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i -*' ^ f,*'--\_t*a 0qrtimnl of thfet^erior--1959 ASBESTOS A Materials Survey By Oliver Bowles ********,* Information Circular 7880 42 008 1739 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1959 rw- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fred A. Seaton, Secretary BUREAU CF MINES Marling J. Ankeny, Director The Library a Congress has cataloged this publication as follows: Bowles, Oliver, 1877-195S. Asbestos, a materials survey. (Rev.| Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1959. lx. 04 p. illus., maps. 27 cm. <[U. S.i Bureau of Mines. Infor mation circular TSSOI First ed. compiled by the U. 3. Bureau of Mines and published in 195:1 under title: Materials survey, asbestos, 1050. Includes bibliographies. 1. Asbestos. asbestos, 1050. i. U. S. Bureau of Mines. Materials survey, (Series) TX295.U4 no. 7880 338.2767 58-60086 Library of Congress -r V 1 i For sale by the Superintendent oi Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. Price $1.25 (paper) 1 42 008 1740 OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES WASHINGTON 25. D. C. September 15, 1958 Hon. Leo A. Hoegh Director Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization Washington 25, D. C. Dear Mr.' Hoegh: The Materials Survey on Asbestos, originally published in February 1952, under an agreement with the National Security Resources Board, has been revised. Copies are being forwarded to you. This is the first Materials Survey to be revised under the terms of the April 15, 1955, agreement between the Department of the Interior and the Office of Defense Mobilization, which as signed responsibility to Interior for preparation and revision of Surveys covering 45 mineral commodities. Manuscript revisions proposed by reviewing officials of the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization have been incorporated in the Survey. Sincerely yours, I' ( ff ACTING Director ui 42 008 1741 Foreword Materials Surveys are designed to bring into a single document all the fundamental data needed by war or defense personnel with major responsi bilities with respect to Survey subjects. The Surveys dealing with metals and minerals summarize the demand-supply position In the United States and include information on production, imports, consumption, exports, capacity, interchangeability, substitutes, possibilities for expansion, and pertinent his tory, usually in some detail back to 1935. The properties of the commodity are described. Exploration, mining, milling, and processing methods and domestic and foreign resources and reserves are discussed. An extended pres entation of the structure of the industry covering major corporations, trans portation service, processing facilities, interrelationship to other industries, pertinent laws and taxation policies, tariffs. Government controls, special labor problems, and history of wartime control experiences is included. Other special data are presented for particular commodities. The first edition of Materials Survey--Asbestos, prepared by the Bureau of Mines, was published in February 1952. The present report, prepared in the Division of Minerals under the direct supervision of G. \V. Josephson, Chief. Branch of Construction and Chemical Materials, is a revision of the earlier Survey, made in accordance with the agreement between the Office of De fense Mobilization and the Department of the Interior dated April 15, 1955, that revisions of' the Surveys should be made periodically. Such revisions are essential because conditions governing production and consumption are con stantly changing. New deposits may be discovered and exploited while other deposits may be depleted. Changing economic factors may curtail production in certain areas and expand it in others. Thus, production patterns may shift, the emphasis varying from point to point, from country to country, and even from continent to continent. Similarly, in the field of utilization, substitution of alternate materials for a mineral commodity may increase; on the other hand, new and wider uses for the mineral may be developed. New equipment designs or new proc esses may increase or diminish the quantities of the mineral needed for specific uses. Changes in specifications or results of research may contribute to modifi cations in the use pattern. Copies of the original Asbestos Survey were sent to many competent reviewers with a request for comments or corrections. Xumerous respondents in the United States and in several foreign countries furnished supplemental or corrective data that have been incorporated in the revision. The revised manuscript was reviewed in whole or in part by specialists in the Bureau of Mines, the Geological Survey, the Department of Defense, and industry. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the reviewers of both the original and the revised report for their cordial and constructive response. Charles W. Merrill. Chief, Division <>f Minerals. 42 008 1742 f \ i i CONTENTS Page Chapter 5--Continued Foreword....................................................................... v Canada............................................. ............................ Summary and introduction........ .............................. I Capacity.................................................................. Essentiality of aslx-stos ......................... l Arizona......................................................................... Shortage of domestic supplies............................. 2 Vermont....................................................................... Upward trend of both world demand and Union of South Africa........................................... supply......... .......................... .................... Southern Rhodesia.................. ................................ Adequate information an imperative need___ Swaziland..................................................................... Chapter l. Varieties and composition of U. S. S. R............................................................... asbestos................................................................... 3 Supplementary milling in asbestos textile Varieties............................................................................. 3 factories................................................................... Chrysolite asbestos...... ....................................... 3 Bibliography...................................... .................. Araphibole asbestos................ -.......................... 3 Chapter 6. Grading and classification................ Amo-site................................................. Cana3da.......................................................................... Anthophyllite........................................................ 4 British Columbia...................................................... Tremolite................................................................ 4 Arizona......................................................................... Crocidolite................................................................ 4 Vermont....................................................................... Erratic character of amphibole fibers____ 4 Union of South Africa............................................ Importance of physical properties............................ 4 Crocidolite............................................................... Bibliography................................................................ 5 Araosite.................................................................... Chapter 2. Description of deposits_____ __________ 6 Chrysotile.............................. ................................ Domestic deposits..................................................... 6 Southern Rhodesia.................................................... Vermont........................................................................ 6 Chrysotile................................................................ Arizona.................................................................. 6 Swaziland............................. ....................................... Other occurrences_______________ :................. 7 Chrvsotile................................................................ Foreign deposits.............................................................. 7 U. S. S. R.................................................................... Canada.................................................................... 7 Chrysotile................................................................ 8uebec.................................................. ntario.................................................. British Columbia................................. India.7............................................................................. Chr8ysotile................................................................ S8tockpile grades and specifications..................... Newfoundland.................................................... 8 Chrysotile................................................................ Southern Rhodesia......................................... 8 Amosite..... .............................................................. Union of South Africa..................................... 9 Crocidolite............................................................... Cape Province......... ............................................. 9 Chapter 7. World production and consump Transvaal................................................................. 9 tion............................................................................. Natal.................................................................... 10 World output............................................................. Swaziland................................................................ 10 Output, by countries............................................... U. S. S. R............................................................... 10 United States........................................................ Venezuela....... .................................... 10 Canada..................................................................... Bolivia.................................................................... 10 Union of South Africa....................................... Greece....................................................................... II Southern Rhodesia....... ....................................... Italy.......................................................................... 11 U. S. S. R............................................................... Australia....................................................................... 11 World consumption................................................. New Zealand............................................................... 11 Bibliography............................................................... China.................................................... Chapter11 8. World reserves...................................... Japan.................... 11 Importance of reserves........................................... Finland................................................. United11States............................................................. Cvprus.......................................................................... 11 Canada.......................................................................... India............................................................................... 11 U. S. S. R.................................................................... Morocco.............................................. 12 Southern Rhodesia................................................... Other countries..... ................................................ 12 Union of South Africa........................................... Bibliography......................................................... 12 Transvaal................................................................ Chapter 3. Exploration............................................ 13 Cape of Good Hope........................................... Current progress in exploratory work..................... 13 Swaziland.................................................................... Methods and problems of exploration.................... 13 China............................................................................. Essential requirements of new discoveries____ 14 Australia..................................... ................................ Chapter 4. Mining methods.................................... 15 World estimate........................................................... Arizona....... .................................................................. 15 Summary...................................................................... Vermont....................................................................... 15 Bibliography............................................................... Canada....................................................................... 1C5 hapter 9. Political and commercial control... Southern Rhodesia................................................... 16 Significance of industry control........................... Union of South Africa............................................. Swaziland.................................................... U. S. S. R.................................................................... Other countries.......................................................... Bibliography............................................................... Chapter 5. Milling methods.................................... Definitions................................................................... 16 Political control......................................................... 16 Commercial control.................................................. 16 17 17 Chapter 10. International trade........................... Extent of international trade.............................. 18 Foreign trade of the United States................... 18 Consumption.......................................................... General features............................................................. 18 Imports.................................................................... VII Page IS III 20 20 21 21 23 24 24 25 25 25 26 20 20 20 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 *'T 28 28 23 28 28 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 36 36 30 36 37 37 37 37 37 - 42 008 1743 VIII ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY Chapter 10--Continued Chapter 18--Continued Foreign trade of the United States--Con. Exports..................................................................... 40 World War II controls and experiences--Con. Page War Production Board Conservation Order Export control....................................................... Foreign trade of Canada........................................ 40 41 M-79, as of September 30, 1942.. War Production Board Conservation Order 79 Foreign trade of Southern Rhodesia................. 43 M-123 as Amended December 14, Foreign trade of the Union of South Africa and Swaziland....................................................... 44 1942--Asbestos Textiles..................... Restricted Uses of Asbestos Textiles Un SO Chapter 11. Industry structure............................. 47 der Conservation Order M-123 as (ienerul structure...................................................... Marketing problems............................................. Necessity for a balanced market......................... Sale and distribution practices............................. 47 47 48 48 Amended December 14, 1942........... List A......................................................... [. ' List B...................................................... ' ' ` War Production Board Conservation Order SI SI 82 Chapter 12. Prices......... Price history of Canadian and United States 50 M-2S3--Asbestos Textiles... War Production Board Conservation Order 82 asbestos.................................................................... 50 M-283 as Amended March 17, 1943-- Prices of African asbestos....................................... Chapter 13. Uses aud requirements of use.... 51 53 Asbestos Textiles.......................... War Production Board Suppleinentarv 83 General features......................................................... 53 Conservation Order L-41-d--Construc Spinning fibers........................................................... Textile uses ......................................... -............... 53 53 tion. .......................................................... War Production Board Conservation Order 84 Xontextiie uses of long fibers.... ...................... 54 M-79 as Amended October 1, 1943-- Friction materials................................ Miscellaneous nontextile uses____ ___________ Interchangeability of grades.................................. 54 54 55 Cork, Asbestos, and Fibrous Glass.. Asbestos.................................. War Production Board Conservation Order 85 So ' Uses of antosite.......................................................... Uses of crocidolite..................................................... 55 55 M-123 Revocation--Asbestos Textiles . . War Production Board Conservation Order 86 Distribution of asbestos according to use_____ 56 M-79 as Amended January 31, 1944-- Directory of asbestos products manufacturers. Fabrication of asbestos products......................... Fabrics....................................................................... 57 58 59 Cork, Asbestos, and Fibrous Glass... Asbestos....................................................... War Production Board Conservation Order 86 86 Shingles and lumber----------- ---------- -------------- 59 M-79 as Amended Decembers, 1944-- Paper and millboard..................... ...................... Asbestos-cement pipe.......................... 60 60 Cork, Asbestos, and Fibrous Glass____ Asbestos............................................................. 37 37 Asbestos-magnesia insulation. ......................... 60 War Production Board Conservation Order High-temperature insulation............................. 60 M-283 as Amended January 4, 1945-- Compounded packings>.............................. 61 Cork, Asbestos, and Fibrous Glass.... 87 Ashestos cement...................................... 61 Asbestos Textiles.............................................. 87 Molded articles...................................................... 61 Restricted Uses of Asbestos Textiles Un Noncorrosive filters............................. 61 der Conservation Order M-283 as Bibliography........................................................... 61 Amended October 11, 1943.................. 89 Chapter 14. Substitutes for asbestos................... 62 List A................................................................ 89 Incentives for substitute research....................... 62 List B................................................................ 89 Soda-liine-silica glass fibers and mineral wool. 62 War Production Board Conservation Order High-silica glass fibers.............................................. 63 M-79 as Amended March 20, 1945-- Other siliceous fibers............................................. 64 Cork, Asbestos, and Fibrous Glass.. . 89 Organic substitutes................................................... 64 Asbestos......................................................... 89 Substitutes for amosite................................... 64 War Production Board Conservation Order Substitutes for crocidolite....................................... 64 L-41-d, Revocation--Construction.......... 90 Bibliography................................................... 