Document revK7JrZDXZEEV1ay45ov7Vj0

* ik l * 0 0 0 P ^TTO 07 Pnrumoconio-T'ihf rculnsi*. T-r suits of Cowvnfj Mrdic nl-iurs-;e *i T1----- - CH. Gerncx-iticua, t. Ualgair;vs. V.nm inc i'. lournter. Am. IXsv. Respiratory Du''< HJ5-S42 (Dee. 4\ The present study is based nn a survey of long duration of 3*?5 rases of pneumocs- mo-mbcreulosis in coal miners. Of a group of 277 patients treated wi*h long-term therapy, only o? healed. Of these, H patients were last seen 2-fi years alter completion of dm* therapy: iliere were 7 relapse*. The results of ehemothe rapy for tuberculous coal miners were poor comparer! with those for non-coal-inming tuberculous patients. This bad progno sis was aircadv evident when the fihroesnietie lesions were roentgcnographtcally latent. The .' result} of c*"e:T"otherapy and surgery in ttj patterns were good. The lesions of 31 of a group (* of 10b patients who were last seen 2-7 vears alter survery healed. These results justify sur. I *> gerv therapy after preoperative b-monih chcmutherapy without roentgenngraphic improve ment and when the functional respiratory value and the extent of the luberrulous lesions make it possible. Pre* and post-operative functional respiratory re-edueation and post-operative 7* II ehemothcrapy are necessary. The gravity of pneumneonio-tubereulosis stresses the impor -'3 tance of early diagnosis and treatment of conglomerations. Authors' summary ni 68 C omplications of Asbestosis Demonstrated at the Post-Graduate Medical School of London. P. Hugn-Jonc* ana B. f.. Heard- Brit. Mud. J. U IJ4S-1353 (Apr. 30, 19h0). if The authors described the history, clinical findings and postmortem appearances in a case of asbestosis affecting a man aged SO who had worked with aabestos for 11 years. The asbestosis had caused honey-combing in peripheral parts of the lungs, principally the left where the lower posterior subpleural tune, the diaphragmatic surface, and to a small extent the anterior surface and apex were affeeted. A columnar-cell eareinoma was present In the posterior segment of the right lower lobe, and there were numerous mctastascs in the lungs, hilar glands, liver, brain, adrenals and bones. In addition there were present rheu* matie heart disease and old rheumatoid arthritis. The detailed presentation of the ease was followed by a full discussion. Hugli-Joncs referring to the radiological appearance*, stated that specific changes may be absent in some cases of undoubted asbestoeis, and that in such cases pulmonary function tests provided useful diagnostic evidence; it seemed reasonable to deduce the presence of asbestosis where, in addition to a history of exposure to asbestos, the patient was found to have interstitial fibrosis causing alveolar-capillary block, finger clubbing and cheat rales, whether or not the x-ray film showed ebaraeteristie changes. The authors referred to the interesting problem that, in this and other eases of asbestosis, the distribution if of the fibrosis does not always correspond to the distribution of aabestos. -- Bull. Hyg. 63 isenmcrtal Asbestosis in Guinea Pigs and Rats, M. Yoshikawa. J. Sci. Euoour (Tokyo) 132-193 lApr. I0b0). Japanese. The authors used guinea pigs and rati, and induced asbestosis by the technique of compulsive inhalation of asbestos fibers in saline. There was a high mortality soon after innalation, due to asphyxia from obstruction of relatively large bronchi and to atelectasis and pneumonia from obstruction of smaller bronchi. The csecntial changes proved to be non specific alveolitis with giant cells and formation of asbestosis bodies: m rats, but not guinea pigs, there was no proliferation of collagenous fibers ;n the fibrous lesions. The finding of asbestosis bodies in rau is regarded as new. It had formerly been assumed that asbestos fibers less than 3 microns in length are harmless, but the author's findings suggest that this is not true. - - Bull. Kyg, 70 A Clinical and Roentgenological Study of Kaolin Workers, Aren. Environmental Kcaltn 1, J92--101 (Nov. I960). ft. V/ Edcnficld. A brief history of the kaolin industry In Georgia has been presented, and some of the significant phvsic.nl ana chemical properties of kaolin have been described. A study made over the past 3 years has mown that tr.c general health of l, 130 workers in this industry uses OYS7 :o. V J ' ^3. J r ' ur.-e Ptttsuurg n 1 1. Pmnsvlvsn;,; INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ST Literature and Ncwo N :dms .j3 A;.~ Pollution Control Association Meeting. The 54th Annuel Air Pollution Control Association Meeting will be held June 11-IS *t the Hotel Commodore in New York City. Approximately SCO of the nation's leading authori ties on air pollution control are expected to attend. The theme of this year's meeting is "Air Pollution is Everybody's Business". Eighteen technical sessions have been planned, at which ...scientists, researchers, physicians, industrialists,* and officials of federal", ' stare' and local governments will present SO papers on a wide variety of subjects. Included among the papers will be discussions on instrumentation, pollution standards, health. Incineration, fuels, control equipment, meteorology, research and many others. On display will be an exhibit featuring the latest