Document reoJoOy9YOLnBGRkZoYjd8zvJ
FILE NAME: Z,,
DATE: D DOC#: ,
OCUMENT DESCRIPTION: WZZW^Z&ZWZ& ^Z,ZZD
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Of}~Utl W. (~y ~..i Y.i\..l..!..I!J!.r. }rf I.UAI}J 01 He!); kLW YO.~I-l. ~ O:;CKJPllUj :':-\N')""\."'R'l' On-ICC); \;loA:')l-!'N-G"l()ll;l. DC; trt,..u.l.(UY. C'~lrv;"t-!'U-\. J:t':1-JVUl. C 'iXf1:.'t.-"'D(' .
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iLO"""""'CS-"j .~~~/~(.~;~;':;:~;~.:.: ~- .
s "present, evidence -..I
of asbestos in such dryers arc
--~-'~~~'-.--'-'~~~~~.---~.
~.-. _._-_. - _..
.... the ,use of .m.ic'L Purthermore, petitioners present
such.as
'-.--~---.-
<cvidence
that some mal1uf;:rcturcrs h;:rve produced hair dryers "'''hich do no:.
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a hearing- accoraanct"; (f) v that it product distributecl in corranerce
G 00202
~b~l{t:v~i~'~
',88C.s.sion\of,a :consurricr,'
(l\.rnt the time of 'public,
odce,
subsection (c) of thLs: ~ectiori>;" ,,' , , " c ' ,
,,~-t~~~~---'----- oX'-fB ~U:Ll:.he-..j:i mE2:-the- cOr!$umer-rccelves-acl::ual'::'::'___} ~,~:~-:',:~__
notice -or the defect or noncompliamc(!) .
l"ir.ally I the Commi.:;:sion may prohibit the further sale or mar 'U~
facture of thE' producL
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.";;~:>to
. . ~ - 'h~. .. . ..~~ . ..... " ~; ~~: ~;*~~i~~~:~~fj:';~" .:.~-: '. ;
th, crtlier,.tYJ?'Btlli.,:of .aOlbeCl t():lli~,\q 5e1Uoff' . lBt
"
. 1111111:r:L~tl:,fWi;1i;r*?:':~:::,'i:~:,,~:_;.~5..i,'.2..:::~n~"~F~~;iiii~'i1~1~~;;;~~i':~" e';~~~~f>~i~~~.
"''''''"rc,,,,,,.,;;;nd' ;{~':gi ;~aBbe'gtClB. $ tudie.8i hi' New-house and fler;ry1D/' h21Y~ i.n(:i~ ,
,
1111I1-".J~--'-"-,--.4;;21.ted";lLl1 Incr,eased mesothel-ioma 'rate'among ~"orkzr3'exp052d' to rrdx""d.", ,',
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,....." .. ~"'"~'->"--'\, ... -~........."-"""'~~-..""'J'<--..-,~ __.__-....:. _ _ ...,.....""'I>-'-",-..-..,..~_ _ ~_,..,~~,_~............... """""........_......,.......................... _.~...................... _"-'-'~........,__ ..'-L, v.4
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over a
,>3';(t,';tt;~$1':",
<;;=< ',' ,/''''
thii'~di(Cr!CJt have 'm~B'gtheHCJrua.
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these cases
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A clear ass(;datio:nV-Ji,th ';C;cc ~1?a~:
ti6ri~1t.fd~me:5tic and ~va:B' demo;~ nE:ighborhood asbestos ,exposure
. ~~Q.::!~&.~~:W~.~ ."Y ' . ' .:.,. -.-1~"<~.\'~~~~C.v:t~
:.~ .:
-'
,it?::t'X th,~f:tM!3otheliO'lt't!!.--!ctl'll8l ~ and occupational expqsuxe8l'
:I.:' .:~.~~:~;~~r~ ~'- . ..~ '<:~_:;;'~~;fz< c"';/~~.::.
. .
;r~.c&rdedt'tor'~21 l:ittf!i:J:lisl'5 weexa; of,expoa;trr.jj;~ a:nd
.~i;t:;:~;;Nh~~: - _ . . . .
,"",'..-~::...a, ",~..,-". :.0,;,~.:,
-:';~~~?'::~~1:f.~~-~:
J:tS':1it;UECl.I;S; 6
:ruo:nth~;-;~~-"~'",c- Pngtlre"
. ~~>-~:.':tp~?:'~~~tf~ ~~., ~:. ~
.< . .
.
"::i:ecentit:ri.;;f 'df.'8~n:fu!M who xll0rked at. an
.'
for
j'_
ell::.rc.t2Q
.:, "
.
$,111 ;;Jere
~1":';;:~f~~~;S'~likCf<~h~a9dbserV.dthat y,ed":eor:,la':!!
.. !.o:r!:1lj month
a tIlligbt.
:',-':';.1. ~<~-:t:":~;'-~.:f~~~
;(-E.t~\,., - . ':r ~.;J.'
.;:.
~~~cl f~~;~q~~~'~~ho 90d:edon.~ month" 'the
. .. ~'\,~5;~ ~~~;:;;, -
.. ' , . . . :;C-.-:-- - . . . . , .
pprcndlITata' . r;'tim<8l!:l the I8xpect:;aC[ rate!"
',;~?~:1~'~\J~\_~~
_~~~:.'" .'.-.:- . j}~~~.~_.. -
~
'~~.l~t<;I~IFl~l~I~
y
:}i~"-;'a~d :f."o,;t:;-''.;;~1.~aigitl-i~l~!tl~'~'~:.~:~~:,:',.. 3", -m',ontili-l"l>,,":ax:P."a.ris-.nco"o
. .,::;::"iri'i:i,:Jl:'lIJl.l!!l!lI<Ilf,?<4rer):lmt e~cbd tor lung cancer <!\fb~kr 3:0
,,':,;~\ ~~~~k~?~-frg~!~f~/l,ar stUdy~o'f 246 _c~J>;s ,of
,<k~~;~
~~~: i:i~;~~~f~~/'~~~nd -~~t '11' perc:~mt
been exposed tor
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only 12 had indusiriJl exposure. asbcstC:~ mines-and mil Is"
The rest
5n their teens.' In
'rIas brief .::,' Por example, the youngest
he was apparen:~J'; ~~r-; -2:kposed to .asbestos for
, infant ;,'hen',~~tt;as" taken
. ' :.< < :o~:;~~tj~~~~~~;~r;~- ~-~.....
