lead producers and fabricators are turning out a better product. Tou have made improvements vhich have helped us battery manufacturers to mate better batteries. 2. Automobile manufacturers have improved the electrical systems to better protect batteries against deleterious overcharging and under charging conditions. In other words, batteries in the new modern ears are less subject to failure even if neglected by the automobile user. The 12-volt battery is apparently doing a better Job than Aid the 6-volt battery. 3. Most battery manufacturers are now using more quality control measures than ever before and recently developed processes are resulting In better quality. Research towards that end is still in progress and should never stop. Hot too cany years ago an average 6-volt automobile storage battery de livered only 2D to 25 vatt-hours of electrical energy per pound of lead. Today it is cannon practice to see 6-volt and 12-volt batteries delivering 25 to 35 vatt-hours energy per pound of lead when discharged at the 20 hour rate. The energy increase is even greater when making comparisons at the higher starting current rates of discharge. Regular sire passenger car 12-volt batteries today are using approximately 19^ pounds of lead each as compared with present-day average lead usage in 6-volt batteries of 16-1/3 pounds each, or approximately 19 per cent more lead is required for such 12-volt batteries. However, 12-volt batteries for compact and Imported cars have the same or slightly less lead than is used In average present-day 6-volt battcriea. A survey mads by me indicates that average compact car batteries use one half to one per cent less lead than is being used in average 6-volt batteries. (Ref. Table n.) Yes, batteries are lasting longer. They are lasting longer even though electrical energy requirements on practically all automobiles have been constantly Increasing, and they are doing so using less lead per battery than five to ten years ago. r [! f! B 1 .............. .......... L\b?l2?i Mr. C. Herbert Allen -3- Storage Battery Outlook--1961 I aa Baking these statements vith full knowledge of the fact that for i960 the American Automobile Association reports they hare had another Increase In "Emergency Road Service Calls" caused by "Battery and Electrical Breakdovns." However, the percentage of total calls vas dovn to 24.76 per cent In i960 from a high of 25.21 per cent In 1959* I believe the nomenclature "Breakdown" is misleading. Such statistics can only be accounted for by assuming that many of such calls dll not necessitate replacement of the battery. Oftentimes a battery Is accidently discharged when lights or other electrical accessories are inadvertently left turned on for extended periods of time while the vehicle Is idle. Unless the automobile engine and generator are operating, the current thus removed can exhaust even a new fully charged battery In several hours. How else can we reconcile the fact that battery sales are not keeping up vith the Increasing number of vehicles being used, and are lagging the yearly Increase In total vehicle Biles traveled. An educational program aimed at having batteries and electrical systems Bore frequently tested and advising vehicle owners cn proper battery and electrical system service might do much toward eliminating such emergency roed calls reported by the American Automobile Association. As for future years, 1962 and beyond, the amount of lead per battery will become somewhat less than at present and battery life will become longer. However, as previously stated, batteries and battery lead required vill not show a corresponding decrease. United States population and the re sulting increased use of automobiles will have offsetting effects. TVw United States Bureau of Public Roads Is charged with the responsibility of planning highways for future vehicle use. After a very exhaustive survey, they are anticipating Increased vehicular usage and travel. In the year Vj66 the population will be 195 million. Motor vehicles registered will be 89,161,000 Instead of the $00,000 currently registered In the United States, a 21 per cent Increase by 1966. They estimate that vehiclemiles traveled vill be 899 billion as compared vith today's 720 billion miles annually, a 25 per cent mileage Increase. In 1971 motor vehicle registration vill be 101,240,000, another 13 per cent Increase, and In 1976 there vill be 113,642,000 vehicles in use, a further 12 per cent increase, according to the Bureau, (53 per cent more In 1976 than last year). These estimates by the Bureau seem reasonable considering past increases and the population Increase that is sure to take place. Unless there are drastic changes In the sources of electric power used In auto mobiles, lead for lead-acid batteries vill probably be ca the Increase for years to ccme. I have constantly strived to keep abreast of all research and development work. Kothing has been uncovered to my knowledge that has caused me to vorry about nev devices replacing storage batteries as a source of electri cal energy as required In today's automobiles.I I made a detailed study of statistics pertaining to vehicles and batteries used In the United States and lead used by the battery industry. This study covered s period of 10 years beginning vith the year I95O. I feel quite certain that what Is going to happen this year or next year cannot LI A 2 12 2 2 Mr. C. Herbert Alloa -1*- Storage Battery Outlook--19^1 bo forecast by studying only statistics covering production and sales of automotive accessories. In order to forecast what Is going to happen in the future, it would, be necessary, I art sure, to consider vhat Is going to happen to the country in general. Economic conditions have an effect on the number of automobiles that vlll be used on the highways, the mileage traveled and the number of batteries required to replace those veering out. However, recessional effects cn the sale of replacement batteries are not normally as great as the effect on the general economy. The inventory situation of not only automobiles In dealer hands, but also the inventory of storage batteries in the hands of dealers, chain stores and in distributors' warehouses can have a big effect an the number of batteries that will be manufactured in any given year. During the past two years domestic vehicle factory sales and import* ex ceeded new vehicle registrations by 1,559,000 units. Ibis indicates a heavy dealer stock, therefore, new vehicle registration should exceed domestic vehicle sales and imports in 1561. Hie excess should be ap proximately 500,000, ie, 6,1*90,000 domestic vehicle sales plus !00,000 imports and 500,000 excess over production equals 7,390,000. I used this figure for estimating new vehicle registrations for the year 1961. To arrive at total registrations in the United States, the scrappage of vehicles and inventory adjustments, as calculated in the statistics far this paper, were averaged for the pact five years. That quantity, k, 1*81,000, was used to balance out as an inventory adjustment for the year 1961. Thus i960 total registrations of 73,097,000 plus estimated 1961 new vehicle registrations of 7/390,000 minus scrappage and inventory adjustment of l*,W5l,000 equals estimated 1961 total vehicle registration* of 76,006,000. I used this figure as an ectlnate for 1961 total registra tions. IW W W P W S J IH IIP 1.1 'iM .n w a p .ilI I I ( 111|>U1I1II/ We knew that, for various reasons. Inventories of batteries in warehouses of dealer and chain stores were materially reduced during the year i960. Consequently this reduction in stock at the sales outlets caused an Im portant reduction in the demand for batteries frees manufacturers. I do not believe the production of storage batteries will suffer because of stock reduction again this year. Replacement batteries required In 1961 will probably exceed the quantity required in i960. The net result la that the total 1961 requirements for storage batteries should be approximately the sane as were required during the year 1959* The demand for replacement batteries in the first months of 1961 is starting out veil ahead of the corresponding i960 period. !lev vehicle production 1* behind i960. The net result on toted, batteries required is 6,106,590 for 1961 compared with 5/236,5^*5 last years i Replacement batteries shipped through February I960 3/505,000 1961 5/091/500 c Vehicle production through February 1,730,7^5 1,015,090 * Total batteries required 5/236,5^5 6,106,590 r This shows an increase of 070,000 battSries or 17 per cent more for 1961 than for i960, ie, January and February only. L ,r - .... mw ; ' : ~'~1' T"" -ir*------------= -* " 8^yiaBgr^a!