instruments and most modern advances in the air pollution abatement equipment field. j j j New England Health Institute Meeting. The 27th Annual New England Health Institute, with participation from 6 New England States, is meeting this year at Colby College, Waterville, Maine, on June 11, 12, 13 and 14. In the past, attendance at this Institute has numbered around S00 people from professional and lay organizations in the New England Area. The attendance incluaes personnel of state and loeal departments of health, physicians, nurses, sanitarians, health educators, laboratory technicians, dental hygienists, medical social workers, nutritionists, and extension workers. There have also been registrants from the voluntary health and welfare agencies along wifi parents, teachiers, and health-minded community workers. Further information may be obtained from the New England Health Institute, c/o Department of Health and Welfare, Augusta, Maine. t \JS .. `4 J 112 'J. S. Death Rate Cut in Half Sinee 1100. Since 1900 the U. S. mcrtality rate has gone down 45%, thanks largely to the fact that medical science has brought the contagious diseases under greater control. According to the Health Information Foundation, the death rate for influenza and pneumonia has dropped 86% :n the last 60 years, while chat for tuberculosis has gone down 97%. Since the turn of the cen tury, the mortality differential between nonwhites and whites in this country has narrowed, la 1900 the mortality rate for the nonwhite population exceeded that for the white by 47%. But by 1959 the rates were 9.9 and 9.4 per 1,000 persons --an excess for nonwhits of only 5%. Women have benefited more than men from declining death rates m the United States, the Health Infor mation Foundation reports. The mortality rate for females dropped from 16.5 per 1,000 popu lation in 1900 to 8.0 In 1959, a decline of 51.5%. For males the corresponding drop was from 17. 9 to 10.9, or 39. 1 %. * 3 Air Pollution. | An advisory committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service Issued a J areport in Current Decemoer estimated which recommends that support of air pollution research be level of Sll million annually to about 332 million a year by Increased from 1968. The re- ` port further recommends that the government Assume 40". of this cost, industry 28%, and the j 26* The Classification of '.Iwit Had. jv r uh l ? c r to mi.i nc v c.' 1 .*o He . Je f s OV e ; a lJ , : -S.I ' 3IX Writ. i, iml. Med. 17, i-J-JOi ;Uw-.r" l\-i o). r.ijra. >' !h, This |iip<r it concerned with the serUrr.untc over the past 0 year* of the 1 doctor*' responsible for the cl.astiiieaiiou of c.ieat radiographs attained by the National Coal Hoard' . Pneumoconiosis Field Research. A brief description is given at the categories of pneumo coniosis used in tna Researen and cf tne proceeures adopted to cccicc the final or "definitive''s H classification. The readings outamed are then considered in detail and 3 main points emerge *'j? from the analysis. First, it is show., that there have been marked systematic ilactuatiuns m the reading levels of these 2 iry experienced observers. In cpitc of theee individual varlatlor.e it i* found that the standards applied on ins definitive rcacinve, which art hated on the ** Joint dieeussion by the 2 doctor* of films on *hicn their individual readings are inconsistent, ft remain remarkably constant over a period of several years. The third main feature of the ^^3 analysis is the considerable uifferenees in the magnitude of the reading errors between the C various categories oi pneumoconiosis. I: is concluded that, although the existing procedures * ***' provide a satisfactory way of estimating the prevalence of pneumoconiosis, it would be de* .-r'jfj sirable to increase the number of film readers. Tne beneficial etfect of the system whereby ;tjL a running cheek is kept on film reading standards is also established. Author's abst.t"yj 263 Smohvsema. Soot, and Pulmonary Circulation. Macroscopic Studies of Aging Lunts. C. P. Cderr. J. Am. Mod. Assn. 1*2. 199i*:^'ia (Apr. id, I960). Two hundreed lungs, ootameo from persons dying of diseases other lhaa pulmonary -flyf tuberculosis, were fixed in the inflated statu to permit study of the relation between emphyseiEVSi and deposits of soot. The evidence showed that chronic emphysema usually develops first la ,i smalt areas of trapped parenchymal soot deposits; it is manifested by abnormal fenestrations in the interalveolar seotums and by increased diameter of the alveolar ducts. The emphysema^^S**~ accompanying deposits of soo: can be explained as resulting from tissue defects and disarray**??? mechanical forces. Prceapillary vessels arc found protruding into the air spaces of the al- veolar duct level, providing a possible mechanism for correlation between acrodynamtca and-,Q*[' hydrodynamics in the lung parenchyma. The morphological basis for an extensive semishunt O?