'th~~,:~~~;)ti'~~~~0':0'fundl wasweane~., /~~~t~~~~~e_r;.,:_
-, '" ~n,~T;~~so~~~~~~~';il;;'c, :;,~. 'the,rr~~~:;-G;~'~~;5~jtJ:,:<- '"las;;boi.rl 'in:;2(to"m on the as~esto$fieldi,.~jXleft.;':at
/~",'.-:.;.:,':"_"',:~,""";",_.~~,'_:_..,-".":"":'",,'_~~,..<',,':','_':.,:~,:::,_',_-",":'" "0
:;- ':-'._.~,:,,~ '-:'-- .~''.;:.~...~;:'):i;.;:'v;;.'\"~7.":'.:'i..~'~, ~
and \'/as~in' good health until.55v~/hen she,de:v-eloped
.. ~ - .~~'r~~~~~~~{f~?3~X~~~~::.');~i- .-.
.\.
", '). ',i;: ~:~<).:~:1~1~~;~~~::
. ear:tier, Newhouse
cases ;'lived ~dtbirJ - on;e:"'hal>iU:Ll," -"_1"''"' "~"_'0~C:
3:..... :',.~<-:',)'
y~.~~e~;;f6;~'t~~1~i!!~ft;~ll~ilf~~ . to 5 individLXaltll in the: co~tro,~.l.~
.~~.
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.
-
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'!, ,,,.f ~'<~~~~-,;_. -'L;'~ ~ .~~.r.;~~;f'-~;. ~:_.~.:~.~,.::-:j~jc-~';}i>~.->_ <!~i"~~
I
'cases ~ all femaie v 'lived' ~d:H."l'd!" ,,~:} "-~ '~:, ,
only 1
':::"."r",r~,;','.: . ,Iive('l th;;e.,-~fi:ir>l:'.l:tep:1~6~,<'/y~ea'r-'~g:,f:;,c~J~f~~1-th:i:~#$(;;~'{J'Ljt{t~f-=~-~;:~;:f-"':'~;;;>'X;~~'~;:;_ ,
wh. il.~'e", ;,'6~7"~;o":l.:.:~:.'.~~~~.h-:e.~;~ ::._i:e'T_I.t-~;!.I~.~;~!:jr7ti40>~i~;~7~:;i:~~.~:~~.~e~~~t~<.~':~;&.~:r.i:t'~{j~>~.:
ages of 6 'and 13 years- ''''hen the ,facl:6r:r~:~,' "','
'l~'v: ~L'~~,~en a~n~'~is ta1Jkil~ ~h:t_.O~;:<!0,Jii~~~~~~~~?~~}~;:r~~~\ e:,tt3.:t:rle~':in -'th~:~rire; for between ::I and 1 ;e~"'j'f~,:~~t1;~l:~.~~~?L+
. ..J"..-":.~.'
.'
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fOltnd, ,
B lived or worked '-in' tJiav:r;:i:t:i1:ttr';"l)f~~~S':",~i;;-?i'.:':
~.
;,"-!,_
..0 -
. . . . . . .
~tal?~i lu~9 ~tin::::e~"::'>- . ;>~~~.~:~b .~~':'"
'~e~?su~.el:?Y
. :": .~~"i~.:~' -~j."t: ~~.
l~<Jrti S ,cbnig
..... neighbo:r.hood or domes tic sources of asbes tos. :
found tbat 53 0'0'1: of 201 men with
admitted to a thoracic surgicnl center gave D histoty of exposurQ
- - - - - - - - - - .. ,~-~~
compareD ',dtl'! oroly 29 or the mi1tchCl\ controls, 2l1t1~ou0h
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,::%;,;~t~~i:h~-'~:-~:'::~~~:_'~:'::Lta,: l'J~::3"I:ir:-~,:.r:~S~~~:;:"i(~it"f~~.~"~=~~.;t~S< Adminis t.rat:ion 's pr'oposcd cancer po licy concludes:
,-'
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...
.:" .". r'.',';,~: ";"~! J.,;h'j] r{;L it :c;iIf)C;t.iIOCC;, ,(WI '':::!''J:;'I.rC-;=tf)"''fnilc,
.
',-;:'s":::w::t:"~oi:t; ."",;,~ b~' Cl.Jn:::;iLic:ccoto De 0tt0n<..ll.cd by risk when
. considt.;ri ri'5 ;'nY<Jivcn popula tioD" No exception to this:
'. point.' hi1s:. ye:t: .been demoJ1strated~" Hence, todaY.it dos;
not:seertt feasiblE: ..to predict a "finite'" safe level forj1
carcinogef'~_~oa.n individual human, let alone for a POPU12\'~
tion; cOffipCisedas, we are of aggregates of genetically':-
he terogenot:r5' 4ndbliduaTs , 'l>lith widely varying predi.:spositio:mJ.
and suscepBbi1it~~wW
concerriing'asbes'tos ~ ':the National'In::rtitute:
?~0~f.!~~~nal Saet~.~ndRe~lthCOnclUdes~ .
'.
.'i'~;~;/~?Evalua-tion 'of all' ht:lrll.an data provides no evidence for. ~;::'
'':.!(-~;""threshold or for a "'safe"' level.of asbestos e.,"<Po:st:'Xe~:,.t.. ' .
:~/:::'~ Basedontneavail'able' data ~ no assessmen-t can presently:,
.~,\;,(~;i:':b~riiadeconcernlngthe. ex:l.aterlCB of a level of asbesw8> ',''c,'; ,
I
:.~I.Z:i:':e:::rpo::l111::ebelcrw which ,an increased :dsk of cancez: c01.11dz~;.>.,.
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'Y.~:~0f.~i:'~ de.tecte~~~W~:~r .. ' .
'.,
. . ' "';;.;~~ii
I
.,,~. Only a 'ban 'on tbe:use"ot asbestos:. can ensure complete
.,:.";\;t.ionagairwt.
:nlineral"a carcinogenic effect~~[ .
.~::t.;'~/~.l~'l!?:': . .
