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P aini Research January, 1950 '-17- ... , jp~Bg - Studies in Flat Vail Paint Formulations ,, Plat Vail Paints . : The Resin Research Department submitted three special (4115) ^yprnisbes - RC 5201, RC 5214 ead R i>447 for,evaluation in Flat-Tone. AThese liquids were developed with the idea of reducing, the cost of V(4113)v RC 5201 is similar to (4ll3) but the oil is Z5% (3019), '^7555, (1273) end 2/5 Abitol content of (4115). RC 5447 is similar to -(4li3) but the oil is 20$ (3019) j 80$ (1273) and l/ Abitol content of ;(411S). RC 5214 has no Pig; and no Abitol. The oil ratio is 1/2 (3017) nd;l/2 (1273); The characteristics are: Resin Oil Body Cure A. V. Color Glyceryl + P ; E. (1273) (3019) X-F 14" 11.9 3 + Phthalate (Abitol) 5447 i ;r c 5214 " (1275) (5019) V - 15" 14.2 3 (1275) (3019) u + 20" 10i2 ~ .Vhoh these varnishes are made into flats it appears tliai.tha .%se of, paft dehydrated castor oil in place of soya improves the uni formity over porous surfaces. However., RC 5214 made without ?. E. and |Abitoi was very poor in uniformity, it appears.that a better varnish "'could be made by using dehydrated castor for part of the soya but ho re action should be made in the percentage of Pi, E. or Abitol; Work will he continued oh this problem. -jf ,r -... The Varnish-Resin Laboratory submitted a sample of CTV 7338 (P;E;^osin-Dehydrol varnish) for evaluation in Flat-Tone, ' : CTV 7358 Resin - P; E. Rosin Oil - (2325) Body - 10 minutes #5 Coior a Milky Flat wall paints made from CTV 7338_had good flow and Veiy free brushing properties: However, paints made with this varnish were too poor in uniformity of tint, when applied over speckle, to be of interest; A number of tests have been made, to determine the compatibility characteristics of the alkyd Flat-Tone with the previous Flat-Tone formu lation, Semi-Lustre, Paantereraft One Coat Flat #10, and several competitive flat wall paints; Three different blends were made and the viscosities of bach blend are reported in the following chart. 0007-S W P -045638 0007-SWP-000115011 Paint Research January ij' 1950 -19- ^162 - Cont. Most of the blends were lower in consistency than the. two original products that were intermixed* There may be certain products that have a tendency to body the new, material. However, we do not believe that complaints on incompatibility of the new alkyd Flat-Tono with other types of formulations should be numerous or serious. Kensington production of Re* 810 - Flat-Tone White was rechecked for viscosity and the findings were as follows: Standard, viscosity when fresh - 8 - 11 Beconds #5 orifice. " " 2nd day 11 - 15 " " . Cap Da'te C 5539 C 3579 C 3619 C 3619 A C 3619 fi C -30 C 40 C 40 B C 40 A C 60 0 60 A C 40 C 100 C 40 \ C 100 C 60 Date .. . Rex No,. . 12-19-49 810 White 12-23-49 810 White 12-27-49 810 White 12-27-49 810 White 12-27-49 810 White 1-3-50 810 White 1-4-50 810 White ' 1-4-50 810 White 1-4-50 810 White 1-6-50 810 White 1-6-50 810 White 1-4-50 800 Petal Rose 1-10-50 800 Petal Rose 1--4-50 803 Seafoam Green 1-10-50 844 Sungiow Yellow 1-6-50 844 Sungiow Yellow Viscosity as Passed 10" #5 9" #5 9" #5 11" ;f5 7" #5 . ''8* #5 9" #5 10'* #5 8" #5 9" #5 10" #5 8-1/2" jfZ 8" m 9" #5 8" #5 ll" #5 Rechecked Viscosity 1-12-50 11-1/2" 11-1/2" 13" 13-1/2" '17" 10" 11* 12" . 10-1/2" . 10" 10". '7-1/2" 9" 8" 9" 9" 0007-S W P -045640 00Q7-SWP-000115012 #162 - Cont. Paint He search January, 1950 -20- Tests were made to check the reactivity of heat bodied linseed oil (324) and Advance Puffing Agent when added to alkyd Flat-Tone. Both could be used to increase the. viscosity of thin batches. Material Agent Added Viscosity - #5 Per 100 Gals. Paint Fresh 3 Days 12 Days 1. Flat-Tone 806 N (Alkyd formula) None 7.6" 7.6" 7.6" 2. " 3, ' 1-1/4 gals. Advance Too hvy Too hvy 9/16 ti n K it . *1 K Too hvy n i 4. " 5. " 4/16 n 7/32 l* n 32" + 38" 1/8 cup n 21.8" 25" 34.4" 20.0" 6. " 3/32 n it 16" 20" 16.6" 7. " 8. w 9. " 10. 1-1/4 t 9/16 it 4/16 tt 7/32 it (324) tt n. tt .Too hvy Too hvy 24" 34" 21.6" 21" 16" 17.4" Too hvy 27" 22" ,16.2" A Sample of Diyfol B-70 from Weiner G. Smith was evaluated for performance in their flat wall paint formulation No. 1357-1. The flat had good'flow tod brushing properties tut was poor in uniformity and washability tests; Porch and Floor Enamels A gallon sample of Porch and Floor Enamel 0J 777 N, made With an ether resin varnish RC 4915, was sent to Cleveland for test. The new formulation has slightly more feel in brushing characteristics with slightly less flow but it is more resistant to such agents as-l$ soap solution> acetic, citric or oleic acid. The scrub resistance of the ether resin enamel is approximately four times greater than regular Porch and Floor Enamel. A further effort will be made by the Resin Research Department to improve the flow and brushing characteristics of their ether resin varnish RC 4915; Paint Research January, 1950 -50- AMV -- -- ---------^ w - > of 1-22-43, earliest bodied oil type, all 2173 djy rutile titanium. The following extended titaniums are tested, the main purpose being to cir cumvent the titanium shortage existing at the time of preparation: ,-?-(&) 271 pounds of 2132 Titanox RC-HT, rutile titanium-calcium, i' Performance characterized by low chalk, rather high dirt collectioi ;> but good film integrity. Very little erosion at Chicago. (All ; tests now satisfactorily clean.) (b) 135 pounds each of 2132 end 1271 anatase titanium-calcium. Tends ^5^.- to chalk a little more freely, clean-up sooner, without a sig- ' ,nifleant increase in failure. (c) 75 pounds of 2132, and 100 pounds each of 1271 and 1697 titaniumbarium. Poorest film at both locations, eroded at Chicago and .checking and cracking at Florida. Rowever, this film was cleanest in the early years. .i -(d) As preceding but 100 pounds each. Appearance at least as good in past as (c), and noticeably less failure, but hardly, as durable as (a), (b) and guide. ; 4^ ti 0007-SWP-045642 Paint Research February, 1950 -18- Considerable work has been done on the testing of mix-in which have been processed by ;the Dispersion Laboratory through Energy Mill. It is too early in this program to draw concluarding pigments processed in 'this meaner, but to date chrome nd greens appear to be particularly suited for this type of taent while other pigments offer more of a problem. Panels 11521-9 F, C were examined after 24 months exposure at south and 27 months , at Chicago, north and south. Thei ding panels, primed ;with regular Rex 450 Undereoater. c formula is Rex 471 5WP Gloss White of 6-15-46, usinj de as 1405 dry anatase. The purpose is to determine of using some of the chalk-resistant titaniums in used 10C?, however, but all blended with 1403 at vha' be the maximum percentage that could be tolerated, fror dirt collection. The main finding so far is that all the blends used are quite at two years, but all showed trends toward excessive dirt north, up to about 20 months, especially those specified tests continue on exposure. The materials used are listed brief notes on results. There is no noticeable yellowing Our past experience with these chalk retardant forms of icates that the policy of blending with at least 50? of W"S done a great deal to decrease dirtiness and yellowing, tut is still a slight tendency to be dirty. 50? anatase with 50? 2269 dry Titanox RA-10-M0. Slight gray cast, possibly dirt. 50? anatase with 50? 2173 dry Ti-Pure R-200. Some at present, past record slightly better. 50? anatase with 50? 2050 T dry Titanox AA. Good now, but apparently early dirt at Florida. 75? anatase with 25? 2147 dry Titanox A-24. Very much like 2050 T, also early dirt at Chicago, north. 75? anatase with 25? 2228 dry Ti-Pure R-110. Slight dirt now; dirty first year at Chicago, north. 75? anatase with 25? 2229 dry Ti-Pure R-51G. Ditto, but better than R-110 on Chicago north past record. 75? anatase with 25? 2174 dry Ti-Pure R-610, Good noww, but record of serious early dirt at Florida, and at Chicago north ooor- P aint= Research February, 1950 -20- ^162 - Studies In Flat Wall Paint; Formulations Plat Wall Paints Work has been under way. to set up a specification for sheen on the new One Coat Flat-Tone by use: of the Photovolt 85 degree Glossmeter. Several production batches of Flat-Tone made on the pebble mill and roller mill were used in the evaluation. The Flat-Tone samples were bruvshed on Kem-Glo paper and over.' a smooth Upson board previously coated with Wall Primer and Sealer - Rex-25. These paint-outs were compared with 0.003 inch draw-down films ori glass. The results of the tests Indicated that a specified sheen of 7 to 11 would be representative of the sheen characteristics of this fonfflilation. - The sheen readings across the brush marks on paper and over Wall Primer and Sealer are very close to the sheen reading of films applied on glass. We believe the sheen should be determined on 0.003 inch draw-down films on glass as this type of film is free from brush marks that will affect Photovolt readings. Photovolt 85 Glossmeter Readings Sample Tested Kem-Glo Paper Across With Brush Brush Marks Marks 0.003 inch Films on Glass Upson Board Primed With Wall Primer and Sealer Across Brush With Brush Marks Marks OJ 850 N - Rex 610 Roller Mill 10.4 11.8 9.2 - - OJ 851 N - Rex 810 Roller Mill '8.8 11.5 8.3 -/ Rex 800 - C 260 Rex 803 - c 40 Rex 804 - C 190 Rex 005 - c 310 Rex 808 - c 100 Rex 823 - C 180 Rex 835 - C 180 Rex 859 - c 250 Rex 844-- c 60 10.0 8.3 8.8 9.8 9.7 8.0 6.5 8.6 10,0 13.6 10.5 12.3 12.1 11.6 9.8 8.3 10.7 13.1 10.0 8.9 6.0 10.2 9.3 8.3 6.8 7.4 9.2 10.1 8.4 8.7 :6.6 - 13.2 10.7 11.3 - - - 8.7 - 0007-S W P -045644 00Q7-SWP-0001 14. J. Point Research February, 1950 -21- jf162 - Cont. The Resin Research Pepartoent has submitted six special (4113) varnishes for evaluation in Flat-Tone. Resin Oil Body A. V. Cure Color MVM Blend (1/2 RC 5458 Glyc, P.E. (1273) 75% V 10.B 10-12" 3 30% (l/2 RC 5229 Phthalate, (3019) 25% Abitol. RC 5253 tr Soya 50% V 17.0 12" 3-4 n Castor 50% RC 5215 RC 5238 tt Safflower T-0 8.5 12" 3 tt Seqd Oil n 1/2 Soya U + 9.2 10> 2 + H 1/2 Dehydrol RC 5476 n n X-2 13.0 10-11" 3 n RC 5245 it " Paste 7.4 10-11 3 + n It was stated in the January report that (4113) made with part dehydrated castor and part soya appeared to he somewhat better in uniform ity than regular (4115) when used as a flat wall paint vehicle. However, further tests on vehicles such as RC 5233, RG 5236, RC 5476, RC 52-15 and the blended alkyd listed above do not show sufficient improvement to warrant the use of dehydrated castor if there is any premium in raw mat erial cost. The RC 5215 made with safflower seed oil was not as good as (4113) in uniformity. A sample of Keystone Odorless Flat Vail Paint, manufactured by the Keystone Paint and Varnish Company and o. sample of Pratt and Lambert Lyt-All Flowing Hat White were compared for drying odors with One Coat Flat-Tone White (card 14). The three flats were brushed on panels which were placed in odor boxes and checked for odor during the drying period. In the laboratory tests, Plat-Tone (card 14) formulated with only 1/4 gal lon (5026) per 100 gallons is equally as good in odor as the two competi tive flats. However, we believe that tests of this type should be con ducted by painting rooms with each material. 0007-SWP-045645 0007-SWP-0001 Paint Research February, 1950 -22- ^162 - Coat. On January 6 gone room painting tests were conducted on the nev alkyd Flat-Tone and the so-called Kem-Vel Flat at F. J. Kessler's home in Homewood, Illinois- The walls were painted ty Bob Brutal nnd Otto Jagd and the ceilings were painted by F. J. Kessler. The ceilings were primed with Wall Primer and Sealer - Rex 25 and recoated with Flat-Tone Ivory - Rex 805. One bedroom was also a two coat job of Wall Primer end Sealer end Kem-Vel shaded to a fairly deep blue. Another bed room was given only one coat Flat-Tone (shaded rose) .applied on new plaster. The general appearance of both rooms was excellent after they were dry. The Flat-Tone applied on the new plaster brushed very well over this type of surface but showed considerable brush marks when wet. However, when the film had dried out it was very smooth and uniform in sheen as well as in tint. No laps or shiners were evident on any of the walls. Due to the two gallons (5026) originally introduced to pre vent skinning, we found the new Flat-Tone to be somewhat objectionable from an odor standpoint. However, the formula has now been revised as we have found that l/4 gallon (5026) is sufficient to prevent skinning under average conditions of usage, and the product has been improved considerably from an odor standpoint. The Esso Laboratories, Standard Oil Development Company, Linden, How Jersey, submitted three hydrocarbon polymers (C oils) coded 526 ^ 129 - 1, 2 and 5. Sample Non-Volatile Content Viscosity (Poise) Viscosity (Gardner) 526 - 129 - 1 70$ 0.5 ' Q -R 526 - 129 - 2 50$ 1.0 D 526 - 129 - 3 47.3$ 26.0 Y An experimental batch of Flat-Tone was made with sample 526 - 129 - 3 by introducing the same vehicle 6olids as contained :Ln the regular formula. The "C oil" produced a very heavy bodied flat that was bad in odor and very sticky , in blushing characteristics. A definite improvement should be made in the odor of this oil as it cannot be used as is in trade sales interior finishes. 0007-SWP-045646 0007-SWP-000115018 Paint Research February, 1950 -23- ' f62 - Cont. Porch and Floor Enamel The Resin Research Department has submitted several more ether vssin varnishes for test in Porch and Floor Enamel Medium Gray - Rex 152. Body Cure A. V. Color Solids RC 4915 V -1- 70 sec. 9.6 7 7C$ RC- 4910 RC 4922 KC 4925 RC 4945 ' 7 41 " 10.0 W - X Over min. x - r tr 10.5 10.6' x - y 47 sec* 9.8 12 8 3 7 70$ 70$ 7QS 70$ These vamishe3 are superior to earlier developments for brushing, flow and gloss. However, they are still slightly too sticky in brushing and slightly too short in flow for Porch end Floor Enamel. Batch Properties of Porch and Floor Enamels Character- Viscosity #3 BrushIstics_______ Fresh O'Hite ing Flow Gloss Prying Set-to- Touch Thru DJ 78W Std. formula 22.0" 31.0" Good V.G. V.G. 1'hr. Very good 1-28-49 21 min. 0J 777N Using RC 4915 27.0" 28.0" Repeat RC 4898 0J 773K Using RC 4910 26.6" 28.4" 0J 807N Using HO 4922 25,4" 0J 814N Using RC 4925 27.0" -- 0J 884N Using RC 4948 52.8" 36.4" V. si. V. si. SI. sticky short leas than 78714 1 hr. H 24 nin. It If Good V. sl. 1 hr. If n less 17 nin. than 73714 rt V.sl. SI. 1 hr. ?! short less 7 min. than 7871! ft n n 1 hr. If n 15 rain. n " V. good - - 0007-S W P -045647 0007-SWP-000115019 Paint Research February) 1950 -24- p\6Z - Cont. PTooerties of Porch and Floor Enamels 16 Houlr Snot Tests 1% Soap Batch ... 