^Bg^i*>|^iW8>r-WS.C LIA21223 <V Hr. C. Herbert Allen -5- Storage Battery Outlook--196l A review of the data 00 Table TV shove that 15.9 per cent of a year's batteries are required in January and February. Cn that basis, total battery production for 1961 should be 39,350,000. Hovever, tvo months' battery production cannot be used to Rake an accurate forecast. I there fore reBorted almost entirely to opinions expressed by other battery manu facturers to eatioato 1961 total battery production. It should be remembered that the replacement battery business la atill seasonal, I have revleved shipping reports cccpiled by the Association of American Battery Manufacturers by calendar quarters. The statistics are shora on Table IV. Some indication that battery sales are leveling cart and becoming steadier is apparent but the change Is rather slight. Hie United States Replacement Battery Industry figures indicate shipments for recent years are running 21 pier cent, 19 per cent, 30 per cent and 30 per cent respectively for the first through the fcwrth calendar quarters of a year. Approximately 20 years ago. United States Replacement Battery shipments vere 21 p>er cent, 16 per cent, 30 p>er cent and 33 per cent for the first through the fourth calendar quarters respectively. Fran the above It Is seen that the last calendar quarter now accounts for 3 per cent less shipments than It did 20 years ago. The second calendar quarter accounts for 3 per cent more shipments new than It did 20 years ago. Average shipments during the first and third calendar quarters are the same as they vere 20 years ago. The average number of original equipment batteries required during the high est calendar quarter for the past three years varies to about the Bane degree as do replacement batteries. There is a difference hovever. Batteries for original equipment are required In greatest quantities during the first and second calendar quarters. Batteries for replacement purposes are required in greatest quantities during the third and fourth calendar quarters. This has & slight leveling off effect on total lead required by quarters for original equipment and replacement batteries combined. Hovever, the total for the last six months of a year averages 57 per cent of the year's total. The corresponding figure for replacement batteries alone during last half of a year is 60 per cent. Fifty seven per cent of original equipment batteries are required during first half of a year. Tour sain interest, I knew, Is hov all this adds up In terms of lead tonnage. Statistical Table III Indicates a veighted average lead content of 17-6 pounds of lead alloy and lead materials per battery. That velght vhen multiplied by battery production In i960 falls short of the total usage reported by the Bureau of Mines. The last report 1 have frees that Bureau ahovs the battery Industry used 347,000 tons of lead during i960. In con sideration of usual upward revisions, I have estimated that final tonnage for i960 vlll be 35^,000. Deducting 38,000 tons estimated use for Industrial, aircraft and other special types of batteries, leaves 316,000 tons used by the automotive battery Industry. As before, it 1# anticipated that half of this quantity vlll be In the fora of anticonial lead alleys--the balance in the form of lead oxide. That quantity divided by the total automotive bat teries manufactured in i960 gave an average lead velght of I8.3 pounda. To alleviate that Inconsistency, I increased the battery lead velghts de termined, as shown on Table II, by applying the factor 1.044. Lead per battery vaa then estimated as shewn on Table III. 'n.iprw< mnmmwm.ii i nv m"^ in.s.iiwm'|. LI A.2 12 24 wmi. er m ign>weaiiw wiin w /s jippm r m M i !1 A -'j "WHI-- ?* Hr. C. Herbert Alien -6- Storage Battery Cutlock--1961 In order to assist me In arriving at conclusion* as to the lead that vill be required for the battery Industry this year, I again sought the opinions of approximately 2$ or y> large and medlvm site battery manufacturers. The composite of opinions ventured Is recorded In Table I of the statistics compiled for this presentation. 1 thinX It la Important to point out that there vas a remarkable similarity of opinions expressed by the various persons contacted this year, in contrast with a divergence of opinions expresced for the year i960. This uniformity of opinion. It seems, lends velght to vhat ve should expect during this year in the vay of battery production and lead consumption by the battery Industry. The original equipment battery shljxaerrts, or production forecast of 6,950,COO units is based on the opinions expressed as outlined previously. The replacement battery forecast of 27,55000 units for 1961 was also arrived at in the same manner. The statistics callable I show that the AABl ratio of reregistered cars to replacement batteries is 2.5 for the 1961 forecast. This ratio appears normal when compared with the ratio existing during the past four years. The amount of lead required for the storage battery industry In 1961, as mentioned earlier, vas based on both the opinions expressed In the poll of battery and supplier manufacturers, together with battery lead weight measurements previously mentioned and as outlined in Table II. It appears as a net result of all the various influencing factors mentioned, that the battery Industry will use approximately the same quantity of lead this year as vas used during i960 (35!,000 tons). Rote that greater 1961 battery production is estimated using the same lead as vas used In i960 for less batteries. This concurs with my findings that the lesser lead veight per battery will partially offset greater battery production. I made an attempt to correlate future battery production and battery lead consumption with forecasts made by the United States Bureau of Public Roads. The Bureau forecast gives estimates of population, vehicle registration M vehicle mileage for the years 1556, 1971/ 1976 sol 1991* Table V outlines the procedure used to project future battery and lead production. The ratio "Total Vehicle Registration/Total Batteries" Is not usually taken as an indication of battery life, but for purposes of the forecast, I believe it is sufficiently accurate since the same method is used con sistently throughout Table V for each year covered. It should be pointed out that the Association of American Battery Manufacturers indicated life is based on replacement battery shipments and re-registered cars. The indicated life used in Table V is based on total vehicle registrations and total SLI battery requirements. The following comparison is made for information purposes only: Life by above method (months) AABH "Indicated life" (months) I960 25.6 1959 24.8 25-8 1258 26.5 26.6 1957 23.9 24.7 24.0 24.1 1252 21.0 22.4 1951 22.7 23.0 It Is understood that the progressions used far arriving at future batt llfe and for estimating the future decrease in lead quantity per battery ym * t s ' ! ewwewm ' w m i , " wwwgggajf L'*?l!?5 Mr. C. Herbert Allen -7- Storage Battery Outlook--1961 are arbitrary. However, barring unforeseen change* In battery development and battery energy requirements per vehicle, the present trend Indicates a change aa ehovn In Table V tabulation. Improvement In battery life over future years vas projected a* miming that future progress la that direction vill not be as rapid a rate as occurred during the past five years. Progress nov la planning and development stages vill take place, but the effect of such knevn planning vill not result In a fixed life Increase every year. I have estimated that the rate of Increase vill decline each five years aa Indicated by tha follovlng! Period " " 1955 - I960 .380 years i960 - 1966 an addltleoal .076 years 1966 - 1971 " " .038 years 1971 - 1976 " " .019 year# During this period of tii-a unforeseen additional Improvements may be made. The above estimate Is based only on foreseeable Improvements, notice that a leveling off of life lncreaso Is Indicated. The "Lead per average Battery" in future years vas projected by assuming that the rate of decrease Indicated for the past five year* vill not con tinue. ibis la because present usage la determined to a large extent by 6-volt batteries vhlch vill bec<xae a scalier percentage of total produc tion In future years. Apparently owners of older vehicles using 6-volt batteries are using low priced batteries with low lead content. We can't forget, however, that batteries for compact or econcny cars may become a greater factor. If they reach fifty-fifty proportions, then average lead per battery vill decrease more than la Indicated in Table V. Weighing all the above possibilities, I assumed that the rate of decrease in lead con tent vill decline as follows: ? Tear 1955 Year i960 Year 1966 Year 1971 Year 1976 19.4 lb/battery actual 18.3 lb/batter7 