65 War Production Board Conservation Ordpr Chapter 15. Beneficiation of asbestos.................. 66 M-283 as Amended August 11, 1945-- The low-iron prohiem................... ......................... 66 Cork, Asbestos, and Fibrous Glass.. . 90 Treatment of high-iron asbestos.......................... 66 Asbestos Textiles.............................................. 90 Elongation of short fibers....................................... 67 Restricted Uses of Asbestos Textiles Un Bibliography............................................................ 68 der Conservation Order M-283 as Chapter 16. Asbestos synthesis.............................. 69 Amended August 11, 1945................... 92 Synthesis of chrysolite............................................. Synthesis of amphiboles......................................... 69 69 List A................ I............................................. List B............................................................... 92 92 Synthesis of asbestiform products..... ................. 71 War Production Board Priorities Regula Bibliography................................................................ 71 tion 31 as Amended August 1945-- Chapter 17. Government Stockpile program. Chapter 18. War controls and experiences.... World War II controls and experiences............ Office of Production Management Conser vation Order M-79 Curtailing the Use of Certain Types of Asbestos............................ War Production Board Conservation Order M-79 Curtailing the Use of Certain Types of Asbestos, Amendment 1 . War Production Board Conservation Order M-123--Asbestos Textiles............................ 73 75 75 76 77 77 Regulations Applicable to the Opera tion of the Priorities System.......... .. Blanket Revocation of Certain WPB Orders........................................................... Building Materials....................................... Cork, Asbestos, and Fibrous Glass____ Paper................................................................ War Production Board Conservation Orders M-79, Asbestos, and M-283, Asbestos Textiles, Revocation..................... Post World War II Controls................................ National Production Authority Order 92 92 92 92 92 92 93 War Production Board Conservation Order M-96--Spinning Grades of Chrysotile M-79 as Amended June 18, 1942--As Asbestos Fiber.............................................. 93 bestos.................................................................... 78 Schedule A of XPA Order M-96.............. 94 War Production Board Conservation Order National Production Authority Order M-123 as Amended July 4, 1942--As M-96, Revocation--Spinning Grades of bestos Textiles........ ................ 79 Chrysotile Asbestos Fiber............................. 94 42 008 1744 9*^ 1 ' I 1 CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS IX Fie. 1. Map of major world asbestos deposits................................................................................... 2. Map of Quebec asbestos region..................................................................... ... 3. The largest asbestos mill in the world. Canadian Johns-Manviile Corp.mill. Asbesto-. Quebec................... 4. Mill of Vermont Aslx-dos Mines, near Eden. Vt...................... V Map showing world production of asbestos awl production, by countries.................. li. Asl-stos exports and imports, by countries, 194!). 1951. and 1953..................................................................... 7. Average yearly price of Canadian asbestos per ton, 1929-50................. 8. Synthetic amphibole asliestos............................................................................................................................................... s Jil -_M as :js .',1 71 TABLES 1. Sales of asbestos in Arizona. 1014-45......... ....................................................................................................................... 2. Canadian milling capacity. 1950......................................................................... ................................................... 3. \Vorid production of asbestos, by countries, 1947-51 (average) and 1952-56..................................................... 4. Asbestos sold or used by producers in the United States, 1925-56......................................................................... 5. Production (shipments) of asbestos in Canada, 1935-56, in short tons............. .......................................... 0. Production (shipments) of aslwstos in Canada, by grades, 1950-56, in short tons.......................................... 7. Production of asbestos in the Union of South Africa, by kinds, 1935-56, in short tons.................................. 8. Asbestos production in .'southern Rhodesia, 1935-56.................................................................................................. 9. Asbestos production in U. S. S. R....................................................................................................................................... 10. Consumption of asbestos, by countries or regions, 1950-55. in short tons........................................................... 11. Asbestos reserves of chief producing countries, thousand short tons..................................... 12. Apparent consumption of asbestos in the United States, 1935-56.......... 13. Imports of asbestos into the United States, by principal countries of origin, 1935-56. in short tons......... 14. Imports of spinning grades of asbestos into theUnited States from Canada. 1945-56, in short tons . . 15. Total shipments and imports into the United States of Canadian crudes and spinning libers, 1949-56. in short tons................ ..................................................................................................................................... 16. Asbestos (chrysotile) imported for consumption in the United States from Southern Rhodesia, by grades, 1943-56, in short tons.................................................................................... ......................................... . 17. Imports of amosite and crocidolite (blue asbestos) into the United States, 1943-56, in short tons.... 18. Exports of asbestos from the United States, 1947-56.................. ................................. .... . , 19. Exports of asbestos from Canada, by country of destination, 1935-55, in short tons.. . 20. Exports of asbestos from Southern Rhodesia, by principal countries of destination, 1935-56, in short tons. 21. Exports of asbestos from the Union of South Africa and Swaziland, by principal countries of destination, 1935-55, in short tons....................................................................................'........................... 22. Exports of chrysotile from the Union of South Africa, by principal countries of destination, 1945-56. in short tons................................................................................................................. .............................. 23. Exports of amosite from the Union of South Africa, by principal countries of destination. 1945-56. in short tons.......................................................................................................................................................................... 24. Exports of crocidolite from the Union of South Africa, by principal countries of destination, 1945-56, in short tons....................................................................................................... 25. Price history of asbestos sold in Canada, in dollars per short ton, 1926-56............................................................ 26. Prices of Vermont asbestos, in dollars per short ton, 1931-56................................................................................. 27. Prices of Arizona asbestos, in dollars per short ton, 1952-56.................................................................................. 28. Approximate prices of Rhodesian asbestos, in dollars per short ton, 1946-56.................................................. 29. Asbestos content and heat resistance of asbestos fabrics............................................................................................. 30. Allocation of strategic grades ofasbestos in 1944, by end use, textile uses ............................................................. 31. Allocation of strategic grades of asbestos in 1944, by end use, nontextile uses......................................................... 0 _'(! 28 30 30 31 31 32 32 32 35 37 38 39 39 39 4b 40 41 43 44 45 46. .30 5t 51 52 53 56 57 45 33. Allocation of asbestos, by end use, in 1944................................................................... .................................................. 34. Value of shipments of asbestos products in the United States, 1954-55............................................................... 35. Value of asbestos products exported from the United States, 1951-56................................................................. 36. Cell dimensions of natural and artificial tremolite............................... ......................................................................... 57 58 58 70 42 008 1745 ASBESTOS' A Materials Survey By Oliver Bowles* Sutnmary and Introduction "Asbestos" is a name applied to a group of naturally fibrous minerals. Because it has the fibrous characteristics of silk or cotton and at the same time will not burn and has other advantageous properties as well, asbestos has specialized uses for which no adequate substitutes are yet available. Asbestos furnishes a major raw material for a great variety of essential prod ucts, the manufacture of which constitutes a vast industry." Asbestos generally occurs in irregular veins scattered throughout rock masses. Most of the fiber-bearing rock is mined in huge open-pit or under ground workings. The fibers are separated from the rock and sorted into groups, according to length, in large, complex mills. The longer fibers are shipped to textile plants, where they are further fiberized and prepared in special machines and are used for spinning into yarn and weaving into unburnable cloth that has many important uses. The shorter fibers, which are much more abundant than the long ones, are used in asbestos-cement building materials in heat-insulating products and for a multitude of other applications. These processes and uses are covered in considerable detail in later sections of this report. This report gives primary consideration to the types and grades of asbestos that are of greatest importance in the program of military preparedness-- namely, the spinning grades of chrysolite, both foreign and domestic, and the amosite and crocidolite obtained only from foreign sources. ESSENTIALITY OF ASBESTOS The United States has developed the greatest asbestos-products industry in the world. The value of such products manufactured in 1953 was S345 million and in 1954. S323 million. These products are not only vital to build ing construction and industry but are absolutely essential to certain other important fields of use. For example, virtually all brake lining and clutch facings of automobiles, trucks, or other mobile equipment used in peace or war consist essentially of asbestos. Hence, a shortage of asbestos used in friction materials would tend to immobilize highway transport. Also, there is no known substitute for asbestos used in steam packings. Accordingly, a shortage of such products would interfere seriously with many lines of industrial activity. Satisfactory replacements for the amosite variety mined only in South Africa for felted insulation of marine turbines can be obtained only at exorbitant prices. Crocidolite (blue asbestos), mined in Africa and Australia, is regarded as a necessary constituent of asbestos-cement pipe. Work on manuscript completed January 1058. Former consultant commodity specialist. Bureau of Mines (deceased). 42 008 1746 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY Many other examples might be cited to indicate the essentialitv of asbestos to our modern way of life and to any program of military preparedness. SHORTAGE OF DOMESTIC SUPPLIES This great asbestos-products industry has been built up under conditions of overwhelming dependence upon foreign supplies of raw asbestos. Domestic mini's furnish only 6 to S percent of our requirements of all grades and an even smaller percentage of the important strategic grades. Canada and Africa are the principal foreign sources. Canada supplies most of the short-fiber demands of the United .States and a major part of the longer textile-grade fibers. Africa formerly supplied a low-iron asbestos essential to important military needs where fireproof electrical insulation is involved, but such supplies are now obtained chiefly from British Columbia, Canada. Africa is our only source of the asbestos variety amosite, which is of first importance as light weight insulation on ships and airplanes. Africa is the principal source of crocidolite (blue asbestos), which has certain special uses. Bolivia supplies small quantities and is the only source of crocidolite in the Western Hemisphere. UPWARD TREND OF BOTH WORLD DEMAND AND SUPPLY The asbestos-products industries of the United States are expanding greatly to pace growing industrial activity; therefore the domestic demand for raw asbestos is increasing steadily. British and continental European needs are also expanding. Central European asbestos-products industries, stagnant during World War II, have revived, and increasing quantities of African and Canadian fibers are being shipped to European markets. Australian demands are also rising substantiallv. Canadian and African production facilities re cently have been greatly enlarged, and further increases are expected. Supplies of fiber adequate to me^t growing world needs appear to be ample for the near future, but the long-term prospect is less definite. ADEQUATE INFORMATION AN IMPERATIVE NEED The procurement of necessary supplies is a problem of worldwide scope, and in every war emergency asbestos assumes top priority among strategic minerals. It is of paramount importance, therefore, that a thorough Knowledge should be gained of the composition and properties of asbestos, its uses and requirements for each use, grades and specifications, the degree of essentiality of each application, the nature and extent of sources of supply throughout the world, mine and mill capacity, reserves, transportation facilities, political and commercial control, world requirements by countries, import and export data, allocation of supplies, fiber beneficiation, possibilities of synthetic asbestos manufacture, use of substitute materials, past war controls, war history, and various other problems that may appear. The purpose of this report is to furnish information on as many as possible of these pertinent questions. 42 008 1747 CHAPTER L VARIETIES AND COMPOSITION OF ASBESTOS VARIETIES There ure several varieties of asbestos, differinir mm-idernbly in composition and physical properties. The most important commercially is chry.-utile. which constitutes about '>.') percent of total world production. Its wide use is due to the fact that its filters are generally strong and flexible and therefore can be applied to many uses, such as manufacture of textiles and steam packing, for which weak and brittle fibers are not adapted. Species of asbestos other than chrysotile fall in the amphibole group of minerals. The only varieties having significant use are anthophyilite, tremolite. amosite, and crocidolite. Fibers of anthophyllite and tremolite are genevallv weak and brittle, and their uses are limited. Sales are small, and only small quantities of these materials enter international trade. Amosite and crocidolite are mainly African varieties exported to the United States and other countries in considerable quantities for specialized uses. CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS Chrysotile is a hydrous magnesium silicate having a composition represented by the chem ical formula 3'Mg0 dSi02--H=0. It is a fi brous form of the mineral serpentine. Antigorite is a platy form of serpentine of no com mercial value. In recent work Shaw (5)3 indicates that both OH, the hvdroxyl radical or water of con stitution, and rf20, the water of crystallization, are present in chrysotile. To indicate the dual nature of the water content, he writes the chemical formula (OH)6MgSbOuH.:0. He claims also that in fibers from different loca tions the proportions of these two forms in which water occurs may vary. Thus, in Cana dian chrysotile a <rreater part of the hydration is water of crystallization, while in the Rhode sian chrysotile the hydration is due largely to the hydroxyl radical. He expresses the view that such a difference in chemical constitution may explain in part the superior electrical resistance of the Rhodesian fiber. The composition of chrysotile, however, is not. rigidly fixed according to either of the for 3 Italicized numbers la parentheses refer to Items la the bibliography at the end of this chapter. mulas given above. Minor quantities of iron, nickel, manganese, or aluminum may replace part of the mamiesium. Such small replace ments may result in some modifications in the physical properties of the fibers. Furthermore, these properties are iufiueticed to some extent by the presence of impurities: but, in general, chrysotile is more ronstant and dependable in quality than other varieties of asbestos. ( hemical analyses of representative samples of as bestos are given in Bureau of Mines Bulletin 5.V2 (7). AMPHIBOLE ASBESTOS The amphibole group of minerals was for merly believed to consist of anhydrous silicates of magnesium, calcium, iron, and other ele ments. However, in 1916 Schaller using five exact analyses of tremolite. showed, by cal culating the molecular ratios, that water was an integral part of the composition of tremolite and derived the formula 2CaO-`>MgO-8Si()..-- H-O, which is now the recognized composition as contrasted to the widely published formula CaO'-'5.MgO-4Si02. When X-ray studies of minerals were begun in the early logo's, Schuller's findings were confirmed, and it was further learned 'that all umphiboles contained water of crystallization. Only in textbooks of mineralogy published since about 11>4 will the definite statement be found: "All amplii- boles contain hydroxyl." The water content of amphiboles is low-^onlv 1 or > percent-- wiiereas chrysotile contains about lo percent water. AMOSITE There is some doubt that amosite is a distinct mineral species. Rabbitt (4) found by X-ray analysis of two amosite samples from South Africa that both were monoclinic in crystal lization and therefore were not anthophyllires. The chemical composition of one indicated that it was probably actinolire, and the other was probably cunimingtonite. Vertnas (d) con cludes that amosite is a fibrous form of the monoclinic amphibole grunerite (FeMgUSi.022(0H'i .. However, it seems desirable to re tain ri,,- name amosite in commercial usage where it serves a useful purpose. Amosite may contain as high as 40 percent iron oxide, but, as it is monoclinic in crystal lization it is not a true anthophyllite. although 3 \ s 42 OGS 1748 4 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY it is commonly classed as a high-iron anthophyllite. Amosite. unlike the true anthophyliites. which are almost invariably weak and brittle, consists commonly of long. fairly strong fibers that have certain specialized uses. It is mined only in Africa. ANTHOPHYLLTTE The composition of anthophyllite is now gen erally expressed by the formula Mg;(Si4Ou )(Oil*).-, sometimes written 7.Mg< )-8Si()... 1 [...