- mechanism is demonstrated m the periphery cf each lobe. APCA Absts. *^ 269 --* mm Radiological Diagnosis in Asbestosis. R. Thorax (Uonoon) It, 103 (June lOuO). " Williams and P. Hugh-Jones. sftt - The authors studied the '.ung function in 40 patients at the Royal Free Hospital, l.on-':i^--'* don. who had been exposed to asoestas dust .n their work for varying periods of time. Of thc:'tiyw. asbestosis had been certified by the pnuumoucntosis medical boards in 21; 10 patients with a prolonged exposure did not have definite rountgenographic signs of asbestosis; in the remaisini 9 patients the diagnosis of asbestosis was doubtful. The changes of pulmonary function ohserved in the patients with asbestosis were those common to patients with other interstitial fibroses, and consisted of a lowered diffusing capacity together with a reduced inspiratory "r-----capacity, hyperventilation (often accompanied by arterial desaturation) on exertion, with no evidence of air - flow obstruction except in patients In whom asbestosis was complicated by asthma or emphysema. Many put.cnts also showed inequality of ventilation and vcntllation- *>Vr ' pe rfu sio*. ratio. These functional cnanges were related to an independent grading of physical signs aaA-roontgenographic appearances. Changes in lung function, specific lor an interstltlJa>?wrj fibrosis, often precede definite changes m :he chest roentgenogram, so that finding them in r.*3* patients with a history of exposure *.a asbestos is suggestive evidence of asbestosis whatever the rountgenog raphie appearances .nay be. - - J. Am. Med. Assn. Absts. . i. 04*7 'T '*' ,.v, and Alduimnl Ncuol mu. if. Kv.u. l.wncvl '.ill |;usj). In 1 953, an imp re ion was lormuj it the l.onuun lluspital tliat umin suffering <r;rn pulmonary asbestusis had ovarian moui-imi more often than other women. Cn the basis of tm suspicion ind beeauee of the occurrence of other the huspital record* tnee la4J ,,r, investigated. During that period, 23 women and l V men were admitted with a diagnosis uefeoatoais. In this erie, there were 10 death] US men ami )} women). Of these. I* d-.ed ith lung cancer (10 men and 4 women). This high incidence m men is partly due to selection, nut this doe not apply to the women, who were all non-smokers. Death occurred in one man ,uh peritoneal cancer and in 9 women with ovarian or peritoneal cancer. This'appeared to de more than a chance association, and spread from undiagnosed lung cancer seemed unlikely. At least 4 of the tumors were not of ovarian origin. Some evioence of hematogenous spread j: asuestos fibers was adduced and it was suggested that a combination of mechanical and enetnisal factors may determine the peritoneum as the site of inflammatory and subsequent neoplastic change. No single satisfactory explanation for these cases could be drawn from me available material though they appeared to form a clinical entity of statistical significance. - - Can. Med. Assn. J. Absts. I i'l Occupational Medical Investigation in Cement Works. Jenny M. Battig, et al. Scnwcii. med. Wocntcnr. 90, 705-709 (June 25, 1960). German. -- I This is the first systematic investigation in Switzerland into the possibility of res piratory complaints arising from the inhalation,of cemunt dust. No free silica is present in Swiss cement, so silicosis is not a risk, a fact confirmed by the radiological examination of some of the workers, in all, 488 employees at 3 factories were studied. The absentee rats t one of the factories was much higher than at others; the percentage of men complaining of cuugh and of those with sputum was also higher in this plant. The cause of this might be partly oue to social factors, epidemics, etc. A study of smoking habits shows that expoaure to cement dust does not increase coughing in smokers. It is suggasted that thoae who are resistant to smoker's cough are also resistant to dust. Non-smokurs show a surprisingly high proportion will, chronic cough as compared with figures given by another author. Perhapa a better com parison would have been w.th a non-occupanonal group atudied by the authors themselves. However, it i- concluded that this shows that eement dust is irritating to the respiratory pas- >.i|vi. Physical signs found did not lead to any definite conclusion..' Vital capacity was not in- I'.uenced by the lengtn of dust expusure. In a few workers the maximum expiratory force waa -reduced.- An attempt was made to relate the findings to the intensity of sxposure by dividing ' the workers into 3 groups. The 2 groups most exposed to dust showed a tendency to increased pathological signs, but the difference was not statistically significant. - Bull. Hyg, f'J A Sludv of the Physiological Effects of Carbon Black. (3) Adsorption and Elution Potentials; Subcutaneous lmection*. C. A. Nau, J. Neal and V. A. Stemortdge. Aren. Environmental Hsilth l, 512-533 (Dee. i960). Neither blood plasma nur gatrie juiee elutes any significant adsorbed component -hen a channel black is suspended in either medium for as long as 7 days. Neither blood plasma nor gastric juice elutes any significant adsorbed component when a furnace black it "ponded in either medium for n long as 7 days. Channel black "binds" benzpyrene adsorbed "artificially" to firmly that it cannot be removed "in teto" by benzene extraction. No signifi cant attraction of either channel or furnace carbon black was accomplished with gastric Juice tu which 10% cooking oil was added wnen contact was maintained for 7 days. Subcutaneous or intrapentoneal injection in mice of channel or furnace carbon black