actual 17.6 lb/battery est. 17.2 lb/battery est. 17-0 lb/battery eat. 5.6$ decrease 4.0* " 2.0* " 1.0* " This also shows a leveling off effect. The net result a* shown on Table V Indicate* there vill be a general Increase In lead required for future SLI battery production as follows: Year i960 actual Year 1966 est. Year 1971 est. Year 1976 est. 316.000 ton* plus Industrial battery lead estimate 354.000 tons, a 12* Increase plus Industrial battery lead 389.000 tons, additional 10* plus " "" 429.000 tons, additional 10* plus * "" The above may be an optimistic outlook, but that's vhat Z get vith my figuring and estimating. I would Indeed be negligent if I failed to acknowledge all the help I've received in compiling this Information, statistical data In particular, fienbera of the Association of American Battery Manufacturers, By associates L1A21226 Hr. C. Hertort Alien -3- Storage Battery Outlook--19^1 v at Vitallc end Southland Battery Coapanies, and battery manufacturers In general vero cooperative beyond my expectation*. United States Government Bureaus and the Autccobile Manufacturers Association vere also very helpful. As an example, Hr. Ken Green, with vboo noat of you are acquainted, is a veil recognized authority on battery rev material requirements, including lead. X know he recognizes the fact that I have used sotne information published over his signature early this year. He vas kind enough to make a mass of information available to me concerning his latest thinking on the subject of lead requirements for batteries. I note from the program that there are many other very interesting subjects that are being presented during this meeting. X aa confident my attendance here will be veil vorth vhlle. For this reason, ss veil as for the honor that has been mine through your invitation to address you here, X varrt to say thank you very ouch. C. Herbert Alien : LI ^2 1227 STATISTICS FWt LEAD IHDUSTSlES KEETIHa - Chicago to; 2, 1961 'j..i -- .il... . s fc ,, -..J i .. J rl.il'.ilA. ilti 1000 Hr* Indicated attorn!**) mu i Co*p*lt* Opinion btlaaUd lH 9 IfitO lift* IKI 1*7 196* IKS IK* ran an 8*9! streDans, 0. 5. Total fegl str*llont. ne* airt only 8e-registralions (by difference) Keaittrallont, annuel gel* Seles. oo*etic from U. 5. factories Sale*. export* from*. 5. factories Inpor ts Production, y. %. Incl uJlna nil 11 ary Niles (totelj 0. S-. (in billions] Nile* per venlcle. average (in miles) 5c/*ppagt and 'Inventory1 adjustment HTTaiP (I tri n tolt Xrim) Production - y. 5. Tola) Si 1 slm fro Mellon - OriQinel equipment 5intl t**ile* only fro>Jvton - Sept acement tl Stli*its only - Tractor type* Production - *porlee etlimat ed) U si: only !112 veil only, O.C.) i:l () fl? volt only, replacement) a*t, 112 volt total) 1 \2 volt auto. ball*.. O.C. 4 replacement 8alio to re-r*jl tiered car* (a) UAf U5** II 8ATTTRT HWACTUt II* >ciil petit, etc.. lont) Percent r.eiel 0*idet cf Letd'(Tont) Total in Batteries (tons) test injy^tr |l rsttery vte (etl.) Lead In Agio, ballerltt {by difference*) (lent) lead In Average Auto, Battery. (lb*.) (*l) <M \l) 74.806 7.790 49.au 2.90* 4. *90 >00 *00 4.950 8.*41 7>.497 7.570 46.377 2.371 T.7> Hi *95 7.905 720 5.1*9 M.574 .78) 6* . 54) >.1*4 6.375 312 7 19 4.724 700 9.729 3,715 41.324 5. VI 42,9*7 1.169 4.78* >04 *59 5.121 645 9,454 4.717 67.159 4.8*0 60.31* 1.974 8.791 >7 > 77) 7,720 6*7 9.571 4.444 65.1*3 4,850 5a.333 I.*64 4, *74 >n 112 6.919 471 9.42> *.394 47.72? 8.177 5*.409 1,18* 8,415 4*7 69 9.169 6Q> 9.415 3.943 54.5*3 6.3*5 52.174 2.289 6.153 401 >4 9.401 561 9.609 4.077 M.MI 6.950 77.550 190 IM 4.850 2*.060 21.019 601 >4.990 4.950 27.650 190 190 4.950 14.700 21.750 611 t. >4.435 7.905 ?*.>30 700 700 7.905 11.950 19,805 571 7.59 >*.719 *.72* 77.*95 290 710 6.724 9.5*5 14.56 9 *41 2. >4 >0.881 5.121 75.270 768 77? 5.121 7. *70 17.591 All 2.50 33.706 7.770 75.9*3 774 771 7.720 5.9*0 13.700 yn 7.31 >7.521 4.9)8 75.0)4 277 361 5. 55* 1.51 7.39* 731 ?. >5. 774 9.169 25.424 >77 404 >.491 4*2 4.1 121 7.1? >1.009 6.601 73,771 777 409 1.030 >1 1.061 41 2.79 9 171 *81 1 18) >54 >5 >19 1I.J 174 *91 190 9 >54 >8 >H 14. > 14T 94 19 J >91 >9 . X) 19.4 160 515 163 )U 74 2*5 14.4 149 521 175 >4 323 19.2 19? 521 179 >71 42 379 20.7 19* 571 14* >ac 3* 3*e 19.4 T 79 >09 19.9 estimated or forecast P-jCh cf data t) j*r. for Tear i960 It subject to later revition rfien final reports are verified ana ejected by sourer* of Information ind! cated. Cmol accost for variation In weiafrt for Tear 1*50. Tear end a<5jwsiment by 9. of N. adding 20.000 ton* to battery lead usage may explain. Ably forecast by Ken Green of t. S. 9- 111 United States Bureau of Public feeds autirtj-i le *vufattveer* association 1961 3) - ixarvpl* s lVjd rej. l i?S9 ne reg. - 1950 tolal red. Z 68328 * 600 - U526 s JT5 ad), for 1*50 {) - The Association of American Battery nanjfactwree*. Ine. I960 Tear ftoc* . for practical purposes, production considered sa^e at sntw*e*li reported. (5) - United State* bureau of Hina* Viflu jawJ.,5^-'W^IU|1I^W||jjWMnyiyvaju.M !lLp"i rm*- Mr. C. Herbert Allen Storage Battery Outlook--1961 Table II Lead Weight* per Average Battery 6-Volt Vehlcla Battery 12-Volt Reg. Site Vehicle Battery 12-Volt Ccopact h Icport Car Battery Weighted Average Estiaated flow for 1961 Per Ken Green note* 3/15/&1 8clther report* covering approx. 37 different brand* and 78 type* of batterle* weighted by flow by site 39* . 17.2 lb 16.7 .. 39* . 20.3 lb 21.7 __22* . 16.k lb 16.8 100* 18.23 lb I8.67 Assay Z on scrap batteries 15-6 17.3 15.6 16.26 Assay Y on scrap batteries 15.8 18.5 l6.2 16.9k Average* 16.33 Bureau of Mines reported and adjusted battery lead usage gave a i960 weighted average per vehicle battery of 18.3 lb. To adjust above to actual Bureau of lines weights, factored by 1.04k 17.05 19**5 20.31 16.25 16.97 17.53 18.30 The above variance* betveen weighted average* calculated and average* based 00 Bureau of Mine* report 1* probably due to need for weighting to cco pena ate for variation* In dlrtrlbutton quantities by different eanufacturer* and brand* oeasured. LI A? 12 2 9 Kr. C. Herbert Alim Storago Battery Outlook--1961 Table III Zrtlnated Total All Sites 6-Volt Vehicle Batteries 12-Volt Vehicle Batteries 12-Volt Conpact & Deport Car Batteries no* Lead Weight each Tear - i960 (batte.) 100* 18.30 lb 34,599,000 39* 1T.05 lb 13,493,610 vi 20.31 lb 13,493,610 22* 16.97 lb 7,6ll,780 Lead required i960 Tone 316,600 115,000 137,000 64,600 Tear - 1961 (batta.) 34,600,000 13,603,200 13,603,200 7,673,600 Lead required 1961 Tone 319,200 116,000 138,100 65,100 m - pt^ipprp. -- ,; .. ''"...............-~ "?*. SEASONAL NATURE OF BATTERIES REQUIRED FRO* M MANUFACTURERS (ilOOO) S.LI. Typot Soorco - A.A.B.M. t A.N.A. 0 I l feiT ______ TIIU I* Krucacn smaitr - OSIOIMl EQOinCIT MTTOta** t o t u . tmAcoorr i mis . EQvtncrr worn. mo t t v ISM ISM Tmt i) Tn * ISM bnr. &[> (wrtor ISM ISM ISM Avw. 1n| Ymt *S 397 QMTtW Thr*4 Tuf Aver. TriJ Vur, * *r QMrUr JOA. f0. mrc* 2.004 1.10) 1.577 M?t 1,7ft 1.774 1.949 1.441 1.477 1,144 1.745 1.410 4.7 4.4 4.2 21.1 *77 445 911 " 474 10.3 444 579 TOO 411 9.3 74 497 741 47* 9.T 24.7 2,954 2.754 2.244 1.7 7.2 f .9 22.7 April *7 1,2*1 l.tsa .nj 1.472 1.999 2. lit 1.M 1.450 2.072 1.400 1.544 1.444 4.7 $.4 7.5 19.7 742 444 497 424 440 771 407 479 720 594 9.0 405 9.2 405 9.2 27.4 2,003 2,171 2,993 4.4 4.4 7.9 29.5 WQult s^t. Oct. or. tec. j I i. jet 2.W) 2.70a i.rrt 2.242 7.041 2.554 2.721 2.999 7.044 2.799 2.947 2.171 2.550 2.709 2.7 2, *34 2.922 2.2*7 2.337 2.747 2.940 2.545 2.777 14 9.4 10.5 11.2 9.7 10.5 29.7 71.4 309 447 514 271 295 7M 119 774 497 772 402 490 419 704 494 490 577 411 524 0.0 2.797 9.9 299 4.4 714 4.9 17.4 2.474 3.092 9.4 9.4 1" i 1 547 9.3 3.503 10.4 577 9.1 3.090 9.4 425 4.4 25.9 7.442 19.3 24.5 70.7 t o t *. 25,270 27,498 24.229 24,744 ico.o* 100.0* 5.042 4,725 7,905 e,5 100.0* 100.0* (2,831 100.0* 100.0* * - 9ovrc* - A**oct4tloa of fewricofl otltery Manufacturer* - 0 A I report* "oattary Shipments* fro* anafacturec* UhMd un at jAllery Production **- Jourco - MlcnoOlU oftfocluror* Aiaoclatlo* - Vehicle Production* u u k O oocfc veftlcla Mnvfactwretf require a baitary. 4/41 '-* vn. uegM*'uwii^j,yy^--yiipi^f^pwc.y.i' ,_>ynj T.iig m iw*'yi a j. j^r.'.njgf- IRW y utijUn.Nfw,. = rjBi,ap^'issw^tifi/g|ig..AW*WiR* . -**<s~*K**r*t*mii. 