3 hrs. 5$ Acetic | Citric n 95$ Acid > ` Acid Iodine Alcohol 1$ NaOk 0J 787N Def. whiten- Def. - 'Trace Very bad No gloss, Paint off ing. blistering; whitening stain film dull. of board OJ 777N Def. whitening Trace :n whitening II Film si. SI. whit- dull ening 0J 778N Def. whitening 0J 807N Def. white stain Trace whitening Trace whitening n n II Trace Trace blistering blistering 11 0. K. SI. stain OJ 814N tl Trace blistering It Trace Def. blistering blistering 0J B84N * .. Panels 12009-1? F, C were examined after 19 months at Florida and 28 months at Chicago. These are 8" x 24" yellow pine panels, exposed 45 degrees 60Uth. They test (a) varnishes made from Standard Oil Company's "A" resin, (b) a full phthalate alkyd varnishj (c) an ether resin varnish :from Resin Research and (d) two regular formulas of Rex 153 Porch and Floor Enamel Dark Gray, the latter being the basic formula of the series (based on 2188-2174 dry). Due to the poor uniformity of the yellow pine, accurate evalua tion of durability was difficult, and only a rough estimate con be presented here. Most of the failure was cracking and subsequent flaking. Briefly, the appearance characteristics are good except in the cases noted (dirtiness or fading) . General summary; (See next page.) t. 0007-SWP-045648 0007-SWP-000115020 Paipt Research February, 1950 i' -25- Cont. OJ No. Varnish Durability 152 L (6173)-{2841)G,. regular formula 7-2-47. Fail' (good at Chicago). Fading tendency. 211 L (6173)-(4950)G, alternate liquids. Poor. Serious dirt and fading. 184 L (4100)-(4103)j full phthelate slkyd. Very good. EL*0 L Ether resin from. Resin Research. Voiy good. 153 L (48) - "A" resin (linseed) Good. Fading tendency. 154 L (44) - "A" resin (linseed) Poor. Serious dirt and fading. 155 L (3017) - "A" resin (Dehydrol) ess than fair. Serious dirt and fading. 156 L Kettle dehydrated castor - "A" Very poor. Fading tendency. 157 L Solvent process castor - "A" Poor. Serious dirt and fading. 0007-SWP-045649 Paint Research February, 1950 -34yns - leaded Zinc Pianents A sample of 412 dry Leaded Zinc Oxide which had been treated "for color improvement was tested in Rex 471 SHF Gloss White, No color improvement could be noted. 0Q07-SWP-045650 .*1.. _ Paint Research March, 1950 -9- jjn?7 - Pi ment- Studies The program on resin coated pigments was planned to evaluate ':eix pigments with each of four coating materials. These are as follows: PiKments D-2941 l 11834 Green blend 12311 10169 1583 Iron Blue Chrome Green 12147/11066 dry Chrome Orange Toluidine Red Carbon Black Rosin Coating Materials 2172 dry (3141) (5107) RC 4707 Pentalyn G Soya Alkyd Cococnut Alkyd Abitol Phthalate Results of these tests may be summarized as follows: D-2341 - Iron Blue The resin coated samples would not disperse to full strength, gloss, 'and color in any of the formulas tested. The best results were obtained in the Ken Transport fomulation. There is a definite advant age shown for the non-oxidizing type of resin coatings. Only in the case of the Lustra! 67 formulation was the 2172 Pentolyn G considered suitable. There is evidence that the lack of- strength and color is not inherent with this pi.jaent and further work my develop a method pf processing to improve these properties. 11B34 Dry - Chrome Green This pigment processed through the fluid energy mill with non-oxidising type resins disperses readily in any of the formulas tested. As previous tests have illustrated chrome green appears to be a '.'natural" with advantages of gloss and strength showing up in several of the tests performed. It should be understood that for optimum results the nix-in technique could possibly be further refined. 0007-SWP-045651 Paint Research March,1 1950 -10- - Cont. ftrecn Connosite; 12147 Diy - 11086 Dry *' Results -with tMs pigment generally parallel those obtained th the 11834 dry Chroma Green. \ 12311 Dry - Light Chrome Orange This pigment was the first processed through the "new" pilot Bill at lower pressures. Judging fron earlier wort done with similar pigments it is concluded that the milling treatment was faulty. Dis.persions in Lacquer and Ken Transport arc of interest, however, for the characteristic high gloss and lack of haze. Lustral 67 end Keaclad evaluations have not been conpleted. 101B9 Dry - Toluldine Red This pigment was also processed through the new pilot mil 1 at low pressure (60#). Results are totally unsatisfactory and further -work in development of the mill procedure is indicated. V Resin Coating Connarison To summarize, the preferred resin coating materials in each formulation type are as followBi Formulation Preferred 2nd Best Lacquer Ken Transport Rescind* Lustre! 67* (3107) (3107) RC 4707 RC 4707 RC 4707 RC 4707 ( 3107) 172 *Tests with all pigments not yet conpleted. 0007-SWP-045652 0007-SWP-000115024 X, Ifct's* paint Research March, 1950 -13- K2 _ Studies in Flat Wall Paint Formulation Attempts have been made to reduce the rr.w material cost of Fthe Flat-Tone line. Formulas wore developed with a five to six cent llover cost by a slight reduction in hiding and vehicle solids. The ffomulntions wore disdussed at the last Trade Sales Technical Board fjjooting at Cleveland. A 300 gallon batch of Flat-Tone White will be gpmie in the factory on the lower cost formula. No further work is ^contemplated except to determine whether a reduction can be made in ^the raw material cost of (4115). This work is being undertaken by fthe Resin Research Department. They submitted tire following alkyd ^varnishes for test in Flat-Tone. RC 5510 RC 5512 RC 5513 RC 5514 RC 5264 pReBin KSri*t''- Glyc.-P.E.- P.E.-GIyc.- Glyc.-P.E. dyc.-P.E.-- Glyc.-P.E.- Phthalate- Phthalate- Phthnlate- Phthalate- Phthnlate- Fumnric Abitol Hercolyn Abitol Abitol >011 P (1273) Acosix Acosix `Soya Acosix (1273) ?BodF iiy'i '> iCure \+ 10 V 10 UUY 10 20-30 10 tb v* 17' 2Q 18 5.6 8.7 [Color 4 5+ 5 4 3+ Solids Solvent 30% (5027) 20% (5027) 30^ ' (5027) 30$ (5027) 20% Shell 8230 Be RC 5510, RC. 5512, RC 5513 and RC 5264 were too high in consist ency properties for use in Flat-Tone. The results to date on the use of Acosix (Tall oil) in (4113) are not satisfactory. Room painting tests conducted in and around Chicago indicated teat an improvement should be made in the odor of One Coat Flat-Tone. TMe formula was chocked to seo whether the anti-skinning agent could be reduced. Work indicated that the (5026) could be reduced from two gal lons tp 1/2 gallon and a revision was sent through specifying this change. Odor tests were conducted more recently on Flat-Tono that con fined 20 cc (3082) per 100 gallons. It was found that a further inprovement could be made in the odor of this product. 0007-SWP-045653 0007-SWP-000115025 Paint Research March, 1950 --14- 62 - Cent. Drying Odor Pratt md Lambert Lyt-All Flowing Flat Best Present Flat-Tone (20 cc (3082)/l00 gals.) 2nd Keyatona Flat (Keystone Varnish Co.) 3rd Old Flat-Tone 4th Pronerties of Flat Wall Points Batch Characteristics Viscosity #5 Orifice Fresh 0 'Hite Brushing Flow Wet Edge 0J 922 N Reg. Rex 810 + 20 cc (3082) per 100 gals. 10.2" 11.0" V. G. G O.K. at 14 minutes Keystona Flat "Odorless" Sample from Cleveland Too Sticky G - Short huy (High body) Pratt and Pure White Lambert "Odorless" Lyt-Ail From Detroit 15.6" V. G. V. G. O.K. Batch Uniforaity of Tint On Poro sity Panel On Lnn OJ 922 N V. G. V. G. Keystopa Flat G. G-- Uniformity Sheen on Lac G G- Washability Over Glue Siae 757 566 Stein Removal* Best Worst Drying Odbrs 2nd 3rd Pratt and Lambert Lyt-All V. p. V. G. G- 834 2nd Best best *See chart on following page. 0007-SWP-045654 0007-SWP-000115026 Paint. Research March, 1350 '-15- i/jgifig - Cont. ftStain' Removal Lead Red Wax Moralro- Pencil Pencil Blue Ink Dust chrome TT-F-47 113 165 ConB. 50 Si. + stain stain Slight stain /Keystone. "Odorless" 160 210 Cons. 65 Cons. stain stain Slight stain Pratt and Lambert . Lyt-All 190 V. si. stein Baa stain 86 Slight Trace stein The good performance of (4115) in flat wall paint formulations has prompted us to formulate three deep colored flat wall paints. We selected the blue, dark green and burgundy pigmentations of Hexes 963, 967 and 964 in the Flat-Tone Colormix line and revised the vehicle over to (4113). The experimental batches based on (4113) are all raiph superior to the regular formulas in all respects. In our development work we found it necessary to reduce the Atomite 2247 dry to a lower poundage, due to the higher body of the new vehicle, in order to obtain a suitable paint viscosity. Samples of our experimental points and copies of the formulations were sent to Mr. Oxley, in Detroit, for his inspection. Work has been under way to revise Heavy Duty Flat Wall Paint #666, C78 W 16, to an alkyd vehicle. The present work indicates that a satisfactory formulation con be worked out with c vehicle composed of (4118) and (4103). However, c slight reduction in pure Ti02 will be necessary to maintain the same cost as the present formula. Work is to be continued on this project. As a matter of general interest we recently tested a sample of Stipple Flat Wall Paint #688, C78 W 5, for general performance. We have found it to be a fairly good product. The product stipples wry nicely with a regular stipple brush or Kem-Tonc Roller Koater. However, it is less uniform than the One Coat Flat-Tone when applied over tight and porous surfaces. C7B V 5 is typical in general performance to the average stipple paint, but we believe a superior product could bo made with the new alkyd vehicle (4115). 0007-SWP-045655 0007-SWP-000115027 Paint 'Research March, 1950 -16|162 i-Cgnt. Samples of Texshal TO-9 C from Agrashell, Inc. and No. 50 nD vru-n.1 A VV A fcv*ll WMV i IV uv W *> VQ VVWjiy Uie WB4ii{) lUiVOOMgUVvU V.3 ^ 'Bible ingredients for dry wall construction primers end flats. A formulation similar to Flat-Tone containing 200 pounds Texshal WD-9 C .per 100 gallons was found to produce a texture similar to plaster on dry wall panels. An effort will bo made to use these two ingredients ' in r. wall primer and sealer formulation, also to be used on this type of construction. Special A cooperative evaluation of the Hunter Color Difference Meter and the PPG-IDL Color Eye has been made with the Cleveland Technical Service Department. Results of this comparative study are being issued as a special cooperative report which should bo in the mails within a short time. 0007-SWP-045656 Paint Research March, 1950 t 17- i6 -beaded Zinc Plments 1. Panels 7380-7 F, Cof, were examined after approximately years' exposuro, vertical south, at Florida end Coffeyville. The Series tests the SWP Tint Base of 7-21-43, regular using 1526 dry leaded zinc against a stock sample 'of 414 W from Coffeyville and a special composite sample of "Canadian fume 414" representing batches Siade at Coffeyville from July 7 to ^September 13, 1943. As indicate! in earlier progress reports, all these materials have shown good dura bility although there is some evidence against the two 414 samples in the fom of microscopic checking at Florida. In appearance, the dif ferences are a little moro readily noticeable but not outstanding. 1526 is favored because of less white chalk-m-ask, although the 414's in 3ome cases seem slightly less dirty. No choice is apparent between the regular and composite 414. 2. Ex posures 10518-39 F, C were examined after 36 months' ^exposure at Florida, vertical south, end 40 months at Chicago, north 'and south. These are cedar bevel siding primed with regular Rex 450' Underpoater, except for a part of the group in which special undcr coaters are tested. The plan of these tests cannot be presented fully in this limited space but essentially the tests cover: (ft) White lccd comparisons, in Rex 471 SVIP Gloss White, both on a regular co-funed leaded zinc basis using a 5$ end c 30# zinc oxide level, and .also on a mechanical-nix basis at 24# zinc oxide. The white leads are: 1. 9 dxy basic sulfate 2. 18 diy basic carbonate 3. National Lead!s .45 X basic silicate. 4. Eagle-P icber's rf202 basic silicata. (b) Rex 450 Undorcoater versus MW-401 zincles3 type primer with tho special pigments, using Rex 471 top coat both as regular and with the silicate pigaents. Results can be presented here only in general terms: satis factory or "average" performance may be assumed for all tests not speci fically mentioned, although there are minor variations throughout. Eagle-Picher's #202 shows the least failure of the four white leads in most cases. However, this material has been found to gel badly on storage in l/2 pint cans for four years at 85 F. average. The others were not all parfect on the storage test, but showed no serious gelation. 0007-SWP-045657 0007-SWP-0001 Print Research March, 1950 j'j. \m~-c^>- Both 13 end 9 dry samples rate as somewhat nore dur-.ble In those exposures than National's 45 X, but all throe are on the s-n,-> general level slightly below #202. Both the silicate leads have a better clean-up record than 9 or 18 dry, but the differences are comparatively minor. . In rrtoef ^ts> W-401 types are slightly inferior, and there xs no choace as to the type of white lead, the silicates being fully satisfactory. 6 0007-SWP-045658 0007 . Paint Research April, 1950 -9- ^77 - Plenent Studies 2 Paint Research Bulletin RC 81, issued November, 29, 1946 dei. acribed the hiding characteristics of various white pigments in the pig; ment volume range from 10 to 40%. To determine the point at which high 7dry hiding- first occurs and the slope of the dry hiding curve, work has "`been done with 1405 dry, titanium dioxide, at pigment volume concentra'tions well into the high dry hiding range. It is interesting that the point where high dry hiding occurs _^is well above the CFVC of the paint system. This confirms our expecta!:r tions based on flat wall paint experience end is important as our first ^direct measurement of this phenomenon. Preliminary data and results of the study of hiding power as a function of PVC give the following graphic relationship? From this preliminary work, the following tentative conclusions can be drawn: 1. Maximum hiding efficiency is attained at some very low PVC between 0 and 7%. 2. The effects of high dry hiding appear at a point beyond the CPVC of the system. 0007-SWP-045659 0007-SWP-0001 In the March, 1949 issue of Industrial end Engineering Chemistry ^523-526) A. E. Jacobsen discusses chalking behavior of titanium side pigments. By means of reflectance measurements after definite of arc-lamp exposure, Jacobsen has found a correlation between emicol reactivity and chalking. As a result, he explains chaUfcuag fenium oxide-bearing paint films as a nbraakdown of the film caused ~ itegration of the organic binder due to the cyclic reduction end j of titanium compounds present in the paint film." A partial of his work confirms his results with wet systems. The project continued. 