lead* to no significant changes from the normal. Benzene extractives of furnace blacks when injected in oil into mice lead to tumor formation. Carbon blacks, channel orfumacu, can absorb and bind known carcinogens >u effectively that no tumors are produced when the adsorbed material Is Injected iibcutaneously. Tricaprylln when injected subcutaneously in mice may cause tumor formation. -- Authors' cdhclustons - Of (A . *r n. `A 'j I J. were reported, The Author concludes tli..s ilic'i' .ire .use* with the symptom* of 'jvitinoni .1 in the null surveyed Uut cannot uy whether the sc* symptom* are associated wi;*i a d.aouiir.g tj condition. No pulmonary function lesii were mace. .. bull. Hyg. 46b Fever in Workers in Malt. W. Miskolcxy. i'.cntr. A rbcitsmed. u. A racitsschut/. H2. !H4-ln*l ! Qi 0). German The invesligalion described was made because worker* *.vith mull in a brewery complained 01 attack a of freer with calu mi* l symptoms. In lltta brewery, maiau, moljuei and rsce are addittoui in the making of beer. Numcruu* exjmui.-.ii.on* were carried out ol aif. ferent pointa in the brewery to determine the number and tire of the malt duat particle* in the air. Bacteriological teats of the dust were aio made, file tiiiduig* of these examination* yielded no explanation of the cause of the feverish attacks and it i* considered therefore that the eiuic must lie in the ehemteal structure of the seed* from which the malt i* prepared. Ex* tracts weru made from 3 different kinds of malt and used in intracutancous akin tests of a nun. ber of malt workers and control workers. All malt workers and only one of the controls gave a positive skin reaction. _ It is concluded that there ic some allergic substance in the malt and its dust which plays a part in the cause of the feverish illness of the malt workers. The work, ers state that after 1 or 1 hours they begin to cough. In the evening the body temperature rises to 17.3* to 37.b*C but the next morning it is normal. X-ray show* increase in transparency and siae of the hilunt. Vital capacity was found to be reduced in all patients. -- Cone!. frutn Bull. Hyg. b 469 Pneumoconiosis in Coal Miners. C. Worth. Dcut. nied. iVocnscnr. o^, -31-3-6 (Fh. 5, I960). German. In this paper with its numerous references, there is an account of the findings of investigations of pulmonary function of miner* before and after a work shift, after experi U mental exposure to aluminum dust, and also of those miners who had been working for many year*. There is also an extended description of clinical observations, m miners. The dis cussion emphasises the difficulties of assessing the effects on health of exposure to a dusty atmosphere. These etfects are of complex nature fur contributory factors may be climate and atmospheric pressure, weather, cramped working conditions and increased suscepti bility to colds. Impairment of pulmonary function in men working in dusty atmospheres can not always be equaled with silicosis. Bull. Hyg. 470 Mechanics of Breathing in Persons with .Silicosis. A. Buhlmann and M. ichuppli. Deut. med. Wochschr. 85, 1 745-1750 tSepi. 30, I960). German. Up to now, according to the authors, no reports of systematic investigations into the mechanics of breathing in lung fibrosis of the various forms ol silicosis have appsared in journals using the German language. The present report covers only silicosis cases, 35 in number. Two of these were of the "subacute'* type, a rapidly progressing form of fibrosis leading to death in 3 or 4 years from the start of exposure to sandblasting. The r etna nicer wsre Tkbdlnary" cases which either progress slowly, or remain stationary over years. These were dftaprn from miners, dressers of castings, stonemasons ana pottery workers. Twenty- 0Sf TU. **' rv -alt three at them were of a severe type judged by the r.idiugraph, and 10 were of a milder type. `.T The tests applied included spirometry, l-second Tiffeueau test, and assessment of blood V gate* at rest and exercise, esophageal pressures, and pneumutacliugrants. In the l subacute \u cases there was a reduction in the lung volume along with a diffusion aefret fur oxygen; carbon dioxide tension w.t* ehout normal, showing ihal the vi-nt'.latiou was quantitatively adequate. The lung expansion wa* reduced and (he elastic res.slauci' raised. The viscous resistance was *houl normal. These changes v'n rre sp.mj to those lonnd in illlli.se tlbfusis such as asbcsicisis. the 1 laium an - it ic h syndrome, etc. In me untiiuirv type, the lung vo.umc was on the average, r. normal, and where it was altered there w.,. i.o e oi* rri-lit,it with Ihe se'.erily nf the silicosis a. as shown by the radiograph. rile elastic re cl slain' e was not r.ilsvu except 111 one case uf severe silicosis, where parts oi the Inin; were >o e rdislenib il. Viscous resistance was raised ill 14 out of the J J cases In i auc *<i ilow r>* sinlan. e in ;!ie .nr passages due to bronchial obstruction. v.oiid. Irom Hull. II*. g. OHU y izm icr vik> ik*. -* BfV ~ P *: --hr-gf- TT? - H'-- - d*sdlb. &? VifgK-*-y* *7-r V4-te- Jl* 'Til'* 4w.' . U-s *_> . Sr**-: *I7 .*" *- ZZ . % \*V.*%' I JUe Effect uf T man, a burlier 4ctiw Pui w^ti:mcnc motomgin. P. 3. Byers, E. J. Km" and C. V. Hjr: V T . Ur 4,'T (Oct. 1 *>60). (Bruun Journal oi Experimental P ithology. H 1J6 Cower St.. London .VC 1, England*). 