(). The magnesium may be replaced in part by rertaiu oilier elements, hut complete replace ment is not possible because the anthophyllites possess only limited isomorphism. Ferrous iron may replace magnesium up to ifi.nd per cent. bur such an anthophyllite would still con tain as much as 1I.4S percent MgO. When the ferrous iron content exceeds 26.53 percent, the mineral ceases to be anthophyllite. as it be comes nnmoclinic in crystallization whereas all anthophyllites are orthorhombic. The MgO content of anthophyllite is said to range from a to 5t> percent. A series of 4b chemical analyses of anthophyllites assembled by Babbitt (4) shows a maximum of 31.53 per cent and a minimum of 11.48 percent. The one with the maximum MgO content contained 5.6 percent FeO. The C'aO content' of anthophyl lites is very low; it averages about 0.5 percent anil rarely exceeds 2 percent. Aluminum is a more important constituent of anthophyllites than is commonly supposed. Of Rabbitt's 46 tabulated analyses. 14 show more than 1U percent Al-Oj, and -JO show more than 5 percent. Aluminum may replace mag nesium or silicon. TREMOLITE In tremolite the calcium may be replaced in small part by sodium. The magnesium is re placeable by iron in considerable quantities and by aluminum to a lesser degree. Also, a small part of the silicon may be replaced by alumi num. Tremolite usually consists of gray to white silky fibers, which are for the most part weak and brittle, although fibers of consider able strength and flexibility are found at times. Iloth tremolite and anthophyllite are superior to chrysotile in resistance to chemical reaction. CROCIDOUTE Crocidolite or blue asbestos belongs to the hornblende group of amphiboles. Its simplest chemical formula is 3Xa.O-6FeO-2Fe.Oa`16SiO.-H-O. Considerable variation in compo sition has been noted. Sodium may be replaced by potash, ferric and ferrous iron bv magne sium or manganese, and ferrous iron by alumi num. Mineralogists now regard crocidolite as identical with riebeckite, being merely a fibrous form of that mineral. Crocidolite therefore bears the same relation to riebeckite that amosite bears to grunerite and that chrysotile hears to massive serpentine. Blue asbestos is produced chiefly in South Africa, hut substan tial quantities are now obtained in Western Australia, and a small output is obtained in Bolivia. Except for those in Bolivia and a recently discovered occurrence in New (Quebec, Canada, no commercial deposits of blue asbes tos are known in the Western Hemisphere. In Bolivian blue a large part of the iron is re placed by magnesium. The magnesium con tent of African blue asbestos is somewhat lower. ERRATIC CHARACTER OF AMPHIBOLE FIBERS As may lie observed from the foregoing dis cussion, the replacement of one element by another in varying proportions is a prevalent characteristic of the several varieties of amphibole asbestos. This variation in composition results in corresponding changes in their physi cal properties. These properties may also be influenced by the presence of impurities. The somewhat erratic and unpredictable physical characteristics of the amphibole fibers have a profound influence on their use. An antho phyllite from one locality may give satisfactory service for some specific use, while one from another deposit, although appearing to be exactly the same, mav be unsatisfactory. Thus, problems in amphibole asbestos procurement are much more difficult and complex than the procurement of mineral products like iron or copper, which, when pure, have constant prop erties, irrespective of the part of the world in which they may originate. IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES The outstanding physical characteristic of asbestos is its fibrous structure. Other im portant fibers found in nature are those of animal origin, such as wool and silk, and those of vegetable origin, such as cotton and flax. In combustibility is one of the striking differences between asbestos and the fibrous products of animal or vegetable origin. Of perhaps equal importance is the difference in structure. Each filament of cotton, wool, or silk is of measurable and fairly constant diameter and is indivisible into finer sizes. On the other hand, fibers of chrysotile asbestos can be divided and sub divided until a fineness is attained that is limited only by the delicacy of the machinery used and the skill of manipulation. The ulti 42 008 1749 CHAPTER I. VARIETIES AND COMPOSITION OF ASBESTOS 5 mate fiber size is presumably the size of the ulti mate molecule or crystal lattice of asbestos. In other words. fiberization is a cleavage process, and cleavage in minerals is defined as a tend ency to split in a certain direction, that is. to separate along and between layers of molecules. With respect to use. fiber size is important, and the size will depend unon the degree of fiberization attained in milling. Fibers ob tained from different deposits vary in the ease with which they may be filierized. Thus, two samples of chrysotile asbestos, given exactly the same mill treatment, may furnish products differing considerably in fiber diameter, be cause one of them separates or rtberizes more easily than the other. Such differences may have great practical importance because an asbestos that is difficult to fiberize may require such intense milling to reduce the fibers to de sirable fineness that they may be broken into un desirable short lengths. Ease or difficulty of fiberization is therefore an important prop erty of asbestos. The use to which a chrysotile asbestos may be applied is governed largely by fiber length. The longest fibers command the highest prices and the shorter grades progressively lower prices. Apparently, therefore, primary at tention must be given to milling processes that will separate the fibers from the parent rock and will fiberize them adequately with a mini mum of fiber breakage. The heat resistance of asbestos is important in many applications. Some users of asbestos confuse nonflammability with refractoriness. Nevertheless, many substances that will not bum will melt or decompose at relatively low temperatures. The fireproof property of as bestos is one of its chief assets: but, although unburnable, it will decompose and lose its es sential physical properties at moderately high temperatures. Some students of the subject have conceived the idea that asbestos is a highly refractory substance by reading the statement made by Cirkel (/) that it can with stand temperatures of 2.000 to 0.000 F. easily, while some varieties can be subjected to a temperature of .">.u00 F. with no apparent visible effects. With due respect to Dr. Cirkel. who wrote a splendid pioneer volume on a mineral of which little was known at that time, he was in error regarding the heat resistance of chrysotile. Iirandenberger and coworkers (]). who have made a comprehensive study of temperature effects on chrysotile at the Mineralogical Insti tute of the University of Zurich, state that the so-called adsorbed water of chrysotile ic driven off at about .'500 C. Between .V>o and tioo3 C. all of the water of crystallization is driven off, and the mineral gradually alters to olivine. Accompanying this dehydration is a pro nounced change in physical properties. At 400 C. there is a notable deterioration in fiber quality; and above .m0 C., with more or less complete dehydration, chrysotile is completely decomposed. The amphibole varieties of as bestos will withstand somewhat higher temper atures than chrysotile. However, croridolite. although having a low water content, is easily fused into a black magnetic mass. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Cirkel, Fritz. Chrysotile Asbestos: Its Occurrence, Exploitation. Minin::, and Cses. Canada Dept. Mines. Mines Brunch. 2d ed.. ruin. p. :u>. 2. ScriALLEB. W. T. The Chemical Composition of Tremolite. Mineralogical Notes, Series 3. Lteol. Survey Bull. 610, 1016, pp. 133-130. 3. Brasdenberger. E.. Epprecht. W.. and Xiogli. F. The Serpentine Minerals and Their Synthesis. II (trnns. by Frank Riordan, Jr.). Heir. Chim. Acta. vol. 30.1947. pp. i>-14. 4. Rabbitt. John C. A New Study of the Anthophyl- life Series. Am. Mineral., vol. Si. .May-June 104s. pp. 263-323. Shaw. Mvril C. The Asbestos Content of Asbestos Textiles. New Jersey Ceram. Res. Sta,, Rutgers L'niv.. Mar. 27. 1950. 7 pp. 6. Verm as. F. H. S. The Amphibole Asbestos of South Africa (with discussion). Trans, and l*roc. Geol. Soc. South Africa, vok 55, 1952. pp. 199-232. 7. Bowles. Oliver. The Asbestos Industry. Bureau of Mines Bull. 552, 1955, p. 6. 42 008 1750 CHAPTER 2. DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITS Asbestos deposits of commercial value are widely distributed throughout the world. The mist important are in Canada, Smthern Rhodesia. I'nion of South Africa, and Soviet Kiis-ia. but there are deposits in many other countries. The locutions of known commercial deposits are indicated in figure 1. prepared by the Department of Geography. I*niversify of Maryland, in cooperation witii the Bureau of .Mines. DOMESTIC DEPOSITS VERMONT The Vermont chrvsotile nslwstos ileposits near Hyde Park are regarded as a southern extension of the well-known Canadian belt. They differ in character, however, in that most of the asbes tos so far obtained is of the slip-tiber type. Some of the slip fiber is long and is adapted* for certain spinning and textile uses. Minor quan tities of erosstiber occur in veins that are rarely more than three-fourths inch'wide. Accord ingly, Vermont is a predominantly short-fiberproducing area. The output of spinning-grade asbestos is about 3 percent of total production. These fibers are used to some extent for spin ning, but chiedv for filters in electrochemical cells. The remaining groups, in order of abun dance. are group 6b and groups f>, 7. and 4. (See Canadian grading and classification in a later section.) The principal uses of the shorter fibers are for asbestos-cement products, asbestos paper, molded brake linings, and pipe and boiler covering and as a paint constituent. The sole producer is Vermont Asbestos Mines, subsidiary of the Ruberoid Co. A new, modem mill was built in 1949. Although the Vermont deposits have great commercial value, they are less important stra tegically because there is a small output of the spinning-grade fibers, which are of greatest strategic importance at this time. Further more. the fibers, like those in Quebec, cannot be classed as low-iron. ARIZONA Chrvsotile asbestos occurs in Arizona in nu merous localities over an area 60 miles long and 2."> miles wide in the Salt River and Cherry Creek Basins, Gila County. The region is more easily accessible than in earlier years. 6 The nearest railway station is Glolie. which is 40 miles or more from most of the de posits. Hard-surfaced roads from Glolie reach the vicinity of the deposits, and good access roads connect the main highways wirli most of the mines. Access to some of the undeveloped claims is difficult. Arizona asbestos dilfcrs in origin and occurrence from the deposits of ('anada, Rhodesia, and Soviet Russia, in Arizona the fibers occur in serpentine in veins parallel to the bedding of limestone in proximity to dia base intrusions. The veins are generally con fined to more or less horizontal zones several inches in thickness. They may become lean or vanish within relatively short distances or may become richer. Some of the Arizona fiber is soft, flexible, and of excellent quality, but other occurrences are harsh or semilnirsh. The scattered character of the fiber veins, the high cost of mining, the presence in places of harsh fiber, and long dis tance from markets have tended to discourage production. Table 1 shows production by years through 1944. Table 1.--Sales of asbestos in Arizona. 101 Year Short |j tons '! Year ' Short tons 1914..................... 1915-18, inclu- 1919..................... 1920..................... 1921..................... 1922 .................. 1923..................... 1924..................... 1925..................... 1926..................... 1927 ... . 1928..................... 19>9 1930..................... | 1 50 j; 1931..................... ; IS4 1: 1932-34, indu- 1 1, 900 '* sive.................. * 34 423 i! 1935........................................ 1, 200 ii 1936..................... 464 413 '! 1937..................... 648 93 1938..................... 942 4 li 1939..................... 904 1 132 1940..................... 1. !!>7 `SO 1941..................... 2.574 100 1942..................... 1.7*2 1 1, 250 ; 1943.............. 1. 4.">9 ` 1,500 il 1944..................... 696 934 1945 6S3 Note.--Data for 1914-44 compiled by Anrnna Bureau of Mines. Fieures for 194* find follow ini: years are confidential but were somewhat higher than in the early 1940's. > Estimated. As discussed elsewhere, low-iron chrvsotile has great strategic importance for electric in sulation products, such as electrical tapes and cable coverings. Until the Cassiar Asbestos Corp. mine in northern British Columbia, Can- 42 008 1751 <9 <`S>tt-(i9<9 Fiuuk l.-M jp < (Couries* CHAPTER 2. DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITS 7 acla. began to produce in 1953, the C & G grades of Rhodesian clu-ysotile constituted virtually the sole source of supply of these highly impor tant fibers. Arizona fiber, however, contains little iron, and the soft varieties are eminently suitable for electrical insulation uses: the Ari zona deposits are. in fact, the only domestic low-iron clu-ysotile deposits worked up to 1956. During the early stages of World War II it seemed desirable to stimulate production in Arizona as a safeguard against shortage of supply from Rhodesia. To determine the posdbilities of the Arizona area, the Bureau of Mines undertook an exploratory project in 1943, the results of which have been published (_J).1 Mining was conducted in five locations that were regarded as most favorable. Ex ploratory work failed to indicate extensive re serves, but some commercial material was found at two of the locations. Mining opera tions extending from one exploratory drift un covered a large area of fiber-bearing rock of much higher quality than that which appeared in the prelintinary drift. In three of the loca tions no significant discovery was made. Usu ally the occurrences were found to l>e erratic, noncontinuous. and limited in area by rather exacting conditions, such as small folds and bedding-plane faults in limestone in proximity to diabase sills and dikes. Another handicap is lack of a profitable market for the shorter grades, the disposal of which is discouraged by the high cost of transportation. Because of the uncertainty of the occurrences and the high cost of mining, only a moderate increase in production is to be expected even when stimulated by high prices. The Arizona deposits have been described in detail in recent reports (-5.6). OTHER OCCURRENCES Small quantities of asbestos are or have been produced in several other States. Amphibole asbestos is produced in North Carolina, Georgia, and California, and small quantities have been mined in Alaska, Idaho, Maryland, Montana. Oregon, Virginia, and Washington. Chrysotile occurs in many counties in Cali fornia, and a small output has been reported at times, but the history of development is disap pointing. The quality of the fiber in some of the deposits appears to be adequate, but no de posits large enough for sustained production have yet been developed. During 1950 several promising deposits of chrysotile of textile quality were found in a large serpentine belt in Shasta. Trinity, and Siskiyou Counties. Mill 1 Italicized oumhere in parentheses refer to Items In the bibliography at the end of this chapter. ------ 2 ing and processing tests on a large sample from one of these deposits gave such promising re sults that a program of exploration is fully justified. California may yet prove to be a valuable source of supply. A small output of chrysotile has been re corded from near Casper. Wyo.. and occur rences have been noted in Alaska. Montana. Oregon, and several other Stares. Xo deposits that bear promise of substantial output have l>een found in any of these locations. FOREIGN DEPOSITS CANADA QUEBEC The most extensive asbestos operations in the world are in the eastern townships of the Prov ince of Quebec. The asbestos area, which is about 70 miles long and 5 or (! miles wide, lies between Danville and East Broughton. Within this section are six producing centers-- East Broughton, Robertson. Thetford Mines. Black Lake, Coleraine, and Asbestos. The as bestos is chrysotile of high quality, occurring chiefly as crossfiber veins in a serpentine and peroditite formation of post-Ordovician age. In the map of the Quebec asbestos region (fig. 2) the areas indicated as consisting of serpen tine also include areas of gabbro and pyroxenite: hence, the areas of host rock are not as extensive as the map indicates. The Quebec deposits have been described in considerable detail by Ross (/) and Cooke (J). Most of the output of the Black Lake, Thet ford. and Danville areas is derived from cross fiber veins ranging in width from hairlines to 4 or 5 inches across. The bulk of the output is obtained from veins less than one-fourth inch across. The length of the fiber is governed primarily by the width of the vein. Slip fiber originating in fault planes is the chief product of the East Broughton area. The proportion of fiber recovered averages 614 to 7 percent of the rock mined and 3 to 814 percent of the rock milled, according to a recent estimate. In early years it was esti mated that 7.S percent of the fiber produced was of spinning grade; in 1928-32 the spinning grade averaged 6 percent. With increasing utilization of shorts, the percentage is now somewhat lower. The following companies were operating in the Quebec area in 1956: Asbestos Corp.. Ltd., Johnson's Co., Bell Asbestos Mines. Canadian Johns-Manville Corp., Xicolet Asbestos Mines, Ltd., Quebec Asbestos Corp.. and Flinrkote Mines. Ltd. The following companies were conducting exploratory or development work 42 008 1753 8 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY on new properties in Quebec in 1955 and 1956: Lake Asbestos Co. (subsidiary of American Smeltin'! Jc Refining Co.). Golden Age Mines. New Lafayette Asbestos Co.. Ltd., Derogan Asbestos Corp.. Quebec Asbestos ('orp.. Inter national Asbestos Co.. National Gypsum Co., and Eastern Asbestos Co. The locations of the mines are indicated in figure 2. prepared by the Department of Geog raphy. I'niversity of Maryland, in cooperation wirb the Bureau of Mines. A low-iron chrysotile deposit, similar to those of Arizona, occurs norrli of Buckingham. Quebec, about 45 miles from Ottawa. Eastern Asbestos Co., of Montreal, has conducted a drifting and core-drilling program, which has established reserves of considerable extent. A small mill was under construction earlv in 1956. ONTARIO The Jolms-Manville Corp. has developed a large property--the Munro Mine--which be gan production in April 1950. The mine is 12 miles east of Matheson, Munro Township, dis trict of Cochrane. The chrysotile asbestos oc curs in crosstiber veins in a nearly vertical serpentinized sill 500 to 900 feet wide. The sill is cut by later dikes and displaced by cross faults. The maximum width of the veins is about 1 inch. The deposit furnishes a large proportion of the group 4 grades but little or no fibers of spinning grade. Fiber persists to a depth of several hundred feet. The rock has been mined by open-pit methods, but an under ground system was being developed in 1954 and 1955. Several thousand tons of fiber are obtained from this source annually. BRITISH COLUMBIA Cassiar Asbestos Corp., Ltd., has developed a new low-iron chrysotile asbestos deposit on a spur of McDame Mountain, northern British Columbia. Reserves are large, and the propor tion of spinning fibers is exceptionally high. Sales exceeded 20,000 tons in 1956; 35 percent of the material sold was of spinning grade. Forrv-two percent of total fiber sold was ex ported to the United States, 49 percent of which was of spinning grade. Because of the high transportation cost to consuming centers, rhe shorter, relatively low-priced grades, such as are sold in large quantities in Quebec, can not be marketed profitably and therefore are not produced. This discovery is one of the most significant recent developments in the asbestos industry, but operation is hampered to some extent by severe climatic conditions and difficult transportation. NEWFOUNDLAND A deposit of chrysotile asbestos has been found in the Lewis Brook area in Newfound land. Fiber of good quality and spinning length is available, but its commercial possi bilities are still undetermined. Difficulties of access and transportation are probably rhe chief handicaps to development. This deposit constitutes a potential reserve. Discovery of a large asbestos deposit on the north coast of Newfoundland between White Bay and Notre Dame Bay was reported in 1956. The fiber is said to l>e a good-quality chrysotile predominantly of the shorter grade.'