0007-SWP-045660 0007-SWP-000115032 Paint Research April, 1950 -12- ( p r p - Studies in Flat Vail Paint Formulations Plat-Tone The Chicago plant has manufactured an 800 gallon batch of plat-Tone White - Rex 810, C 1110 on the lower cost foinula (973 N) y> and samples were sent to Cleveland for test. The suggested revision is superior in stain removal and flow characteristics. The sheen and, rather surprisingly, the hiding, are also slightly higher than the present regular formula. A further check will be made on package condition and viscosity after several weeks' storage. Properties of Alkyd Flat-Tones Batch Characteristic a Viscosity #5 Cup Brush Flow Wet Edge at Rex 810 Regular Alkyd 13.6" G G Q.K. C 830 Flat-Tone Card 15 Rex 810 c 114.0 Suggested Revision OJ 973 N 5/Z lower cost 14.0" V. G. V.G, O.K. Batch Rex 810 C 83q Uniformity Uniformity Scrub Re of Tint of Sheen Hiding iSheen sistance Characteristics Lap Lap C.R. 85 Cycles Regular Card 15 Exc. Good 96.2* '11.2 840 Rex 810 c mo Proposed 5^ reduction Exc. Good 96.9*. 15.0 8!0 Batch Rex 810 C 830 Rex 810 c 1110 Stain Removal* Blue Marcuno- TT-P-47 Wax Lead Characteristics Dust Ink chrome Compound Pencil Pencil Regular Card 15 55 Slight Slight 115 170 90 stain stain Proposed 5/{ reduction 45 Trace Cons^ stain stein 90 180 95 u' *Ponel scrubbed 250 cycles with Bon-Ani. Reading given is either cycle number where stain disappeared or amount of stain remaining after 250 cycles scrubbing. 0007-SWP-045661 0007-SWP-000115033 Paint Research April, 1950 -13- - Cont. The Varnish-Resin Laboratory has submitted samples of filtered %nd unfiltered (4113) for evaluation in Flat-Tone. Laboratory batches of Jlat-Tone made with these samples were found to be identical in general `performance, The tests to date would indicate that it should not be `necessary to filter this liquid for flat wall paint usage. A further 'check will be nade to watch reactivity and package condition after several weeks of storage. Properties of Test Faints Batch Characteristics Viscosity MFresh O'Hite B Days Brush Flow Hot Edge OJ 63 P Flat-Tone Card 15 A 9.4" 11.0" 11" Good Good - O.K. Unfiltered (4113) :0J 64 P As OJ 63 P, but Z filtered (4113) 9.6 11.0 11.6 Batch Characteristics Uniformity of Tint On Porosity Uniformity On Lap Panel______ of Sheen Grind Sheen 85 OJ 65 P Flat-Tone Card 15 A Exc. Onifltered (4113) Good + Good - 4 H 8.4 OJ 64 P Flat-Tone Card 15 A " Filtered (4113) " Good 3-3/4 H 10 The Resin Research Department has submitted four additional vari ations of (4113) for test in Flat-Tono. RC 5298 RC 6173 RC 5527 RC 5524 Resin Oil Body Cure A. V. Color Solvent Glyc.-P.E. Phthalate Abitol (44) 17 8.7 3-4 (5027) P.E.-Glyc. Phthalate Abitol (44) Z6 + 10 5.5 6 Shell's 8230 Odorless Kerosene Glyc. P.E. Fumaric Phthalate Abitol Acosix U+ 11-12 17.8 3-4 . (5027) Glyc. P.E. Phthalate Abitol Acosix W 12 17 5 1? Abitol 2% (4048) 6 7,i Amsco Odorless 0007-S W P -045662 0007-SWP-000115034 A; - Cent. Paint Research April, 1950 -14- Laboratory batches of Flat-Tone White made with RC 5527 and SC 5524 were satisfactory except for washabllity when applied over glue sJ.se.. RC 5298 was rated only fair in washability when used ns the vehicle Ja Hat-Tone White. Flat-Tone made with RC 6173 was very high in body end no testa were run except for odor. In this respect RC 6173 was mch superior to (4113). Acme has reported that their production of Ho-Lustre has a slight tendency to skin when made with 1/2 gallon (5026)'. We therefore recom mended that they use one gallon (5026) as a temporary measure until they have had an opportunity to check this problem. Laboratory batches of FlatTone White made with Acme (4113) coded DV 300 and (4113) from Chicago pro duction using l/2 gallon (5026) per 100 gallons produced no skinning after 48 hours in partially filled quart cans. Gallon samples of Flat-Tone taken from the Chicago warehouse were ,'elso inspected for skinning after being in storage for a period of 18 - 25 "days. These somplos were all in excellent condition, free from any skin `formation. Cleveland has been adviBed to have our plants make a check on /their production. Heavy Duty Flat Vail Paint #666 C78 W 16 Titonox RA-50 has been found suitable as a replacement for 2269, -2275 or 2174 titanium oxides in this rex. Viscosities were relatively low tut this is in keeping with previous experience. Chicago production gives a thinner bodied paint than Cleveland. While this my lie in the (3880)E it may also come from heavier paste nixing at Chicago. Brushing, flow, wet edge, sheen uniformity and tint uniformity on laps were all good, but uniformity tested on the porosity panel was poor for batches made with either 2269 or RA-50. Other test data follows: Batch TiOo Used Viscosity #5 Reduced 12-1/2)5 Fresh Overnight Contrast Ratio OJ 20 P 0J 21 P 2269 dry RA-50 5.2" 5.0" 7.0" 6.6" 94.155 94.0)5 Some work has been done to see what improvement could be made in Heavy Duty Flat Woll Paint //666 through the use of (4113). A new formula was developed and arrangements ma.de to manufacture 300 gallons on the pro posed formula 50 P. 50 P appears superior in all respects, and raw mater ial cost is $122.83 at Kensington compared to $124.00 per 100 gallons for the current formula. Laboratory comparisons were as follow: 0007-SWP-045663 0007-SWP-000115035 Paint Research April, 1950 im - Cont. -15Pnoperties of Flat Wall Paints j\Batch 6J 20 P OJ 50 P ^'Characteristics i( J Viscosity - #5 | (Reduced 12-1/2$) Reg. Heavy Duty Flat Wall Paint #666 Alkyd Formula 57-1/2 gals. (4112) 775 pounds 2152 150 pounds 312 Fresh Overnight 'Brush \ I'; Flow 5.2" 9.8" Very good Good 7.0" 15.6" Very good Good Wet Edge Good Good Overnight Drying i Sheen - 85 Hiding ContTBSt Ratio Scrub .Resistance Over GIu b Size - Cycles Soft compared to 50 P 17 95.2$ 410 Excellent 21 98.2$ 750 Indicated Dust Blue Ink Hercuro chroma TT-P-47 Compound Red Wax Pencil Lead Pencil Uniformity of Tint (Porosity Panel) Uniformity of Sheen Raw Material Cost 70 Bad stain at 250 cycles Bad (-) stain 250 " 90 165 90 55 Trace stain 250 cycles Slight stain 250 " 70 140 65 Poor Good 3124.00 Very good Very good '5122.83 0007-8WP-045664 00Q7-SWP-00011 ^ `i*~ - J Paint Research April, 1950 -16- m? -Co^ Primer for Dry Vail Construction Some time vas spent on the development of a primer end sealer for dry vail construction. In connection with this problem ve have tested tvo inerts recommended for texture type of paint. The Metro-Nite Company recommend their No. 50 Metro-Nite for this purpose but ve have found that a product called Texsbel VD-10.5C supplied by Agrashell, Inc., Los Angeles, California to be much superior in suspension properties end more desirable in texture. Quart samples of a special vail primer and sealer coded 67 P were sent to R. G. Landis, at Oakland and S. F. Carlson, at Cleveland for their inspection. Porch and Floor Enamel The Rosin Research Department submitted a higher bodied ether resin varnish for test in Porch and Floor Enamel. The purpose vas to obtain a satisfactory enamel body vitb lover vehicle solids and reduce raw material cost. RC 5001 (348) reduction Body Cure A. V. Color. Solids Infinite W 108 9.6 8 60* The Porch and Floor Medium Gray made from RC 5001 vas satis factory in body, sticky in brushing cad low in gloss. Apparently no reduction in. solids con be made without lowering gloss, and a lover bodied varnish base must be used to obtain brushing properties. 0007-SWP-045665 00Q7-SWP-000115037 Paint flopeoTch Msy.,;19S0 -14- l S2. - Studies in Flat Wall Paint Flat Wall Paints ' Another evaluation has been made of Titonox RC HT 2132 dry, .fi Cal R 22 and Ti-Cal R 27 in Flat-Tone Shadow Blue Rex 835. The three -pigments were introduced at the saitie poundage in Rex 835 and the paints vere ground in laboratory pebble mills under identical conditions. The hiding properties vere determined on the shaded and unshaded white base. The results of the tests 'indie ate that Ti-Cal R 22 and Ti-Cal R 27 are both slightly lover in opacity than Titanox RC HT. Ti-Cal R 27 was too low in hiding and sheen to be considered as an alternate for 2132 dry in Flat-Tone White or tints. However, Ti-Cal R 22 has less `color change from wet to dry and would be preferred to 2132 dry in this frespect, discounting its slightly lower hiding properties. If Ti-Fure ;R 22 was approved for the tints it should not be used interchangeably `with 2132 dry. For the sake of brevity the chart lists only those character istics which differed. Brushing, flow and uniformity over varying porosity '.were standard for all, with R-27 being the best on uniformity of sheen on 'the lap. Batch Experimental Flat-Tones Viscosity - #5 Orifice Characteristics Fresh O'Nite 5 Days Sheen 85 Hiding C.R. Scrub Resistance Over Glue Size OJ 99 p Regular Rex 835 10". Tint Base Stock 2132 OJ 100 P Using Ti-Cal R-22 for 2132 12" OJ 101 P Using Ti-Cal R-27 for 2132 12" 12" 12.6" 10.0 99.5? 646 cycles tinted 92.7? in white 14" 14.0" 10.0 98.7? 690 cycles tinted 92.3? in white 13" 13.2" 6.6 98.5? 640 cycles tinted 92.2? in white 0007-SWP-045666 V fi2_ Cont. Batch_____ Dust '0J 40 40 40 Paint Research May, 1950 -15- Stain Removal (Cycles Required to Remove Stain) Blue Ink TT-P-47 Mercurochroae Coapound 250 cycles 250 cycles Trace Cons. 100 250 cycles 250 cycles Trace Cons.(-) 80 50 cycles 250 cycles Very slight Slight (+) stain. . stain. 90 Vex Pencdl- 170 140 14c L-soi Paacil 70 SO 50 A sample of Ward's Super One Coat Flat Wall Paint was cccpored ..vith One Coat Flat-Tone White Rex 810 for general performance, Tbs 'Word*s flat was slightly better than Flat-Tone in stain renoval but lower in 'hiding and scrub resistance over glue size. Ward's flat was poor in uni,fottaity of tint when applied over spackle -whereas Flat-Tone was rated good (see chart for data). Conparison of S-W One Coat Flat-Tone and Ward's Super One Coat Flat Wall Paint > Sample 3' Characteristics Rex 810 - C 850 Regular Alkyd Flat-Tone Card 15 Ward's 75-3101 Super One Coat Flat White 820 - S 200 Viscosity J5 S-W at 75 Brush Flow Vet edge at 14 iinutes Uniformity of Tint On Lap On Various Surfaces* 14,6" Very good Good (-) O.K. Excellent Good 28" + 1/8 cup Very good Good o.x. Good (--) Poor r** VO VO D v rn-t o <'^" '<='1 -md unsealed spackle, sealed and unsealed wollboard, 0007-SWP-000115039 Paint Research May, 1950 Cont. -16- Conparison of S-W One Coat Flat-Tone and yard's Saner One Coat Flat Wall Paint ganple Rex 810 - C 830 Ward's 75-5101 Characteri sties Regular Alijd Flat-Tone Super One Cont Flat White Card 15 820 - S 200 1 Sheen - 85 10.8 15.0 'Hiding - C. R. 96.055 94.6/S fScruh Resistance** 757 cycles 595 cycles - Stain Removal*** Dust 55 55 Blue Ink Slight Trace tyercurochi'orae Slight (+) Trace TT-P-47 Compound 115 55 Rod Wax Pencil 170 100 Lead Pencil 90 65 Gardner Modal 105 scrub machine. *#*Stnias scrubbed 250 cycles. Readings givai are either cycle where stain was removed, or amount of stain remaining after test. Enaneloid Resin Research has submitted several styrene vehicles for, evaluation in enamel formulations. The enamels will be compared with samples of styrene enanels submitted by Lewis Berger for inspection and test. Chart follows. 0007-SWF-045668 0007-SWP-000115040 Paint Research May, 1950 -17- c? - Cont. j*nflTneloid -- Cont. RC 5409 RC 5411 RC 5413 RC 5416 RC 5414 RC 5417 sin TOil Styrene (44) Styrene (3019) Styrene Styrene Styrene Rosin (1273) Aliphat 16A (140) (140) (2325) Styrene (1273) (140) oO (548) Red. 300$ K Body J-K E >2400$ 200$ >1000$ 200$ G T W T-U tore 10" 10" 10" 6" 11" 10" bs./Gal. 7.60 7.95 7.55 8.00 7.65 8.2 v. 'y -Color 16.6 7+ 6.4 7 18.5 6-7 12.0 4-5 3.05 10 20.4 5- Solids 50$ 50$ 50$ 50$ 60$ 50$ Solvent K .type 5$(4026) 50$(.1257) 25$(4026) 50$(1257) 38$ (348) 6Q$(lja67) 25$(348) 25$ (348) 2$(g049) CV 5106 CV 5123 CV 5106 Experi mental Experi mental CV 6123 The styrene vehicles were pigmented similar to' Enameloid White : 71C, card No. 41, and the enamels -Here compared vith Enameloid White for general performance characteristics. They were checked for brushing, -flow, drying, gloss, etc. {see data in chart below). These enamels will als9 be evaluated along with the samples of styrene enamels from Lewis {Berger. However, it was decided that any enamels that are too high in body are to be reduced further with extra thinner for this eval.uation. The styrene varnishes that produced high bodied er.arasls were not revised as tine would not permit. Dr. Sample was of the opinion that ny changes that he could make in these vehicles to lower body would require a change in composition and this was not desired as the various varnishes represent specific types. 0007-SWP-045669 0007-SWP-000115041 V Paint Research May, 1950 ic9 Cont. -18- Knameloid - Cent. Properties of Various Enaneloid VJhites Match. Viscosity Characteristics Fresh O'Site 5rd Day Brush Floy Wet Edge 138 P Rex 710 reader 53" 57.2-' 42" Std. Std. Card 41 (0) (G) (3109) - (4103) KU 139 ? EC 409 43" 50" 35" Reduced 6-l/2 (5027) Sticky tor wo p |0J .141 P &J 142 P (OJ 143 P t OJ 144 P RC 5411 EC 5423 RC 5414 RC 5416 SC 5417 18" 17.8" 17" V. G. Fair 25" 26" . .28.5" SI. G (-) sticky 54.2" 59" 41.5" Reduced 6-1/2$ (5027) Good Good 1' 32" 1' 42" 39" Very Reduced sticky 18-3/4$* ! 40" 2- 14" 47" Veiy Too Reduced sticky high 20^* ' Short Short Good Short Short ^Reducer coi-po^r; of 1/3 (125?) - 2/3 (502/) p Batch |T OJ 133 p r. OJ 139 ? 7 OJ 140 ,> OJ 141 p OJ 14 p OJ 143 P OJ 144 p Drying . ..c.tt-tc-touch Through 70 rbriti> 13 f! r, * 21 tt `/I n 20 n 2 n Sta. (G) Very good 3rittle Si. brittle Very good Very good Very good Cclo?- Std. (G) Very good Idllow Good SI. yellow Veiy good Very good Gloss Std. (V.G, Very good 7?ry good 7ary good Very good Very good Very good 0007-SWP-045670 0007-SWP-000115042 Paint Research May, 1950 -20- *7 v Pipment Studies Working with existing formulations for Flat-Tone White - Rex 010 ^pigment volume concentration relationships are under scrutiny. It has a found that Rex 810 formulated with magnesium silicate has a CPVC of ,--Hhile the actual, or formulated PVC is approximately 87% FVC. In formulating this material to use calcium carbonate 566 dry the actual fC employed was 7l and the CPVC was 61^. Inert system paints based on I dry were formulated at 67, 71, and 75 PVC, and were tested for opa- atain removal end sheen to determine the effect of pigment volume "ations. Results showed that increase in pigment would result in opacity, higher 6heen, and more staining. Lower pigment volume Id result in lower, opacity, lower sheen end poorer stain removal. Comparative test data on the 563 dry batches are as follows: 3nt No. P.V.C. Contrast Ratio________ Sheen 0.005" 0.005" 0.007" (85 Photovolt) B 2862 67$ 90.5 95.5 96.6 9.0 B 2365 \ 1*2864 71% 92.2 95.9 75% 93.0 96.9 97.4 97.5 11.5 14.0 3iit No. P'2862 P'2865 (SB 2884 Dust 75 50 40 Stain Removal Test TT-P-47 Ink Mercurochrorae Compound Red Wax 200 Least 100 180 140 Intermediate 100 75 Most 125 180 Pencil 75 75 120 This work will be pursued further to determine whether such B*sults are also obtained with a coarse inert such as diatomaceous silica. 