.; :;.~.. '. '. . . '.. 1
.. . .,- -, ,-'. Tt'l.eJ. :tahRC,:motlograplb.. on. asbestos cor.lClude:a~
.~.~ ,!~;~~.~:~~;:~
y- ./{~~.:'. -
. ' . .' - .:. '.' . ..c At' present
; ..,c.;.!'i.;level of
iet~:~piossurne'o:tinpohstlsiinbalnes
bteolOa"As'sweshsicwh hZeL.t"hl.eirncrtehaseedr'e'i:;'\:~;.;. "
.: ."~
'.. ,.,risk of cancer could not occur -2.1
.. ':if;
'.V:' , . ~~..;>.~.~:::;(" ~.:':
~
~
a :t, Siqnifican t Quant:!. ties of Asbestos May Be Rel::o!2Lsed DLn:,r~:'l
"":' : the No=al Use of Hand~Held Hairdryars
held haircrrY~~s". ctmsl.s:t basically of a fan b~~Wl.n.~ all"
pa3t <:I.' heating elernznto Bec~msethebarrel of the dryer is 'u:sua:.ly
~ -" . ':.. -
. :n~riO"~y ~ . an
insula'cing
liner
is
sometimes
'"
needed
to
. ,-.: ~. , :
" ::
l?r()l::ect'f:h~" p:.2l:stic
:nl.lln'ber of hairdry-ers ha.ve G!sbesb:Js paper' insulating liners~ I.n. the:
co~:rze of nOrr2.2il operat.ion ot these dryers" the asbestos paper c:n:'l
be damaged and significant amounts of asbestos released. into the air u
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heenused for Three: '.;~" ': :~~:<~
J 1I/c:rc
':.f.
:-~"t:i-~'
c
. have
.; >~;:~'.;~.~~~"
.: :".~;~:~';'"O
-'iiners "'~',<ThIs' was
:<~1f;~:t-~:i~;:~~:~:'. ;c
the SEMjEDXA'
.~'~~;~i' ~:~~.:~ '~~~:~ -'- '. ~ :.-"
.. took,'place "-:'.~::,;'\.....:- / ' ".
~
--
,""::-. ;".
ous particle was'detected, the EDXJ\'was used
'" ". Tt:5-ch~~.:P:'~2:'a.,.J---,-"-~'--n\dke"'Uf!-.--rhT'-clicmi-ca-'Con'5ti-tuen-L'-S ,-c-GUpJ.-Bd-'I"ith-- --'~---,----
l1Ior?hologic::Jl information provided by sm!, WilS the mc.:ms of
II'i!i'!'!I),!,.lll!!!
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"the
....
uSed Sears
t o -"!,.':",:
~ta~
:. )~\~.; .< ~~:. . .
dryer 'wag roughly one
-<.~. -"-:.-".
.
b~'iom:: t:Cl~~~~~
~.;.-' yeC!\Y clt~"'
Gi O()2! 4
, i ~.')
Da.'ndY~'
Bini
Ncrelcc1
1000
c\
oCl
Penney' lOaD -
1'0
="-
en
Seurff
1000
.~-=----
-~-~~-~--::.-=~
to be found in new and used dryers du~ to ways in which the ~ryers
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'Once :released into the
;. " -
~-l. :
pClrt ar.e' not transferred outdoors. 39/" '~portion of these old
fibers as they are resuspended in the air by normal activity are
I
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"'- '-, The calculatio~'~J
.~., .a51Se's,'tos- i.s-cvcn:ty-d~-stEi0Ut.--ciLthrOUgno.nt~~the;,.ioom and th.i1t r, ::m~;: ~.,'
.' . .
~-------~~--, - - - _ . _ - - -
of the ~sbe~~tos hiJ~;; left the room. These v<JIU(;~ :lee sllocJ;i:n~;ly hlglL
" ".~.
Asbestos
.... ,.
lYlinutes Used
Released
MinntesUsed
02il"1
per tJJirmte per Week
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;. .~<,;.:f1:;/~4~~'~~~:_-t:'":'[~.;;'~I~";~;.<\::~.:,~
_.".,~".,:~,:-=,::,",;-~..._.i,";~c.;_-.:.,':,-~',:~.,'.,.'.;-"!;,:;.'-.{.~~",~,'~,,~:,~.;;.' ".' ~.:. ,._ .oJ'
.. -_~ ~;J~.
...., !iif;:"
:'-~ .:;...!'::~~'
~{;~J.;:;~;-".~
.~. .
~ :~<. / .
':C~~.::
'j: "XI!:!l!lrU:Olj;Jl!lIudecL . '1'hl!!l: ~wi' oin19W :a:eb-esto:t!l:ln.t.~en:i<ltabl~~,';;~
"'~.i;.i'~.",1i~ti~.:;:;~%'~;i!i.;~;;~:~;~1~~~i~~i~~di"a~;~~i?~.~~ .:3-~,,~:;/'iiiinaIl::!,'of, r.eBpir;ililiS;,-Ei-ztfi~"'<!CltJwugr{?themay'oieccl'
, , , , . ' .',.,:S:ti.J;'
'1~~ri~!t~~iG',~he~ h~:;\':~~~~ft fig:~~t'r,~;;.i~~,~;~~!~~;~~~;~~i. 3 in 'a matt; :mfte:r~o:nly one week ,of; t:lse~~('::rt:.':l8J:~.JfiJt~if~:I;.:ha;t:i:;}Y?;'.'~~:;(~i
~hd :1i~?l~;~~.,~~~~"t~ji~i5~;i[~~I~' . .,%"t'~W''''~'~; .
2Jp?r'O~(illl;:;tely which up :t~ 90 ;erce~?:{;~~;~:it~~~:~f~-;:~~':~~:; ralE21Bibg' a.8De~tclls; :tru:6ugliob' i ts'opera-t.:IlJ:.igu:t,t jj,,~~~);':c~~~~,
. .' :".
-
" -~ -
~ - ...- ,. ":~ "-' ..; ::-~:".,,-~~::t{f:~'~~~i~~~~ ~'-:;-~~~ .~~~:7,-~.~_~~~~;i.-?J:'~ I
Lnth~:~gh tc18welghc of theasbeBcos. inBu1atir~~ H:il~;,;?~ti;::r1i:t~~~i~*,(i"'
' '~~ ~;":- .1. .
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_.," . v : ~: ..~~.;:~~~~j~;~~~~JL~:J ::fF~_=.~~0l~~~~~>~;}&~'>
"hancH1'i':!!d haird!:y,~n' isvariableJ',tne' average: 'liner.wefghtfilj(!~:~f~~(~:-'l.
:L5grruns of
For 2J dryer such as the Nor'Elco 1000 y the rate of asbesb:Js
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NO X.1V'd ;ur.:t)nO;) so.r.s3tl 51:'"
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ill!