. The deposit probably can furnish only very small quantities of spinning fibers. SOUTHERN RHODESIA Southern Rhodesia ranks next to Canada in international trade as a world source of chry sotile asbestos. The Russian deposits are doubtless larger, but the Russian output is applied principally to domestic uses: only fluctuating and uncertain quantities enter in ternational trade. The most important producing area is the Shabani, about 80 miles south of Gwelo and 120 miles east of Bulawayo. Here the asbestos oc curs in an ultrabasic clunite-serpentine complex intruded by granite gneiss. The deposits, which are lenticular in the workable sections, have been proved by drilling to considerable depths. The workable zones are large: rhe strike length of the zone at section 170 of the Shabani mine is 2,000 feet and the width 200 to 300 feet. Other important sections of the Shabani mine are the Birthday, section 177. and Nil Desperandum. Crudes and spinning and shingle fibers are produced at a rate of about 5,000 tons a month. Owing to lack of local out lets and distance from foreign markets, rhe paper, plaster, and other short fibers are now wasted. Transportation was at first difficult, but since 1923 the fiber has become much more easily available to foreign consumers because of completion of a 63-mile railway from Shabani to Somabula. The Mashaba district, another important mining area, is about 40 miles east of Snabani. The principal mines are the Gaths, King, and Temeraire. There are also several smaller producers. Shingle fibers are the principal products. Several mines are operating in the Filabusi district, about 60 miles west of Shabani. notably the Croft, Pangani. and Wynnes. The Vali gat'd. Ben, and Peak mines are in the Belingwe district and the Lanninhurst mine, a small but steady producer, is farther south at West Nich- 42 008 1754 (a d atj) at-(i9 BuicauolM ii.fi lnf.umin.ui r .i.u tu ;B0 10 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY The asbestos occurs in three hands. The up per band is 42 indies rliiek ami ontains 14 per cent asbestos. Below it is 7:2 indies of waste nx-k. beneath wliirli is the main baml. (}n indies rliiek: nbout 25 percent of tliis is asbestos. A baml of wa-re nx-k l ns indies rliiek lies Iielow ir. aii>l beneath is the lower baml. -`in inches thick: 11 pereent of this is amosite liber. Four mines are lorateil alone: rhe outcrop. The Amosa ami IVnge mines, adjacent to each other, are at IVnge. The main nti 11 i mr faeiliries are at rliese mines. The IvremellnnlMMig mine is abour s miles southeast along the -trike, and the .Mali]is mine is g*i miles norrbwest of IVnge. Kaeh of rliese mine-; has its own milling and housing facilities, .Many smaller mines are also workeil. Much of the liber is 6 inches or more in lengrh. It is of strategic importance and is in stromr demand. Current plant capacity is about .'iO.imhi tons per year, and an expansion of facilities to double the output is planned. Crocidolite occurs with amosire in the west ern part of the belt. Production was small for many years, bur since l'.>50 it has exceeded 15,u')0 tons annually. NATAL A small production of ciirvsotile is obtained at times from a deposit east of Ivranz Kop, Zululand. SWAZILAND Development was begun in 10:17 of an im portant deposit of ciirvsotile asbe>tos in an area in Swaziland about Li miles soutli-soiitbeast of Barberton in the Transvaal. The asbestos oc curs as crosstiber veins in serpentine. The Havelock mine, owned by Turner & Xewall, Ltd., be^an production in June 1939. Tlie mine connects with the railroad at Barberton by means of an overhead cablewav 12.6 miles long. This has become a major producing area, hav ing an output of about 30.0t)0 tonsper year. U. S. S. R. The Russian asbestos deposits are generally regarded as ranking next in importance to the Canadian. The region providing the major part of .Soviet production is known as the Bazhenovo region in the Urals (2). The industry is cen tered at Asbest. about 35 km. north of Razhenovo and 35 km. northeast of Sverdlovsk. The asbestos-bearing serpentinized intrusion is about 21 km. long and 200 to 12200 meters wide. It consists of peridotites bounded by schist or slate on the west and by granite on the east. The asbestos occurs in ellipsoidal masses of ser pentine. which may attain a length of 3.500 and a width of 1,000 feet. The highest percentage of asbestos is in rhe central parrs of rlie-e masses. The crosslilier veins generallv run north and south and dip veiticallv. ."lip tilier appears in places. Russian asliesros .-onrains less iron rhan the Queliec Hiier. Analv.-es of typical samples show an Fe.(>: conrent of lla/henovo a.-lic-ros of |.n!) |>eivrnr compared with 4.5;; percent for a Thett'ord Mines -ample. The FeO ci>nrent of rhe samples was. rc-pecr ivelv. u.45 and 1.!*". The overburden is compamriwiv shallow, and a.-be-rns in rbe weathered nx-k is somewhat harsh and lack.--ilkines.-. Relow rhe .'a>-four level ir mure nearly resemble- ('an.-nliaii liber. The percenrage of spinning riber is -aid to be a lirtle higher in the Russian rhan in the Canadian deposits, bur rbe percentage of total recovery is abour rbe same. There are four major groups of mines in rbe district. The most northerly, known as rbe Proletariat, produces shorts almost exclusively. The October and the Ilyim-k. the two central districts, are the richest and are rhe major pro ducers. The most somberly district is known as the Tnidovoy Ofdykh. VENEZUELA ^ Ciirvsotile of the Quebec type occurs in rbe Scare of Cojedas. 5 to 7 miles from Timupdllo and about 35 miles from Valencia. There are two major deposits. Kl Tigre and La itoiitanita. about 3i-i> miles apart. The latter is the larger and the more promising. The asbe-tos occurs in crosstiber veins attaining an occa sional width of U:> inches. A fair proportion of liber of spinning length is available. In 1952 Amianto Venezuela'*Compania Auonimu (AMVECO) of Caracas was organized to de velop and mine these properties. A recondi tioned mill at the El Tigre deposit began operating in 1953 and produced 1.7m) tons in 1955. Fiber of shingle-stock grade is sold to an asbestos-cement products plant at Caracas, and an export trade is being developed for the longer grades. Several other deposits in the area may justify further examination. BOLIVIA Crocidolite (blue asbestos) lias been mined in a small wav in Bolivia for many years. The deposits are about 200 km. northeast of Cocha bamba in the Mendoze Canton. Department of Cochabamba. The asbestos veins range from U> to 30 cm. (12 inches) in width. They till fractures and bedding planes in samlsrone. The veins are fairly close together in places: 6 veins have been found in a cut l merer wide. The liber-vein area is evidently very extensive. Tlie fibers are weaker than the African or Aus tralian blue but are superior to other blue 42 008 1757 r CHAPTER 2. DESCRIPTION* OF DEPOSITS 9 olson. On rite Great Dyke, a major ultrabasic feature extending about 3go miles across the Colony, the only asbestos deposit now being worked is rbe Krbel mine in the tjnvukwe Hills, about ;ii miles northwest of Salisbury. Other ornirnMiies of chry.-otile an? known in Southern Khmlesia. and some have produced at rimes. In vie"' of the complex treatment in volved in producing the well-known C < G grade fibers in the Shabani area, it is dilficulc for .-mall operators to produce acceptable grades. The proportion of lone libers of strategic grade is relatively high in Rhodesia. It has been estimated that ro -'ID percent of the Shabaui liber may be classed as spinning gnule. whereas oniy 4 to li percent of the Quebec liber is of this grade. The preponderance of long filler in the Shabani area, however, is over emphasized on a percentage basis by the fact that there is an enormous market for Canadian short grades, whereas the shorter fibers are re covered in relatively small quantities in Rho desia because of the high freight rate to markets, the chief of which are remote from the mines. Rhodesian asbestos was greatly in demand in the United States during World War II and for some time thereafter, because it contains little iron and therefore is well adapted for elec tric insulation uses. Owing to the recent avail ability of low-iron chrysotile from British Co lumbia. Canada, the Rhodesian fibers are now regarded as of minor strategic importance. Rhodesian fibers are of particular value to the asbestos industry because they are well suited for blending purposes. The local market for the fibers lias experienced a growth commen surate with the industrial development of the Federation and will continue to expand as this development continues. The bulk of the pro duction, however, is exported, the main outlets being the ports of Beira and Lourenqo Marques in Portuguese East Africa. Production now exceeds 100,000 tons annually. UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA CAPE PROVINCE The largest deposits of crocidolite (blue fiber) known in the world occur in Cape Province in a belt of banded ironstones of sedi mentary origin extending from a point -0 miles south of Prieska northward beyond Kunitnan--an overall length of about 240 miles. The maximum width is about 30 miles. The lavender-blue crocidolite occurs in interbedded crossfiber veins widely but sporadically dis tributed throughout the belt. The dip and strike of the folded beds are variable, and ade quate knowledge of the geology is essential to intelligent prospecting and development. The fibers range in length from les* than one-half inch ro g inches nr more but rarely exceed + inches. The proportion of spinning fil>er is high, ranging from in ro go percent. The principal producer is the Cape A.-be~rn> Co. tCajH? Blue Mines tPty.). Ltd.). which oper ates -everal mines uorrli of Prieska. The New Amianthus Mines. Ltd., a subsidiary of Turner > Xewall. the Griipialaud Kxploration Ji Fi nance Co- Ltd., and Ivurmnan Cape Blue Asliestos < Pty.). Ltd., opemre mines in rhe north ern section of rhe lielr. Transportation is dilficnlt. as rhe nearest railway i> go ro C'.n miles from rhe workings. Production exceeded 4S.IHX) tons in l!>.*.li. TRANSVAAL Four varieties of asbestos--chrysotile. erocidolite. amosite. and anrhophyllire'--oceur in rhe Transvaal. Small quantities of rhe last varietv are produced for local use. Chrysotile was first produced in the Carolina district from de posits in altered dolomite overlying a diabase sill. These seem to be similar in origin to rhe Arizona desposits. A second occurrence 47 miles from Carolina is the itsmil type of cross fiber veins in serpentine. Production from the Carolina district has never been large. The Barberton district is again a fairly pro lific producer after some years of low produc tivity. The Stolfzburg Asbestos (Chrysotile) Holdings, Ltd.. Kalkkloof Asbestos Mine. Lrd., and several other companies are now producing moderate quantities of asbestos in the Carolina area, while African Chrysotile Asbestos and Barberton Chrysotile Asbestos companies are the chief producers in the Barberton field. Production exceeded 24.000 tons in U>56. The only commercial deposits of amosite known in the world are in the Transvaal. As indicated in the introduction of this report, amosite does not appear to be a separate mineral species, but it has distinctive qualities that jus tify its continued consideration as a commercial tvpe. Tile fiber occurs most prominently near Penge, about '>() miles north of Lydenburg in northeastern Transvaal. The amosite belt ex tends from the Steelport River northwestward along the basin of cue Olifants River, thence westward to Chuniespoort. The asbestos occurs in crossfiber veins associated with diabase sills in a series of shales, slates, and quartzites that dip about 18. The depth to which the asbestos veins persist down the dip has not been deter mined. The strike of the rock parallels the Oli fants River: accordingly, the tributaries of the river cut across the strike and create favorable conditions for driving strike adits along rhe fiber veins. 42 008 175 12 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY 1 ilium district of Bihar and Bam Bana in the Semikela. district of the same State consist ch'ieriv of tremolire. MOROCCO Tn rhe early UH'i's considerable interest was exhibited in rhe Bon Azzer a.~l>esros mine Incured in de-erf country about 1*hi km. liji! miles) north of tlie Sahara Desert. The asbes tos is rhrvMirile occtirriiur at contact of a mass of irreenstone with grunodiorite. Tlie fiber oc curs in lenses, many of which are small. Sam pler* of fiber sent to rhe Bureau of Mines were of good spinning quality, but only a small frac tion of the fiber is of spinning length. The association of rhe asbestos with cobalt is unique. Up to 19+4 about aiX) tons of short fibers had been hauled by truck to Casablanca, where it was used in rhe manufacture of building ma terials. No activity has been reported since that date. Several other asbestos deposirs have been worked in the vicinity of Bou Azzer. OTHER COUNTRIES Sporadic production from small deposits is reported from many other countries, but none appears to offer substantial supplies. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Ross. J. C>. i'lirysotiie Aslie-tos in Canada. Can ada Dept. Mines. .Mines Branch. Xo. 707. i:i::t. 14C. ||>. 2. Rckeyser. W. A. CUrr*.ifile A.-besto* in the Ba jenova District. C. S. S. R. Ena. Min. Jour., vul. IU4. Amttisc in-'--!, pp. a::). 3. Cooke. H. C. Thetford. Disraeli, ami Fla.-rern Halt of Warwick Map Areas, tjueitec. Canada Dept. Mines and Resources, <ie*d. Survey. Mem. -i l. 1!K'.7. |)|>. '*-140. +. Stewart. LiNffius- A., .v.vo Hacry. P. S. Arizona Ashestn* Deposits. Gila (`oaucy. Aril. Bureau <>f Mines Rept. of Investigations 41liu. I'.)47. 'js pp. 3. Stewakt. Lx.vcoi..v A. Chrysotile-A f Arizona. Bureau of Mines Inf. (Jin*. 77iu5. 124 pp. <J. Stewart, Liscolx .V. Chrysotile-A>hest.>s Depn-its of Arizona (Supplement to information Circular 770441. Bureau of Mine* Inf. Circ. 7743. l'.J-'ii, 41 pp. 42 008 1759 CHAPTER 2. DESCRIPTION" OF DEPOSITS 11 fibers for use in gas-mask filters. The mate rial wa> therefore stockpiled for strategic use loir, with the development of satisfactory filierglass gas-mask hirers. Bolivian blue is now of minor strategic importance. Because of its low nm.-ile 'trength. there is little demand for ic in rhe open market. trict. Hopei Province. Neither proyin.-e lias produced extensively. It is estimated that production reached as high as ginmn nm- a year under Japanese stimulation in the e-.rlv W-P1'.-. bur mist of it during that period was obtained from rbe Aiming urea in .Manchuria. Xo reliable production data are available. GREECE A recently discovered occurrence known as the Xidaiii ashesros deposit. about".n miles sourh of Kozatii in northern Greece, was being de veloped in 1!>:.7 by Kennecort Cop|>er Co., of Xew York. X. Y. According to reports. core drilling had established extensive reserves. ITALY Borh tremolire and dirysotile are produced in Italy. The Balangero dirysotile mine in Torino, about JO km. north of Turin, has been the chief producer during- recent years. The fiber is said to be inferior to Canadian asbestos for spinning purposes. Although production of all kinds of asbestos reached ">"..266 short tons in 19.V, very little is exported to the United States. AUSTRALIA Small quantities of dirysotile are produced in Western Australia and Xew South Wales. The most important asbestos deposit is the rroddolire occurring in rhe Hamersley Ranges of Western Australia. Several thousand tons of blue fiber, comparable in quality with Cape blue, is produced annually, and L.000 to 2.000 tons per year is imported into the United States. Crocidolite also occurs at Hawker, Smith Australia. Chrysotile occurs in the Roebourne and Pilbarra districts of Western Australia, near Cowell. South Australia, at Marlborough. Queensland, and in the Beaconsrteld district of Tasmania. NEW ZEALAND Chrysotile asbestos in veins up to 3 inches wide occurs in a serpentine area, at leastmiles long, near Mount Arthur in the upper Takaka district. The deposit is said to be extensive, but no production has been recorded since 1052. CHINA Several chrysotile deposits are known in China. The largest deposits in China Proper are in the Paotou Wucliuan and Ivuyang dis tricts, Suiyuan Province, and in Laiyuan dis JAPAN Before !!:::> a small production of a.-liestos was obtained from various scattered deposirs, but after that date intensive exploration and development were undertaken, and a -ubsidized asbestos industry of moderate size was established. The most important mines are in the Hokkaido disrrict. where about 04 percent of the chrysotile output originates. The other 6 percent is mined in southwestern Honshu district. In the Hokkaido district tiie dirysotile occurs in irregular veins in serpentine. Virtually the entire output consists of short fibers used chiefly in asbestos-cement products. The fiber is prepared in processing mills pat terned after those in Quebec, Canada. FINLAND Finland is a steady asbestos producer, but the fiber is an aniphibole type of little strategic importance. The principal output is from the commune of Tutismiemi. CYPRUS The asbestos deposits of Cyprus occur at Amiaudos. on Mount Troodos. in the west-ceutral area. Short-fiber chrysotile occurs in ir regular veins in serpentine. The maximum thickness of the veins is about half an inch. The asbestos content of the rock is only I to 2 percent. Milling is predominantly a shortfiber operation, and "shingle stock" is said to comprise about 9<> percent of production. Al though output exceeded iT.Obt) short tons in 1055, the material has little strategic value. INDIA Chrysotile asbestos of good quality occurs in Pulivendla Taluk iCouiitv), Cuddapah dis trict. Andhra State, about 160 airline miles northwest of Madras. The asbestos-bearing zone lies in a serpentine-bearing magnesian limestone at contact with intrusive sills of rraprock. Small tonnages of the fiber reach rhe United States market occasionally. Veins of chrysotile are worked at times near Gopalpmu. Mysore district, and also in the Hasan district, Mysore State. Asbestus deposits of Singh- ' i I*. !* ii? 42 008 1758 14 ASBESTOS--A materials scrvet rite intersections of riie "rid thus formed. The .paring may. however, he greater "> less fhuii !.-> feet, depending upon circumstances. The holes may l>e either vertical or inclined. .V direction is chosen that will furnish the most Useful iiiformatinn concerning the rooks inter- I. A study of rlit* con*- will give infor mation >111 the -paring and thickness of tin* liher vein*, rhe approximate percentage of liber present. tin* length and quality of the liher. and the depth of iiher-heariug rock available. The proport ion of liber to rock may be deter mine'! by measuring rhe total width of fiber vein* intersected. One merliod is ro measure rhe veins by increments of one--ixreenrh incli. A .