0007-SWP-045671 0007-SWP-000115043 ,4b ' Paint Research May, 1950 -25- jj'flfi - Leaded Zinc Pigments Panels 11611-28 F, C were." examined after 2 years' exposure vertical south in Florida, and 2-1/2 years in Chicago. The paints were -desig4i to study the use of zinc oxides and to determine -whether amount itised end particle size or reactive .surface area could he balanced to '"give equivalent performance. SWP Gloss White was used as the base formula, .J increasing lead contents as zinc oxide contents were reduced. Zinc oxide ;;vas introduced at 323, 21% and 10% levels using Ozlo 35/65 leaded zinc, rXX 592 New Jersey 'zinc oxide 108 dry, IX 50 1707 dry, XX 503 2059 dry, or vAzo ZZZ-33 2295 dry. St. Joseph Lead Company's zinc oxides #17 end #46 'were used at the 323 level only. Only the Florida panels show significant film failures, with 'the co-fumed samples shewing slightly to definitely less failure than any .of the mechanical mixtures. Failure is very slight at the 52% level, somewhat more advanced at the 213 and 103 level. St. Joe'3 #17 and #46 .`oxides at the 323 level show advanced failure, thus the former cannot be .^considered as an alternate for XX 503 , 2059 dry, and the St. Joe oxides should not be used in exterior formulas. Although mildew growth has not progressed much during the second year of exposure, the eo-fumed leaded zincs continue to show on advantage over Mechanical mixes in mildew control. 0007-SWP-045672 L Paint Research June, 1950 -14- it? - Physical Properties of PigmentsGr '? Some assistance vae given the Chicago Technical Service partment in assembling a laboratory -set-up to study the effect of Sjrious factors on the performance of ;'paints in electrostatic spraying. jfti.8 consists of a 50,000 volt D.C. generator having an output of SOO^eaA gj'the possibility of varying the voltage between 5,000 volts and maxi ma',' The electrodes are held in a la^ge, wooden cage to preclude accilental contact by the operator and cab be held at various distances and jSoaitions by heavy insulating rods. The process of electrostatic spraying consists briefly of placBg.an electrical charge of one sign, usually negative, on the sprayed Sint particles. The object to be coated is held at the opposite poten tial, thus attracting the paint fog. The charges produced on the paint Egjoriginate through the ionisation of the gas between the electrodes, fliese gaseous 'ions attach themselves to the point particles, thus impartggr'to them the same charge as they possess. As it is possible to pro-? fee a preponderance of gas ions of one sign at one of the electrodes |r giving this a high surface curvature, the paint particles can be gorged easily to the same sign by being bombarded with these ions* From this simple consideration it is obvious that a number of hetors will influence the efficiency of the electrostatic Bpraying Sjthod. Any factor producing more ionization of the gas betwoeh the pwtrodes, each ns increase in voltage as close to the spaTking potenjpl'as practicable, as well as shape and position of the electrodes gll affect the results. The maximum sparking voltage varies approxigtjpy directly as the density of the gas, and consequently nearly ' inversely ns the temperature. The surface conductivity of the sprayed gwrial also affects the efficiency of the process markedly, as do the getor velocities of paint spray and electrostatic attraction. RV The work is in its preliminary stages and it is felt considerHe practical and theoretical information can be gained from the set-up. R A number of graphs and slides have been prepared in connection 1 a paper to be presented at the Gordon Research Conference, July 17 *foa the electrokinetic properties of dispersed pigment systems, Pj' A number of CFVC determinations have been carried out for other PPArtments to rio+.e-rmins ness-thlo differences in the behavior of appar- 0007-SWP-045673 0007-SWP-000115045 Paint Research *' ' June/; 1950 ii5- : i*77 - pigment Studies Testing of pigment hiding in the range of pigment loading in the vicinity of the Critical Pigment Volume Concentration (CPVC) would indicate that the diy hiding curvfe for opacity pigments breaks very sharply whether the pigment be of :the high or lew opacity type. It has boon noted that 1403 dty Titanox A TiOg is at a minimum hiding effi ciency at the CPVC and this extern^ to slightly higher pigment loadings, jn contrast 2132 dry, Titanox RC Rt , reaches its minimum efficiency at lower loadings than the CPVC and some degree of diy hiding is accom plished at the CPVC. This work is. being continued to extend our knowledge of the mechanism of pigment hiding. An extensive review of A. E. Jacobsen's work on the chalking behavior of titanium dioxide pigments (Ipd. and Eng. Chen; March 1949; pp 523-526) has been completed. Jacobsen explains the chalking of titanium oxide-bearing films as a "breakdown of the film caused ty dis integration of the organic binder due to the cyclic reduction and oxi dation of titanium compounds present in the paint filn." In tho presence of actinic rays, the pigment is said to be reduced ly the vehicle^ with a corresponding darkening of pigment. In darkness, the reverse reaction tokos place - accompanied by a re-whitening of the pigment. In Jacobcon ' s experiments ho used an arc lamp as a source of actinic rays, and a Hunter Multipurpose Reflectometer to measure changes in reflectance. A summary of results obtained in our review of the work follows: 1. In the wet, rapid reflectance decreases were noted with various pigment-vehicle combinations. Pigment Vehicle Minutes for 5% Refl Decrease 1403 diy H tl tl Linseed .9 34S Glycerol/H20 Sol'n 7 AlkytL 9 H20 25 H20 + SnCl2(ReducingA gait) 16 H20 + R202 (Oxidising Agent) 2235 (for only 3J5 decrease) 2. The rate of the reverse reaction in the wet is extremely slower than the rate of the forward reaction. 3. In the diy filn state comparatively slow reflectance decreases were noted. Pigment Vehicle Tine for 1% Refl. Docre-ase 1403 dry Alkyd 875 minutes VO to V 0 a1, Is CO 0 0 0 0007-SWP-000115046 Paint Research June, 1950 -16- 4177 - Cont. 4. An attempt to measure the chalking resistance of four different titanium pigments by this method gave the following rating: TiO^ in Dried Paint Time for 1%- Reflectance Decrease 2174 Dry R-610 2269 dry RA 10 M0 1403 diy Titanox A 2030 dry Titancac AA 12-1/2 days 7" 5/4 " 1/4 " Hence 2174 dr/ and 2269 dry chalk considerably slower than do 1403 dry or 2030 dry. This rating is somewhat in the order anticipated from experience, but M 10 M0 appears to be nore chalk resistant than expected, end the order of Titsnox A and AA is reversed. It should be pointed out that although this node of evaluation appears to work fairly satisfactorily it would be entirely possible to ''poison" any such evaluation by the inclusion of a small amount of an oxidizing agent in the pigment. Phthalocyanine Blue A practical test of the solvent resistance and color stability of a series of six phthalocyanine blue pigment samples submitted by Mr. O'Neal, of the C. P. Department, has been completed. BL 44 type shading bases were prepared from each of the samples and these in turn were used to shade samples of stock Enameloid White - Rex 710 to the approximate shade of Enameloid Pastel Blue. Shaded wet samples were aged at 77 F., 110 F., and 135 F. for a 6-nonth period and inspected periodically. This was a blind test but at its conclusion the samples were identified as follows: E-l Improved S-W procedure. E-2 CPX 483 Origin - du Pont. E-3 du Pont 3-fG pr.06S cake ground dry. E-4 du Pont BT 284-D Origin - du Pont E-5 MC or CP 1037 From du Pont Press Cake. E-6 General Dyestuff's Haliogen Bluo BNC E-l represents a substantial improvement over previous S-W preparations. Its performance level was wall within the renge of competitive materials. 0007-SWP-045675 0007-SWP-000115047 fl77 - Cont. Paint Research June, 1950 -17- The pattern of color change established by all samples was a general blenching during the first month of aging, followed by a pro gressive deepening of color that more than offset the initial color -loss by the end of the test. A tendency to redden in cast at the ele vated temperature remained constant through the 110 F. series and decreased with aging at the 135 F. level. E-l reddened less at 110 F. and deepened loss than all but E-5 by the end of the 6-nonth period. The reflectance values of fila cast from 6-nonth aged material from those two samples were very near to their original values. 0007-SWP-045676 0007-SWP-000115048 BATES LABEL 0007-SWP-045677 NOT USED IN THIS PRODUCTION 0007-SWP-000115049 Paint Research June, 1950 -19- T.aaded Zinc Pigments A sample of 1424 12/88 Loaded Zinc was submitted to tho ttional Lead Company for work with their Basic Silicate Whito Lead. has been made up in SWP Undercoater and Gloss White replacing the ic oxide on an equal chemical basis and the lead on an equal volume S with National's 45 X Basic Silicate Whito Lead. The points had ,naal characteristics of body end color and will be compered further exterior exposure. 0007-SWP-045678 0007-SWP-000115050 Paint Research June, I960 -29- .40,62 - Studies in Flat Wall Paint Formulation Work has been continued on .the lower cost formulation for Flat-Tone White to determine if on improvement could be node in the package condition upon storage. A further study was also made to detemiho the cooparativo performance of the different types of whit ing purchased by our various plants, including 1999 dry. As indicated by the following data, 1999 dry was found to bo too reactive for this type of formulation. However, the other samples of whiting were all fairly close in consistency characteristics but varied quite widely in their degree of sheen. It appears that all 566 dry would have to be purchased from one source of supply if whiting is to be used. Properties of Various Flat-Tones Testing 566 Dry Batch 566 Dry Viscosity - #6 Sheen Grind Fresh OUJite Brush Plow 850 251 P Albacar 43-5 C. K. Williams Co. (Los Angeles) 255 P Keystone Thompson-Weinnan and Lowe Bros. Co. 254 P Camelcarb Tony T. Campbell and Sons 255 P 1999 Dry 2H 11 n rt 285 P 566 dry from Ind. Min. and Chemical (Oakland Plant) w 10" 10" 9" 24" 12" 11." V. G. Good 3.0 11.2" V. G. Good 12.0 10" V. G. Good 7.0 S3" G (-) SI. 7.0 short 8" y. g . V. G. 4.0 Drying over night - very good on all. Uniformity of tint on lap - very good on all. Uniformity of sheen on lap - good on all-. 0007-SWF-045679 0007-SWP-000115051 Paint Research June, 1950 -3$- 'figi - Coni. The lower cost Flat-Tone fdraula, OJ 973 N, was sent to Cleve land, hut we have now found that it "settles somewhat harder than the present foraulation for Flat-Tone. 'VThe proposed formula has now been revised to improve suspension ty increasing the 1826 diy from four to eight pounds per 100 gallons. Samples of the new formulation were placed in storage to check on package condition after scvoral weeks' storage. The Resin Research Department has submitted two (4113) type ; varnishes made with deodorized types lof thinners HC 6601-A RC 6601-B Resin Oil Body Cure A. V. Color Solid3 Solvent Glyceryl P.E. Fhtholate Abitol Soya Soya Zt z. 17 17 10.1 10.1 4+ 4+ 30# 30# Deep Rock Shell 8491 Deo Napoleum Deodorized Thinner The two varnishes wore ccnpared with (4113) in the Flat-Tone .White foraulation. The two flats mado with RC 6601-A and RC 6601-B were 'slightly higher in body but quite similar in other* respects. However, fron an odor standpoint the Shell 8491 and (5027)were about equal whereas Beep Rock Deo Napoleun was less desirable. A few experimental batches of a deep blue and maroon flat wall paint were node with VM-2336 (RC 565 9} a vehicle proposed ty J. A. Lutz, of Titanium Pigment Corporation, for use in deep tone flats. VM-2336 is a lime treated dehydrated castor oil-fish oil-ester gun varnish -having G viscosity at 50# non-volttile. It was claimed that this liquid had less tendency to mar than most varnishes that are now used in deep ; colored flat wall paints. However, flats made with our reproduction of their varnish (VM-2336) produced very poor uniformity of tint with very , short flow and wet edge. No further work will bo done with this liquid at the present time. ' A considerable amount of tine was devoted to on evaluation of styrene containing paints from Levis Berger and Son-; along with compe titive samples end products from our own lines. A report on tel3 investigation vas made at the Research Mooting for Juno. In general ve found the styrene paints to be bad in odor, poor in oleic acid and lard resistance, poor in washability and sticky in brushing characteristics as compared with our own products. 0007-SWP-045680 0007-SWP-000115052 Paint Research July, I960 0-- -- lfl87 - Physical Properties of Pigments From time to time, considerable difficulty is encountered with poor spreading of a given batch of paint or varnish on a given substrate. In these cases, the wet film seems to have a veiy strong tendency to ball up into more or loss small droplets, leaving a good portion of the sub strate unprotected. In milder cases, pits and craters may be caused ty a similar phenomenon. At the recent Gordon Rosearch Conference for Organic Coatings, a short discussion of work performed by R. Fuller of the Bakelite Division of U.C.C. showed the creation of this type of defective films to be a function of the relative surface tension (/J/viscosity (v,) relations pre vailing in the varnish tested. The varnish was made uith phenolic type of resin. The graph shows the relationships observed for this material. 