'iil .lllWPrgnigBW LI421231 03 CJ-3' Table YProjected Battery Life and Lead Usage Year 1955 i960 Population, Resident 48 States (000) Motor Vehicles Registered, public & private (000) Total Vehicles Rcgistered/Total Batteries Batteries Shipped or Manufactured (000) Vehicle Mllea Traveled (000 000 000) Vehicle Kiles/Battery Miles per Vehicle (aver, per year) Lead per Average Battery, Lb Estimated Lead for S.L.I. Batteries, tons (000) Battery I Lfe indicated by above ratio (month) (l) (l) (2) (3) (l) (4) 161,000 62,727 1.75 35,775 603 16,870 9,615 19A 346 21.0 178,161 73,697 2.13 34,635 720 20,775 9,740 18.3 316 25.6 1966 195,353 9,161 2.21 40,300 899 22,300 10,080 17.6 354 26.5 1971 211,653 101,240 2.24 45,200 1,051 23,300 10,515 17-2 399 26.9 1976 229,758 113,642 2.26 50,200 1,200 23,900 10,575 17-1 429 27.1 (l) Source 1955 and i960 Autooobile Manufacturer* Association Pacts & Figures. Forecast for 19^6 through 1991 by United States Bureau of Public Roads. (2) Ratio obtained by dividing total vehicle registration by total batteries (AAIM "Replacement Shijrsents" and vehicle production requirements). This ratio assumed to indicate battery life in years. (0. E. fc Replace ment combined). Years 1955 through i960 indicate increase of .38 years to life cf average battery. Future life increase estimated by assuming that gain during 1960-66 vill be .Oj6 years, 1966-71 vill be .033 years, 1971-7b vill be .019 years increase to average battery life. (3) Replacement battery shipments reported by Association of American Battery Manufacturers and batteries re quired by vehicle production reported by Automobile Manufacturers Association. * (4) Assuming lead per battery in future years vill decrease as follovs: 4 during 1960-66 2% during 15)66-71 ljt during 1971-76 % 4 1 * i  rrw-i^g^m."v vi .IA21232 i oresiso "h ew f bo h t eek s " Dari4 M. Borclna, Assistant to the Secretary Lead Industries Association "Hew frontiers," the designation thcfc we hare given to this session of our annual meeting, ho* nothing to do vith politics. It Is simply co incidental that the vigorous aggressiveness sad initiative shown by the lead Industry In opening "new frontiers" have taken the spotlight at * time when the tern has struck the public fancy. Thousands of our best scientists, hundreds of our greatest corpo rations, cany agencies cf our government are right now engaged In fairing advantage of the properties cf lead to solve their own problems, resulting in new lead products and uses. VhyT Hot because those people have a vested Interest In lead, not because they want to do our Industry a favor, not because lead Is the only raw material they have not explored! Bo, but because the lead Industry itself Is talking lead as It never did be fore. Thrcugl the power of technical advertising, technical publicity, end most of all, technical service. Industry has been awakened to the pos sibilities of lead In modern technology. It has been our privilege, with the whole-hearted support ve have had from the members of the Industry, to disseminate the necessary technical information throughout Industry as a ole end to cultivate, through technical service, the ground where our seeds have taken root. This to us seems the surest and least costly way to open "new borircce." In this way the research dollar can be multiplied manyfold. In this way vs can help industry to fill la the missing pieces of each particular Jigsaw puzzle. Ve must know what lead has to offer and keep In close touch with industry to know what It needs. That Is how the Lead Industries Association and its staff operate*. We try to know more about lead than anyone else, we try to know what In dustry needs, and we try to fill that need. In this session we are attempting to give you a brief sampling of what Is going cn along saae "new frontiers." Time Is entirely Inadequate to give you a complete picture. You vill hear from a few people who have been attacking these frontiers with fresh vision. Seme are people with wham we have had the privilege of working closely; others have been entirely on their own. All are typical of the people who are looking ahead with lead and i4ao merit cur help, wherever possible, to bring their Idea* to fruitlea. Once the technical aspects of our new product development are licked, the real selling Job begin*. That 1* our Job too. Ve have to tell the world about the wonder* of these new frontier* *o that when they are opened, they will become populated with the right kind and number of customer*. Presented at the 33rd annual meeting --./Lead Industrie* Association, < Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, Hey 3, 1961. N 229-09 t L IA21233 I i David M. Boro la* -2- Opening "Hew frontiers" How ve function M the technical service vole* of ths lsad Industry msy tost be illustrated by a fev case histories. A recent visit with a large manufacturer of fans and blcvers de veloped the Infcmaticn that they vere cerlously concerned with a nolae problem la their never equipment, equipment thnt va* producing bansful noise levels. With the aid of the data contained in the Bolt, Bertiaek and Kevnan report entitled "reproved 6oucd Barriers Employing Lead," ve vere able to convince thea that lead ni^hi be the solution to their problem. fortunately for us, they agreed, and os a result they are cur rently conducting tests on lead materials. Another case history I will describe deal* vith laad-asbestos astlvlbratlon pads. The rice president of the El Paso National Bank was in Montreal about a year tgo, stopping at the Queen Elisabeth Hotel. Hi# ovn bank va* then planning a new headquarter* building in El Paso on property over and around railroad track*. Realising the Queen Elisabeth Hotel vaa built over railroad tracks vith no noticeable vibration prob lem, he vent to see ths maintenance engineer who told tala shout their use of the lead pads and that he cculd get further Information frea the Lead Industries Association. He contacted ua, ve sent hia our folder and other data on the pods, and he recccsaended their us* to the archi tect* and engineers. Unfortunately for us, the architects and engineers had never slept at the Queen Elisabeth Hotel so ve had a selling Job to do. With the aid of the bank vice president, our selling Job va* ade quate and the lead-asbestos pads remained in the specificatleal. Was this the end of ItT Not cn your life! The railroad now got into the act and hired a consulting engineering fins in Chicago. They then contacted us and the necessary data vere sent along to then. The last ve heard, last veek, the lead-asbestoe pads are being installed this veek. Many other requests for technical Information on lead are received by the Association and seme of these sire displayed cn a board In the back of the ballroaa. I hope you will get a chance to look these over. Boos of the uses for lead that vill be discussed during this session can not now be considered as using significant quantities of lead, but who among you vould have said in 1925 that tetraethyl lead vould become the second largest consumer of lead in the comparatively short period at a little sore then thirty years. Perhaps va have here in on* or nor* at the products to be discussed another TEL. Let us hope sol Hope is not enough, of course! We vill have to continue our ag gressive approach to "Nev frontiers" in lead and aid and abet every effort by technicians throughout industry to think lead and to us* lead. ; To provide the type of information that these technician* need and want, v* as an industry susti 1 1. Develop the necessary technical information through research. 2. Inform the technicians vhat lead is doing and can do througk eass communication channels., 3* Provide a personal technical service staff prepared to work vith technicians on speclflo Job*. -As s result of forward looking members of th* Association, ve are cur rently engaged in all three step* to a greater or lesser degree. History vill o* the Judge as to whether or net v* are doing a proper and adequate Job. **-% PZT A! ns MARKETS Gordon Eubanks, General Sale* Manager, Clevite Electronics Components Division. Piozoelectricity Is not a new phenomenon. It was first discovered In 1680 at the Sorbonne by Pierre and Jacques Curie. Their studies at this tin* were conducted with crystals of quarts, tourmalin# and Rocholle ealt. Ihe practical application of piesoeleotrlclty was not significant until the early 1930's and was pioneered by the Brush Development Company of Cleveland, Ohio. Severe limitations were discovered in crystalline materials and efforts were made to find Improved materials. In 19h0 it was discovered that (BaTlOj) barium tltanate could be treated electrically and be permanently polarised. This discovery promoted the use of piezoelectricity as ceramic could be pre pared in sizes and shapes not attainable with crystals. Cr.e major limitation of barium tltanate la its upper temperature limit of approximately 100 C, This limitation was overcome In the 1950*s by the discovery of lead tltanate slrconate (Fb(TiZr) O3) with limiting temperatures around 300 C. The tech nical term for this ceramio Is cumbersome to us# In conversation so I will refer to PZT which is a registered trade mark of the Clevite Corporation. I