, il I: Ii I
ISO hour$
, or 306 milligrams ofasbestos.' into -the
-'3?
"i:ypical liner (205 grams in weight, 75% asbestos)
19dJiJ milligrams of asbestos" Consequen-tly such a
. _ anot:lgh asbestos to 're.rnain 'a serious hazard far In
<',.k:~"~ti~~~i"~"~'/iigfeta'~smo~'i)"'*:~i~~~.~~~.{L,~~:.;~.~:;.{i~:,,~;,~-~g.ing the data pze~:"ted
:;,~.',:~.?,~_.,':_.iSI.~_.:i~'_":;.";c~J:~._~,._:.}-:i_~-, 'as to to_COIDPare the calculated concentrations of
~~;'L {~Q(l' ,:
. '~):(~';'~~~~4:~~:'~%.~;Z~.~~.;~,~~~,:'~j(... - ._
.-'. '-'..~, ~ -~:.::.., ..~..~.~__ -..~..o..n. E, " in whi .c'JiS:~;~~~~:bt~~e~:g~~!:~~:g-~:'?::,.h~:a.:z~a::r:d_s.
:-'
':. M<i::imtl:OOlprt:'.dictedcdncentr2d::i()naft~r one week; based
"j~:ti~::"fa::~:t:~~~1Ii~~3-=::o~. aB~~.to; .".;~:~;l~~j~~~~~:~~... ,-....
-:~t{:{\~;~~"S-:~0~w~/~~-~~::' .... ",.
_
.-'
:~l-o.t'I1l!t.ii: per: day ,of tna;-;'test:ed', N(:jrelco 10M dryer ,~is
'", asb,~atos,found in urban'and-: .ruraL air tcithoSE:
.:;~~~i~~~l CO~dI~~~i~~F]i~~~~~..~};ve~,?,~ !,~.~O .. .' -'.\thJ1{hlghe8t level f~mia:'i:r;,t-2imb1ent air by 50 times and
~.: ~'~5:: :~~:~:~.~~~::.-.~.,
:<":,,~.:,,:': ;':>i~:;-..s~ 'Y~" ~ ~
~
,1
.'"t1::utt~. range of environment:.aI~' and ,: oc:cupational exposures
.";, ' :--'-~~2~~:~r~f::~ di5,:ase"~:t;,~~", ,iffth
~--:.;... <.>..---~~~.:~- ~
"I~"
The Usa ofAsbe~tos_Xnsulated a;ir
. "
many homes where an asbestos insulated hair
,",
:..:\"'-",-'-
:~u3edl":thl8re are fc.milyroemhers who themselves never use
'i:;.
Nonetheless, they may be at risk from the asbestos released by
the:o:a hazardous: con.5't.lmer products. Adults or chilth:eJ? may share
used, and thus be exposed to expelled asbestos fibers. Asbestos
G 00222
-23-
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'While
exposure
to
asbestos
poses
a
serious
'.
health
adults, the risk faced by 'chlidrenis even greater"
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... - . , mOre iikelythan adults to survive" sufficiently long
,
:"'. -:'
..\'i?.":~.~-'z"-:,~~...:.~~~jr~..~.,;.0/:-- . '
.
- ,~:.'~!:.:..;..''S.:.<,i~:~~-;\../.~.;j:,;:,;,-~~.;'.>'~ .... '.-
.
", .:'--"'>-~
;:-.:.
carciri.ogeriic: effects of asbestos:'t6 be manifested>' 'The lag
.;;:~~t:)~;.:;; :S5__~!!:"":":_
'<' .:7~;~&4~r: ~~<~>;:.:>'-
associated. wit.b t:11e inductiori:-rofmesothelioma" for.
;~\..~~~::L~~. :~~.~ ~:~~: .
.~ ";'liJ~;[i~~.~/.~~~;i~~:~ > ~
- ~~~"":'" '_,".:':
typicallT bec.ilTeen 35 and 50:;year3~>;' Induced neoplasms in.'-"LLkLLL
: ,~:.: ;!.:~.=~ii.~~~~-;~~~:~~';:' :
.:.. -::~~ii'0:r~~t~~f~?;~f..;:. ~'
,,,..~':;;cW Ii;;
f~st.t~~1~s;~h~refO.r.~"~If~~~~~,eindi e""rposed.~:~:~~;sbes~o2i rele,~~,~;[!,~~,:pai:td:r:yers can be, expected:
viduals reacliridd '
;?~r:n}rg.;~;~~.~~~. becaU~~,~~~~~!k~~~l~~~cal chara~t_e~lsti~B
...acti'(fity7'--lI!:!Vt!.lsv'" children'~ ,; ..: ~ :.;~,r~~.~~i;:':;~~:~:." .' ":-. _r:,-:::'l.'...~~"''"
. gher risk than: adultstci
;:::::~... .
':) .,,"
._" :i.~-
.
lhazardfl':6f ,2ii:r:b-orne carcinOgens ~)'r(lch . as ashes toa ~ :, Children
" _.'~~~"';-~'_'.
"_/_~;~!.~~-:~::'~< ., ..'
--1
.. COl!lJ?~:c~bi=:::~~~~tiO~8>~h~:i~bi?have reported~ a high2r:rate';f air exc'hanger,;;;and.'metaoolism thanadultg
->"' ~_ .. : : .
'. ~S.;:-.>!.>::-~:~: ~:~i<~~~, .,~.
:~~.;'~~~~~~;~~":::~ -'
.. :
..' seqti';:r:itly'.:e:xcbange arel;Uveiitgrea.ter volume
.~ :. ~~_~;:\.~)'Yi:~~~)'~.~B~~~~fr">':il" -. ~;, ..-:,:-::'::::~~~t&-~,t)t:::~:
. unit bodfwe1ght~, ch21dren: breathe' more
and
_,
,'~r:F:-';-~~;0/
been. '.,... -..(.:.:~",.'\.,q~(':.~" ," .
to. intmle .
'".'.' .-. . . . ~ .. "
to thi:e~.'ti'~E "a8 UlUch of.~~P;;.:fiuta.:nt as older people. 45/.
. ", ./<:. _~.
_::~l:~~-';::~:.~;;_ ~:;'!
"<.