10 10 10 10 Viscosity { ^ ) in Centipoise 00CI7-SWP-045681 0007-SWP-000115053 Paint Research July, 1950 -9- #187 - Cont. The curve was constructed from a series of data obtained by diluting the varnish to be tested With thinners of various types and observing the surface tension and Viscosity of each sample. It was found that in each case where curve, a film of defective character wa true at the high viscosity range of the graph.' If, for instance, an air dried film of apparently satisfactory film characteristics is baked, and the vis cosity at relatively high surface tension is reduced to the point where it lies within tho defective film area, a poor film showing breaks is obtained. No fundamental explanation for this behavior of films could be given at the Gordon Research Conference. The above has stimulated considerable thought, and from the apian amount of work it has been possible to do in this field in this laboratory since the presentation of the above data, it seems that the probable mechanism of the phenomenon is as follows: If a small drop of a liquid is placed on a plane, solid surface and the viscosity or possible structure of tho liquid is neglected for the time being, the forces acting on the interfaces of this system can be shown to be as indicated in the figure, where \p is the surface tension of the licjuii surface tension of the solid; and Ay* the interfacial tension Bolid/liquid. From simple vector analysis these values can be shown to havo the relationship: where is the contact angle which by convention is always measured through the liquid phase. Depending on the value of this engle, the shape A5 . of small drop placed on the solid surface may assume a number of forms: at aero contact angle, complete spreading of liquid on solid to a monomolecular layer takes place; at 0 to 90 contact angle, a segment of a sphere of less than or equal to half the total volume; at 90 to 180, 000'7-SWP- 4187 - Coni. Paint Research July, 1950 -10- a sphere eoual to or more than half the volume of the complete sphere. Consequently, as the contact angle is increased progressively from zero to 180, the height of a small drop of a given volume above the sub strate is also progressively increased from zero to a maximum theoretical value of 1/ , where ]/ is the volume of the drop placed on the plate. ' i ~7t ~ This holds only for drops of very small diameter. As the volume of a given drop is increased, the gravitational forces acting on the liquid play a larger and larger role so that, for a material of a given contact angle, the side view of the drop will assume the . . following shape. Even if the volume of .the drop is further increased, the height of the flat portion of the drop,^ , above the substrate will not change mat erially and the condition of stability will be a function of the contact engle @ and the specific gravity of the liquid. From the above, it is easy to see that, still neglecting vis cosity, for any given liquid having a given specific gravity and a given contact angle with a plane solid surface, a definite value of Ji , the critical height, will be established. For a given system with zero con tact angle, .this equilibrium value is zero, for 180 contact angle, it is a maximum. For paint3 and vehicles, at high contact angles is con siderably larger than the usual thickness of applied films, being in the order 25 nils or more. It is this factor of high equilibrium values of J{, which creates the driving forc6rtv'tt8SJictive paint and varnish films; Assume, for a given paint/substrate combination, having a large contact cngLe, the critical height, , is 20 mils. The film aB laid down on the substrate is, howeyer, in conformity to general point practice, only about 2 mils thick. From the above considerations, this is obviously on unstable film condition as it oust increase to 20 mil thickness before the critical height is attained. To do this, provided the film is sufficiently nanviscous, it will contract in area in order to increase its voluno to the critical height. This is accomplished by "fobbing" adjacent portions of the substrate.of the vehicle, and consequently creating breaks and ir regularities in the applied paint film. 0007-SWP-045683 0007-SWP-000115055 Paint: Research July, 1950 rll- ,-L87 - Cont. The force tending to counteract this phenomenon is the vis cous resistance of the applied film. In highly fluid films the above action will take place with considerable rapidity. As the rigidity of the film is increased, either V increasing the viscosity of the varnish films or, further, the thixotropic structure of paint films, a point is reached where the forces of surface tension are no longer capable of moving the film against the forces of viscous resistance. As a result, any value of viscosity of the applied film equal to or higher than this value will produce a quasi-stable condition which pre vails as long as these circumstances prevail. If the viscosity or thixo tropy of the film is reduced below this point however, as for instance by heating or baking the film, an unstable condition results, causing the familiar breaks in the system. The mathematical relationships enumerated above are calculable, but are rather complex, so that an empirical approach to the measurement of the various factors involved would be indicated. The obvious method of correcting defective films produced by this mechanism is, of course, to decrease the contact angle between film and substrate to the point where the critical thickness, , is less than the thickness of the applied film, preferably zero. Under these condi tions the film will be absolutely stahle. This can be implemented by absolute cleanliness of the substrate and can be promoted strongly by employing thinners which have a good wetting capacity for the substrate. Often vigorous shearing of the substrate, like hard brushing on of the paint, will decrease the contact angle sufficiently to give continuous films. As the contact angle is a function of the surfaco tension of the' vehicle, low surface tensions are indicated as highly desirable. Where these methods are impractical or impossible, the quaaistable state caused by a highly thixotropic structure and high viscosity are applicable. This solution to the problem is very dangerous, however, for films which are to be baked subsequent to air dry. If the tempera ture of bake is high enough to decrease the viscosity of the film below the critical value, defective films will result. Often decreasing the baking temperature only slightly will remedy the difficulty. The third alternative to the prevention of breaks in the applied films, is to increase the thickness of the cast film to be equal or greater than the critical thickness. This method usually meets technical difficulties, however. Any other miscellaneous conditions tending to create a stabilized, film in conformity to the above 13, of course, usable. Discussion of this mechanism is invited. Paint Research July, 1950 -12- ^187 - Cont. Apparatus to measure cohesion and the adhesion of films to substrates is being constructed. It is of the automatic recording type end should give some insight into these values for various types of paint and varnish films. Equipment is being tried out vhich promises to give CPVC results in connection vith the CPVC cell without knowing the formula for the paint being tested. This technique 3hould also be applicable for the rapid determination of the specific gravity of powdered materials such as pigments. 0007-SWP-045685 0007-SWP-000115057 J__L Faint Research July, 1950 -13- |fr|T77 - Pigment Studies The work on pigment hiding in the CPVC zone of pigment loading 'is being extended to include competitive titanium calcium pigments offered by du Pont end Titanium Pigment Corporation, as well as lithopone. This work should give an insight into the differences in performance of the various titanium calcium pigments as they are revealed in use in ^'various "types of formulations. The pigments included in this study are !'as follows: 2152 dr/ 2140 dry 1201 dry 1202 dry 461 M Titanox RC HT Titanox RG Titanox RC HT Ti-Cal R 22 Ti-Cal R 25 Ti-Cal R 27 Ti-Cal R 51 Pemolith This work is under way and results should be available during the next month. The work on photo-chemical effects as a measure of chalking rate has been discussed with A. E. Jacobsen, of the Titanium Pigment 'Laboratory. It was bis comment that although the method nay serve adequately most of the time it is a method which may be affected con- jSiderably by chemical impurities. He felt that as a control test the ^results would be too easily nullified and might possibly be very mis pleading. 0007-SWP-045686 0007-SWP-000115058 Paint Research July, 1950 -18- #162 - Studios in Flat Wall Paint:.Formulation Enamels from West Coast The Oakland Technical Service Department has submitted quart samples of Sinclair Bagdad High Gloss Enamel 1001 Vhite and EHO - 22 E.B. Gloss Enamel made with OW 655 vehicle (Dehydrated Castor P.E. Rosin Ester) for our inspection* The two enamels were compared with Paintercraft Gloss White Enamel #821 (F82 W 1 - C 5549) and Enameloid White (Rex 710 - C 5499 A) for general performance. Sinclair-Bagdad High Gloss Enamel was slightly sticky in brushing. The gloss was very simi lar to F82 W 1 but not as high as Rex 710. The Oakland Enamel BHO-22 was better in brushing properties than the Sinclair enamel but it was lower in gloss. However, we found the Sinclair and Oakland Enamel BH0-22 about equal in chemical resistance. Enamel Tests Sample Viscosity #3 S-W Cup Brash Flaw Gloss 60 Photo volt Drying Wet Edge Set-to- 10 Min. Touch 0 'H ite Lap Sin clai r-Bagdad High Gloss En. 1001 - White 56.4" Oakland Lab. EH 0-22 E. B. Gloss Syn. En. Made with OW 653 89.0" Paintercraft Gloss 34.0" White Shamel #821 FS2 W 1 - C 5549 Enameloid White Rex 710 C 3499 A 26.0" SI. Very 94 sticky good Good t! 80 Good It 95 Very SI. good too high 99 3 hr.. Very Short 20 mfn. good 2 hr. 4 min. M 1 hr. 40 min. " 1 hr. 1 min. " II rt Cont. 0007-SWP-045687 0007-SWP-000115059 Paint -Research July, 1950 ;-19- #162 - Cont. Enemel Tests (Copt.) 5 Hour Soot Tests Sample Sind&ir-Bagdad High Gloss Bn. 1001 - White 2% Iodine Bad stain; si. Soft film. O^eic Acid 5% 11 25% 1% Acetic Citric NaOH Lard Oil Alcohol Soap Acid Acid (24 Hours) Si. Soft Very No Cons. hLis-., film. soft visiV- rblister- OK veiy . film, ble - ing. soft bad effect very film. blister, soft. Oakland Lab. m 0-22 E. B. Gloss Syn. Bn. Made with OV 653 rr Very SI. bad soft blister, film. very soft film. r It Bad Soft blister, film, very soft. Paintercraft . -.-IT Cons. Very ir If Very OK Gloss White blister, soft si. Enamel #821 very film. soft, F82 1 - C 3549 soft bad film. base. Enameloid White Rex 710C 3499-A ' Bad stain. soft film. Very bed blister, very soft film. OK n n tt OK 0007-SWP-045688 0007-SWP-000115060 I 1 paint Research July, 1950 -20- 162 - Cont. Porch and Floor Enamel The Resin Research Department has submitted two ether resin varnishes - RC 6355 and RC 6358 for test in Porch and Floor Enamel RC 6355 RC 6358 (348) Reduction Infinite Clear up to 15 - 20 parts (348) to 1 part resin-ester. Body W V Cure Over 2 minutes 82" Wt./Gol. 7.83 7.64 A. V. 8.4 7.9 Color 16 10 Solids 70% 60& Solvent (34B) (248) The Porch and Floor Enamel made with RC 6355 was similar in viscosity and brushing to regular Porch and Floor Enamel but that made with varnish RC 6359 was too high in consistency and too sticky in brushing. Botlj ether resin varnishes developed lower gloss than the regular Porch and Floor vehicle. Additional paints will be made with 566 dry as the inert to improve gloss. OOO7-SWP-O45G09 0007-SWP-000115061 Paint Research August, 1950 -B- - Physical Properties of Pigments Pi A wooden model of an automatic recording adherometer working i'on the principle of the oanual Interchemical adheroneter has been confpleted. The rough preliminaiy testa it has beeh possible to perform Jvith this equipment indicate that the theory behind it is sound. The shew device has the advantage over the Interchenical type in that it jfdraws a complete graph of the adhesion .and cohesion characteristics of Sithe paint or varnish film being tested in a single run. From this, the ^absolute values for the adhesion of the film to the substrate as well jas the cohesion of the film can be extrapolated. A number of Small changes in the design, mostly to increase ;.;the over-all Tigidity of the machine are contemplated after which more test runs will be made. Work on the electrokinetic properties of pigment dispersions [is continuing, mostly with the object of determining the reason for ^mobility in a .strong electric field. From the additional work done with 'potentials of up to 50,000 volts, it appears more and more probable that |this mechanism is of a space-charge type. Experiments are being set up jto further clear up the questions surrounding the subject. A progress report on the work so far completed On the electroakinetic properties of pigment'dispersions has been prepared end will be :circulated to interested parties; 0007-SWP-045690 0007-SWP-000115062 Paint Research August^ 1950 f* yjpn 77 - Pigment Studies ( The work on pignent hiding in the CPVC 2ono has been delayed due to a temporary shortage of cellulose acetate sheet. In addition we have been involved with the hiding of several samples of submitted for test by the Dispersiop Laboratory. Work on Titanox RC HT, PC, and RC HT X is completed but the reporting will be delayed until the Ti-Cal pigments have been tested. iri- 0007-SWP-045691 Paint Research August, 1950 -12- - Studies in Flat Wall Paint Formulations ?' Flat Vail Paints | . . A sample of Aroflat 5025 - P - 40* from U. S. Industrial Chemical, Inc. was compared with our alkyd varnish (4113) for general, fi performance in Flat-Tone. Aroflat 3025 - P - 40* Viscosity A. V. Wt./Gal. Color % Solids J -P 5 - 10 7.2 - 7.3 pounds 8-10 39* - 41* At equal solids the Aroflat 3025 - P - 40 alkyd produced a lower bodied flat than (4113) with inferior hold-out over porous sur faces compared with One Coat Flat-Tone. The flat well paint made with Aroflat 3025 - P.- 40 likewise-was not as good as (4113) in uniformity of tint over surfaces of- this type. The shortage of titanium dioxide and titanium calcium pigments has prompted an investigation to: determine whether part of the titanium calcium could be replaced with lithopone without decreasing the quality or performance of our present Flat-Tone formulation. In connection with this problem the Auxiliaries Research Laboratory obtained two samples of lithopone 461 L with low P.C. factors from the Coffeyville plant for our tests. The initial batches of FlatrTone made with one and two hundred pounds of lithopone 461.M for-part-of the titanium calcium showed a definite increase in viscosity after five days' storage. However, the 461 L batches appear to.be much less reactive. (September 6. Formula sent to A. B. Holton end S. F. Carlson. Details-will be available in the September report or in advance to those who express interest.) The Paint, Research Department was requested ly Cleveland to evaluate a number of vehicles being prepared ly the Resin Research De partment fo* use in a new toner base that is to be formulated similar to our Color Mix line. The new toner bases are to be formulated so they can be used as deep colored flats or intermixed in any proportion with Flat-Tone, Semi-Lustre and Enaneloid. 