0 v t : r c r. ; a: ; i .. i.<bt.. ."i: K. Lewis ana Tlic author* have already ihown that Triton ha* no effect on quart* induced nL :n animal*. In view of the worn of Rees on the prevention uf tuberculous in mice 5y 7.*:: u wa* thought worthwhile to determine whether it had any effect on the highly modified fa: of tubcreuloei* induced in animal* by a mixture of dust with a relativity small number of bercle bacilli --infective pneumoconiosis. Infective pneumuconiosit ha* already been arc by the vole bacillus Imvcobactenum ti;berculoi var. mur:*) and coal dust. In animat* ; ;rcted with coal dust and vole oacilli mere were lesion* in both the untreated and thoie tr. with Triton. In untreated animals necrosis was present in the lesion* at were alto vole : with kaolin and vole bacilli, the lesions were on the whole less in the animals treated wur. tun. Necrosis and vole bacilli were present in the uncreated and not in the Tr::on-treairs mal*. It was found that weights of the trachea*bronchtal t>rr.ph nodes reflect in a quantua way the change* in the lungs. These were investigated and the results analyzed statistical. The effect of the Triton on the animals injected with coal and vole bacillus was not signii-.t but in the animals injected with kaolin and vole bacillus, the treated animals showed a me weight of only half of that of the untreated animals. The Inference is that the effect of Tr: may depend on the active pneumoconiosis produced by the. particular dust. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyj t t 4 72 Radiographic Imaies with Direct Enlarecment in the Dtaenosis of Pneumoconiosis. H. Bastsnier, et al. Bruxeiles-mea. 40, 041-901 (June 19, I9o0). Frencn. (Bruxcllc medical; revue beige dcs sciences medico-chirurgicalss. Ml rue Belliard, Brussels 4, I The x-ray technique with direct enlargement of lung pictures ha* two advantage the small opacities appear larger without enlargement of pneumbra, and shadows produce superpositionuigs are dissociated. The direct enlargement of lung pictures may be usefu the diagnosis of the earliest stages of pneumoconiosis but details of method and interprets of results are to be carefully established. The authors discussed these conditions for the co-legal diagnosis of pneumoconiosis. - APCA Abs 471 Pulmonary Function in Asbestosis of the Lung. An Alveolar-Caoillarv Block 5vndrome. M. E. Bader, K. A. Bader and 1. J. Selikoff. Am. J. Med. JjL* 231-242 IFeo. Mol). (American Journal of Medicine, 11 East 16th St., New York 16, X, V.*). Seventeen workers exposed to asbestos dust wer* studied clinically and by pulrr ary function tests. Vital capacity was well preserved in half of the patient* and moderate reduced in the'remainder. Residual volume was not significantly altered except for a slit increase m 6 patients. The RV/TC ratio was normal in all but 2 patients. Maximum bre ing capacity was well preserved in all case*. Analysis of ventilation-perfusion relations!-, revealed normal intrapulmonary mixing of gases in all but 1 subjects, in whom it was red; Hyperventilation was present at rest and exercise in the majority of patients. Arterial ox saturation was slightly reduced in 6 patients at rest, and Lower than 92** on exercise in 1'. tients. While dead space ventilation (expressed as per cent of tidal volume) exceeded the limit in 12 patients, alveolar ventilation was increased in absolute terms and in no ease w decreased. The diffusing capacity of the lung for oxygen was measured in 5 patients at re In 4 of these it was reduced. In addition, in 4 of these 5 subjects, venous admixture was creased. These abnormalities in pulmonary (unction correlated poorly with intimacy and ation of exposure. A better correlation was found when compared with roentgenograpluc ; normalities. The physiologic findings noted are characteristic of the alveolar-capillary fc syndrome. Thu pathologic changes produced in asbestosis of the lung are reviewed m rel to this physiological syndrome. -- Authors' summa U4i ^ ,.VW UL * Address nut in current List of Periodicals. 19. OHb ^ Indu *t rut Kvyt-nc 99-4 Counting of Atmoaehefic Pests using .'.'.-.Hioorc Filters. Med. Uvoro i_^, ao0-o7l lNo. 19o0). N. Zurlo. Difficulty* in Oust raetturemenl with milhpore filter* include the poor vijifc,; of small particle* which i* due to the refractive index of the liquid uaed to rer.uer the m transparent being near to that of the dust, the gradual relapsing of the filler to opacity, the penetration of particle* deeply into the filter if too much suction unemployed. A pro dure is described which avoid* error* due to such cause* and give* result* agreeing u: those given by the thermal prceipitator. The membranes were steeped in a mixture of n cellosolve and butyl alcohol for microscope counting winch enaoied particles of transpar, minerals as small as 0.5 micron to be dealt with; transparency was retained for over so A special reversible mercury-displacement aspirator is deeribcd for use with the filter which sucks 100 ce. of air in a minute or two, depending on the grade of millipore, at a constant flow rate. After the mereury has run from the upper into the lower reservoir, apparatus is inverted and is ready (or use again. Rubber diaphragm valves automatieal! apply suction and release air displaced from the lower reservoir. Oull. Hy 995 Studies of Experimental Silicosis in Does. M. Mosinger, et al. Aren, maladies proicss. . 