.;~.:- ":"- . _
Mded -to this normahdifr.erence in. tUX e)rcha~ge:Fat:e)""
. . ~ "'i- . . :/d;~:::'./~\~::~~': :./~" .. :~:<~-_ ~~~~:~'.;)~-=:;~i."~-?-. _ "' .L.:~_:" .. :~,~:::.~::::;.~:~.r>,::,,~~~~~,,:~,
.~ '. facc. t~1at chlldren are IDore~'acth'e"\tllan ad.ults. ','AS the le've!
- -.- r .
::, ;:~::l~->"' "
ac:tivlt:i r.~:s;e:sv SCI does the".r~t:e of air,. exchange' i!1 ,the
roughly-hi a"~>exponential ina:it~~r< Therefore, ,
whereasbestos contal1l1natlo'n has OCClJrren are 'likely to' inhale::~',
significant levels. of contaminated air '\Jlhile playing" Moreover ~
breathing and consequently with a loss of the body's normal nas<ll
G 00223
I' I
filtering CilrilCi ty.
illlr~~~~--;yctt1ch~'"';:-Tf)rcr'=-C-
t:ltyt'c-
ri:}:c--:l. i~t.O-<::f~:-c"(mt:ttt.~"~~!~j.ty~'l~:~~\3' br~:'l
. i::ti
~ _ _.-:.:.;~:.;..;~'
~ ...;':w ':.,. . _ .
. .
J'
dust;' that gets ~tir:r2d up f:rom"~~?iloo:r~ . StUdi~g~r:J.\;';:i~;~~SP:)ll
.
.
:;~, ...f;::..' '::j.}~.::. ~ ~- .
. . -.....; ..:'..>
~:. ~~
i;QcLicate a distribution in polluta:tl'1: concentration. as a, function
-' ,.j../:,,:,,, .. " ""..
.,
digtar::ce from the grouncL In'6~~: s't.~dy; lead con~ent.rations ~J~~:~'
~;;'-:::'-' ,"'
" '
'w
. fauna twice as Mesh 1.5' :mete~s>f;~~~the floor as: 2o:~efe'r:s;~46~,
<,/ '. ,'- '," . ~'~j'~~ ;C';'" ,
>~~,{::;~~'~;",:"t
',:-,,)~:;.}~.;.'t".~-" . ..
For: a_cults ,02::' older children 'Who:~srrtOke~ the hazards: causeCl tly
.,' ..;~c.:~<;.~~...::"~:.~)' ,>, '. '-. ;,:-.::}i;.~~ITr.~~~~~~:~;->.- .~~: :'~;:~:~~i&~1~~i\~#(' :-=~;t~ ",
},!xposu:r<:,!axe heigh~en~~4~~~~:n?~,ed ear~i~:r:Jt~e:ttJroff:,.an, '
_1:.'~ ;~~:.~'~".(':"':'.::. ..:.,.:.? ~ "... ~.~~~'~?~):~~:~':}'~~f:~.-::>-:~;-,' :.,. :.. :,r:}~:,~~~~~t~.':'::~~~., _'~?~:"':
_<,.",... ,."",.","e.;:,IA.I::t,:::.",.,,,.
ASbe':1~:!lf?;St;sm,oK~{~~~~~t" 'have, reported that. workers:: who. smoke and,,;whtfc;are',-
; /",. '':. ; , - >{~;~"~~~jlj~A'_r'... -:.,".-:, ;.~;tL;t,_~0'ti:.: . ~",.".
exposed to ;isbe~t<?:S:;:;haye 92,' times' tq~[1.;!\ii~pf, .;'~":.: F;;~'~~:. ,::~ ,:'.~. '~.';-;~~-i~~9!-~~>~.:~~~.7 " '."' ','. ::"'~~~:?;f.~~~~n~~~~",." ..,.'D,':',",<,'..",cancer them' do '_rorkers wno'j-:di'd.not smoke:;irid:, have',
. ,i.,.,.
.cal',-cer'i-iSk: ot:otl1t3r '61'l16ker:i:d<::C'l'ooay;:' .almost::5tJri! m:;:tHon
._ ~ '-~-;;::.: ~ :"';;'-:"r_:: ", .: ;~.;~~t. .:.: ." .:'~;~:. ~~~ ~;i:.~~ii~i1~~~> :"
~ ~.;~~~~~:~1}:2~ "
eight :mil1ioii t8:E!nagers Smoke" cigarettes " l\ilany ofthe:ill<e' DF"":' ,,'"
.. -.
" ..
'. . :';:... Z::'.-;;~', ' . .
. .
" '.
:".' ,.' . - .. it
~.
have
" ."
. . .:t.~.t.~""":- 1~:': ", .
nand-heldV~er3ig the
.. ," - . -~.
-..
i::;'notthe sole fo~"-:i..{In recent.
~. ~~~/-<~.~~t[.~A:~~~~ ~:-
become,increaslng1.y :pO.pulaJ:~ aIDOlflg
..:-~ c". .' .. "~: >''"~;~~~f!~':<'~:;''~~:
'.
.' _
. ~.' " ,<L"';':~:~;'!\
drama ... of hand-helclf' ch.-yers in beauty 'shops'and ~/
.
.
~,.
. ~'''~.~~ ." .,.:':- .~ .. ~.~\ .
haircutting boutiques has increased
tically" In' shops
. ~.'
',-,
, asbestos-linea
dryers
have
lb-een '0';: "';;o;rtinue
to
be
,
u
,'
s
. .~....~::~.~"::~~.,,,
ed, the
..
~
'
I
\'-,
e.
re l s ' ~ . .~--: -~::?;::,iJb%):'dl(I~;;
.
).~;:;-
:! -..
- -::;,~.:'.:
of dJ:51::e:s:tos released may be very high. The dryers are used verjj'
frequently thus creating a potential for the release of large
I
I
b0twc~n SO ~nd 60 million hand-held d~yc~s arc in usc iri this
coun 'try ,,3JU
Unfortuna-tely J it is exceedingly dif fieult to estimZlte the to-tal number of -dryers currently in use that c~ntainhsbestos
liners. Data identifying models containing aSbestos_).iners are
. I"~
available for only a portion of the total dryer markEr!::. In -...:- .,
EDE' has been unable to obtain figures on whether v~"'f(J]::>those . . ~~:\:;-;L.iS~~7~(~..'".
found to~o:td::ain asb~sto8 'liners all or just a portion. of the
... .
:w(;;/,L~~;;'/,':~_~J. -,'
sold contain asbestos llnera:. _Pinallyl' therl.arend"~Hgures
,: :~' -'
.. .::-~. ::';~':~l:~~. -,
~~-' ..::.~~:~~~;~~tt:~.-. "~'.,.'(".
b~ ol1e.(N'e~~~l'~'i~~ available .on thByearly sales.of _individual dryer.,.n:tOd:~ia;~-.