0007-SWP-Q45632 0007-SWP-000115064 J_L Paint Research August, 1950 -13- fl.62 - Cont,. The Resin Research Department has prepared a masher of var nishes for this investigation. The varnishes prepared to date have been nore or less incompatible with the vehicle combinations of the above ... rexes, except for BC 5726, RC 5726 is a (4113) type varnish based on a higher percentage of Abitol. The initial work has indicated that it may be possible to formulate a satisfactory toner base with a varnish of this type which will blend with the products selected. Work will continue on this problem. (September 8. Formula end sample to Cleveland.) The Resin Research Department has submitted a sample of RC 6645, ;special (4113), reduced with Shell's Deodorized Thinner 410 - Code 8316, % to be compared with Hi Flash Mineral Spirits (5027) in the Flat-Tone White ; formulation. The RC 6645 flat ia similar to that made with regular (4113) *. and (5027) in practically all respects, but from on odor standpoint we are unable to decide from laboratory tests which thinner is the least objection able. It was decided that a further check should be made by painting rooms, .coopering the drying odors over a 24 hour period. These tests have been ' arranged and the results will be reported next month. A sample of O'Brien's Liquid Velvet Flat Wall was compared with .Flat-Tone White for general characteristics. This flat is advertised as being exceptionally good in vashabiliiy. However, we found O'Brien's flat f.to be poor in wusbability compared with Flat-Tone - Rex 810 when applied over glue size. O'Brien's Liquid One Coat Flat-Tone , Velvet White White - Rex 810 Brushing Good Good Flow Drying - Uniformity of Tint and Sheen Vashability (Over glue size) Equal to Flat-Tone 250 cycles Standard 750 cycles 0007-SWP-045693 0007-SWP-000115065 Paint Research August, 1950 -14- (f!62 - Cont. Primer Tests on Vet Plaster and Vet Cement Several tests were made to determine the comparative perform ance of a new product called Water-Pel Enamel for priming'wet plaster and cement surfaces. Water-Pel is. manufactured fcy Water-Pel Paints, Inc., 907 Terminal Sales Building, Portland, Oregon. According to their claims, this product can be applied on any surface whether dry, damp or wet, resists growth of mold and mildew. It is claimed that Water-Pel Enamel can be applied on cement, concrete, bride, plaster and wood walls without neutralizing. In order to check some of the manufacturer's claims we have conducted tests for adhesion to wet plaster and will'also test on wet cement when the panels Are available. Samples of regular Wall Primer and Sealer - Rex 25, Enameloid White, Lowe Brothers1 Dura-Craft White find du Pont's Elvacet (Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsion) were included in 'this evaluation. As indicated hy the data below, ynter-Pel is outstanding in adhesion characteristics when applied to wet plaster or concrete, How ever,' the film becomes very brittle after the surface is dry.-' Lowe Brothers' Dura-Craft White .- .Rex 41137 also did a 'good job on both surfaces. Properties of Wet' Surface Paints Viscosity Brush Elasti #3 SW Cup ing Flow city Tests Over Wet Plaster ... (2) Rex 25 C'740 27.0" Rex 710 C 3499 A 33.4" Lowe Bros. 44" Dura-Craft White - 41137 Water-Pel 13" Vet surface Red. 2556 (348) Very Veiy ,0K good good Fair adhesion, .Poor adhesion, good general could be ripped performance. off in sheets. Good W OK Veiy poor adhesion, could be ripped off. . " SI. n sticky OK Fair adhesion, Exc, adhesion, good general no brittleness, performance. good sealing. Very easy n Brittle Good adhesion, Very brittle, good general good adhesion, performance. good sealing. (Cont.) 0007-SWP-0456g4 0007-SWP-000115066 Paint Research August, 1950 -15- ffL62 - Cont. Properties of Wet Surface Paints (Coni.) Viscosity Brush Elasti Tests Over Vet Plaster SU Cup ing___ Flow city ______(1)___ __________ Lgl_ du Pont ELvacet Polyvinyl Acetate Too heavy Sticky Very Very Very poor adhe (Dries good brittle sion, rips off too in sheets. quickly.) Very poor adhesion, very brittle. Above + 5$ Dibatoxy- Glycol Phthalate H fl It OK ft Very poor adhesion, no brittleness. Elvncet + 2% Glyoxnl tl tl It Very brittle It Very poor adhesion, very brittle. (1) Brushed out after plaster had set for two hours. (2) Recoated with Semi-Lustre Green over night. Porch and Floor Enamel Ve have continued our investigation of ether resin varnishes for use in Porch and Floor Enonel. During the nonth the Resin Research Laboratory submitted RC 6389 and RC 6374. Their characteristics are; RC 6389 RC 6374 Rosin (348) Reduction Body Cure Wt./Gol. A. V. Color Solids Solvents Sew Formulation Infinite V80 7.83 9.6 10 70* (348) CV 4016 Infinite V 90 7.81 10.0 10 70* (27* (: ( & (4048) 0007-SWP-045695 0007-SWP-000115067 Paint Research August, 1950 -16- jfl.62 - Cont. The laboratory batch of Porch and Floor Enamel made with RC 8389 vas satisfactory in brushing, flow, gloss and drying characteristics. The enamel made with RC 6 374 was similar to RC 6389 hit slightly lower in gloss than standard.' RC 6374 and RC 6355 (see July report) will be tested further to determine if some improvement can be made in the initial gloss by the use of a softer inert such as calcium carbonate, 566 dry. Properties of Porch and Floor Enamels Set- Scrub Viscosity #3 to- Resistance Batch Characteristics Fresh O'Hite Brush Flow Gloss Touch Thru Cycles Reg. Porch and Floor Enamel Medium Gray Card. 8 Using RC 6374 Using RC 6389 20" 30" Std. Std. Std. 56 V.G. 9,550 (Good) (Good) (Good) Min. 22.4" 24.0" n SI. lower than std. 61 Min. * No failure at 100,00Q 25" 27" 0 n As 63 " 133,000 320 P Min. Spot Testa ^ patch 1% Soap 3 Hour Tests________ 2% Iodine 95 Alcohol 1% NaOH Oleic Acid 24 Hour Teats + 5% 5% Lard Oil Cittic-'Aftid-; Acetic Acid 520 P Def. (+) Bad stain Bad blister Film com- SI. whitening Soft Very soft pletely soft . off. 5$1 P SI. blister SI. (+) Very soft fade 364 P Definite whitening Soft film SI. fade SI. haze Bad blister Very soft SI. 30ft SI. blister Soft 0007-SWP-045696 0007-SWP-000115068 1 Paint Research September, 1950 -7- //187 - Physical Properties of Pigments Further work on the electrokinetic properties of pigment dispensions has indicated the probability that a space charge type of V: mechanism is responsible for the movement of veil dispersed pigment partides in a strong electrical field. Evidently veiy little work has S' been done previously on the passage of D. C. current through highly in;r sulating liquids such ns the normal vehicles and thirmers employed in j- the paint industiy. By analogy to some of the known factors influencing b "electron passage through non-conducting gasos however, the following qualitative derivation may be obtained: ffc When two points are at different electrical potentials, elec ts; trons will flow through a conductor from the lower to the higher poten& tial. In a metallic conductor this flow oocurs readily, and is attri- luted to the fact that metals can be regarded as containing a perfect gas W' of electrons in a lattice of positive ions with unoccupied electron levels above the filled ones. It is this presence of unoccupied electron levels which distinguishes a metal from a non-conductor. Only if there are j unfilled levels available directly above the filled ones can an electrical g field accelerate the electrons and produce current flow. Since, in mctalrr; lie conductors this acceleration is produced without any opening up of p. electron levels, no energy of activation is necessaty to dislodge the electrons from their equilibrium position of rest. A liquid electrolyte will also permit easy flow of electrons. The ions of the electrolyte form a mobile medium, free to transport elec trons from one electrode to the other. Again there is no interference with an electron level, and no minimum activation energy is required to permit electron flow. In the case of an un-ionized gas, a different phenomenon takes place. Here there are no ion3 free to move between electrons, nor are there unfilled electron levels above filled ones. Consequently, to obtain unfilled electron levels it is necessaiy to create them before current flow will take place. If a high potential difference is applied across a gas, electrons emitted from the negative electrode will remove electrons from filled shells in the gas atoms. To do this, the bombarding electron must possess sufficiently high energy to exceed that of the energy level of the electron being expelled from the gas. As a consequence, it becomes obvious that in case of gases, a minimum potential difference between the electrodes is required before conduction can take place. 0007-SWP-045697 0007-SWP-000115069 Paint Research September, 1950 Projecting this effect upon non-dissociating liquids, such as the normal paint vehicles, it is obvious that much greater difficulty in electron activation will be encountered. The proximity of neighboring p. molecules causes each molecule to exert considerable force upon its ; neighbor. Furthermore, the molecules are in a very much lower energy state than the gas molecules. When a cathode electron does succeed in P removing an electron from an atomic orbit, the chance that that electron will dissipate its energy due to rapid collisions before removing a further electron is very great. Also, a considerable part of the energy jt' due to the electrodes goes into polarization and orientation of the pv dipolar liquid molecules. It is this polarization/orientatlon phenomenon which causes the dielectric effect of non-electrolytes. In a previous report (May, 1950) it was shown that in a well dispersed pigment/vehicle system, the pigment particles are surrounded by a shell of large, highly dipolar molecules adsorbed from the vehicle &' in such a way that all of the poles of one sign face the inside of the I? particle. These adsorbed molecules, because of the electrical relation!' ships resulting from their adsorption have induced dipoles, considerably Is. stronger than those of the unadsorbed molecules. Although still strictly & neutral, the particles now display a surface possessing a relatively strong surface polarity. The electrons emitted from the electrode upon Pv application of a high potential difference will act in either of two ways, K.- depending upon the sign of the outside surface. In the case where the ?; outside end of the adsorbed molecules is positive in polarity, a simple electron capture takes place, and the whole particle assumes a negative V- charge proportional to the number of electrons captured and the particle e will migrate to (+) electrode. In the case of the particles with the p- opposite molecular orientation at their surfaces, the distortion of the !, charges in the adsorbed molecules causes a state of high excitation in 1; the valence electron. These valence electrons, already pushed away from P- their normal location ty the adsorbing pigment particle, are particularly / vulnerable to being removed ty the oncoming plate electron. If, thereJ fore, the applied potential is sufficiently high, the energy of the on' coming electrons will suffice to strip a valence electron from the mole cule, and the particle will assume a positive charge. Consequently move ment to the negative electrode will take place. A current flow of the order of 10 9 amperes (1/1,000,000,000) is about equivalent to 1010 electrons (10,000,000,000) flowing, so that the above equilibrium condition will take place very rapidly even with a rela tively high concentration of pigment particles present. 0007-SWP-045698 0007-SWP-000115070 Paint Research September, 1950 ^9- - Pigment Studies f- Work on the opacity of the various titanium calcium pigments Ise pot complete a3 yet, therefore reporting will be delayed until conplete results can be given. It is;interesting that the products of the *ittaanniura Pigment Corporation and those of the du Pont Pigment Division seem to be different as regards their critical pigment volume concentration (CFVC).. However, these will he rechecked to he sure that the data is cor rect.. Results of the first run on the CFVC measurements are as follows* Paint No. Titanium Calcium Piement CFVC RB 2904 Titnnox RC HT 56.1% RB 2905 Titanox RC 62.7 RB 2906 Titonox RC HT ;X 61.5 RB 290? Ti Cal R 22 51.3 RB 2908 Ti Cal R 25 66.2 RB 2909 Ti Cal R 27. 68.0 RB 2910 Ti Cal R 51 65.0 0007-SWP-045699 0007-SWP-000115071 Paint Research September, 1950 -11- jft.62 - Studies in Flat Wall Paint Formulation Work was continued on the new toner bases. These bases are to bo formulated as deep colored flats and also so they can be intermixed in any proportions with Flat-Tone, Seed-Lustre or Enaneloid. Our. work has been based on RC 6687, a (4113) type varnish high in Abitol, developed by the Resin Research Department. This varnish is similar to RC 5726 which was reported last month. RC 6687 Resin - GlyceTyl-P.E.-Phthalnte-Abitol Oil - (1273) soya Body - S Cure - 37 A. V. - 6.0 Color - 6 Solids- 40St Solvent - (5027) Mineral Spirits, Hi Flash A quart sample of our initial toner base development 0J 428.:P cvas submitted to S. F. Carlson for his inspection. Various panels end paint-outs of this toner base were also sent to A. B. Holton. The fnew -:toner base is much superior to Rex 964, one of the regular Color Mix colors, in uniformity of tint and sheen when applied over spackle. It also intermixes with Flat-Tone, Semi-Lustre end Enameloid in all propor tions. The new base has more feel under the bmsh than Flat-Tone White, due to the higher solids required to decrease the tendency to mar, which .is typical of deep color flats. However, from a washability standpoint it is much better than the present Color Mix Burgundy - Rex 964. Work is being continued on the new toner base with an effort toward improving the uniformity of tint and sheen as well as decreasing the tendency to mar. Lorite VG (National Lead Co.) appears to be a very interesting inert from the standpoint of lowering gloss while even increasing flow. Other inerts will be tested, such as Metronite, quartz silica, mica, etc. to decrease mar resistance. The Resin Research Department has submitted RC 2920 and RC 732.2 as possible flat wall paint vehicles. These are intended for gaieral conservation of glycerol, P.E., phthalic and Abitol, should conditions require. 00G7-SWP Paint Research September, 1950 -12- ,4162 - Pont. RC 2920 RC 7322 Resin 637 Dry W. VI. Rosin Oil (44) linseed Body Y Cure 10 Wt./Gal. 7.35 A. V. 28 Color Black Solids 50?