don't wlih to dwell on the technical aspects of ceramio materials but the latter material is of interest to all of you because of Its high lead con tent. A brief look at the percentages of material used in PZT formulae should be useful. Ey weight PZT contains approximately 65? lead oxide (H>0) 12? titanium oxide (TiOj) and 23? zirconium oxide (ZrOj). In our operations at Clevite today vo are using approximately U0,000 pounds of ceramio powder per month, or 13 tons of lead oxide. We realize this 1* not tremendous volume for the lead Industry, but a look at the present and potential market is encouraging. Today's mrket for piezoelectric ceramic Is shared with barium tltanate, but the trend Is to PZT with Its Inherent characteristics of higher tem perature operation, greater stability, uniformity and ability to with stand pressure. - Volume business today is concentrated In two areas, ultrasonic cleaning and sonar devices. Both of these product areas are expanding rapidly. Sonar in its broad sense la the military application of piezoelectricity to under water sound detection. It is the counterpart of radar In air. Some com mercial uses are for fish finders and depth finders In pleasure boats. I an certain you will hear more in this mooting concerning ultrasonlo clean ing and Its many varied applications. The number of units in this field is increasing but the volume of coranlc per unit le not large. Other ourrent markets for j?T Include phonograph cartridge elements (large volume, small quantity ceramic), fuse elements for detonators, microphones, delay lines, accelerometers for vibration measurements. Host of the Presented at the 32nd annual meeting--Lead Industries Association, Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, May 3, 1961. ,1 > N 229.1 LI A2 12 35 ?0 ' : i PZT and Ita Markets 2 elements carry a rather high price tag based on required manufacturing techniques, but havo a small volume of ceramic powder, Vhen we consider future market potential for PZT ceramics, it is difficult not to become over-enthusiastic. Kew product ideas are being generated ao rapidly and by eo many eourcos that evaluation of their merits is quite a problem. It has even been suggested that a piece of ceramic be imbedded in the heel of a woman's shoe. Every step would generate a spark and light a neon bulb. More serious ideas include spark ignition for oil or gas fur naces and clothes dryers, electrostatic air filters, etomiration of fuel oil, speedometers, and, of course, spark purp devices for gasoline engines. Hie latter use of ceramic will be discussed by another speaker. Many present products of PZT are used in markets which are expanding rapidly. Most significant to -he lead Industry due to the heavier tonnage, is in use of underwater devices. The military program for increases in the number of submarines and the expansion of oceanography as a study frontier will re quire increasing quantities of piezoelectric ceramic. We are only starting to produce ceramio electric wave filters but the future for the product is excellent. We anticipate sales of hundreds of thousands yearly. One last coroent regarding the future products will point out the broad basis for scientific research in the use of piezoelectric ceramics. We have discussed products ranging from high production phono cartridge ele ments to heavy military applications. Recently one of the largest elec tronic companies announced a unique successful experiment with PZT sheet stock, Ir coating the surface with a luminous material they were able to excite the ceramio electrically and produce visual figures on the surface as in a cathode ray tube. Little imagination is required to visualise the TV picture tube of the future hanging from tho wall in a picture frame. To suzmarite, Clevite as a large producer is using lead oxide at the rate of over 150 tons per year in l?6l. This quantity should double within two years, and at least double again in the following five years. * " " * " -------------------- filin' r * -: - ... LI A 212 36 SHALL grGgi'g icy mot WITH TK3 "SPARK PUXR" Martin J, Gler.day, Manager, Special Product#, Clintonetics Division, Clinton Engines Corp. The small engine line generally encompasses those gasoline, internal coabustion engines with ratings between cne-half and ten horsepower. During World War II there vero approximately one million engines used In the four-year period. Since that period, the number of engines used has Increased each year to the present volume of 4 1/2 million per year. The general turnover is every five or six years so there are approximately 20 to 25 million small engines In use in the country today. They find their use on lawn mowers, outboard motors, garden tractors, chainsaws, pumps, rototlllors, hay balers, and numerous other utilities which make our American way of life what it Is today. Throughout the history of the gasoline, internal combustion engine, the ignition of the combustion mixture has been accomplished with an electric spark. The availability of electrical energy has been a major problem in the engineer ing, design, and application of the small engines. Thi., has been a particular problem since the electrical energy has had to be in the fora of high voltage to Initiate a epark. The small engine line, by its definition, demands a certain degree of portability and, therefore, the transformation of chemical energy to electrical energy found its adaptation primarily in the larger engine design. Hence battery ignition is used in the automobile. The storage battery is adapted to the high current and low voltage output, but the ignition coll transforms the low voltage, high current to high voltage, low current as Is necessary for the ignition spark. In the small engine line the ignition spark has been accomplished by the use of the magneto. The magneto takes mechanical energy, a turn of the crank or pull of the starting rope, and transforms it to electrical energy. This transformation is accomplished through magnets and a coil for generating a low voltage, high current type energy, and then as In the battery system. It la transformed with the ignition coil to high voltage and low current as is re quired for ignition. The storage battery and various magneto systems have bees in existence since the birth of the gasoline engine. Tremendous strides have been taken in the science of engineering uhe storage battery and the magneto, but there has always been khe feeling that something was missing. Somewhere, somehow there must be a method of supplying ignition with undreamed of advan tages over the storage battery and magneto systems. The professional men have been waiting for some breakthrough that would open the field for them in en gineering and designing systems around some phenomenon that would suffice the needs not satisfied by the battery or magneto systems. Since 1953, the engineers of the Clintonetics Division of Clinton Englnea Corporation have kept a watchful eye on the developments within the ceramic industry, namely piezoelectric ceramics. In July, I960, after experimentatloo and analysis, it was concluded that the stage of development was ready for the adaptation to the ignition systems in the small engine field. Clintonstica engineer# recognized thia major breakthrough and programed accordingly. Presented at the 32nd annual Dieting -- Lead Industrie* Association Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, May 3 1961. - N 229.11 -ew Li.A 21237 o Hr. Martin J. Glenda? - 2- Small Engine Ignition with tho n3park Pump" y 1 program for experimentation and development va3 organized vlth Cleveland Graphite Bronze Corporation and work was begun. Cleveland Graphite Bronze Cor poration had developed an Ignition system around their advance ceramics and wore also convinced that they had made a major step in the small engine field. Their system uaea the epark pump to change mechanical energy to electrical energy and a switch to tine the spark to the engine cycle. Their crystals in the spark pump can easily withstand the rrunaroua design requirements in the email engina field. This spark pump develops high voltags directly without the need of a transformer coil such as the storage battery and magneto require. ? To the people connected with the lead industries, this engineering accoo* plishmerrt means that lead will be used in each epark pump crystal. It also Mans that the ignition coil is no longer needed in the small engine systems, however, it means even more than this. The tacting programs at dintonetics Division of Clinton Engines Corpora tion and Cleveland Graphite Bronze Corporation have shown this system to have the undreamed of capabilities we had been looking for. The actual advantages are as listed below* 1. The elimination of breaker points, coil, and condenser. 