*i-foor secrion of core couraius as sumption of an even Loot) is within the realm of approximate ao-urncy. Therefore, by add in" the total number of sixteenths of filter contained in a .7-foot section and dividing this number by in an uncnrrected percentage of fiber coitrenr is obrainetl. This figure nitty be corrected according to rhe angle at which the veins intersect the axis of the core. Another method of evaluating the fiber bv grades is ro crush the cores and screen out the filter in a laboratory mill. If rhe cores are badly broken us they com monly tire in fractured and veined serpentine, a merliod of sampling the drill sludge has Iteen devised. The findings of filter content by the drill-core or sludge methods-may he checked hy determining rhe filter content of representa tive bttik samples taken from outcrops or drifts. Laboratory or pilot-plant mills may be used for such determinations. If a commercial mill is available, a test run of several hundred tons of a vent tie mill rock is the most reiiahle means of determining total recovery and recovery by grades that may be expected. However, each asbestos deposit lias its characteristic features, and milling proc esses and equipment must be adapted to suit rhe prevailing conditions. A mill designed and adjusted to treat most efficiently the rock of a certain deposic may not be well suited to treat rock from anorlier source. Therefore, the percentage recovery obtained on the sample may be lower than could be obtained when, as a result of experience, the mill is operating ac maximum efficiency. Length, strength, and flexibility of the fibers are of first importance. For fibers one-fourrh inch iong or longer a simple test is to hold a wisp of fiber firmly between the thumb and finger, using both hands, and to ewisr it by ro tating the hands. Weak fibers will break readily under such treatment. If the asbestos can be twisted for some time without break age it has high srrength. ami if rhe fillers tire lung enough they probably ate -uiteil for spin ning uses. Fibers one-fourth inch long and longer are more valuable than rhe -imrrer grades. However, for weak fillers like tic.-*- of most anthophyllires and rremolites. rioer length is of little siguitii-am-e Iwaiise rhe fillers are easily broken into shorter lengths. ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF NEW DISCOVERIES Certain conditions must he .-arisf'aororil v met before suei-essful commercial operation of a new cltry-otile asbestos deposit ran lie reason ably assured. ( hrysotiie fillers of commercial grade must lie strong and flexible. Surface weathering tends to weaken the fillers: samples should therefore lie taken below the weathered zone. Adaptability of the fillers to u.-e is an impor tant consideration: filtration priqierries. harsh ness. flexibility, and brittleness directly nfiVt com mere ia 1 a p pi icat ion. tfoine asbestos deposits are worked profitably even though virruallv all of the fiber is below spinning grade because short fibers are n.-ed ex tensively. However, fiber of spinning length is highly desirable, especially in rimes of na tional emergency. Even a small proportion of fiber veins three-eighths inch or more thick is a favorable factor. Deposits yielding bnrli spinning ami nonspinuing fibers are more likely to prove profitable than those producing short fibers only. Normally the percentage of fiber recovery in commercial deposits ranges from -I to 6 percent, but occasionally it may lie higher or lower. Some deposits containing only J or '? percent fiber are said to be operated profitably. A de posit with small yielii might he workable if the fibers were of exceptionally high value, if. for example, the deposit yielded a substantial pro portion of spiunable asbestos. Asbestos milling is a costly process that re quires a heavy investment in equipment. The investment is justified therefore only if rhe workable deposit is large enough to insure ade quate supplies of commercial quality, fiber-bear ing rock for at least 'JO years of operation at an established rate and average profits. Frospect core drilling to determine the extent of reserves is a necessary forerunner of any asbestos min ing and milling project. Economic factors are important. Operating costs, power and water supply, transportation facilities, marker demands, and availability of labor are important factors in determining minabilitv. 42 008 1761 ft 1 CHAPTER 3. EXPLORATION Exploration is ;i necessary preliminary step in rie development and exploitation of asiiestos ileposits. Asbestos is usually associated with serpentine, a mineral easily recognized. Geo logic mapping of serpentine ami associated for mations is of great assistance in prospeer ing. Exploration at ileptli may be conducted with diamoiul orsliot core drills. CURRENT PROGRESS IN EXPLORA TORY WORK Industry has conducted wide exploration, and Government, through the channels of the Bureau of Hines and the Geological survey, has searched for new deposits for many years, but little success has been attained. Early in the posewar i World War II) era. when all types and grades of asbestos were in short supply, the Government recognized that a critical situation existed, not only for asbestos but for several orher minerals, and the Defense Minerals Ex ploration Administration on February 20.1951. allocated a SlO-million fund to assist in the search for new deposits. The terms for asbes tos exploration were of decided advantage to participating firms. The ratio of contribution originally was 90 percent by the Government and 10 percent by the operator. Late in 1953 the ratio was changed to 75 and 25 percent, respectively. From the establishment of the DMEA pro gram until March 1957, 19 asbestos contracts had been approved, most of them in Arizona, several in California and Vermont, and one each in Montana and Wisconsin. Four of the contracts led to certification of discovery, but three of the deposits so certified were too small to have significance in the overall situation. The fourth"certification concerns an extension of the well-known large asbestos-bearing area in Vermont, the only large domestic reserve known at this time. The results are discouraging, but they might have given more promise liacl not the regulations under which DMEA has operated since early 1953 confined assistance to low-iron chrvsotile discoveries, a regulation which has virtually limited applications to Arizona. The results of the DMEA program indicate that industry is prepared to cooperate with Government in exploration of areas that bear promise of containing valuable asbestos ileposits. the investigation of which would in volve too much risk to encourage unsupported private investment. The Bureau of Mines and the Geological Survey are assisting in exploratory work inso far as their limited resources will permit. Some work is being done by Srare geologiml^^^ surveys. Several asbestos companies are ducting extensive exploratory work as a part^^^ of their regular development'programs. Government facilities for asbestos explora tion are largely unused. Xo DMEA applica tions for assistance on asbestos prospects have been received for many months. METHODS AND PROBLEMS OF EXPLORATION Methods of exploration are governed to some extent by the nature of the deposit. Most of the commercial asbestos deposits of the world, like those in Quebec. Camilla, are associated with massive serpentine, peridotite, and similar rocks that extend to great depths. Such de posits, which may be designated the threedimensional type, require exploration both lat erally and vertically. A less common type, like that in Arizona, consists of more or less hori zontal fiber veins bedded in limestone. Such deposits are predominantly two-dimensional, the main problem being determination of die areas of the fiber-bearing zones. However, oc casional vertical exploration may lie desirable to determine the presence or absence of addi tional fiber veins at other levels or ro mice fiber-vein displacement by faulting or folding. The magnetometer lias recently been applied with some success to prospecting for asbestos. Serpentine masses with which" chrvsotile is generally found can be detected with a magaerometer even though they may be blanketed deeply with overburden. The "magnetometer will not detect asbestos, but it enables the prospector to delineate the areas where ser pentine, the host rock of the asbestos, exists, and thus it narrows the field for later, more intensive prospecting. The magnetometer is less effective in prospecting the sheetlike de posits occurring in limestone. If. by using the magnetometer or by other means, a promising area has been delineated, more detailed prospecting may be pursued. If the serpentine occurs in bare outcrop, a careful examination of the surface will perinir a limited evaluation of the deposit. If the deposit is covered with shallow overburden, nits or trenches will permit examination of near-sur face rock. Exploration at depth is best ac complished with diamond-bit core drills. Sur vey lines are commonly spaced at 100-foot in tervals and in 2 parallel series at right angles to each other. Drill holes may be spotted at 13 42 008 1760 ASBESTOS--A materials scrvev SOUTHERN RHODESIA The la rips* asbestos mines in Jvnirhern Rhoiln'ia i-nni|>rise rlie Shubnui group. They are 'la.-.-ed among rlie nux-t important a.-lx-xto* mine< in the world. In early years mining was ''iiiiiiii'fetl from open-pit workings. mo>t of which have now been repla*-el hv completely mechanized underground methods. In the in itial 'Mites of underground work at rhe larger mines rnt-aiul-till ami shrinkage stoping were Use' I. Rarer these met lux Is were superseded by a block-caving system similar to that used in Quebec. Canada. Mining methods vary accord ing to rhe size of the operation and rhe nature of rhe deposit. UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA According to a recent report (4. p. /-4). about three-fourths of rhe asbestos minetl in the Union is recovered by underground methods. Chrysotile is produced by about a dozen com panies. but total output is relatively small. The operations are chiefly of the open-pit type, al though underground workings have been de veloped at some of them. Both block caving and shrinkage stoping are employed. The principal amosite mines, the Amosa and the Penge. controlled by the Cape Asbestos Co., have extensive nnderground workings. The fiber-bearing beds dip 20 to 25s, and the nat ural slope of the terrain exposes them in con venient position for driving adits, usually at luo-foot intervals. The adits are connected by winzes and raises to develop blocks of fiberbearing rock that are commonly worked as breast stopes. "Waste rock is used for back filling. Mill feed is trammed to adit mouths and conveyed to central ore bins. As the work ings are extended down the dip, shaft sinking is required. Five major producing mines furnish most of the crocidolite obtained in the Petersburg field of the Transvaal. Mining methods are similar to those in the amosite area. Five smaller mines are also operating, but large quantities of fiber are won by individual miners on a con tract basis. About two-thirds of the crocidolite mined in the Cape Province originates in three mines controlled by the Cape Asbestos Co.--the Westerberg and Ivoegas in the southern end of the field and the Pomfret mine in the north. The balance is produced in many smaller workings. The asbestos occurs in three reefs or belts, the outer, main, and inner, which form a synclinal trough. In the principal mines various stuping methods are employed, depending upon lucal condition:;. The longer fibers are huml-cobbed. Details are given by Sinclair (4. pp. ). SWAZILAND The Havelock mine was first operated as an open pir. but since l'.4> underground sroping merliods have l>een followed. A shaft sunk to lAib feet at an angle of 4u: -erves .* level-. Sorting is done underground, and only the filier-liearing rock is brought ro rhe surface. After being crushed, rhe fiber-bearing n*-|< is passed through a rotating grizzly with 4-iiici\ openings. The mimis-4-invh product pu-.-es through a trommel wirh gi^-inch circular openings. The plns-4-invh product and rhe miiuis-4-inch plus gij-inch product are carried on a picking lielt. where fiber-bearing and bar ren rock are separated: the latter is carried to waste. U. S. S. R. 0) The asbestos de[M>sirs of the Bazhenovo dis trict have a thin overburden. Hand methods of removal were first employed, but power shovels or hydraulic methods have superseded them to quite an extent. More than 20 shallow, open quarries were worked for many years. Up to 1!>29 drilling was the only mechanical process used: all other operations were conducted with handtools. Owing to inadequate milling facilities, hand picking became an important concentration process, and only 14 to ys of the rock quarried was sent to the mill. The average fiber content of the rock mined was only about f> percent: but, because of the concentration attained by handpicking, rock sent to the mill contained 20 to as high as SO percent fiber. The first steps toward more complete mech anization were taken in 1921), with installation of 2- to -4-ton-capacity overhead cableways with fixed foot towers and traveling head towers, supplemented by inclined haulageways served by electric hoists. The rock was blasted in benches 3 to 6 meters high and classified inco crudes, mill feed, and waste. In 1929 two shafts were sunk and connected with a haulage level ac a depth of 50 meters. They were designed for glory-hole mining, which proved uneconomical. This method was supplemented and largely superseded in 19:11) by electric-shovel loading in open pics: the rock is transported by locomotives to inclined liaulageways. up which cars are taken by elec tric hoists. 42 00S 1763 CHAPTER 4. MINING METHODS Asbestos deposits throughout rlie world differ little secondary blasting is necessary. Second widely in character. ;md as mining must be adapted ro file prevailing condition.- a "rear variety of mefliods is followed, including both surface and underground mining. Open-pit quarry methods, "lory-hole, underground room- aud-pillar. shrinkage-stoping. block-caving. and other methods are represented. A brief de scription of mining operations, by locality, ary crushing is accompli.-hed in Symons cones, which reduce the rock to walnut sizes. The product of the cones is carried on a conveyor belt about one-fourrh mile to an open ~ro.-i<j>ile at the niillsite. Material from the stockpile is convoyed to a drier and thence ro a dry-storage bin. from which the mill feed is drawn. follows. ARIZONA CANADA Canadian asbestos occurs in irrejrnlar veins In Arizona there is no massive fiber-bearing in massive serpentine deposits that are exten rock, as in Canada. The serpentine with which sive both laterally and at depth. Accordingly, the approximately horizontal asbestos veins are well-orclered. large-scale mining operations associated occurs in bands from a few inches to have been developed. For many years asbestos a few feet chick extending parallel with the rock was obtained from larire. open-pit quarries Mescal limestone bedding. Many of the mines served bv massive overhead cableways. About are entered from cliff faces or the steep sides 1927 methods were modified by the introduc of canyons. The veins pinch and swell irregu tion of cranes or power shovels for loading, larly and are so erratic!in size and direction that locomotives for hauling cars on the quarry development cannot be planned as definitely as floor, and cable cars for removing rock from in the mining of many other minerals. The fi the pits up inclined planes or through tunnels. ber is mined in drifts and slopes, and conditions Crudes were hand-cobbed on the quarry floor are most favorable where two or more veins of or removed from picking belts after the rock workable size are close enough to be worked in was crashed. A one drift. Modified room-and-pillar methods A later development was the introduction tfl are followed. Mining costs per ton of recover shrinkage stoping. but rite block-caving merhocr able asbestos are high. first introduced in the King mine of the Asbes i tos Corp.. Ltd., was found to be the most eco-. VERMONT nomical and is coming into more general use. The chrvsorile-asbestos deposit of Vermont It has been employed by rhe Johnson's Co. for some years, ancl the Canadian Johns-Manviile is on Belvidere Mountain approximately 15 Corp. has completed development of an exten miles from Hyde Park. Overburden is not sive block-caving system that has been in prog heavy; and. as the asbestos veins occur in mas ress for several years. Each block is 2"o feet sive serpentine as in Canada, open-pit quarry methods can be followed to advantage. The quarry is operated on 3 benches, each about 600 feet wide and 125 feet high. A series of 7-inch blastholes is sunk with churn drills, and about 50.000 tons of rock is broken with each multi ple blast. The rock is loaded with 3-yard elec tric shovels into 15-ton Euclid trucks, which square. The crushing plant is on rhe a 16-foot underground level and the loading facilities on the 950-foot level. The entire output of Bell Asbestos Mines is mined by block-caving meth ods. This rather complex system of mining has been described in several publications (A .;i.1 dump into a +8- by 6<>-inrh jaw crusher. The crusher will handle Mich large masses that very ' iMlirix*! numbers In pnrntht9* refer rr> item* in the bihlititfrtj'liy at rhe end rtiU chaffer. Pace rvcVnrucvs re fer to |ms;ta in the item and not in chip report. t f :.t 42 008 1762 CHAPTER 5. MILLING METHODS DEFINITIONS Asbestos libers full into two main jrt-oups-- rudes and mill libers. The rerm "crude* in ('atmda and Vermour is applied to lilier of spin ning urade measuring rhi-ee-eiirhths iin-U or longer that is hand-cohlied instead of being pa.-.-ed through a mill. In Arizona the term is used more loosely. There are four grades of Ari zona crudes char include .id liber lengths. Al though some are haiul-cobbed. most of them are produced bv simple mechanical cobbing and screenine, In other countries, also, the term is used more looselv than in Canada. In borh Soviet Russia ancl Africa it includes libers pre pared hv hand-cobbing alone or in conjunction with simple mechanical crushimr. disintegrat ing. and screening processes. Mill libers are obtained by crushing and beating the liber-bear ing rock until the asbestos is freed and then re moving the libei- from the rock by screening and air separation. GENERAL FEATURES Chrvsocile. the principal asbesros of com merce. is a fibrous form of serpentine ancl is usually associated with massive fractured ser pentine. The concentration process is therefore unusual in that it involves separation of a fi brous mineral from a massive form of the same mineral. Nether chemical composition nor spe cific gravity can therefore be used as a basis for separation. The property that makes mechan ical separation possible is the fibrous structure, which permits it to be opened or divided into filaments that are amenable to separation from the gangite by air suction or screening. The value of chrysotile asbestos depends largely upon the length of the fibers, the long fibers being worth several times as much as the short ones. A most important principle under lying asbestos milling is separation of fiber from rock with a minimum of fiber breakage. I'nnecessarilv rough treatment should be avoided. Modern mills are designed to remove the separated fiber after each crushing process. If fiber already freed from rock enters the nest crushing unit along with sand and rock frag ments. it may be broken into shorter grades. Asbestos milling consists essentially of coarse crushing, drying, and recrushing in stages, each 18 step being followed by screening and air .--parat mu of fiber from rock. The milling process fiberizes the a?l)esro> and also separates rock fragments and du.