3-39 (Jan.-Feb. 1961). French. I Experimental studies of siliteosi* in the laboratory have largely been carried o in small animals such as rats, guinea pigs, hamsters and mice. While for eertain obsci tions, pathological and epidemiological, these animals have advantages, their sixe const ably restricts the range of investigations. The author and hi* colleagues decided to use for their experiments. Under intravenous anesthesia, suspensions of powdered quarts (i under 3 microns) in isotonic scrum were injected into the lungs or selected lobes of the*, through a bronchoscope. Thirty-iour dogs.(breeds not indicated) were given single or mi doses at intervals. Thu survivors were observed over periods from 9 to 32 months. Th vestigations comprised clinical, radiological (including tomography and bronchography) r bolic, biochemical, morbid anatomical and surgical excision. Results are described v*r fully under these headings and illustrated by photographs of specimens and photomicrogr; It emerges that the features of the disease in the dog approximate closely to those-obec'rv man. The onset of emphysema, it is remarkud, is precocious. The authors submit that findings prove that silicosis affects not merely th* lungs and hilum glands but also other and that the accompanying biochemical changes signify systemic changes. Finally, the rr of the dog for experimental work in pneumoconiosis arc emphasised. - - Bull. Hy 996 Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis and Silicosis. F. Nager, F. Danger and J. R. Ruttner. Schweis. med. Wochschr. 90, 1357-1364 (Nov. 26, 1960). German. The various views on the relationship between bronchitis and silicosis are disc in th* first part of this paper under the headings of statistical investigation, investigation bronchoscopy, experimental research and pathological investigation. The authors' contr tion falls in the last category. They investigated histologically 100 lungs from 36 subject with classical silicosis, 17 from subjects exposed to mixed dust and 47 from subjects wit silicotuberculosis. These were compared with 30 lungs of patients dying of primarily r.o pulmonary conditions, where the patients had been bedfast with stasis of the lungs, Twet lunge from subjects with bronchitis and emphysema ware also used as controls. Th* res of the investigation was that there was considerably inflammatory change in the bronchi s bronchioles in all stages of silicosis. These changes wer* not found or wer* not so defla in the controls. In the bronchi of the silicotic lungs there was a lymphoplaamacellular lr. tration, there were signs of hypersecretion, atrophy of the elastic tissue and later of th* lar tissue, sometimes bronchostenosis and bronchiectasis. The cilia were intact, la lh< chiolua, the conditions were more marked. Thu silicotuberculosis cases showed the sarr changes in areas away from tuberculous foci. The changes wer* found in all stages. Tb chiolitis and bronchieluctasis were essentially dependent on dust. Wi.h increasing sever the silicosis the bronchial and bronchiolar change* were more definite. The fact that ms severe cases of silicosis present no clinical evidence of bronchitis is to be explained by * fact that the bronchitis is 'hidden'' by the silicotic masses. -- Cond. from Bull. 20. ,at Atacitent in a Worker Cncuecd in Automobile Unue re aa; New Enel. J. Mea. hi, i7 >- jl in-;, i-%. Ur^.cM \nu H. : The material that the patient used contained asbestcs ;; su-uns fiber mei ln asphalt base and was held in a mastic form by a solvent of :h* petroleum,distillate type, biopsy revealed the presence of asbestos bodies of characterut;.- appearance. Tlie unui finding in this ease was the presence of numerous umorpkpus s.-.h-staining deposits fa widely dispersed throughout the specimen and surroundeo by .r.tiar-.uv.alory and connects tissue reaction. The x-ray appearance of lincly granular tr.tt.tratian throughout both low lobes and the possibility that the sputum also contained asbestos aoaies ("yeastlike bodie indicate that the lung process in this man was of a chronic .nature consistent with pneume eoniosis and the direct local action of foreign material such as aiphalt and asbestosie. is also suggested by some of the air tests obtained in the survey. ?k cross-sectional s here reported indicates that under prevailing methods of operation, the use of an asbestc base undercoating, when limited to short exposures, has not resulted ut an occupational However, if this operation is performed continuously without adequate ventilation and prt respiratory equipment ;t may expose the worker to the potential danger of pneumoeomosi a protective measure, it is recommended that workers using asaestos-base undereoating tenal over a period of 10 hours weekly or more for periods longer than one year should the following rules: pre-employment and periodic x-ray studies of the ehest, with (he us large-used films (14 x 17 inches) should be made. When possible the worxere should be tat'ed. Approved respiratory devices, with additional protection for the eyes, should be Mechanical ventilation should be provided in the immediate vicinity of the work area. 998 S. tudies on the CChheem miiccaall ar-"eie 1 of C. h.rvsjojtileuin iiR_e..latiloin n lt)o. A.bestosis. S. G. Clark P. F. Holt. Ann. Occ. Hy. U-onaon) U U*"- TThheerree aa ree two rival hypothes. eKs,om iheecshiasntihcealfiabnrdoeciheem eticthael, luonf gthseiepadtuheotgoetnhee.i.a of ViiiciVVcicTdcrivTd8f:m the deeompo.ition of a.bc.to. in the lungs. The present repc -- w. !!