2. Less engine weight. 3. Easier starting engines. 4. Longer engine life without maintenance. Cleveland Graphite* s system as applied to Clinton engines encompasses all four major advent egos. The two main advantages as far as the user is concerned are easier starting and longer engine life without maintenance. For all prac tical purposes the ignition system will last throughout the engine life without maintenance and the spark plug life has been experienced at five tines the present life. The other main advantage is that newer and improved starting methods are available since the spark punp output does not require any set speed to produce the required ignition. dintonetics has programmed customer testing of three hundred Clinton en gines. Those tests on lawn nowers, tillers, and coaserclal gocarts have con firmed our laboratory tests and developed enthusiasm throughout the country. Twenty thousand hours of testing have enlightened even the skeptics. The evolu tion of the piezoelectric systems within the ignition system provokes dreams of one-half inch spark pusps and switches, making room for larger output and light er engines. If the magneto and battery systems are any form of a guide, ten years will see piezoelectric Ignition systems on all email engines and most large multicylinder engines. Including automobiles and trucks. The features of this would coincide with the automotive industry's trend to engine life, bearings with no grease Jobe, batteries which would outlast the engine, infrequent oil changes, and life-time spark plugs. dintonetics and Cleveland Graphite Corporation are happy to bring this first breakthrough in a new revolutionary Ignition system to the point of use by the public. We are sure the many advantages will promote engine sales, promote accessory sales, and be of untold benefit to the public. I pm.".esya- ,u-> > "iwi'Miwe1 dP^Hp***-* - Ll A 212^8 THgC*gg,SCTgIO PCWCT gN??.ATI( AMP LIG`ffW?inHT CLAY BLOCKS Sid W, Turner . UK Staff. I hope you've all had a chance to look at the denonstration model thermoelectric generator in the back of the auditorium, If not, drop back after the session end we'll be happy to demonstrate It. Vfa've been publicising this new use of lead in LEAD, where it has appeared three tines and have written it up in the Information Bulletin sevsral tines. The reason for this interest on our part ie that thermoelectricity looks like good new outlet for our product with a big future. For those of you who are not familiar with thermoelectricity, it' a material that will create a current when heat la applied at one end. This would be power generation. The converse of that is: if current is passed through this material, cue end will get hot and the other end cold. This phenomenon is called a "heat pump" and is the baaia for thermoelectric refrigeration. Which material ia used for refrigeration or power generation depends on its efficiency -- what the solid state physicist calls the "figure of merit." Figures of merit for different materials depend on the temperature range of application. It happens that in the teeperature range for refrigeration --that is fren room temperature down -- the most efficient material at present is biearth telluride. Cn the other hand, in the teeperature range moat use ful for power generation -- that is between about 350 F. to 1250 F. -- the most efficient material to date is doped lead telluride. In short, the field for lead in thermoelectricity ia in power generation. In an actual power package lead telluride generators are capable of conversion efficiencies of about 7 to 9%. This is not enough to compete with the high efficiencies of the big land based utilities. But it is enough, so they tell me at Minnesota Mining 4 Manufacturing, to carve out a real commercial market for these devices in the auxiliary power and portable power package field*. In fact, they tell me at 3M that although they're happy to supply the military with lead telluride devices, their real aim is to develop commercial markets for thermoelectricity -- and they're confident they can do it. They're not alone in this feeling either. Other caq>aRles, including Westinghouee, are also aiming for cocnerclal thermoelectric markets. Commercial uses can be separated into two classes. Auxiliary power from waste heat sources -- where the electricity generated would be essentially free -- and power packages for areas remote from power lines. Thermoelectric power i attractive for portable power packs because its efficiency, even though low, is comparable with small gasoline motor driven generators. The first demonstration of a remote power source was ths Snap III built by 3tf for space vehicles (remoter from power lines you cannot get). The Snap IU waa never shot into space but the feasibility of thermoelectric power from an isotope heat source was demonstrated. It provided 7j5 conversion efficiency Presented at the 33rd annual meeting--Lead1Industrie* Association Drake Hotel, Chioago, Illinois, May 3* 1961. Sid W. Turner -2- Tharsooelectrio Power Onsratloa end Lightweight day Blocks. with relatively light weight end no moving parts. Socw Snap Hi's here recent17 been built and ari. being placed into service. These end propane unit# of U to 10 waits will ba ueed to trickle charge batteries to supply power for resets vaather stations and buoys for the Coast Cuard. The Snap X is being developed and will have an output of 300 lev. One of the early eorcasrclal usee of lead telluride for rsnote power is by Horthem Illinois Cae Company. They purchased a 10 watt generator from JH to check the feasibility of powering the cathodic protection systems on their gas mains with these devices. Heat would be supplied by burned gas from the main. Their tests show that electricity frea lead telluride packages is actually cheaper than from power lines. An example of "waste heat" application that*# getting serious attention at 3M i# an auxiliary power supply for hosoe gas heating furnaces. The big advantage here la that the home heating system Is completely relieved of its dependence upon electric power lines and th* danger of power failure. Thermoelectric mits in this application provida the electricity to run fans end blowers, or pumps for hot water systems at essentially no cost for the electricity. After all, 25X of a furnace*# heat goes up the stack anyway and the thermoelectric element introduces a negligible loss -- yet produces the needed power without maintenance. The only cost Is in the original Investment for the installation. Present costs are about $35 a watt, but Mimosota Mining tells me that volume production will bring this dot to comparative levels. A big program is under way at JH to make a production model of this home beat ing auxiliary power source. So far, they have support from 12 gas utilities. 3H is confident of the success of this program vdiich would probably mean the conversion of all gas home hosting furnaces to this type. Gas companies, after all, are anxious to get away from having to use the electricity in their pro ducts. An all-gas home is their aim. I might add that the same principle would apply to oil fired home heaters as well. Each one of these power pack ages would supply sense 300 watts power and require about 5 lbs. of lead tellurido. As there are approximately a million gas furnaces manufactured a year, this figures out to about 1,500 tons of lead for this one use. Bringing the price of these things down to less than a dollar a watt would make thermoelectric power very attractive in large power packages too. Portable basic power supplies in the 5 to 10 kilowatt range are being developed right now. With the lower prices, it is anticipated that 100 to 1,000 kilowatt power supplies would be feasible by 1965. Power sources in this range are extremely interesting to the Navy, The reason here is fairly obvious. With sonar as sensitive as it is today, our undersea fleet with its payload of Polaris missiles really needs to cruise silently under the water -- and this Is Just what thermoelectric power could make possible. What about Its use in the automobile? Replacing the generator is a possibility. Hers several lead telluride elements using waste heat from tha manifold could supply a continuous charge to the battery. I have been told that there ere considerable engineering difficulties in this arrangement, however, but 3M feels that a real good bet is the trickle charging arrangement for battery powered care and trucks. i { j J f. LI A?12 40 4 i !I 814 W. Tumor ->- Ihenrwslectric P: Generation end Lightweight Clay Blocks. As sccsetiwe* happen* whan now lead products are developed, on# of tho product* they c 'a;-, La with are older ls.