$ Solvent (5027) Mineral Spirits Hi Flash 637 Dry S02 blown (44) linseed D 10 - 12 7.38 6.0 17 50* (5027) The experimental flats made with these liquids were poor in yniformity of tint and sheen over spackle end poor in color. Primer Tests on Wet Cement Additional tests were made to determine the comparative per formance of q new competitive product called Water-Pel Enamel being sold for the pruning of vet plaster and cenent surfaces. Water-Pci is manu-j factured ty Water-Pel Paints* Inc., 907 Terminal Sales Building, Portland, Oregon. The priming tests on wet plaster were reported in the August Monthly Report. As indicated at that time, Water-Pel had quite (jpod adhe sion when applied to wet piaster but became quite brittle upon aging. ' Lowe Brothers' Dura-Craft White - Rex 41157 had good adhesion but also be came quite brittle after several doys. From the standpoint of alkali 'resistance Water-Pel and Dura-Craft White were much superior to the other ^'priming coat s. The results over wet cement were as follows: See next page. 0007-SWP-045701 0007-SWP-000115073 Paint Research September, 1950 -13- #162 - Cont. Performance of Primers over New Csacnt (1) (2) (3) Vail Primer and Sealer Rex 25 - C 740 No adhesion, film veiy soft, cheesy. Poor adhesion; could be rubbed off with the fingers. Poor adhesion; poor alkali resistance. Enameloid Rex 710 C 3499 A Poor adhesion; film cheesy. Poor adhesion; film soft. Poor adhesion; poor alkali resistance. Lawe Bros. Dura-Craft : White 41137 Fair adhesion; . fair general performance. Good adhesion; good general per formance but brittle. Good alkali resistance; good performance tut brittle. Water-Pel Wet Surface Red. 25% (348) it n If du Pont ELvacet Polyvinyl Acetate Above + 5% Dibutoxy Glycol Phthalate w Very poor adhe- 0J.WU; xjgju wi./ soft; rips off in 3heets. ELvacet + 2% Glyoxal1 2 3 (1) Brushed out after cement had set 16 hours. (2) Recoated with Semi-Lustre Green over night. (3) Soaked with water for one week. 0007-SWP-045702 0007-SWP-000115074 Paint Research October, 1950 -7- //187 - Physical Properties of Pigments ; ^ The derivation for the equation relating the'dispersion and agglomeration forces involved in pigment dispersions has been completed. It is based on the fundamental assumption that veil dispersed pigment particles have highly poler molecules adsorbed on their surfaces. Those are essentially all oriented in the same direction vith respect to the pigment surface. Thus, the system can be regarded as consisting of a pigment particle surrounded with pairs of charges derived from the ad sorbed dipolar molecules. In the case of spherical particles, this would be equivalent to two concentric spherical condensers of opposite charge with the charges substantially fixed in position, a charge of one polarity being opposite that of the other on each of the two concentric spheres. Under this assumption, the vectorial force exerted 'ey the con centric spheres of radius r and r + d of opposite polarity can be calcu lated for a point a distance h away from the center of the sphere. The value d is the effective dipole length of the cdsorbed molecule having a dipole charge q. If a number of molecules (n) are adsorbed, the integral equation for this system, using Coulomb's law, for the force between one sphere of charges and a point becomes: r+ T F = 2 Tfnqh j (h2 - 2hx + r2) ~^Z dx - 2 Tfnq j x(hE - 2hx + r2)"3/2dx >- r Upon integration this yields, for the total force between two spherical particles of radius r raid R a distance 2i apart and having n and N molecules respectively of charge q and length d adsorbed on their surfaces:' (r + d)2 F2 F total = 4 TTnq hs(h+r+d) - h* (wr) (R + d)2 4 77 No ha(hfR+d) hd (h + R) As would be expected, the function becomes discontinuous where (r + d) or (R + d) equals h, as at this point the two particles would touch. The equation allows the quantitative calculation of dispersion and is fundamental in nature. It indicates that the force of dispersion is directly proportional to the magnitude of the dipole charges and the number of active molecules adsorbed on pigment surfaces. It decreases as 0007-SWP-045703 0007-SWP-000115075 i Paint Research October, 1950 8- - #187 - Cont. a linear function of the particle size, indicating that for the same system, small particles agglomerate more readily than large ones, mid that 'the force tending to keep particles in a dispersed state increases inversely as a function of the cube of the distance the particles are separated. A plausible explanation for the agglomerating effect of water and an electric potential on some pigment/binder systems has been postu lated and will be explained more fully as soon as a few remaining points have been cleared up experimentally. 0007--SWP-045704 0007-SWP-000115076 Paint Research October, 1950 -9- ft77 - Pigment Studies Flooding of Phthalo cyanine Blue The flooding characteristics of a non-flocculating copper phthalocyanine blue pigment Heliogen Slue PNC were evaluated. A roller mill EL 44 type dispersion of the pigment was prepared to tint an alkyd iype formula tion of Enameloid White Rex 710. Heliogen Blue ENC is a toner type pig ment prepared by General Dyestuff Corp. and offered as an easily dispers ible xylene stable pigment possessing non-flocculating characteristics similar to du Font's non-flocculating laked pigment BL 282-D. Our experi ence does not support the manufacturer's claims for ready dispersibility. The pigment required six passes through the 3-roll Lehmann mill to estab lish a satisfactory 6 H dispersion in the zinc resinate - Dehydrol vehicle BL 44. Enameloid White Rex 710 tinted to the approximate depth of Enameloid Pastel Blue flooded white when pigmented with Heliogen Blue BNC. When the surface of the wet film is disturbed ty wiping the finger tip lightly across its surface, a strong blue band of color was exposed. On closer examination it became apparent that the surface so exposed had acquired a deeper hlue than the interior of the film and that the paint to glass interface under the disturbed arfea also acquired a deeper blue. This suggests that flooding is not a simple movement of portions of a pigment system toward the exposed film surface, but to all or both surfaces of the film simultaneously. The change in color brought about by wiping across the surface of the film may be explained by the fact that the mechanical force applied to the film has forced a watting bade of the migrant or flooding constituent into the body or interior of the film. This re-establishes the true average color of the system to contrast with the color of the undisturbed area. Similarly, it can be explained that the color change occurring directly under the disturbed area results from the wetting in cf migrant pigment due to the effect of pressure through the film. The extent of contrast established- by each disturbance on lath surfaces increased with time during the early setting period for the film. This follows as the concentration of the migrating constituent of film interfaces is directly proportional to time, and the component of force applied perpendicularly to the film surface by a wiping motion increases as the film acquires body while setting up. 0007-SWP-045705 0007-SWP-000115077 Paint Research October, 1950 -10- #177 - Cotit. The reference sample used in this study was a standard Enameloil White Rex 710 tinted to the approximate depth of Enameloid Pastel Blue, using du Font's phthalocyonine blue lake BL 282-D. Its behavior was simi lar to that of the Holiogen BSC tinted enamel with the oxception that it flooded blue. The disturbed areas on this film, become lighter then the undisturbed surface and the contrast between these areas was substantially less than on the Heliogen BBC tinted film. The color change again was observable on both sides of the film. It too is covered by the explanation of the behavior of the Heliogen HfC tinted film described above. 0007-SWP-045706 0007-SWP-000115078 Paint Research October, 1950 -12- #162 - Studies in Flat Wall Paint Formulation Flat Wall Paints Sono work was done oil the proposed, toner bases which could be used as.deep colored flats or for inter-nix purposes with Flat-Tone, ScmiLustre cr Enamcloid. An effort was made to lower the sheen of ouv initial development, OJ 428 P, submitted to Cleveland in September. However, when the sheen is reduced, the tendency to nur is increased. A number of inoris such as nice, blr.nc fixe, barytes, silica (1937 dry) have been tested, rise Inks colors, wax, etc., but we have obtained no inproveient in mar resist ance. Work will be continued. Samples of Guai-A-Phene, Glided Regular, and Glided W from Glidden were compared with regular anti-skins (5026) and (1767) in FlatTone White. The results indicated that Glidcol W was the Host desirable from an odor standpoint and equally a3 effective in anti-skinning proper ties as (5026) or (l767). All agents were introduced at equal cost to (5026). The order of preference from the standpoint of odor would be Glidcol WW (least odor), Glidcol Regular second, (5026) third, (1767) fourth, and Guai-A-Phene with the most odor. This information was passed on to Cleveland. West Coast Painter Enamel Sono tine was spent on the development of an enamel for the west coast painter trade. One formulation carried 290 pounds rutile titan ium calcium, 160 pounds pure onatase Ti03 1403 diy, and 25 pounds Kadox air.c oxide 1302 dry in the pigmentation. The vehicle carried the soya maleic varnish (6100), Dehydrol (2325), and zinc rasinate solution (3071), plus driers and thinners. Later, the zinc oxide was removed because of after-body. If package stability of the latest enamel is satisfactory, the formula and a sample will be sent to Oakland for their comments. ' Porch and Floor Enamel The Rosin Research Department has prepared a motifie3 ether resin varnish RC 6429 (similar to RC 6389) for test in Porch and Floor Enamel. RC 6429 is a 70% NVM varnish in (548) mineral spirits, at a body of W. The experimental batch of Porch and Floor knor.el 503 P undo: with this varnish was satisfactory in brushing, flow, gLcss and drying characteristics. The film has a tendency to mar slightly more-then regu lar Porch mud Floor Enamel after drying over night. However, Sward Hard ness Rocker reading iniicatos only small differences in film properties. Further batches will be made to check the effect of more cobalt drier and less anti-skinning agent. 0007-SWP-045707 0007-SWP-000115079 Paint Research October, 1950 -13- #162- Cont. Varnish 503 P RC 6429 (6110) 520 P (4960)G Viscosity - #3 Fresh 24 Hrs. 21" 25" 4 davs 20" 30" Brash Good Good Flow Very good rt Gloss Drying Set O'Mite V eiy good it 75 Min. 105 Good Good Batch Varnish Age of Film 24 Hrs. 2 Days 5 Days 6 Davs 7 Davs 8 Days 503 P RC 6429 10 18 20 24 28 30 320 ? (6110) (4950)G 8 18 24 28 ' 30 30 A sample of Special Deck Red F50 R F2 mentioned in the Gibbsboro Technical Service Report for July and August was compared with regular Porch and Floor Enamel Rex 152, card 8 and a special ether resin enamel 0J 321 P made using RC 6374. F50 R F2 was slightly sticky in brushing hut had. good flow and very good gloss. On the scrub test it did not equal Rex 152 and was definitely inferior to the ether resin enamel. Sample 0J 320 ? 0J 321 P F50 R F2 Properties of Various Porch and Floor Enamels Characteristics Viscosity Cup Brush Flaw Regular Rex 152 Card 8 50" Good Good Rex 152 using 24" Good - Def. RC- 6374 short Special Deck Red - Lucas 23" Def. Good sticky Gloss Very good SI. low Very good (Cont.) 0007-SWP-045708 0007-SWP-000115080 Paint Research October, 1950 -14- #162 - Cont. Sample Properties of Various Porch and Floor Enamels (Cont.) ~ Spot Tests___________________ ___ Drying Oleic Acid Character- Set-to-Touch Scrub- istics and Through ability Soap H NaOH Lard Oil 0J 320 P Reg. 152 Card 8 56 minutes Very good 10,000 cycles Film very soft, bad fade. 3 hours. Film com pletely off. Film soft. 0J 321 P Rex 152 using RC 6374 58 minutes Very good Over 100,000 cycles Cons. blister ing, film soft. V. at. ha2e excellent condition. Film soft. F50 R F2 Special Deck Red Lucas 31 minutes Very good 3,900 cycles V. bad Film corn- blister- pletely ing, off. film very sofa. Film soft. 0007-SWP-045709 0007-SWP-000115081 .Paint Research November, 1960 6- - ji*187 - Physical Properties of Pigments Work on the theory of dispersion and the electrokinetic motilities of pigment particles has continued. The vork has progressed to the point where most of the questions remaining in the research bulle tin covering this subject can be explained and the mathematical deriva tions checked with the data obtained. The reasons for the agglomerating effect of water and poten tial on some dispersions has been determined, and also why polymeric dipoles adsorbed on the pigment particles are less affected than straight chain monomeric dipoles. A supplement to the original bulletin on the electrokinetic properties of pigment dispersions describing these effects in detail will be prepared. A paper on the relationship between oil absorption and criti cal pigment volume concentration has been prepared. This amplifies the theoiy of oil absorption ty application of the concepts of CPVC. A new, much-more highly reproducible method for measuring the equivalent of oil .absorption by use of the CPVC technique is described. The paper will be circulated. Vork on the separation cf some of the constituents of drying oils by the method of urea adducts as described by T. F. Bradley in "Some New Developments in Drying Oil and Varnish Technology^" Official Digest 510. 795, (Nov. 1950) has been started. It is hoped' to be able to learn more about the dispersive capacity of various constituents of paint vehicles ty use of these separated products. 0007-SWP-045710 0007-SWP-000115082 Paint Research November, 1950 -7- #177 - Pigment Studies Flooding of Phthalocvanine Blue In the study of the flooding characteristics of phthalocyanine blue tinted enamels detailed in the last monthly report, it was observed that the toner tinted specimen developed streaks of blue when disturbed by wiping in the flooding test. From this it was apparent; that the original dispersion of the toner in the tinting base had been unsatis factory or it had reagglomerated. To check this a fraction of .the tinted enamel was redispersed in an Ost'er mixer and set aside to observe the stability of the new and deeper color. Microscopic examinations of films cast from the tegular tinted and Oster mixed fractions showed numerous large agglomerates of phthalo cyanine in the regular tint and fewer as well smaller agglomerates in the Oster mixed fraction. The flooding charicteri3tics of the materieil were not changed ty the increased dispersion." Reflectance data was taken on films of. the freshiy prepared enamels and has now been obtained from films cast'from two month old enamels. This shows that both samples have' become darker during this aging period and that the extra dispersed sample has retained its rela tively deeper blue character. There haisbeen no reagglomeration in . this sample. Reflectance values were determined ky means of'the Hunter Multipurpose Reflectometer. Data follows:' Reflectance Values Green ' Blue Amber Fresh 2 Mo; Fresh 2 Mb; Fresh 2 Mo, Heliogen blue tinted Rex 710 378 H.B. tinted Rex 710 dispersed 359 362 683 677 293 277 348 683 678 272 258 0007-SWP-045711 0007-SWP-000115083 Paint Research November, 1950 -9- f!62 - Studies in Flat Wall Paint Formulation Flat Wall Paints In line with the program of cobalt conservation, a number of diying tests vere conducted on Flat-lone White made with and without cobalt naphthenate drier. Other tests were also made to check the effects of Activ-8 and (2231) as drier promoters. Drying tests were conducted at room temperatures (72 - 77 F.) and also at approximately 40 F. on .003 and .005 inch draw-down films on glass. The results of our tests would indicate the cobalt naphthenate drier can be reduced from 3/4 gallon to l/4 . gallon without decreasing unduly the apparent drying properties of the Flat-Tone line. It was suggested to Cleveland that this revision be made effective at once. No improvement in drying could be detected with (2231) or Activ-8 in this formulation, as the drying properties of the .vehicle are quite good, \ r. Sears' One Coat Self-Sealing Flat 8313 White and Ward's Super One Coat 75-3101 White were compared with Flat-Tone White - Rex 810 for general performance. The flats were checked for brushing, flow, wet edge, drying, uniformity of tint and sheen and scrub resistance over glue size. The Sears- and Ward flats were similar to Flat-Tons in goieral performance as indicated by the data below. The competitive flats were somewhat better than Flat-Tone in flow but thqy were shorter in wet edge time and not as good in uniformity of tint and sheen over surfaces that vary in their degree of porosity, Flat-^one is much better in scrub resistance (over glue size) than either Sears1 or Ward's One Coat Flats. Sample Rex 810 C 2150 Viscosity ' #5 S-W at 75 F. 11.6 sec. Brush ing Veiy good Flow Good Wet Edge Good Diying Time Set 0 'Nite 35 min. Veiy good Sears One Coat SelfSealing Flat 8313 White 9 see. reduced 6-1/4? with (348) Very Very good good Good - 25 min. Good Ward Super 16 sec. One Coat Flat 75-3101 White Veiy good Very good Good - 25 min. Veiy good (Cont.) 0007-SWP-045712 0007-SWP-000115084 Paint Research November, 1950 -10- #162 - Cont. Sample No. Rex 810 Uniformity of Tint , On ' Various On Lap Surfaces Uniformity of Sheen V. G. Good Good Scrub Resistance Decree of Sheen 670 cycles Standard Sears V. G. Good - Good 210 " Slightly higher iiian Rex 810 Ward V. G. Good - Good 230 " Slightly lower then Rex 810 Heavy Dutv Flat Wall #685 - C78 W 8 The Chicago Paint Testing Department has reported that the present formula on C78 W 8, card No. 2, is lower in flow .than .the old C7B W 16 which was manufactured previously. These reports have prompted a recheck of C78 W 8 and C78 V 16.for general parfonnance. Laboratory batches of C 78 W 16 and C 78 W 8, card No', . 