-!!=."* "* :* J n.r.V."..d i-JZZZZZZZZZ. ..k,.*, TM.u. Tta ~..i, at temperatures between were respectively water. 0. I N -wiartc acid and 0.1 N'sodium hydroxide. The anal !!e a * tabtuted. U was observed that the di.eol of the extracts at various mterva s o t ^ resulted in the removal of magnesiu release of minute, two-dimensional flakes ^ reaction similar to that normally evok the silica lattice". From this it n e it was observed, occurred more readily fine silica particles would fol.ow. l** under the influence of acid or alkali alone, I alternating acid and alkaline con ltione inflammatory diseases including pneurr an alteration of acid and alkaline . . m breakdown of chrytotilc follows the earn and bronchitis. The authors cone u e e_Bi0gi having a general resemblance to eili course In vivo s, it doe, inJmro. * pneumoconiosis * Cond. ^ ^ would be expected. 999 The Chanees in-the Pronchtal Tree Arcb. Geweraepailiol. Cew.r'ocnyg. Asbestosis^ G. Jacob and H. Bohlig. 18. J47-T77 (I960). German. This bronehograpine study of various stages of asbestosis has been facilitated l use of a new contrast medium-propyliodon. In asbestosis with thickening of the pleura t: small bronchi toward, me bat. are bunehed together with their ends turned back. This * described by Jacob a, the 'broom phenomenon" and t* associated with displacement of the basal segments of the lung. This is not pathognomonic for asbestosis sinee it occurs in o conditions causing pleural thickening. In all cases tho conditions grouped under the term "bronchitis deformans" are to be found. The distension of the bronchi expected from the character of the disease is evident but bronchiectasis is net so striking as in silicosis evt in advanced asbestosis and it is cylindrical in type. In contrast to silicosis, there is no s osis of the large bronchi. In asbestosis as a rule the lower ai.rt middle lobes, and m the : lung the lingula are affected, and in .ilicusis the upper lobe. In these lobe, the bronchi a Ml bunched while in ihe other lobe* they ire spread out. In abu;.iui ihe iwrnul j;:^itir.cc 0( the brunehus nest to the hilus can be seen but tin* is nut so m silicosi* win-re there i* an m. crease of the lung roots and obliteration of the lymph apparatus. The swell in*; ot the roots may be is Massive that many authors believe that silicotic patients with carcinoma of mu lung have a greater expectation of life bucausu uf the closure of the way ior metastasis. This very nun iltanihls assurance is not granted to the asbeslosis patient. Coiid. from Bull. Hyg, 000 Influence of Cement Kiln Dust on Plants and Animals. H. Pajunltamp. Zcmcnt-KaUr-Gips 5(J 88-15 (Mar. l9el). German. (Zement-Kalk-Gips, liauverUg C. m. b..H. . Klcme Wiihelmstr? * Wiesbaden. Germany**). '' The so-called cement dust in the vicinity of cement works is not cement but consists * essentially of very finely ground limestone powder and is, as such, a constituent of an inter mediate product in the cement manufacturing process. It is theruiore, more correctly called cement kiln dust. Since it is continually alleged by agriculturalists that this cement kiln dust " is harmful to plants and animals, in recent years numerous scientific investigations on the effects of dust have been carried out with a view to testing the validity of these allegations. - Among the studies noted is ons at the Pathological Institute of ths Veterinary Medical School at Hanover. High doses of dust (2.5 to II g./day/animal during a 60-day period in 1957) ad- ~ ministered on the fodder of food, did not show any clinically ascertainable injury to, or barm-' \ ful effects to the general condition of, a group of experimental animals (2 cows, 17 sheep, and 16 dogs). Field tests conducted during thu growing /seasons of 195b and 1959 at the Agriculture) . Chemical Institute in Gottingen, indicated that even considerable quantities of dust brought about no harmful effects and no other lasting effects on growth or crop yield of several different ~1 plants. Those studied were'oats, rye, grass, red clover,~and turnips. The dust had a content'^ of about 29.1% limestone (analyzed as CaO], and 3. 1% KjO. It was applisd at levels of 0.75 g./m.Yday; 1.5g./m.a/day; 1.5 g. for 10 days with a pause of 10 dzys and then reapplied! 2.25 g. for 10 days with a pause of 20 days. APCA Abets. < .001 Experimental Study of the Toxic Action of Dust in the Production of Sinter-fHardl-Metals. Z. S. Kaplun and N. W. Muzencewa. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microoiol. Immunol.. (Prague) 4. 