-t from the asbesros. Spinning-grade milled fillers ivqtiire con.'iderable further processing at riie as bestos rexrile-iuunnfacruring plant, ( rude as bestos to collie extent retains the natural .-olid form in which it occurs in the veins, anti several successive opening processes are required. These processes are conducted at the textile plant. The development of improved processes, whereby rtlierization may be accomplished with minimum breakage of fibers, is a profitable field for research. Some success has been attained by using dispersing agents to supplement or replace mechanical means. Impregnation with air at high pressure followed by sudden release of the pressure has been tried (41-1 This is essentially the same process as that fol lowed by the Masonite Co. for fiberizing wood. IVhen applied to masses of crude asbestos, the method gave satisfactory fiberization but is said to be uneconomic. The milling process not only breaks the longer fibers into shorter lengths but tends to weaken the fibers, and this also should be avoided as far as possible. Methods have been devised whereby the tensile strength of asbes tos fibers can be tested and the results expressed in terms of pounds per square inch (-5). Al though this process is slow and tedious, it has at least one important application. Randles, of crude asbestos can be submitted to process ing equipment, such as crushers, rolls, and hammer mills, and the tensile strength of the fiber can be tested before and after processing. By comparing the degree of weakening of the fiber, one can determine which type of equip ment is best suited for opening the fiber with minimum effect on the fiber strength. CANADA Canadian milling practice is described first because it is the most complete and is the pat tern followed in most asbestos regions. Primary crushing is the first step in milling. Rock from the mines is dumped into a "sluice" having a railroad-rail grizzly bottom, which provides a bypass for lines. The primary- * Italicized numbers in parentheses refer to items in the bibliography at the end of chi* chapter. 42 008 1765 CHAPTER 4. MINING METHODS 17 OTHER COUNTRIES BIBLIOGRAPHY The Cyprus mines are extensive: but, as file slinrT i-liry.-orile tillers produced have no srrateoio importance. a description of mining meth ods is imr pertinent here. The same is rnie of rhe amphihole-a.'hesros mines of Finland. In Australia riie cmcidolite of rhe Ilamersley Uuture. ocourrini; in seams -1 Co ti inches thick, is mined hy a room-and-pillar merliod. The Tinannilla. Venezuela, deposits are worked as open iptarries. 1. Kckeyskr. \V. A. Minina A>besr..s in the f. S. s. It Kns. Min. Joitr.. vnl. i::4. September |>( i Itnns. J. li. Block I'arina at the Kin:: Mine .if rlit* Asliesrns l.'orp.. f.til.. Thetferil .Mine*, ioiel.ec. Canadian Miu. and Met. Bull. -04. Aiiril IM-Jls. i>p. L Siieku.v.n. Cekalo. Review of Progress in tile rav ine of Asliesti.s Ore. Min. Ena.. v.l. |s7. 4. April I'.EVi. pp. 407--174. 4. Sixclaih. 'V. E. Asbestos: Its Orisriii. I'feluction. ami Utilization. Luuduu. i:i.%". air, pp. 42 00S 1784 FrcL'RE 3.--The Largest Asbestos Mill in the World, Canadian Johns-Manville Corp. Mill, Asbestos, Quebec. Table 2.--Canadian milling capacity, 1956 ARIZONA Companv and mill Daily rock j capacity, j short tons Asbestos Corp.. Ltd.: Beaver King millsj British Canadian mill; Normandie mill........ ...............................! Bell .Asbestos Mines, Ltd. (Turner 4 JNerval!): Bell mill...................................... Cassiar mill (British Columbia)J Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.: ; Danville mill............................................ Munro mill______________ : Flintkote Mines (Flintkote Co.): Thet- ford Mines mill________________________ Johnson's Co.: Thetford Mines mill.............................. Megantic mill_______________________ Nicoiet Asbestos .Mines, Ltd. (Nicolet Industries. Inc.): Danville mill_______ Quebec Asbestos Corp., Ltd. (Philip Carey Manufacturing Co.): East Broughton mill________________________ 7, 200 5. 000 5,000 1,800 600 20. 000 2, 000 I, 200 2. 000 4, 000 l, 500 1. 500 51. >00 At least 10 mills have operated recently in Arizona. Most of them are for "cruding," a process that involves the use of jaw crushers and screens only. Asbestos fibers passing over a %-inch mesh are designated as No. 1: those passing over a %-inch mesh and through a V^-inch mesh, as Xo. 2; and those p-assing through the 14-inch-mesh screen, Grades ') and 4. Several mills have equipment for further processing, including hammer-mill reduction followed by screening and air separation. VERMONT A mill built in 1949 about one-fourth mile from the quarry of the Vermont Aslestos Mines is said to be one of the most modern and com plete asbestos mills in existence. (t?ee rig. 4.) The rock, of walnut sizes, delivered to the mill by belt conveyor, is broken in a series of vertical hammer mills and the liber separated by air suction at each stage. Ro-Tap table screens b ' 42 008 1767 . *' CHAPTER 3. MILLING METHODS 19 crusher feed from the sluice is controlled by finger gates. that is, suspended rails that may be moved up or down. A jaw crusher with a 36- by '24-inch opening set for a 4- to 6-inch dis charge is the most popular primary breaker, but larger or smaller unirs may be used. The discharge from the crusher passes through a trommel screen, and the oversize in lumps 4 to 6 inches in diameter is fed to secondary crush ers, usually of the gyratory or cone type. The crusher product and undersize from the trom mel are conveyed to driers, and the dried rock is stored in bins having capacities of 25,000 to 150.000 tons each. From dry storage the rock is carried through a third crushing staire in crushers of the gyra tory or cone type. The crusher product is fed to shaking screens equipped with suction hoods for removing fiber. The suction hoods are 3 to 4 inches wide and extend across the full width of the screens at their lower ends. Large fans provide the suction that lifts the fiber from the screen and carries it to collecting cyclones. The rock that passes over the end of the screen and the undersize that passes through the screen are carried forward for further treat ment. The rock is reduced in a fourth and last crushing stage to about one-fourth-inch size and is again "passed over shaking screens to remove fiber and fines; Up to this point, size has been reduced by crushing; for further reduction fiberizers are used. There is a marked difference in the action of crushers and fiberizers. Reduction by crushing is accomplished by a pinching or com pressing force applied rather slowTy. The fiberizer, however, is a high-speed hammer mill that breaks the rock by rapidly applied impact. Either method releases the fiber from the rock, but the impact method is more intense; to reduce fiber breakage to a minimum, the fiber izer ordinarily is not used until the longer, more valuable fibers have been separated. The product of the fiberizers, like that of the crushers, is fed to shaking screens from which the fiber is collected by air suction, and the rock and screenings are carried forward for further treatment. This process may be re peated several times. Fiberizing. screening, and air suction are the three major steps in asbestos milling. The dust-laden air from the aspiration process is carried to dust chambers. The extremely short grades collected in the dust chambers are blended, bagged, and sold as "floats." Fibers from the collecting cyclones are graded according to length in trommels 8 to 16 feet long and 26 to 60 inches in diameter, fitted with woven-wire cloth. Any number of grades may be made, depending upon the size of the screen openings. Special grades may be made by blending. Further derails on Canadian milling pra> rire are given in several publications (2, 7) Figure 3 is a picture of the largest .-isbesrn* mil in the world. It can handle 20,U0o tons of as bestos- bearing rock a tlay. A new type of mill (the aerofall) is claimed to oifer certain advantages. The typical flow sheet for standard practice as indicated here tofore employs a series of successive hammermill reductions with removal of fiber at each staire to reduce fiber breakage. The aerofall mill feed of minus-4-inch stone is reduced in a single stage. It is air-swept and designed to remove the fiber continuously as soon as it is freed from the rock. Its effectiveness has noc yet been thoroughly explored. Some years ago a movement toward a much wider use of shorts for such products as as phalt floor tile was discerned in the Canadian asbestos industry. Some of these products con tain 35 percent or more asbestos, which is said to impart exceptionally high qualities. Hecause of this new market outlet, all companies operating mills in Quebec introduced addi tional screens and suction facilities to recover part of the shorts formerly regarded as waste. A pressure-packing process"is now used in some mills. Instead of the conventional bag ging machine, equipment has been designed whereby paper sacks axe enclosed in steel and the fiber is packed under high ptessuxe. Each rectangular sack containing 100 pounds occu pies only about 2 cubic feet. Storage and ship ping space are conserved when this sacking met hod is employed. The drj' process is universally used in asbestos milling, net methods were tried experi mentally many years ago but were not adopted commercially. A few years ago, however, the Johnson's Co. erected a new wet-process plant for re-treating mill tailings to recover shorts. The process was developed by Selective Treat ment Companv, Ltd., under patents now ex pired. According to report, the process is no longer used. A recent trend in Canadian milling is to pre pare fibers to conform with exacting specifica tions regarding grading and dust removal. Equipment is being modified to manufacture products tailored more closely than in former years to the special requirements of the consum ing industries. CAPACITY Table 2 shows the milling capacity of the Quebec asbestos industry, including new mill construction and other changes to the end of 1956. Fiber production from the mills reached a maximum of over 1 million tons in 1955. .O !* V >7 J 42 00S 1766 22 ASBESTOS--A materials survey in open pits have largely been abandoned, and modern mills have been built. At the larger mines the rock is passed through primary cmsiiers and screened. The rines are carriell to driers, and tlie oversize parses ro secondary rushers, the product of which joins the dried fines. Further reduction is accomplished chiefly by impact mills. The rock is pa.-.-ed through a complex series of flbe risers and screens, and the freed til>er is collected in cvdnnes. Tlie liber? are fitrtlier cleaned and classified into commercial grade?-.. At Shahuni some of the long tibers are cobbed and cleaned by hand to prepare a special product. SWAZILAND At the Havelock mine the minus-2VL-inch product from the primary crusher is dried ancl the fiber removed by suction fans. The rock, with hand-sorted materials from the picking belt mentioned under Mining Methods, is crushed and the fiber removed in successive stages by air suction. Initial reduction is by a 16-~by lb-inch jaw crusher, but the later stages of reduction are accomplished with least dam age ro the fibers by the use of edge runners. The longest tibers. known as HYL.'correspond with the C & G grides from Rhodesia but are said to be of somewha t poorer equality. U. S. S. R. (I) At the Russian quarries most of the crude fiber is hand-sorted on picking belts after the rock is crushed. At one of the mills operating in the Urals some years ago the quarry rock was reduced to about 6-inch size with a N'o. 9 Gates gyratory crusher. It discharged to a picking belt, where "20 percent or more of the primary feed (consisting of rock too lean to justify mill ing) was thrown out as waste. The asbestos bearing rock was reduced to lVj>- to 2-inch size in two No. 7 Gates gyratory crushers discharg ing to heavy shaking screens. The oversize passed to picking belts, where more barren rock was eliminated. The good rock from the pick ing belt was reduced to about 1-inch size in a jaw crusher and joined the undersize from the shaking screens in a wet-storage bin. Mois ture was reduced in three rotary driers, and the product was conveyed to a dry-storage bin. The most noteworthy feature of the prelim inary milling stage was the concentration on picking belts. Because the serpentine tends to break cleanly along the borders of the fiber veins, effecting a more or less distinct separation of barren and fiber-bearing rock, conditions particularly favor this method of concentration. Of the original mill feed, con sisting of 2,400 tons a day. about I.400 tons was eliminated as waste, leaving only l.imo tons for rite later milling processes. Thus. [licking belts saved operators a great deal of useless milling. In the more advanced milling stages the dried riH-k was passed over heavy shaking screens, from which four products were obtained: 1 l) Filler removed by suction fans. 1 g > oversize rock conveyed to a set of rolls, 1 3) middlings that bypass fhe rolls and are carried to the next screen, and (4) tines conveyed to a Humboldt disinregrator. By means of a -cries of such rolls, screens, suction pipes, and di.-inregrarois. virtually all of the fiber was recovered. Fiber from die collecting hoppers was sent to a series of shaking screens for cleaning. The cleaned fiber was collected again by suction fans ami classified by length in slowly rotating grading trommels. A large new mill, designed to handle 2 mil lion tons of rock annually and produce rons of fiber in 6 grades, was nearing comple tion in 1934. This mill, with other Russian facilities, would, it was estimated, provide the Nation with a total milling capacity of ap proximately 175.000 tons of'tiber a year. An nual production in 1936 and 1937 was reported to be 125.000 metric tons and in 193$, only 86.000 metric tons. SUPPLEMENTARY MILLING IN ASBES TOS TEXTILE FACTORIES As pointed out earlier, the milling process is designed to remove impurities and to separate the fibers from each other (fiberize) effectively. Crude fibers are not milled before delivery to the user and are opened in the asbestos-prod ucts manufacturing plant. Even the milled tibers require considerable processing before thev are in satisfactory condition for use. The preliminary opening of crude fiber? is generally accomplished in'a pan crusher, also known as a chaser mill or edge runner. A steel wheel with a 14- to 18-inch face runs in a circle in a pan to which a batch of crude fiber is added. Scrapers push the fiber inward from the circumference and outward from the center to keep it under the roller. Conical rolls run ning in a circular trough are sometimes used to reduce the grinding action between the sur face of the roller and the bottom of the pan. Tlie running time reauired to complete a batch varies greatly, depending upon the ease or diffi culty of fiberization of the particular asbestos being treated. It may range from 2 to 12 minmes on milled fiber and 12 to 20 minutes on crudes. Tlie time of completion is determined by the operator who, by long experience, can judge the condition of the fiber by its feel. To i' in 42 00S 1769 CHAPTER 5. 1IILUXG METHODS 21 Figure 4.--Mill of Vermont Asbestos Mines, Xear Eden, Vt. are usecl. Tlie tiber is classified in regular graders, as in Canada. Tlie major output"falls in Groups 5 and 6 of the Canadian classifica tion, although substantial quantities of 4 and 7 are produced. (See Intersection on Grading and Classification, Canada.) Limited quanti ties of Group 3 are obtained. Groups 4, 5, and 6 are used m the company asbestos-products plants and are supplemented by purchases from outside sources. UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA The milling of amosite and blue asbestos differs considerably from the milling of chrysotile. As the associated rocks consist largely of hard, banded ironstones and jaspers, as much as possible of the waste rock is removed by handpicking to obviate damage to the fiber and excessive wear on mill machinery. In early milling practice the demand for fibers in crude form made aspiration impracticable, but airseparation methods are followed in the more modern mills. General milling practice in volves three stages: Hand-cobbing or mechani cal rreannent to recover the long fibers: the main milling operation to recover mediumlength grades by crushing, screening, and as piration: and separate treatment of the finer materials to separate the short-fiber grades. In a typical crocidolite mill, rock from the mine is reduced in a jaw crusher and passed through a trommel. The oversize is carried on a picking belt for removal of crudes and waste rock, and the undersize goes to the short-fiber mill. Secondary reduction is accomplished in a gyratory crusher, the reduced product is screened to remove grit, and the fiber is air lifted to cyclone collectors. Because of its unusual fiber length, much of of the amosite produced is hand-cobbed. The fiber-bearing rock is passed through a series of rolls and disintegrators and then graded oil shaking screens or trommels. Details of South African practice are given in a recent report (8). SOUTHERN RHODESIA Many changes have been made in Rhodesian milling practice during recent years. The modifications were due in part to the larger tonnages of rock handled and in part to the change in mining methods to a block-caving system. Older methods of cobbing and sorting > .' i J- 42 008 1768 CHAPTER 6. GRADING AND CLASSIFICATION CANADA (i-lirvxif iIt* ada--tos is graded into nine major gi-mips. mosr of which are 11ivilt<l inro -everal subgroups. Group 1 onsists of ( rude Xo. 1 and group 2 of ("rude X". 2. Crudr Uuu-of-Mine. and Cruder- Sundry. Groups " ro 7. known as mill filters. are classified mvording m tests made with a Quebec -randan! test in': machine. Tins equipment and its opera tion have been described so fully in several asliestos reports that it seems unnecessary to enlarge upon them here. The machine con sists of three screens--^.-inch-mesh. 4-mesh, and to-inesh--and a box for rhe shortest materials. The four-figure designation of rhe "nule indicates the number of ounces from a total of Ifi that collects in each of the four recepracles. Thus, a fiber designated 4-7-4-1 is one 4 ounces of which remains on the first screen. 7 on the second, and 4 on the third: 1 ounce passes through into the l)ox. Groups S and 9 are graded on the basis of weight per cubic foot. "Crude" asbestos consists of hand-elected and hand-cobbed cross-vein material, essentially in its native or unfiberized form. "Milled" asbestos consists of all grades pro duced by mechanical treatment such as crush ing. screening, and air separation. "Shipping test" is the average, for each car load or small shipment, of tests of representa tive samples taken at the time of shipping. "Guaranteed minimum shipping test" is that below which the actual shipping test shall not fall. Following is the Canadian standard classifi cation as of January 1. 1949: Croup 1: Crude Xo. I--Consists basically of crude Cl inch staple or longer. Group Crude No. 2--Consists basically of crude Y\co ?l-inch staple. Crude Run-of-Mine--Consists basically of un-orted crudes. Crudes Sundry--Consists of crudes other than above specified. 24 Mill ribrrx Standard 'ii-r'.unaui-o { sr.i(Uf: Group :!: ::K.............. ::K............... l !t*;nq uneflft ~ I * - i. *> *- l * I S- i ::T.................... XL.................. 0 - 8 - ti * < iroup 4: 4H.................... 4K.................... 4M ........... 411.................... 4T.................... 4Z ................. 0 -50 -A0 -4I)-:;0- 2 0 - l. 5 - s > 8 9 io . i - a 4 ; S Group 5: 3D.................... 0 - . 