2, were made and compared .with a production batch of C78 V. 8 taken from tank 20 on November '20. The three samples were'shaded green and brushed'out'ty.R> Weidenaar, of. the Chicago Paint Testing.Department.' ' ' *': , In general it was agreed that the laboratory batch of C78 W 8 was equal or slightly better in flow, than C78 V 16 and definitely better than the factory batch of C78 V 8 taker from tank 00. The C78 V 8 has slightly more feel then C78 V 16 but this characteristic is not objection able from the standpoint of brushing properties. The difference in flow between laboratory and plant production apparently is a problem of the mixing and grinding technique used in the plant. A test batch will be run in . the plant using the same procedure found satisfactory in the laboratory. The paste will be mixed for a longer period to obtain better wetting of the pigment. Results on these tests will be reported when available. An effort was made to revise the present formula for C78 V 8, card No. 2, to obtain better flow by the introduction of alkyd (4101) for (4103). a proposed revision, 0J '566 P, based on this change, was sent to Cleveland for their, approval and distribution. 0007-SWP-045713 Paint Research November, 1950 -11- fflSZ - Cont. Uest Coast Painter Enamel Worlc vas continued on the development of a West Coast Painter Enamel. The initial development, 546 P, showed a progressive increase in body as reported by Mr. Landis, and further work has been undertaken to reduce the reactivity. Several changes were made in pigmentation and vehicle composition. Some titanium calcium was re placed with lithopone and the snatase titanium dioxide was replaced with rutile titanium dioxide on a hiding basis. In the vehicle the zinc resinate solution was replaced with an ester gum solution end the suspender base BI 536 was eliminated to obtain better package stabil ity. A quart sample of the new development, OJ 581 P, was sent to Oakland and Cleveland for their inspection. Porch and Floor Enamel In the monthly report for October it was reported that laboratory batches of Porch and Floor Enamel made with the ether resin varnish RC 6429 were satisfactory for brushing, flow, gloss and diying, but the enamel had a tendency to mar slightly more than the regular formula. It vas also indicated that further batches would be made to check the effect of more cobalt drier and less anti-skinning agent. Moro recent batches of Porch and Floor Enamel made with RC 7753 (repeat batch of RC 6429) were similar in all respects except for gloss. RC 7753 appears to be slightly lower in gloss characteristics than RC 6429 but similar in all other characteristics. The mar resistance of these batches appears to be similar to the regular formula. .A quart sam ple of Porch and Floor Enamel made with RC 7753 was sent to Cleveland for their inspection. Aroplaz 1395-M 70 obtained fromU. S. Industrial Chemicals, Inc. was compared with RC 7753 for general performance. Porch and Floor Enamel made with this vehicle was slightly sticky in brushing and slightly low in gloss. However, Aroplas was equal to our ether resin varnishes in scrub resistance. Panels 13804-12 F, C were examined after nine months' expo sure at Chicago and at Florida, 45 south. These are 8" x 24" yellow pine panels, and all paints were applied two coats self-primed. The following tests of Porch .and Floor Enamel Gray were made: Paint Research November, 1950 -12- #162 - Cont. (a) Using 2174 dry Ti-Pure R-610 and 2188 dty Micro Veiva (6173)/(4950)G msleic-ro sin-linseed/linseed-tung-aodified pheno lic; RC 0621 end RC 1199 ether resin-soya, 1.2 acid value; and RC 0579 ether resin-soya fatty acids, 3.0 acid value. (b) Using 2140 dry rutile titanium calcium iii place of 2174 dry. RC 1211 and RC 1214 ether resin soyas (the four RC batches of this type vere all alike except for Blight modifications of the cook); (6110)/(2841)G, long oil linseed-P.E.-maleic-rosin/ medium Dehydrol-modified phenolic; and Ampruf vehicle, a di alkyl maleate-vinyl acetate copolymer. (c) Pene-Treat #300 Floor-Armor, a competitive material advertised as "acid-proof, 100? synthetic plastic.B The most striking differences, especially at Florida, are in fading, due in some cases to a whitish (normal) chalk mask and in others to a yellowish mask. The regular (6173)/(4950)G is one of the worst examples of the latter, and also shows bad mildew and the most film fail ure, in the form of tiny microscopic checking.' The Chicago panel, how ever, is about average in all respects. Other tests showing serious yel low discoloration are the ether resins RC 0621/ RC 1199 and RC 1211, with (6U0)/(2841)G and RC 1214 only slightly yellowish and RC 0579 the only ether resin sample not showing yellow chalk. A study of the formulas and stored paints failed to yield any explanation of this yellow chalk; it does not seem to be due to titanium type, vehicle type or shading. Ampruf is quite seriously faded twt clean. Pene-Treat is very badly faded, and seems to be eroding but not checking. There are noticeable differences in gloss, but not tied in with either vehicle or pigment type. Painting of Wet Plaster and Cement Supplementing findings covered in the August report on the painting of wet cement and plaster, a similar comparison was made of Water-Pel, Dsnjar Solution (32), Lowe Brothers' Dura-Craft White - 41137 and samples of Clear Lustrax Latex Coating #126,986-3 and Clay-loaded Lustrex Latex Coating #124,245-5 submitted ty Monsanto Chemical Company. The results of tests on wet plaster and canent indicate that Damar Solution is quite similar in performance to Water-Pel. The Damar ' Solution had bettor hold-out than Water-Pel but both films became very brittle in a few days. The Lustrex pigmented primer did not have as good hold-out or gloss as the clear Lustrex coating. This mny be due in part to the high pigment loading. Further tests will be run on these coatings and further reports will be made at some later date. 0007-SWP-000115087 0007-SWP-Q45715 Paint Research November', 1950 #162 - Cont. -13- . Wet Surface Paints Sample Brushing Flow Gloss Conant Tests* Enamel Adhe sion Brittleness Hold-Out Vet surface Water-Pel Paints, Inc. Very good Very Poor good Fair Bad Fair ' (32) Domar V amish Good Very Excelgood lent Fair Bad Very good Dura-Craft Ho. 41137 Lowe Bros. Co. Good Very Good good Fair Bad Excel.lent Clay Primer Surfacer #124245-3 E Monsanto Co, Good Fair Flat Very good .. Very . , Very ... Slight poor Short Clear Lustrex Latex Coating . #126986-3 N Monsanto Co. Good Very Good good 1 : *' : `` Very good . Slight Fair Sample Adhesion Plaster Tests* Brittleness Enamel Hold-Out Wet surface . Water-Pel Paints, Inc, Fair -Bad Poor (32) Damar .Varnish Fair Bad Excellent Dura-Craft No. 41137 Lowe Bros. Co. Fair Bad Very good Clay Primer Surfacer #124245-3 E Monsanto Co. Very poor . Slight Very poor Short Clear Lustrex Very poor Latex Coating #126986-3 N Monsanto Co. Slight -*Recoated with Green Semi-Lustre over night. Good 0007-SWP-045716 0007-SWP-000115088 Paint Research December, 1950 -7#187 - Physical Properties of Pigments The paper on the "Electrokinetic Properties of Pigment Dis persions" circulated earlier has been re-written and revised. It now includes the answers to the questions still remaining at the time of the presentation at the Gordon Research Conferences last summer. It has been found that the dispersive capacity of given vehicle/pignent systems, although related to the electrokinetic mobilities of the same system, is not directly measurable through electrophoretic determinations. This is because of a number of secondary effects resulting in substantially non-ionizable qystans such as paints. The movement of the dispersed pigment particles through the vehicle phase is due to a specialized case of zeta-potential, which in most cases behaves very differently from the true classical derivations for ionizable media. The study has given a detailed insight into the mechanism of the stabilization of pigment dispersions. The information so gained should have a considerable effect in our practical thinking on what can and what cannot be done in paint formulation to obtain a given effect in the dispersion and settling characteristics of paints. The completed report will be circulated later. 0007-SWP-045717 0007-SWP-000115089 Paint Research Decanter, 1950 -8- #162 - Studios in Flat Vail Paint Formulation Flat Wall Paints Resin Research submitted three variations of (4113) for test in Flat-Tone: BC 8077 - A P.E.-glyceryl-phthalic-fumaric-digLycolic-Abitol-Acosix varnish. Body T-U, solids - 32 to 33^. RC 8372 - ?.E.-glyceiyl-phthalic-Abitol-ethylene gLycol-soya varnish. Boc(y - T, solids - 33$. RC 8355 - P.E.-phthalic-rosin modified-soya vamish. Body - T to 0, solids - 40$. The flat made with RC 8077 is better in brushing and flow than regular Flat-Tone, but inferior in scrub resistance. The paint made with RC 8372 is slightly more sticky in brushing and produced a higher bodied flat than (4113). The flat made from RC 8372 was shorter in flow than that made from RC 8077 but it was a little better in washability over glue size. The flat made with RC 8355 was too sticky in brushing due to the higher solids required to obtain standard body. The Albemarle Paper Mfg', Company submitted a sample of their Albatol, P.E.-tall oil ester for our inspection. An experimental flat made with this material is very thin in body and poor in uniformity of tint and sheen, This vehicle is similar in performance to other tall oil liquids in that it is poor in flow, brushing, drying, etc. Wall Primer and Sealer In line with our program of phthalic conservation, work was undertaken at the Martin-Senour Company to develop a wall primer and. sealer liquid for Rex 25. They submitted two quarts of an experimental wall primer and sealer to this department for our inspection. The new primer was based on MV (1595) as the principal constituent in the vehicle. This liquid is a 25 gallon Pentalyn X-chinawod-castor-linseed varnish. The experimental wall primer and sealer was practically ecuivalent to regular Rex 25 (card No. 12) in sealing characteristics. Vhen brushed on en unsealed side of a 4' x 4' Upson board, the uniformity end degree of gloss are not quite equal to our present formula, but when, recoated with Semi-Lustre Green the enamel hold-out appeared equal on both primers. Similar tests made on Transits panels gave results identical to those obtained on the Upson boaTd. Brushing, flow and drying were satisfactory. 0007-SWP-045718 Paint Research December, 1950 -9#162 - Contw Porch and Floor Enamel Re sin Research submitted a .mixture of RC 7765 and RC 7768 coded RC 7770, which represents an ether resin varnish made without epichlorobydrin, for test in Porch and Floor Enamel. . RC 7770 has a body of W at 70 solids, and takes infinite reduction with, mineral spirits. A laboratory batch of Porch and Floor Enamel made with RC 7770 compared quite favorably with regular Porch and Floor Enamel. for brushing, flow, gloss and drying properties as well as scrub resistance. Using a cost of $203.00 per 100 gallons for RC 7770, the raw material cost on the special porch and floor enamel is $160.98 compared with $116.30 per 100 gallons for the present formula, which is based on (6il0) and (4950)G. An effort will be made to use a higher bodied varnish and less vehicle solids to reduce the cost. A quart sample of Porch and Floor Tile Red - 0J 645 P made with RC 7770 was sent, to R. G. Landis .for test. A sample of this enamel will also be exposed with regular Porch and Floor Enamel Tile Red - Rex 158 (card No. 8) at Chicago and Florida this spring. 0007-SWP-045719 0007-SWP-000115091 Paint Research December, 1950 -22- #86 - Leaded Zinc Pigments Exposures 11656-61 F were retired after 56 months at Florida vertical south, cedar bevel siding panels. The tests involved two samples of 414 dry co-fumed leaded zinc submitted by Auxiliaries Research in 1946. One purpose was to determine the general suitability of these materials, AURL-39? "minimum standard" and AURL-398 "average standard," the terms having reference to color of the pigments. Otherwise, they. are essentially alike at approximately 90/10% zinc oxide/BSWL. Another purpose was stated at the outset -- "how much lead ... is needed to' (exhibit co-fumed durability characteristics?" However, this question could be answered only in a very limited wny by this series, as the ' only comparison was with regular 412 55/65 leaded zinc used in the guide formulas. The special samples were used in Rex 450 SWP Undercoater, Rex 471 SWP Gloss White and Rex 496 SWP Ivory, prime coat and top coat using the same sample in each case. There was little failure at Florida on.the whites, but the "average" sample showed a little slower flaking-off of surface dirt. The 412 looked noticeably cleaner and whiter than the other two, and .it was possible to distinguish slightly more grajmess on the "minimum" than on the "average" sample. The tints showed fairly serious micro scopic checking, with the "average" sample having a greater number of checks but smaller in si2e. Our general conclusions were: (a) the "juinimum" is not satisfactory in color, (b) the "average" is none too good and (c) the durability with 10% lead is possibly slightly inferior to that of 55/65, but quite satisfactory as far as can be judged from these few tests. It should be remembered that the 414 used is not typical of present day quality, which is considerably better. j S: 1% f 0007-SWP-045720 0007-SWP-000115092