;:Theorefore y any estimai:. must a: crude
" '.-
i,,:f;:,:.~'-
e.::~" ,'.-.
.-~~S~~:~~1fi:.:~::-:: .'
EDE'cdnt2!ctEid consider model ~aleginf'o:rmation- co;t.!f:fd,entiaJL~
. ..."
. .
:
- ";<"7 ~ ';~~>0~j~ ~'~1~' ," .
_. '"
_Pe:t'!n<5Y r,,"1~8s<5d~u.::leit11data" ,-PennIbY .he2l.dquarter:Bindicated t:hai~ it:,'"
.: .
_: ~ . -:", ~._
:r'
.~.
.'. .' :;';";.:/.l~?~~ ~-.~; ~ . -
aold ~ut:~tltlv ~i:lJ6 pigtol~type h~dr'd:ryer::ll in l~!a~~gafeato thl1!l . .
P:ro-HOtl
moda-iJ:~ ";~hich
.,:ras
_" _
found"by' 00
to
~c'.o' n:t:a.~f.~)a'l.::~i.]~jk~~~:~a~:t~::.~O~~:'8\-;;.'':,.c.or'.'mt:_l':f..~;::'~~,i7~'.; ;;~i;;;:;;t~~
'.~.; :.~ ." -
.. . '--~~..:'Y:.:-'.~:!.~7?{~~. --'
.
i~}~l?!r~~YS~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~/~~~iil.~t2;~'-~:, _.. ,_~ . _-'. -:. units. majority of the .. thiC!
':
-.
"'
~,'
_"-'},.'.:'
1M.OOO
_
-',
PenneyUl'I t!old3Str;OOo.styUl~g
(0->. i:.-.;,
,.
", ::;.~..'.:::;~:t?~~%~> ~/
c.'
d:cie:s
of, the
c,;.-, ...
to contain arl asbestos liner, constituted a- "fair' shi'ci::e'"',or tha':: f
Desp!teO tb;8~g -t~dstical probl~p" the follm1l'ing .. fi~~~SJ :~-Sl1ggt8il t:/,:.
. .
."
. .
. the J:liagnltud8" the problem"
,"'.:<c;,,~t:~'~
-:,'. . __t. -
,_
.
. ' . >
.' .::-~~~.~:~.~~~~l~\~:~
tinder"rd ter~::l::atQratories estimate:z that. between, 51.;- aile 15 m:l
__
.. "', .:~..:-:'~-:.-.
-:.\ :.1,.
,.... :..;.-.:," ~~'--;~~~~;:~'~..t, ~.!~. .:,-, --.', , " .c._ ye,,,,,,,,
ha:nd~held hair'drye:rs currently in use c.ontaina~be:s"~o~~--}ine::r5);::1j
->,.-:',
'rbe re:::lUl't21 of 2L' recent :trl.?lrket survey are in good ao;:r'cment 'UlitJ. ,.
.these flgure3 .... Uied h21irdryers in. operating' condl tiOl1 were :Pl:ll::l:h~s~a
f::o:m local Washington" DuC" area Goodwill Industry sto~e$. J!"
. visual inspection '"as conducted to determine whether a liner Mao:
---- ------ . _ - - - - - - - - - - - - -
present in th<:: barrel of the gun. \'i'here a liner was fonne tn2d::
appeared to be composed of a fibrous rna teriZll of gr2lyish-tJhi te
G
";.
{Y~';'J2'l?~~~::;S\~~~[~.i~;;1'-_J\_13_r",.;_,-~,",",c~
~', ' Moclels:Inspected cor;f~itliiig':,,;; "';';""",'-;'>:-':'".0;'
, ,->,::,' "
, :":~-3cC'>:, ~:~.c~",(
to con_ta:i~<'Is~~$to~ line1:.5:'.__, ____ , __._____'_, __ Applying the 2511. of n,",w dryers found to contilin asbestos li:rJl:;rs
to the estimated 12.4 million dryers sold in 1978 reveals that <l)?proAimai-ely 3.1 mi IIi on dryers sold ill 1978 canted ned asbestos"
, Ii G OO~~27
TABLE 7 Survey of Ne.."", Dryers Currently }\va:Uablc for Sale
, Models Inspected Containing ~~Asbestos Liners
~ .,
Models Inspected t~here No Asbestos Liner Was Fourd
,;".:, . ~:. ',. ,
7: Cona:Lr ,Pro Stvle 1200
American Electric' Amer,~';a::J 1350
:'Dandy
, -
A:meriean Electrid Fant,:stik 1200
,': GE l?O'.ver Turbo ,1200
Braun 'l'ravelaire 11()O
,,"
\,IGE Super Pro 1400
Clairol Dry Gun 1000
~:;tGE Stlj::er Turbo HOCi'
Clairo! Hot Stuff 1000
< Hamil ton Beach Pro Gun: 1100
Clairol One for the Road 1150
;.',~;;f,r ~C~ Penney BIenl Dryer 1200
Clairol Pretty Pow"ir
. ",-,:"
'>, .:".: .SlrJ~c:~~Penney Pro 1400
"
Clairo!. Son df ;&. Gm1i: ;;
',' ,,,,~":;;~2J"C:" PErmey Rotary StylerjDryer 10M '" comdr pistol Power,,', "
"--:/~~U-Sanyei t1ight 1000 " ' 0
'
Comdr, Pro 10001':, __~,>"
.:(,:';~S<ea"-fs, ~18n j s 1000 Blow Dryer '
~ Conair Pro' Baby lz'Otf~;:,, .. ,~"
',/ ~,:'eSears Women's IOOO Blow-Dryer
Conair-The Wiz 10(10,> "':,
',"-:":;,:':':;:;~fi~,'StgiIDalr!s:-lWeoa]mLepnrd'sfe1s0s0I0o1n21Sitrye l1e0r0D0 r..fe"r',",
GE Compact 1200 Go'D:r-<,lnr ' GE Power Pro '
,~:;,"{;1~1ta.~s 19 50 Pro Gun ,'.~" ,;,"" : ' ,
GE Zoom HHliO
l
:, " 'C"~a:~: ~;;farf~ ;~eer 1400 c~pact Gun ,giii:~~:::: i~~:f;-,~l~'
, " ,. ' ,~,~-c:~-~~r~1~~~~~,'~,,:, '~gi:~~: ~~~ ~~;'~=:~~ i~~g :-;"',~":~:~ ~r-::; ,
,
<
'
Gillett Gillet
! te
.sS1lulp)?e4:r!m:rant~'~i!'l;t!51t5,r(:!r~j't:;lil:t"t
, ,
:'.:,',~i,r,i,~o:;,f," ;;;!g~~tE;;~:~;~ .'. .........,'
. .......