3 - lit. 5 - 3 3K.................... 0 3M ......... l) ill.................... 0 Group i>: liD......... i) -0 -0 -0 -o - 12 - Il 10 -r - - 4 3 ii >.) Group 7: TD.................... it r F............... n :n............... o :k............... It :m ......... o ru............... o :t..................... o 0 -3 0 -4 0 - :s 0 -2 0-l o- o 0- 0 - 1l - 12 - t:; - 14 - 13 iii Ili Group 3: SS.. ... CndiT 73 pound.- per i-uiiiv foot luu-e nn-x-ure. Group 9: 9T_____ Mure than 73 pounds p*-r cubic foot loo.-*- rm-iL-urv. Following are the qualities and uses of rhe various groups: Group 1 (Crude So. 1) is asbestos fiber longer than three-fourths inch. It should lie silky and have enough tensile strength to per mit its use for making asltesros yarn. tape, cloth, carded fiber, and orlier textiles. Group 2 (Crude Xo. 2) is generally referred to as filter that has not been milled' and rhat is ro inch long. It must have good tensile strength. Group ] is generally considered as milled spinning or textile fiber and tests 0--3-0-2 and over. Group 4. known as shingle fiber, includes fiber suitable for the manufacture of asbesroscemenr protinets, such as pipe, .-hinglec. and siding: compressed siieet packing: and .>.3-per- 42 008 1771 CHAPTER 5. MILLING METHODS 23 conserve fiber length. and strength, excessive crushing and grinding are avoided. Separated impurities are removed l>v screening. Some milled fibers, which have been more or less completely ojwned, do not require pan- crusher treatment: others require some degree of -pan softening." The extent to which pan Treatment is needed depends entirely noon the character of rite fiber. Some milled fibers may bypass the pan. while or hers (tearing the same brand and grade may require "pan softening." Milled fibers that require no pan treatment are passed through a vertical opener or some other type of equipment rhar disintegrates the fibers. A rotating toothed cylinder may be used. 1'he next step in treatment Itevoud the pre liminary pan crushing or other riberizing ma chine is conducted in a grader. It consists of a >heet-metal enclosure with a horizontal rotating shaft in the center, equipped with steel paddles ser at intervals in spiral positions. These pad dles beat the filter, separating iron minerals, rock particles, or dust as well as splinters of un opened fiber. The latter are returned to the openers for further treatment. The flutfv fiber is picked up by an air current and carried away for further treatment in ceiling condensers and breaker cards. Fiberization is one of the most critical operations in the textile plant, because it involves as complete separation of the fibers as ran be accomplished without sacrificing rheit: length or strength. These processes have beJ described in some detail (o'i. ^ BIBLIOGRAPHY L Rcketser. \V. A. Aslie*c< .Milling in rhe L'rals. Eng. lliu. Jour., vnl. 134. October in'CS. [qi. 41."-- tin. i Dexov.v.v, R. A. Operating the W.,rld\ Large-t A-- liestos .Mine. UI. Eng. Mill. Jour.. vol. 14'J. N'>. 11. November I!M1. |i|i. .M--". 3. Kellehek. -I. C. Milling Ashe-ms. A>l>e>fo>. v..;, CT. l!>4o. No. |i|i. c-m: No. i. mi. in: .1. Pl>. li-tg 4. Joyce. William J,, Jr. Met. hod of Flbeming As- iiestos. C. S. I'sucnr gr.Mi.4ui. (li t. n. im.">. o. Bauom.et. M. S. Re>ea rctl on Asbestos Filler?., i`a- nadian Min. and Mot. Gull., vol. 31. I'.Hn. ih>. u'!3- Jlti. 6. Bloomfield. Oero M. Speaking About Asben- Varn. Asbestos, vol. 31. No. 1\ August t'.i.'to. |.|i. 10-13. 7. Bowles. Oliver. The Asbestos Industry. Bureau of Mines Bull. lll.Vi, tip. 7H-7M. 3. Sinclair. W. E.. Asliestos: Its Origin. Production, and Vtilizutiuii. London. 1'J-V,. jn. cn7-'.'!.:. gibHI* 456T` 3 * ' iZ OQS 1770 26 asbestos--A materials scrvey CHRYSOTILE ' Crnnlin^ ;ir the l:ii*irt*i* mini-- i> ~;ii< 1 m follow Canadian ?ruiidard> ro Millie extent. although many old independent de-uinarimi.- persi-t. Xu .-l.-t.~-irtm fur South African *dify~oril*r 11:i- 'falldardized. SOUTHERN RHODESIA CHRYSOTILE iilT: (* & l--r**vfil* :Uu*r M-piv;tlt*ur ?* X*. `J . i* xV (J U--Uiulv-iirnut* rt'xui** Mipiivalent r* <`;tuuili;m :*.{*i. r & i; .::---luuult* t` & ! +~liu^h* >rw U. VUA --ruMf Imr ni*f iir i * & f *. 'j, VRA .i--Imr :n*f r* < * ^ c; VICA/ 4--auitnr;iiiie Imr rnf ***inivaleitr to < * & G 4. SWAZILAND CHRYSOTILE Havelock miiip: MilU-il rllwr: lilt. 1--long ~[>iittiiriir filter. HVT. --Imre .-iiiimiiiss rtln-r. IlYf. --i'Minparal>lf Imr imt val-tir ro r & i;.3. HVr.. XXX--iDiniKiralile to C & U. 4 i lie .me manufacturer i. U. S. S. R, CHRYSOTILE Crude: Aa--nor less than l* mm. in length. Milleil fiber: <>-l--rexriie mT i I'liiiiparaMi- to Canadian 3F or .'IKi. --textile filer leompiirublr r<> Canadian "Rl. I----celtdo filer i comparable r<> Cansitliau -'.Z1. --"--rextile fiber icomparable ro Canadian :lZi. "--`I-----Uitigie filler it-iimiuimlile ro Canadian 4Hi. "--I--filiiigle fiber icomparable ro Canadian 4Zi. I--I--`liingle filer i comparable ro Canadian 4Ri. C--I--liiugle filler ii-iimpiirahle to Canadian 4Z>. W'S--shingle fiber. R--*--paper filler i comparable to Canadian (>D>. I--'pa|r rtlier ft-nuipurulde to Canadian lil> pins i. s~4--paper rilier icomparable to Canadian .'DO). R-d--iliorts. I--n---burrs, it-A--liorrs. .mNil*o-t- etu: ;iGrkreap.le***tS' --a1rea>n*d*ft CVS bur anrIeIc complerely cnmptetsly :opened opened f.irbuedress: in.-ii*ke.| "<i" .s.ticain mure iiiniiieni>ti iTinte* : grades uiurked "U ' and "if tamtam mucii liard. crude fiber. INDIA CHRYSOTILE Crudes: Speeial A--canuparadde to Canadian Crude Xo. 1. Regular A--comparable to Canadian Crude Xn. 1. Regular B--comparable to Canadian Crude Xo. 1. STOCKPILE GRADES AND SPECIFICATIONS At file* elnl of l!).T."> low-iron lirv-nrile. Smirh African aiinr-ife. and Kolivian crocidolite nr ir.~ equivalent were the only types de-innated for I'nited Stares Strategic Stockpiling. CHRYSOTILE Chrysorile for stockpiling i.~ die low-inm rvpe. It must <-otifnnn with National Srnckpile Specification P-X-II 1. dated .lime 10. L t ja:'. . and inilsf lie equal to rliat olitained ar rlie Sliuliani mines. Sontlieru Ilhodt--ia. The Ulmdesian grades designated are (' X- (I I. I ' X I H'l. (' A (t 2. and (' & (rP'J. The n>e of rhe letter "l>".sini(ily imlicures a processed rather than a crude tilier. The filler-lenifth requirement of (' .'I (t l and (' & CrPl is that a minimum of IA ounces shall lie retained on rhe first and second screens of rlie Quebec standard resrimr machine. The requirement of (` X- (r -2 and (' Oc t il'c is that a minimum of IB ounces shall be rerained on the first and second screens of the Quebec standard resrinsr machine. Arizona Crude Nos. 1 and as well as non ferrous crudes from other sources, are acceptable for stockpiling when strong and "silky." Canadian fiber presumably will >atisfy rhe specification if the iron conrenr can be reduced enough. Accordinirlv. rhe fiber lengths of ac ceptable Canadian fibers are also specified as follows: ('rude No. 1. consisriuir of fibers ar least 85 percent of which shall he three-fourrhs inch in leutrrh or lousier: Crude Xo. !. consistiturof tibeis ar leasr Do percent of which shall he ^ to 34 inch in len^rh: spinning tibei-s of rhe following jirades according to Canadian stand ard tests (see p. 24 ) : ::F: " i --1."'--*i..~ r.K: 4-T-4.ii-1.1) :'.i:: C-S-4.I^-2.IJ ::T: l-n--i.iV-^.u As remmls the iron content, the acceptable fiber shall be commercially nonferrous and shall conform with the following limitations: Total iron, maximum percent by weiuht. mag netic iron, maximum percent by weight. 2.0. The specification includes items on impurities, moisture content, sampling, methods of test, etc. Five-pound samples shall be inspected by domestic commercial users whose combined maiuifacturiii!! requirements represent at least 50 percent of rhe rotal I'nited Stares consump tion of the grades of asbestos covered by these specifications and. in any event, by nor less chan three such users. Acceptance shall he based upon written statements from die majority * 4- uGh i io f CHAPTER 6. GRADING AND CLASSIFICATION 10 cent magnesia and high-temperature molded pi|* covering. These Hlters ;ire also used with UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA porrluud cement in manufacturing asl**>to? CROCIDOLITE corrugated and Hat interior and exterior sheet?, walllmurd. switchboard panels, and other prod uct?. This grade tests Itelow n--'s-d-g and includes o-l 1 ..-1)1 The letter known Following is the cliissiHcarion of ('ape blue i I'l'ucidolite) recognized by rhe CajM* A.-bc-ins Co.. Ltd. grades for usl--ro--iemeitt shingles an* 4U. 1M.4T. til hand .Mi. (rron/t .7. known as paper stock, includes libel's testing helow <*--11.7--!H >--71. incliidiui*' o--il--jo--t;. Thev are used chiefly for inami- fai'turinz asliestos pa|>er and milllmard and (irade: \.......................... Xu. :i ..r S ..r Ms____ Xu. 2 or A..................... Xo. I ,.r .................. Lone ur D. and K *< fiQr, fUr" Mioo- `i. S to '. to \ r. r I'l.l- I'.. someritnes air mixed wirli hizher grades hi Most of rhe I'nited States impori- arc of manufacturing asbestos-cement shinzles. Crude S or MS i mixed -Iun r I. (riou/i H. known as stucco or plaster Hlier. Grades of Transvaal blue, as given by ibe has only one zrade. namely. liD. Ihjpurtment of .Mines. I'ltiou of >i>mli Afi'ica. frron/) includes all Hliers having a mini are as follows: mum shipping test of d-o-.i-li and helow. These are known as refuse and shorts and are Crtdt used in manufacturing asbestos lioiler and rooting cements, rootinz paints, and occasion ally for making millboard. The sulfix "F" designates "floats" in all subsections of this "roup. Floats consist of dust, collected in I.-: Grade: TX....................... TDX... . Tl......................... TDl.............. T2......................... TD2.............. T:t........................ TDa. T4........................ TD4. itfHr l"!u- l` '. o. 1 1 ' ri '.In' - handlers and buzzed* It may be sized by screening before bugging. frrniijt.t S on/f .0 are known as sand and gravel and srone. respectively. They contain a pre ponderance of rock and.sund. These materials AMOSITE The following clas-iHcatioii was in effect- nnril l'.)52. B-l was the longest and best grade. are used chieHv in manufacturing asliestos The second grades were B-:'. and D-"*. They Mooring, wall riles, ami similar products. were virtually the same grade bur came from different sources, the B-u originating in rho BRITISH COLUMBIA Pettge mine and the D--1 in the Aiiuni mine. However, it has been stated recently riiat B-". The principal grades of clirysotile asbestos currently muckered are :'.lv. spinning fiber, and Uv. shingle fiber. They correspond closelv with rhe Quebec grades similarly designated. is no longer produced. Other ilesignarions rhar were applied to this grade are H. 1). ami o- DX. Another grade nearly as good B-A or D-o was designated ",DMi. Although Two special grades are designated AAA and called oDMI. it was really o D Mi, the "Mi" l AC. The former is said to be equivalent to meaning "mixture." It consisted chieHv of ' Rhodesian (' Ot G 1. and the latter CO C & G I)-:;. " I In ID.)2 the Mineral Development Office. De ARIZONA partment of Mines. Geological Survey. I'lium of South Africa, reported a new dassiHcation Arizona clirysotile asbestos is graded bv as follows: screening. The tilier-beariug rock is generally passed through a jaw crusher, and the crusher product is carried to shaking screens. Fiber which remains on a Vc-inch screen is classed as No. 1: that which passes a u.-inch mesh and remains on a V^'inch mesh. Xo. 2: through Q-mesli and on 's-mesh. Xo.and that which passes through the i^-ineli mesh. Xo. 4. These products are classed as "crudes" in Arizona. VERMONT Rnttot ftt /trerngc Svmhol: ' D-'f........................................... fiber lrnatt\$, inches 2 -ii fieugnation Dll......................................... 1 -2 MD............................... .. 1 -2 Do. DX.......................................... -2 Do. M.................................... .... .. s*> R.............................................. K:'>........................................... \ -2 *.,,-i i^ _ i 1 , _ > Do. short::. Residue. Medium. .'K RK......................................... \V:i.......................................... V-i i 1. -> Shorts. Residue. Medium. SU'.......................................... shorts. R \V ............... \ - 1 Ui`siilm\ Vermont classification is the same as the. WF.G ' * Medium. Canadian. The fibers range in color from brown io gray. P * 42 00S 1772 CHAPTER 6. GRADING AND CLASSIFICATION (normally 2 out of :') of these users Mint the lot of asbestos conforms to the applicable require ments. AMOSITE Amosire for stockpilin'; nmst conform with Xarional Stockpile Specification P-4-R. dared September 14. The specification simply -rates that the material shall conform to the -raudard commercial (trade D-4 or 1)X or I>-- 11. Inspection is nnwle under the same con ditions as specified for dirysorile. CROCIDOLITE Crocidolite (blue asbestos) shall conform with National Stockpile specification P-OO-R, dateil April 17. ID'cJ. which designates that the material purchased shall be Kolivian crocidolite asbestos or its equivalent. Three grades are covered, as follows: ( rude Xo. 1. a minimum of >3 |iercent (hv weight) of which shall be in filters inch in length or longer: ('rude Xo. a minimum of S3 percent of which .-hall cou.-ist of fibers % inch to inch in length: and Rnnof-.Mine (crude or milled), a minimum of '.to [lercent of the lumps and filters of which shall be retained on a Xo. 1(5 sieve. The material shall contain nor more than 2 percent of moisture ami not more than .3 percent of foreign matter. The specification includes items' covering methods of test, etc. Details of sampling and inspection are omitted, as this material is no longer being purchased for the stockpile. 42 OOS 1774 CHAPTER 7. WORLD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION WORLD OUTPUT W'nrlil ourpur of a.-bc-ru.- <Inrin*r recent ycars appears in table 3. Tine pn>|>orrions fnrnislied in 1'.*'4 by each <>t" the more important produciiiLT countries is shown phicnlly m ti^ure Tlie liirtires for coral <mr[tnr an* estimates. I>**cause Russian output is la rite bur unrecorded. In llf.'t." Canada produced ti^ perceur of rlie rural mintage. A large parr of rite Canadian proilncrion. however, comprise?- rlie ,-horrer exudes. which find an extensive marker in rlie Cnired Srares lmr which are produced in -mailer ipianriries in rhe orher producing countries. United Stares production was only perceur of rhe world output. Figures for world proilncrion durinir earlier and hirer years are published by rlie J Suren u of Mines t --),l OUTPUT BY COUNTRIES UNITED STATES United Stares proilncrion. as indicated in rable 3. is a relatively -until factor in rhe world supply. Most of rhe United Stares fiber is of rhe shorter chrysotile grades. Table + shows domestic production over a period of years. CANADA Table 5 is an hisrorie record of Canadian production, showing rhe remarkable growth of the industry since Canadian outpnr was routined ahno.-r exclusively ro the Province of (Quebec until in.'s i, when shipments weiv tir.-r made from rite Muum mine in Ontario. Ship- lueiirs fmiu rhe ('assiar mine in liririsli ('olum- bia were rirsr recorded in 11).'.:; and reached more than -Jii.non roils in l Table "> shows significant changes in rhe pro portions of rhe various grades produced in Canada since 1The 'pianriry of crudes produced has decreased trreatly since 1 During the period in-t'n ro tn.'i.'i it dropped to an approximately constant level, which was ahonr one-third of rhe quantity produced an nually from tO:;.'i to PH:'.. This substantial decrease in the proportion of crudes is due chiefly to the change in mining methods. The modern block-caviiiit system doe- not aiford rhe opportunity for hand-cobbing rhat was car ried on extensively when open-pit mining was pursued. Hence, much of the long-fiber asbes tos formerly recovered and sold as hand-cohlicd crudes now passes through crushers and mills and consrirutes a part of rhe Group 3 spinning fibers. Table 5 also shows that the quantity of short- compared with fibers increased from a ratio of about 1 to 1 during 1!);*..') ro lit+4 ro a ratio ap proaching 2 to 1 during recent years. This pro nounced increase in sale of shorts resulted from their growing utilization as components of products such as asphalt floor rile. Tabu: -- World pmdiiction of oxbr*fi>*. by nnndnrx} I0't7--51 (average) and 10-52--58. in *hi>rt tons iC'HiipiUii by Hvhn L. Hum] Country 1 1947-51 (average! 1952 195:5 * 1954 1955 : 1956 North America: Canada (sales) 3_________ ; L'aiced States (sold or i used by producers). . 760. 408 :59. 719 929. :;:59 5:i. 364 : 911.226 54. 456 1 924. 116 47. 621 ; 1. 063, 302 ! 1 44. 568 Total................................. ' 800. 127 : 98:5. 203 965. 682 j 971. 7:57 : 1. 108. 370 DM>rnortw at *nl ot mbit*. 1 Itullcizmi umitbrr* in [mreucbees refer to items to the bibliography at the end of this chapter. 2$ 1. 014. 249 41. 312 1.1)55. 561 42 oob 46J67S-71 (Ha p. 21) 'NOi tHOHt OOO< M1OKH0 J CHAPTER 7. WORLD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION Table 3.--World production of asbestos, by countries1 194-7--51 {average) and l!)-5d-5>:. in short tons---Continued 29 Country 1 11)47-51 (average) 1952 1953 1954 1955 1950 South America: Argentina........................... Bolivia ii-x|nirt>.............. Brazil ..! ( hile.......... ..........................1 Wupzut'la........................... Total................................. Kuru|M*: Bulgaria................................ Finland *............................... France..................................i <.1 recce....................................! Italv....................................... | Portugal.............................. C. S. S. R. '........................ Yugoslavia......................... Total 1: Asia: C'vprus................................. . India.................................. Japan.-.................... : Korea. Republic of.......... Taiwan (Formosa)._____ Total 14........................... Africa: Bechuanalaud................... Egypt................................... French Morocco............... Kenva..................... .. .......... Madagascar....................... Rhodesia and Xvasaland. Federation of: Southern Rhodesia. Swaziland............................ Uganda................................ Union of South Africa... Total................ ............... Oceania: New Zealand..................... Total............................... World total (estimate)1 287 209 l. 700 277 227 2. 710 (*) 11. l 23 5. 942 20 IS. ))S7 259 34 205. 000 1. 025 245. 000 13. 145 249 5. 744 (*> 290 22)i JO. 000 ] 940 ! 002 532 I 4; 70. 328 ! 32, 397 , 08,315 173. 118 1 1, 909 i 192 , 2. 101 ; 1. 245. 000 : 513 , l. 439 j j 134 ! 5 2. 8)Ml Ml Sit) , Mi ! 185 1 4 2. 800 (*' 1 1. 404 S. 33.8 Ji> 2li. 3S7 185 1 33 240. (MIO 2. 702 290. 000 992 12. 047 11. 419 1 22. 484 105 300. 000 4. 131 i 380. UOO 18, 250 : 909 3. 370 () JO . ,, 15. 881 805 4. 495 . 25. 000 27. 1)00 528 548 00 220 035 OOO 390 160 38 84. 834 34_,_769 133. 839 255. 064 87. 739 30. 103 94. 817 214.201 : 4, 546 764 5. 310 1. 560. 000 5. 567 j 5. 567 | 1. 565, 000 i (*> 33 1 j Shi (*' : 743 : 1 4. 000 l. 213 7. 853 14. 449 > 25. 955 30 170 375. 000 3, 598 435. 1)00 15. 309 435 : 0. 910 1 233 ; 101 50 I 31. 000 7J9 597 224 190 79. 902 30. 142 < 109. 151 221, 008 5. 279 5. 279 1. 670. 000 IDS 3 r4 i. ;.i: *'.). wm 1. 323 IS. 074 10. 913 3 33. J00 30 450. OOU 4. 305 520. 000 15. 300 !. 504 l 10 0. 932 00 403 259 36. 000 1. 420 051 152 301 105. 201 32. 013 > 119, 099 260. 085 5, 993 172 6. 165 l. 935. ODD 238 I) J 3 730 t*- 5, 041 0 .J|)l > l. 102 S. JSJ 0. 370 6 30. 159 35 500. not) 1. 105 505. ooo : 15.375 1. 37S 30 9. 914 54 l IS 034 30. OOO l. 3o> :;;;> 170 joj 1 IS. 975 29. 875 > 13li. 5 JH 2S7. 477 9. S57 368 HI. 225 1, 070. Olio In addition to countries listed, asbestos is produced in China. Czechia Slovakia, and North Korea. Estimates by author of chapter which appears in Minerals yearbook. 