390-399 (I960). German. Hard metals or sinter metals are made from a mixture of tungsten and titanium carbides amalgamated with cobalt. In thu process of manufacturing these metals the most dusty processes ere the mixing of the metallic tungsten with carbon, the heating and sieving of cobalt oxide, and the sieving, granulating and grinding of the mixture of metals. From the periodical examinations of 283 workers in these dusty places it was found thst those vis came into contact only with tungsten and its combinations showsd slight changes in the res piratory organs. Workers exposed to mixtures of tungsten and cobalt complained of poor ap petite, cough, and loss' of the sense of smell. This paper gives the results of several series- of experiments on white rats to ascertain the effects of the individual constituents of ths dust. First tungsten carbide, metallic tungsten, tungsten oxide and titanium carbide were used. Animals wars exOs*d to these dusts either m a dust chamber or by intratracheal injection. All the dusts produced in tlic lungs a proliferation of lymphoid-histocytic elements about :ha-- bronchi aag larger vessels. Tungsten oxide give the most distinct changes. A separate is. .. pertmcoMas made with metallic cobalt. Very definite changes were found in the blood vessel and the dpJs of the bronchi showed inflammatory changes. Experiments will, cobalt oxide snowed that it had no distinct general action but it could produce more pronounced changes in ' the lungs than metallic cobalt. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. Address not tn current List ut Periodicals. relent I'm. ihu experiments nuultl he repealed ninny * non - h vu r.i .e epic cjrr-.cr. Tne reu(( glycerol-water aerosols indicate that tbe nuimiuin occurs icr particles whien have an '-r- equivslunt diameter of l.S micron*. Uy ainiminj that the particle* grow until they contain 85/ water, the diameter fur the maximum would ineraasu only Co 2. 3 micron*. -- A Pc A Abif-r 1093 Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis A.tiocimd will' .Anthricom and Silicosis in" Coal Miners.P. Rusemon and M. Ribct. J. Thoracic u Carciavasc. Surg. 91, 381 USfci\ ' (Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. C. V. Mosby Company, 32W Washington 8l '* St. Louts 3, Missouri*). , A The authors emphasise that lung resection as a treatment of anthracotubereulosls 1 and silicoiuberculusts gives good results under certain conditions. The patients mum be p-- ""** pared by an intensive medical regimen which should nut be pursued indefinitely. The lubercirr* lous lesion must be well limited in order to be susceptible to a well-planned resection. The - -- patient must be closely followed up for 2 years alter the operation. Failure to cure is mare fy* quent than in ordinary tuberculosis, but a calculated risk should bu taken in these cases, keepy* in mind the insufficiency of antibiotic therapy and the usually grave evolution o: the disease, .-eX, Very few postoperative anthracotic or silicotic extensions wore observed. Postoperative caxg&T respiratory insufficiency never occurred. The authors feel that surgical treatment for these conditions will be subject to improvement and changes, and they express tha hope that a larger**, experience in this field will result m standardisation of such surgical procedures. , - - Can. Med. Assn. J. Abets. 4* ' 1093 Roentcenologtc Aspects of Asbestosis. M. Hurwitz. Am. J. Roentgenol. Haamm Therapy Nuclear Med. d5, 256-262 (Fob. 1961). The rocntgenographic features of asbestosis as seen among asbestos workers in South Africa are describee and discussed. Emphasis is placed on the pleural changes, which ~ ~ are found more frequently than is classic diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. Pleural involvement aJs- occurs frequently in association with lung fibrosis. A characteristic pattern of sclerotic aL* pleurisy presenting in the form of calcific pleural plaques is duscrited. Although this patiera L- .jrm be seen in a number of pneumoconioses resulting from exposure to certain silicate dusts, **' its incidence in asbustosis has received scant attention in previoua publications. The diffuse type of fibrosis found in asbestosis should be oifferentiated etiologically from pulmonary col- lagenosis. Leas frequently, there are lung changes alone, presenting the classic pattern of simple uncomplicated diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. This may vary in degree. A well-marked--ww* nodular lung pattern presumably due to associated silica exposure is occasionally encountered in asbestos workers. The complications of asbestosis are briefly referred to, including pleurii- - mesothelioma, which appears to be relatively common among asbestos workers in the northei Cape Province of South Africa. - Cond. from Am. Rev. Rtsp. Die. Abets. PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT isfce ''Tel* 109-1 Bone H--rosis in the Shoulder Joint in Divers. R. TiUmann. Z. ges Hy. u. ihre CrenigeOislo _7, 9-98 (Feb. l9ol). German. (Zeuschrifl fur die gesemte Hygiene und ihre Crenzgehtete, Clara-Zctkin-Stra**e 96, Berlin, W8. Germany*) Short references to some of the literature on bony changes in caisson worker* and _- divert introduce this account of 2 casus of asceptic necrosis of bone in 2 divers. There is a description of the work of these men at diving depths which in one os the men was at an averag* * * Address not in current List of Periodicals. Id. e>i(C,Q -L' JR