% ! products. Ths question is... will thermo electric pci-table power packages cefcp-eta with load acid batteries? In crtatn cassa, tho fer.-j.sr is yri. Gn ths 4 watt buoy powar pack&ga, 1 spoke of before, a low pound* of load tellurid* In this application replaces aary srrrs pound* of laid arid Vittorios, On tho plus slue, however, Hinnoeot* Mining fori a that on arr&ap r-sft using lead telluride power t-o trickle charge batterisa is #xtrr&aly attractive and should took* tho battery uuch more coEpotitlv* cresting many new application*. \ fi I j I would lilcs to turn frota thermoelectricity for ths last couple of minute* of spy talk to tall you about a new csrsaio product with, I think, * big future. That is lightweight glased clay block. Lightweight block is manufactured by incorporating into ths fired clay large quantities of a bloated lightweight aggregate. Weights of this product ar* reduced dramatically. For exszpla, standard block which is 12 inches by 8 1/2 by 8 1/2 in coneret* weighs somewhere around 80 lbs. In standard brick it would weigh that or acre. But lightweight block under 20 lbs. haa been manu factured -- and block between 20 to 30 lbs. has passed all of the structural standards for top quality concrete block. Lightweight block like this gives real advantages to the architect because it allows faster and cheaper construction. Of course, lightweight concrete block I is coocsercially available, day block is sore expensive than concrete without any special features so that Bore than likely it won't compete directly with lightweight concrete block. But unlike concrete block the clay block can be glased. This does give the clay block a competitive edge where color is de sired. A lightweight clay block with durable, maintenance-free color i# an excellent low cost building product for hospitals, schools, industrial plants and office buildings. A block 12 Inches thick can be glazed on one side or both sides. Cne-block-thick construction of these glased blocks would offer the beauty of color at low cost. Pilot quantities of lightweight glased day block have been manufactured -- all those that I've checked on have used at least 15 to 20% lead oxide in the glass. At a recent meeting in Chicago of people interested in lightweight clay block, an architect from the New fork Housing Authority indicated his intar*at -- and the interest of his department -- in this type of product. His reasoning was based upon cost. According to the Housing Authority, the cheapest way to build a building la with masonry and not with porcelain enameled steel or any of the other curtain wall products in use today. He quoted figure* comparing installed price* of porcelain enameled steel versus installed prices of masonry. They werei porcelain enameled steel... $4 per q. foot in place -- masonry... *2.25 per *q. foot in place. In short, he want* to use masonry. However, maintenance la a problem -- particularly of painted surfaces in the halls and entrano*. .M ill I i  . **' "**#**#**,*** LI A?1241 l Sid V. Turner -L~ thermoelectric Power Generation and Lightweight Clay Block*. Glazing the product is th* anrver, according to ths Housing Authority's architect. A coupl* of installations have already been mala by ths Housing Authority *t th* Edgo^rs houses in Far Rockaway in Long Island, He* Terk. A prediction on lightweight block was mads at ths easting I referred to before. It was mads by tha editor and publisher of ona of ths major ceramic magazine*. His prediction --"In tiro, lightweight clay block will account for 12,000,000,000 brick unit* per year." We can assume that most of this will b# glased if ws figure 6 brick equivalent* to the sq. foot, and about a quarter of a pound of glass per *q. foot -- these are standard figures. This figures out to about 250.000 tons of frit per year. Figuring ths lead content at 20 thla would yield 50.000 ton* of lead oxide per year. I think we would settle for a fraction of that* s ; i&S?M LIA?12 4? ) TK3 PCTrl.-THL FOB IEAD A3TTXCLCTI IlATVTBJm Pruce fader Lwd Industries Association Staff Prore what you have heard here today you rfiould have gleaned two isportant Idea* --- first, lead seems to have an important role to play la nary rapidly growing Jobe of noise and vibration control, and , , , Second, neither the basic theory nor knowledge based on experience is very widely spread anong the people who should know rest about the problems of noise control -- the architects, designers, end builders who will be using it. Concerning the first idea, we can only be grateful to Mother Nature for asking lead such a good acoustical material. Concerning the second, we can anl should do ears* thing to bring at least a practical Knowledge of hew to use lead and leaded products to the people who need it. I think ve can aay that we ere off to a good start on this job. You know of the hii interest we're had in the subject of lead for noise control. The Association has distributed about 15,000 copies of the Eolt, Beranek and Ikvmaa study to architects, builders, and design engineers. In addition to these, it ha* filled acre than 5000 requests from individuals for this report. It has publicised sons of the outstanding case hietories of the acoustical use of lead, LIA staff members have visited, phor.ed, and written dozens of people with specific problems and specific questions, Ve haven't always had the right anewers for then. Sometimes we have gotten into problems where we wonder whether anyone has the right answer. We have had seme successes, too. Ve have seen encouraging results in folding doors, nachlnery enclosures, inherently noisy equipment and even, in one case, a pleasure boat. From the talks you've hoard today you've also gotten some Idea of how complex the practice of noise control can be. Even the baslo units of loudness and pitch are difficult to feel at home with. If you were to look up "decibel* in your diction ary, you'd find it defined as "the usual unit In the measurement of sound intensity.* Apparently Webster doesn't feel very ouch at hone with decibels eitherl According to the experts, if we were asked to turn tp the volume control of a hi-fi set until the male was Just twice as loud as it had been to start, cost of us would have increased the decibel level by 6 to 10 db. That gives us some sort of an understanding of the unit of sourd that Alexander Grahan Bell devised. In terns of it, let's look at what sort of a Job lead can do. If we could build an ideal room (slide) and partition it off with 8 pound lead Into six compartments side-by-side, each partition would block out about 30 db of * sound pitched at middle C on the piano. Let's ring a bell pitched at middle C in compart ment number one -- and ring it as loudly as we can ... say with the same noise Intensity that a four-engine Jet aircraft produces t 160 db. Cocpartment number two, separated from that noise by only 1/6 inch of lead, will be, at 130 db, about as noisy as the noisiest factory you've ever been In. Cn the other side of the next partition, in coqpartnent number three, with another 30 db blocked out, the middle C tone will come through with the intensity of a sub way train pulling into th* station as you stand on the platform. Another partition away the sound has dropped Presented at the 33rd annual meeting--Lead*Industries Association, Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, Kay 3, 1961 i f E! r A I r ! i 1 IHJII N 229.13 & '****? LIA212A3 TKS POTENTIAL TOR UAD AS AH ACOUSTICAL HATOTAL -2 o to ?0 db -- about as loud as a busy street. Still mother and ye are at liO db -- a quiet conversation in your living room with the T7 uet turned off. And in the <) last ccrapertraent, after five drops of 30 db each, the 10 db of sound left is probably less nolee than you have ever experienced. The quiet there would be comparable to the sound of your cvn breathing if you stood perfectly still, all Hone, deep in the heart of a eilent cavern. Keep in mind that this was an "ideal" room, Ho one has yet learned to use lead so effectively in practice. Still, it is an ideal which can be and la being approached. One final point about our ideal room illustrates the complexity (not to say perversity) of the science of sound control, V* used only 5/8 of an inch of lead altogether to reduce the roar of a Jet plana to the quietest environment we can Imagine, let, had we used oca single sheet of lead 5/8 inches thick, the original 160 db roar would have been reduced by 1*2 ctb to about 120 -- still very definitely in the boiler factory class. Things are complicated still further by the fact that each fitch will have a differ ent penetrating power for lead ( and other) partitions. If, inate-d of a musical tone at middle C (about 260 cycles per second), we had started with *60 cycle hua" of