, ./:..:" 7:~~~t"r1.~~~t~~~:':~<~ /_,"~:';';';ir,'.{' ,C,;::r",r=~~~~ ~!. 5~. ~i.f~i,-f,~,]~;3!~,:,:,~,~,:.'fi~,i~,: -_:?i~,~ &,:
A."
.'
_.
_ _
, __ _
: J' ,';,~01~:"~""~-'7\
',.
'>'-:"";-:'
;;Norelco Gob:::haGun-Ji,2!Jtj- >" '"
Northern Pocket pistol12tld
-:
---/~it~1~: ,
" ' " - ~::~~:/~u~~\ 1~~':LO(!O '
Sears Men's
'
COmpactBlowDryer)ZOn~: "
" CompactStyler '1O;,ry12n~;12Dtl' ',Fold ,N" ,Go"'.~':;~~$~:~:;,/'~'J,
Super Cowbo
Variable 1200
Variable Styler Dryer 1200
800 Styler Dryar
1100 Styler Drier
I,
Sears Ivoroen ~ ~
Compact Styler DryeJ: 121)0
Fold N' Go 1200
Super Combo
Super Combo XX
- - ,,$ upe,r--Gerr:oorr--:r-l--2iltJ --~~-~~~-!
Variable 1200
Variable StyleI' Dryc,~ wI
constant temp 120)
G 0022B
" .'
noted a.l e.,lier, not (mly
.
.
so too are millions of f.)mily mern.bers who live in those homes. ,
Onfor.tunately" the s.)le of asbes tos-lined hairdxyers will. .~. ~ ,
continue' for months -~ if not 'years .:..- '~nless immediate'regulatcry
"
. ~c:l::ion: iEl" forthcoming. Existing we.rehoused inventories of drye:rs
ina'Y numb~i i~ the millions u~ Ha~v ~f 'these may c:oritai,ja~bestcs;"
....
,...
..u
"
,
' ...c.}i~}::~_:n:"~ddi t1~n& .asbestos-containing dryei~'wil1' continue;fg~~~:<
~~i[;;J;,f.~\:~~';de*~;~5t';~"ru"~ng "ppro;;e~~teria1s:;}!l},'," . . '. ,. .. "...:~:"llii'1ufactured" Underwriters Laboratod~a. whicb setgl3t~ndard:s "{~};:'~~~erni~~4':the~u~'~' of insulating mate~i~Ci~hi dryer~)~~~:kJll their
,,:,>c:c ;.,"'....,.--. ,,':'1, l?' . ;ill.1berna t i ve Dryers Walch Do Not: Use Asbestoisi "r;irier3' are!
. .. . . . .~ ~~);~:\ttlr.:~:: ::~~~a~lable ~t Comparable co~t..), ,
.:'.>.:~',._~
... . . . ~j'er~;)iI "de~i~:ed appropriatel;~:':'d;;~~:~ liner~"~~~;~;::::~Y" >i~~:}1~~$~ ......- o":;<:~:2;'.R8nd~held dryers can be :made without asbestos Hner$~ .JI.J.ten.12l' . .
~~~'~,:~.-. :'':;~l~t:~:~:''>
~~."
- .~'.' - .. :..~' ::,~~.,.':'..
.::'~'.- ....!~~~.::_'.".' .. -.' ,:~~.~,' "':" ""
. lung:tri.ata:dals 1:Juch as mica and met:al are availabllB.:;';:!);1J :m.any. Ca:B<88C.;;,~:"~
~~~i'~~~ft~~t~~j,;~i~:::t:::td::'::~~~~~~":h~:::~~*t~~~~i~t~j~11 ':':~:':~:i:"':;~:asbe:sto8~liners is unacceptable ir!. ligh't of the healtil: hazards ~losI2d;;::.,';t_
;~;,:/'i~~l!~~:0-;J;,.:";~": >~.~.):,' . "'.
:.:~. :'."":~"'"
<~ '!~;.,v"~~ '_ -- "J:~:~~::;f~'~
. '.- .;c. ::,:;"~~\.,:;, 'the' price borne by consuraer:sis de'termlned more by' 'the style!. ',_'C:-.''':~':v
.';.:,"~.:~.,.-:J.:.~: ~.: ~,:~.:.e7.:':,' w~e~_oZ" .";;;~:::( .:. ........ .. .::.:,.,t
.d. ,.2m;? t.b.".e.
. . ' __WJ~: _
~ ''',
,~' ."';'3:'[;:,conta1.ns,:"J3( liner
_." ' . ' ~";::i. ,,,,,,:-\~-~.~~~~~:'~ '.~~
~'';''
store it is purcha8ed.;in:'-tlian by
neL
. ,j::~' :~ " '.~.,~~,t~: .<-< , . <:"jo;.~~.~~.'_\~~":>;-.
and. i f so v' wha t. typ~'r;~ In a $urvey:o~~~c"Ca~(~~_
.t.......
'_ ...... _J
-'- . Wasblngtori J D"Cu stores, the price of sJ3'IYeral lOOO-12()(j~W'att ha:.x.'
/\. "."'.
These tJere compa;Ced to each other andtu L
,,<::
~,",hich tJere found to contain asbestos liners"
.'
.
such objections before making a final-decision"
G 0023~:
distributed 50 to 6G million hioma-neld hair dryers are currently being t~se(L
G 00236
(1) To give public notice of the defect or m2lil
(3) To mail notice to every person to required to give'notice knows such
',C .o:C.,sold"
E"urtherrctore.r the Corr..mission has the autIlOri'ty to
the form and content of any such notice ...iiI
> -
"-.'l;,.~
"~~'";lj';~!:::::ltl~~6~::::r~::n:e::ti~,:!;liC .-.- ., ,,-'.~.:::..--
EDE' requests the Commission to'useits
... -,,:.1 ::..?:."
i~i-.2~:.;/:'-'Y"
.... ;, ~ .. c ..:!.t::;':>I
..... .
.;.,' ....
,.~.~..: ~:':
":.t.,:v'"-p'~\":~;;~'l?ublic: kno':,,y,-l:e.d:g.,e.~'to". r
the
.
p
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o
h
leni-
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a~..9,'-
wel1. a
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s
'
t
hr
. "
o
ugh
,':--'
2:i:'r;;i%'d~.i:v:~i:dnr~i''"a;r,:"~.""
,
'~~./~::)2:",;.'<;-O:~.:\'fC:\:'~
"
" ~',;~" .:~."~:.rs:-;.,t, o~.~ol1~~rs who are known. tQ._hi.nre purcha;:;ea,:tsJi$h.~;;;~,;,,,:~, ':-;;:~i':~:~~~~
,
'"
,L-.,,~~.~'")?"3:W'.~?'h~~a,i~r
;-:'
. d
:
r
Y:; ~e~'rl~s-":.S;:;""' ,"~,-;T:h.~e~~~"
'
f
i
r
s
t
."
.-,',
step,~' in
a. ch..l>e.:'-';5;,:r~i">rI,9'.:'"'th."i' s-':/':".o~";b..'"j::e;c~:f:si:~v;c1itti~~'&~~;,~;~~~::;Ji;i~,"C~~li~''f'_.:;;;::'J~<:~5:-'':~:,:-~~-r;i';-.:''~.:t{.,~}%'2lf;81;t'-~~:!i.;5~;P
'j"1S%':r . ,:,-:,~-,~,
."/\ii:~s'}"~,-t:o.:;;,-o";;,"b.,::t,:a:~itn~:~;t,~:h~:f;e;)'e",,,-:n';e'ces':sary
':': :"./. product information
.:-",';'-' -: ,". ".-
'f:r"o:'i:i;t,:9\t~i"e-:":i::-:,'\.':,e~::~:.~:~'i.::~:";~,i,,'~"L:';<;;4-;:~d~~~:
"' ":, .,~":,1;:~:t'\:5;~'-~;:~;:;t:~m;i~in,',a'~f,:actui;r,e~r,i"::-:ga:0;;;?:-:j;Q:d'~"~~
di
.-'
s
t
r.i'b,u' :t~o":r
s-".'~t"o:.:.
identify:t
.'''],- ':;-\:,:,;,;"
h
o
s~,,,,e
,ha,:,t~~0~:'"@':~z~x~1f>r;"~,'-;#::)~::;:;::-,:"
,'~,L:;.'?:;~1;~Ji<:;;\n::~t.~:-:c;:;'.i:
:;s':\"';<i~Y;:. dryers' vin:tcn. coutant. asbestos l1llprag:::lated,in3ula't.fm:t''~.>iffitt8:Jt'::tilll:B";"'JS;:'1-',,*-?!.?~~~
. ~.'
....
--: _'.,., .,,' . S"~-~..~,,1..';7,,:\..~~"_l..o,f:'<~',,o:r1o.d~~:C-':t~:,"..,,;";":..-.~.-,- -. .' ~'~o;,~"1;"~t~~-'-:l:1-0'~"~~~,~~':~i~~~~_.~-~",':.~~.."',~"~'_...:~::~.-.:-~~-.':.;!'.;:.o.7.1ft,i: ,_ = -;~lf;':~i1M~~["'M~$';~t;:'~,"
'c,.~c'":5':'?;;'':;:~I'"c;d'.'i:,~,::,:.7r.:,::.:.-~'
GJ.ve retail prlces:, model .. anddate codes" . Describe
nWtloors. ":serial any' ide.ntHying
mnaUrk1g:t}!;b~e:0r's<.:-'fi'0~';c;~;'~:-:',""::-,._. .'
:.'
.'. ""',>'''.' "\' and their location on the product~ Provid,e a::';i:::;;,1!t~,t~~~~.:',).:
_, , .
p"-i-~c?' ture or sample of the prt?duct~.~::;::~i,:. --;. ~ '_ '..:...-' :...-::.?"-'..~~~{1:::;~?::;-~>;;;:f::<: ..,."'.':-:'~:~:.::,~:".C~",'::.:::;:,~:.~~.._\-~-::,-,-~-_;~,;
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inforrnation on the number of products and Dnits beld hy
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manufacturers, distributors and retailers, as w011 as the
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---:~bIiifi'of Jfiiini.iTacCu::cers,-'-ai-Slc:ribu:tDrs-or-retu.f.J.-ef's-te-pr.oion.g-~ -:;::-f::i!L2~'1
such a proceeding to the point where effective rcgul2.tion
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chthe
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ha of partic'Lpan'ts:Hho'
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hearin~;(~';",)Jection '-15 {g ,-.. ".- - .", '-~.__~-. ~~{~::~~~}!~~~>.:~:.i;j ~ _~::~~'~ ~"/~;~'.: .~,.
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FOOTtJOTES
,~~:>:. . ~~~:;:~::~~:;~ ';:. :
w. G. ,~ Skid~'~~c:;;ZJ : '~nd.
inha1Z1tion'~of' Dsbcst~S'
NO~~9~~~:~~r-on, E~<llU'~f;~~n 'of Cancer, 29~251-169"
.-.
I!
lARe
the
the.
Chemicals .. to ~lan ~.- Asbestos v-' VoL" 14':; (1977) ~2:'''-:~~
.' .' ~ ;:~~::.<' '.~,'.~~ ~~~'~. '~';~p~~;?+~:r~'.:c .
~ .
.: ,. ,...'_:;~~~~~):~>:;,' ", ~~;~~~~:,:~;,~~~~~~. >~.
Ly.nchjK.~L.Land W.IL - Smith (1935) M.",PulmOnary -
: car:in~:a:a
lung in a:3be:3tos':"silicosis":;Arr~I~.~'~J~-"::......::::.~=~:
"' Z4~55.;:.
:.;.+~~:."-
12.' Menck, H.R. and Henderson, B.E. (1976). occupational in rates of lUDg cancer. J. ace. Med. 18:797-801.
13. See XL 2.
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~-,;',l~csnoranc1wn to Hort6n':,Corn~
Director;:' NI05H~
Discnarge"from'Six Hai
Associates v
. 9-.. ,1979"
5.3"
----.
54
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Hilliam Hodge, Dale Ray. UuS.
D"$" Depuxtnient of Commerce, personal corumL~:Jic.:ltion"
..------~----~-lIIttlt
CPSC, personal communication.
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