a radio, erch of our partitions would have dropped out 20 rather than 30 db. On the other hand, had we started with a piercing whistle of 1*000 cycles per second, tbs lead oarriors would have been nearly twice ae effective with a drop of $6 db. Manufacturers of high fidelity equipment tell us that they can faithfully reproduce any tone or combination of tones from 20 to 20,CO0 cycles per second. If we have good ears, we can actually hear this whole spectrum of sound -- and it is certainly there for us to hear. There is no one In this room who could not tell, blindfolded, whether he was listening to a friend apeak to hln in person or on the telephone. The difference between the sound of a "first hand" voice and the same voice on the phone is that the telephone cerpary cuts out all but the essential frequencies. The phone 1s designed to reproduce frequencies between 200 and 2000 cycles per second. The difference between "first hand" and "telephone" voices lies In the omitted tones. Just think of the combinations of pitch and intensity of sound involved in talking. And think, too, of the variety of buzzes, groans, whistles, honks, bumps, grunts, squeaks aid roars that are produced by the humdrum equipment we surround ourselves with) -- the elevators that brought you to this session, the clatter of silverware and china at breakfast, or the sound of a bus going by outside the window. When you stop to think about the amount of nolee we make with telephones and tele visions, trucks and buses, and all the other paraphernalia of living a la 1961 It would seem that there is s market now for materials to give us a little peace and quiet. Fortunately for us as acoustical product producers, 1962 is likely to be a little noisier than 1961, And so far as the obvious trend of mechanization can tell us, each succeeding year will be a little noisier still. Another contributor to the growing burden of noiee on the new frontier Is tbs increase in city population -- more of us living closer together with more mechanization to make It possible. Still another factor is the old battle cry that "they don't build the* like they used to," It applies to so cany of the produota we use every day from our homes and office buildings right through our automobiles^ and, for that matter, pencil sharpen ers. The stress today Is on paring off any superfluous material and weight. Hy and - nore - ****;.: * --.oy L IA 21 2 4 4 THE roiMM F03 LEAD AS AM A CYSTICAX MATERIAL -J uf ) lttr^a it la a healthy trend -- but it does leave uo with light "dry wall* houses Instead of heavy conventional construction and c-aat plaatlc rather than cast Iron irotor enclosures. With more of us crowded together in cities, Baiting more noise with more gadgets, and having less mass botwoen us and the noise, there moat certain ly will be an increase In ec^phasle on roise reduction. In dealing with Interested editors of the technical press and others, we've had to sake an educated guess frontline to tins as to how much lead Is going to be used In the noise control field. It Is patent that nobody can Rales such predictions with accuracy. On the other hand, vs have dcr.a rwrs than glibly quote an optlniatlc figure. Our estimate has been that leaded plastic materials will be consumed at something like 300 to 500 tons of lead per year within the next few years. The s n of sheet lead acoustically may be somewhat esaller, but should be a ooeparabls figure. At the time we were asked these questions, materials like Mr, Chaproan's Acoustl-flex curtain were still in the planning stage and we have not allowed for the potential they add. But the point to note In this is that a new concept like Aoousti-flex did come Into being and does add considerably to lead's possibilities. It is not an isolated example. The Navy, now faced with a host of difficult acoustical problems 3terming from better sound detection equipment, has become interested in the use of leaded plastic. There is no guarantee that materials new available will fit the Navy's requlrenent. Still, we have witnessed test3 which show a leaded plastic combination to be better than the best materials they have found to date. Should the Navy settle on this material, you can multiply any estimate we have made by a factor of five or ten in the lnrediate future. And it is to be expected that the knowledge that such a material exists will promote its use in solving tough industrial problems inr-.ediately. It is equally to be expected that from such a start lead will find acoustical vises in our homes, offices, and public buildings soon after. - 30 - ma w \ iyjir m wi M Wi.n'yii'iw w y y w ^ ^jf l yim* > ~ tiif iw~ .  -,****.n<f .,? . > *>. * <g**~.*&~**.-n*t*j:.'***.~ L IA 2 12 4 5 1 I PRESENT STATTS^ AirD THE rUTUHS^CP t M. McHullan, Cleveland Electric Vehicle Co. PRODUCTION a? ELF.CTP.IC street trucks In the USA ceaoed In the early 1933*8, A sizeable group produced prior to that tine are etill in operation. At least two of these Old Tioors are 1912 CT heavy duty electric trucks with a capacity of lh tons. ABCXTT FIVE YEARS AGO The Electric Storage Battery Co. decided there was a market for electric multi-step delivery trucks if engineered specifically for certain applications. An electric truck was devel oped from the ground up and three different models were designed. The first was a Dairy model with a normal payload of 3,000 lbs. and 17$ cubic feet. One of these vehicles is at this meeting for your Inspection. The eecond was a General Purpose nodol with a normal payload of 3,000 lbs. and L30 cubic feet. The third model was a smaller vehicle with a normal payload of 1,500 lbs. and 1JO cubic feet. Ihere ie alwaye a give and take between payload, number of stope, terrain, mileage and type of road surface. Variable factors increase payload or mileage, etc. THE ONLY REAL RESISTANCE in selling electric multi-stop delivery trucks has been the high initial cost.. Statistics from field tests at Borden*a and others, have been accumulated. A summary of the Borden tests Is in the brochure which is available to you. The field test results dearly show the operating cavings, even with the high initial Investment, and this investment can be substantially reduced with volume. In addition, tho initial investment need not be higher than gas trucks as the electric power can be purchased on a monthly billing basis, just the same as gaso line or electricity is purchased in present operations. FUTURE MARKETS CAN HE estimated fron the following! 1. There are 120,000 retail rilk routes in the United States, of which 70% (or 6ii,000) are under 30 miles in length, and governed to speeds under 30 miles per hour to conform to urban speed limits. 2. Retail bread, parcel delivery, laundry and dry cleaning routes exceed 120,000 -- with an estimated $0% under 30 miles in length. 3. In England there are 3?>000/li0,000 electric multi-stop vehicles on the road with production exceeding 2,000 per year. I recently read of Coca Cola in Belgium buying 200 English electric delivery trucks for their retail routes. U. Ths I960 market for gasoline multi-stop vehicles in the USA was li2,000 vehicles. A modest ten percent of this market would be a substantial eleotrlo truck Presented at the 32nd annual meeting--Lead Industries Association, Drake Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, May 3, 1961. t s :r r. ; , . N 229.14 LI A 212*6 -2manufac taring activity, and could us* up to 9 million pounds of lead (k^OO tone) annually, with Replacement batteries ovary seven years multiplying this amount, 5. In addition there are many special possibilities! a. American Telephone & Telegraph has 97,000 vehicles in its system. Sixty percent of these vehicles are 1/2 ten or less in capacity and average 30 miles per day, b. In-plant trucks in large plants such as Dow Chemical Co, at Midland, Michigan, with 150 one-ton trucks which never leave the plant elte and have low daily mileage, c. All of you in the lead industry have vehicles which average less than $0 miles per day. d. The Post Office Department which is already purchas ing three-wheeled electric vehicles, recently pur chased up to 10,000 multi-stop gasoline vehicles of which certainly a large percentage should have been electric, TO SOM IT AIL OP, the modem multi-stop electric delivery truck is in pro duction and reasonable deliveries can be made. The potential market is substantial and it can become a worthwhile market for lead. Help 1s needed in promoting the use of these electric vehicles and your assistance is solicited both in promoting the use of electrice in all multi-stop delivery activities and within your own companies. Certainly the lead industry stands to gain materially from an expanded use of electric vehicles. ii'JS-S.--,'-* -'