1956. are included in the total. This table incorporates a number of revisions of data published in previous Asbestos chapters. Data do not add to totals shown owing to rounding where estimated figures are included in the detail. 1 Exclusive of sand, gravel, and stone (waste rock only), production of which is reported as follows: 1947-61 (average), 3-1,167 tons; 1932, 39,664 tons: 1933, 21.116 tons; 1954. 26.429 tons: 1953. 2H.3*2 ton*: 45.4* tons. * Data not available: estimate hv author of chaptn wim-h jp|* ai* in Minerals Yearbook. 1936, included in total. > Estimate. * Includes asbestos flour. r Exports. 1 Year ended Mar. 20 of year following that stated. 42 00S 1777 30 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY Table 4.--A#be#tos sold or used by producers in the United States, 102-5--56 {Bureau of Mini*. Minerals Yearbook] Y*:ir Short ton* V:tlie Year Short tons 1925........................... .............. 1m2c>__ __ ____ .............. 1927........................... 1928........................... .............. 1929 . .. . .............. i 1930........................... ..............: 1931......................... ............... 1932......................... ..............; 1933........................... .............. 1930........................... .............. 1937........................... 1938........................... .............. 1939........................... .............. 1940........................... .............. 1.25S 1. 35S 2. 239 ' 3. 155 i 4. 242 1 3. 228 l 3. 559 ! 4. 745 i II. 004 10. 440 ! 15. 459 : 20. 060 *1 8.51. 700 134. 731 330. 8S2 351. 1 7.8 351. 004 239. 284 118. 907 105. 292 130. 077 153. 347 292. 927 314. 161 344. 044 247. 204 512. 788 674. 508 1941...................................... 1942.................................. 1943...................................... 1944............................. 1945...................................... 1946........................................... 1947........................................... 1948........................................... 1949........................................... 1950 . .............. ; : ! ! 1955........................................... 1 1956........................................... i i 24. 391 15. 481 6. 014 (>. 12. 226 14. 075 24. 035 37. 092 43. 3S7 42. 434 51. 045 53. 80.4 54. 4.56 47.621 44.580 41.312 S72.5. 7.53 498. 8.57 334. SI.5 380. 334 440. 04.5 504. T>1 91S. 5.58 1. SOO. 201 2. 014. 410 2. 925 050 3. 912. 500 4. 713. 032 4. 8-57. 359 4. 097. 902 4. 487. 428 4. 742. 440 Table 5.--Production {-d<ipmnits) of asbestos in Canada, 1035--56, in short tons [ Dominion Bureau ot Statistic?] Year Crod.-s Fibers Shorts Total 193.5 1930 1937 1938 19:59 1940 1941 1942 194:i 1944 1945 1940 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1954 1954 1955 1950 A. 1 Virtually all of the production in 1935-49 was from the Province of Queh< r. Includes to.olO tom from Ontario; balance from Quebec. 1 Includes !2>>.3SS tons from Ontario; balance from Quebec. ` lndU'ies 23.1 irt tons from Ontario: balance from Quebec. J fnrmues -J7.23S tons from Ontario and Bntisb Columbia: balance from Quebec. Table 6 shows Canadian output by grades in more detail. This table indicates that spin ning libers (Groups 1, 2, and 3) constitute only a small proportion of the Canadian output (about 4.1 percent in 1055), but the total out put of asbestos has been so high that produc tion of the spinning grades has ranged from hh.nno to more than 43,000 tons annually dur ing recent years. 2. 27S 3. 440 846 2. 911 121 2. 076 2, 845 2, 890 2. 016 1, 547 981 742 958 977 652 904 748 741 731 725 724 717 102. 270 133. 288 200. 247 163, 097 193. 992 181, 890 223. 767 199! 829 217. 889 190. 233 219, 767 228. 234 222, 196 241. 9o:i 194. 5S:i 305, 194 333. 001 326. 340 326. 653 395. 096 392. 982 105. 919 164. 559 205. 933 123. 785 167, 359 161, 615 251, 234 236. 741 247. 291 227, 485 246! i 48 329. 205 438, 667 473. 839 :179 671 639, 449 584. 105 596 7:18 667, 982 620. 529 ' 210. 407 :101. 2.87 401. 020 285. 79:i :504, 472 :145. 581 477, 840 4:19, 400 407, 190 419. 205 400, 890 558, 181 001. 821 710, 709 574. 900 ! 875. :!44 1 970, 198 1 929, :i:>9 '911. 220 * 924. 110 1. O0:t. 802 1. 014. 229 * Includes 29.S33 tons from Ontario ami British Columbia: balance from Quebec. ? Includes 41,310 tom from Ontario and British Columbia: balance from Quebec. The overall capacity of the Quebec mills to produce spinning fibers is much greater than the production figures in table 6 for Group > fibers indicate. Xew mills are under construc tion or are being planned. Tlie Quebec As bestos Mining Association estimated in r.">4 that the Quebec mills would have the capacity to produce 54,000 tons of the spinning grades 42 00S i7"8 CHAPTER 7. WORLD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 31 in 1035 (1). In addition to the Quebec output, the Cassiar Asbestos Corp. in British Columbia produced nearly rons of spinning grades in 1 !>.". and supplies from this source are likely to increase moderately. If. however, an abnormally heavy demand for Quebec spinninggrade asliestos should ilevelop. disposal of an excessive supply of the shorter grades, wii"><!i are coproducts of the spinning fibers, uiiiriu create a serious problem. TaBI.K >i.--Pniiliifl'i'ii 'xf,!pmnitx\ at uxbfxhix in Uand'/a. by yrmit-x. I-loO--ifi. in .-.hurt 1950 1951 1952 195:: 1954 1 !I.V I |V>ti * "rmli-s: Group.* l ami -........... Mill fillers: Group ....... ..................... < roup 4 ............................. Croup 5 ............................... (irnup 6 __________ - _ 1 Irouo 7. __ ________ ____ Croon 8. Total................................... 904 7+S 741 7S[ .-5:5. 955 . 1514. SOI lim. :;7.s 173. 74:5 1rJ :>. 324 :5:5. l.iO 1SS. i:;o 1 111. 7:55 : 223. 471 886. 828 J9. 135 85. 9:!'J 198. 500 . 117. Jim ; 204. 091 540. 7'Jt 82. 142 ::5. 970 1S7. 40(i 102. 904 175. 171 5579. 9IS 99. 710 875. :544 97:>. 19S 929. :i:!9 911. 990 795 7 .' t 199. 9S5 99. 100 lliS, <)) :>9i'i t.:>9 :51. 1.59 4:;. HN| _`:u. '.mg 117. 017 179. :::;'.) 409. 1 19 90. 491 994. HU 1. 06:>. SDJ 71 7 (.VJP J i*. 119. 759 lii^. 0 rj ;w *j:i. i::s 1.011.999 UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA Table 7 shows production in the Union of South Africa for the period 1085-5(5. by vari- ecies. South African production has special importance because it includes the entire world supply of amosite and the principal world supply of crocidolite (blue asbestos I. Table 7.--Production <<] <t in the Union of South Africa, by kiwi*. W36--id. in *hort tons1 Year nosttt* Blue Chrysotile Total 19:55 inaii. 19.57. 19:58. 1989. 1940 1941. 194'. 1948. 1944. 1943. 1946. 1947. 1948. 1949. 1950. 1951. 1959 19515 1954 1955. 1956. 4. 084 4. 898 0. 5:41 S. 79:5 11. 999 17. 767 19. 211 94. 994 23. 189 29. 848 16. 7:57 9. 888 IS. 780 80. 872 41. 974 42. 898 54, 038 68, 280 85. 958 45. 999 50. 187 30. 097 9.541 ! 4. 964 5. 947 , 8. 810 | 10. 197 j 8. 901 7. 852 1 7. 641 j 10. 344 1 9. 666 ! 9.671 ! 3. 691 : 9. 079 ; 10. 909 21. ISO 30. 598 33. 659 44, >o 37. 707 43. 746 48. 349 69. 087 15. 4S:l 16. 149 16. 855 0, 57o 619 646 1.60s 1. 917 9, 034 9. 014 1. 765 1. 666 9. 953 4. 441 7. 609 14. 334 19. 509 94. 970 13. 340 19. > > 90. 585 94. 386 99. 70S 95. 986 98. 633 93. 176 99. 083 97. 814 _>$ yi\ 34. 482 33. 367 34. 523 28. 173 20. 195 30. 112 45. 722 70. 763 57. :>`J5 107. 221 132. 985 91. 805 109. 041 119. 514 136. .520 1 A snail output of aatnophyllitc* is onutteil h*cause u ias do >truuaeic irnport.inov SOUTHERN RHODESIA Table 3 shows production in Southern Rho desia for a ill-year period. The chrysotile is of the low-iron type much in demand for elec trical insulation uses. Rhodesia was the major source of such fiber in the world until British Columbia. Canada, began production of similar fiber in 1058. Production was begun in .Swaziland in 19:19. with the opening of the Havelock mine, which has become an important producer of chryso tile (see table 3, p. 20). t 42 008 1779 wC - --,x .*i.> 4 5i,'SVV Table 8.--4s&Mfos production in Southern Rhodesia, 1935--56 (Annual Report: Chief Gotmusenc Mtoi&f Enftneer and Chief Inspector of Mines. .Southern RhclfSia] Year | Short tons Year Short tons Year 1U35. . n>3o .. I'.i37 l '.)3S pun 1941 .. 11142... _____ ! ......... ! .......... ___ .. .. .......... ......... 42.508 5ti. 34ti 57.014 53.811 58.313 57, 801 44. 134 55. S03 11143 ... ____ 1044 ............................. 11145 ............................. !'I4I ............................. 1047 ............................. 1948 ... . 1949 .................... ........ ' 58. 146 58. 293 54. 004 liS. S97 79. 63$ 1050 1951 . .. 1952 ......................... 1953 ....................... 11)54 ......................... 1055 . 1956 ........................... >hort tour* 71 5 ">7 84. 834 ST 73o 79. 962 105.261 113.973 U. S. S. R. An important asbestos industry exists in reeded l<wu>uii tons ;i year during some years. Soviet Russia : production in the late ISWH's ex- Table 0 is of historic value. Year 1913................................ 1914................................ 1915................................ 1916................................ 1917................................ 1918................................ 1919................................ 1920................................ 1921................................ Table 9.--Asbestos production in V. S. S. R. (Economic Rertev of the Soviet Cnion and other sourrrsl Metric tons ; 17,494 i 15,691 ; 9, 770 1 8, 192 : (i) () ; O 1. 478 ; 2. 604 ! Year j 1922......................... -..j 1923......................... 1924......................... 1925......................... 1926......................... ...: 1927......................... 1928......................... ...: 1929......................... 1930........................ Metric tons 3.215 2 4, 780 : 12. 330 i IS. 334 } - 21. 156 | 26 492 1 ; 29. 520 : 54.083 Year | Metric tons 1 1931......................... ...! 1032 ................ _ J 1933 ' 1034 ! 1035 ! 1936......................... ...! 1037 ' 1938......................... ...! 1039 ....................... 04.074 so. SOU 71 71)0 02.500 95 501) 125.117 15 000 80.000 <3' 5 Data not arnihhl\ ,5 War vnhM S*'pi. WORLD CONSUMPTION Consumption of asbestos for any given re gion is more difficult to determine than produc tion because supplies may be obtained from various sources. The figures in table 10 (ex cept those for the United States and Canada) have been compiled from data on shipments into the various countries or regions from the principal production centers, namely, Canada, Southern Rhodesia, the Union of South Africa, and Swaziland. The output of those regions, together with United States production (the figures for which are used in determining 1 No frnim jraiUble for or later jvurs. Esttraateil rvwtu .vmiu.il production u *).uoo metric tons. United States consumption), account for nearly 95 percent of total world consumption, excluding that of U. S. S. R. Consumption in the United States and Canada lias been deter mined with fair accuracy, bur die figures for other countries or regions given in this table are approximate only. For example, ship ments from the U. S. S. R. into continental Europe east of the Soviet orbit are nor in cluded because figures for such shipments are not available. However, the figures given ac count for 90 to more than 95 percent of the total annual consumption. Table 10.--Consumption of asbestos, by countries or regions, 1950-55. in short tons 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 i 1955 United States______ _______________________ Canada_____________ United Kingdom______ ____________________ Other European countries 1_______ Latin America...................................................... Australia____________________ 527.002 45. 365 129,690 93. 160 . 34. 879 1 26. 758 796. 992 10. 884 , 148. 371 130.027 38. 413 29. 183 752. 609 27. 231 14S. 412 160. 373 34. 452 ; 34. 607 743. 625 32. 696 122. 509 238.321 38. 726 28. 872 724. 117 ^ 36.388 118. 784 I 145. 732 | 39. 029 ! 40. 766 ' 782. 216 60. 124 150. 184 1S6. 111 49. 267 41. 482 . Comtarntal Europe east ot Russian orbit. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Bowi.es. i m.iver. The Asbestos Situation. Asbestos, vni. ::n. Xu. November 1954. pp. 16-30. 2. Minerals Yearbook. Statistical and ecoaoiuic com pilation published each year siuce 1931 be the Federal Bureau of Mines: before 1933 published as Mineral Resources of the United States: chaie ter on asbestos each year. CHAPTER 8. WORLD RESERVES IMPORTANCE OF RESERVES Current production rlirouirhoiir the world is an important element in die asbestos supply sit uation. but consideration of the availability of asbestos tillers cannot be confined merely to the present. Even though immediate supplies may be adequate, the question inevitably arises: What are the prospects for obtaining equal or larger quantities of suirnble fiber in"the years to comeThe answer depends largely upon the extent of reserves of commercial fiber in the various asbestos-producing areas of the world. Knowledge of reserves is so important in plan ning future operations that the larger compa nies have spent vast sums on geologic surveys and prospect drilling so that adequate reserves may he definitely established as a solid basis for investment in mining and milling facilities. I'lifortunately, much of the information thus assembled is confidential. However, all the available data on reserves that could be found are recorded here. . UNITED STATES The Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mines estimated in 1944 that United States re serves of all grades of chrysotile fiber totaled about T.'iO.um("short tons. Since that time con siderable prospect drilling has been conducted in the deposit at Eden. Vt.. to a depth of about sou feet, and a '20-year supply at the current or even an enlarged production rate seems to be assured. This would imply a reserve of at least snu.DUU to L million tons of fiber in that area. A large proportion of the asbestos mined in Ver mont is of the shorter grades, but recent explo ration has uncovered deposits said to have a larger proportion of spinning fibers. The discovery of new deposits would supple ment reserves already known. Prospect drill ing by a private company was conducted on a chrysotile deposit north of Redding. Shasta County. Calif., during 1950 but was discon tinued. presumably because the deposit proved to be too small to justify large-scale operations. Core drilling near. Copperopolis. Calaveras County, has established the presence of a de posit of considerable extent. Promising depos its of spinning-grade chrysotile have been found in several places in Shasta. Trinity, ami .Siskiyou Counties. Calif., in an extensive ser pentine area that merits exploration. Deposits are known in many other counties. It is possi ble that commercial deposits of considerable dze exist in California. Long chrysotile fibers of good spinning qual ity are available in Arizona, but the known re serves are small. Known United States reserves of asbestos that can be classed as strategic are small, but there is some basis for expecting more promis ing developments in the rururer There are no known reserves of either amosite or crocidolire. CANADA Estimates of Canadian reserves are incom plete. A great deal of prospect drilling has been done, but many of the results are not available. Asbestos Corp., Ltd., the second largest producer in Quebec, has published re serve data in its annual reports. The company estimates its rock reserves as of 1955 as follows: ......... . il l ri,,i. Kin? mine____________________________________ 7. .'Jim Beaver mine---------------------------------------------------- 7. -an British Canadian mine__ *>. 400 .Vnrmntulie mine a-i. 4"*' i >tlier [ir"l>erries IX. 4no Total lrj.'.> Reserves are more than d."> million tons greater than those estimated in l'.)50. Assum ing a 5-percent fiber recovery, this would indi cate a fiber reserve of more than million tons. Drill exploration at the King mine shows as bestos-bearing serpentine to a depth of 1.7m* feet. Johnson's Co. has increased its reserve' greatly by diamond drilling. Bell Asbestos Mines has purchased a new property in Range 4. Thetford Township, on which it has devel oped a high-grade 2.0UO- by 3*m-foot deposit at least 300 feet deep. The Johns-Manville Corp. has conducted ex tensive prospect drilling for many years. Fmm information supplied by drill cores, tiie com pany has constructed large models of its unde veloped areas showing the quantity and grade of fibers, both laterally and vertically, as a guide to future development. The compreheu- 42 003 1731 v. sivp data thus assembled have enabled tlie com pany to estimate that it has. within its present holding. enough available fiber to last at least Inn years at the present rate of mining. These extensive deposits at Asbestos are predom inantly -hnrt-liber occurrence^ Tin* overall picture nf reserves in the Quebec area i- indetinire. Tlte heavy investment in t'arilifie- and rheir expansion indi'-afes that rhe principal producers have as-nred themselves of reserves adeiptate for eontinuoiis operation ar riie current rate or oil an enlarged scale for ar leasr g.'> or "m years. As eurrent production exceeds 1 million tons of ashesros a year, a reserve of at least fin million tons fop the Quebec area seems to be assured simply on the basis of expectations implied by capital investment and current rate of production. In view of rhe supplies available for a much lousier period of extensive operations established by explora tion by rhe largest producer, together with probable reserves in unexplored areas, the figure of fin million tons could easily he doubled or trebled. Of grentesr immediate interest are the re serves of crudes and spinning fibers. In l'.)+6. H>4!>. and lii.'t) these groups comprised about 4 percent of rhe rotai Hber output. Accord ingly, if total reserves are tentatively estimated at a minimum of f.O million tons of all types of fibers, the reserves of crudes and spinning fibers would appear to be about 2.4(in.0o> tons. Production by grades is not available for the .period Rififi--4". In lOgs--,2 rhe proportion of crudes and spinning Hbers to total Hber pro duction averaged about <> percent. Although rhe figure of 4 percent for 1945-50 indicates a decline, this is more apparent than real be cause of rhe recenr great increase in recovery and sale of the very short fibers. From the foregoing, it may be concluded that Quebec reserves are adequate for a half cen tury of production, even at an increasing rate. The new development in Mimro Township, Ontario, provides a supplementary supply. The reserves are probably extensive but not of the magnitude of those in Quebec. This develop ment has not produced grades and qualities of filler suitable for textiles. Reserves at the Cas.'iar property in British Columbia are esti mated at nearly 7 million tons of rock carrying about 7 percent asbestos. These reserves are or special interest because about fi." percent of rite production in It '> was of the strategic spin ning tirades. U. S. S. R. Reserves of chrysotile asbestos in the I*. S. S. R. are extensive. It has been estimated that the reserves as of January 1. to:',7. ex ceeded l1-) million tons of fiber, excluding rhe shorter grades (less than n.7 mm. longi. Re duction in reserves as a result of mining since that date is said to be more than offset by new discoveries i2).1 Figures from another source indicate that re serves in infill were about Is million metric tons (2). SOUTHERN RHODESIA According to an esrimnte made in tog', the reserves of asbestos in Southern Rhode-iau de posits amounted to about 7 million tons. Dur ing the ensiling 22 years about 1 million f.e:~ was mined, which would reduce the re-crvr~ r. about ( million tons: however, the rate of de pletion probably has been reduced to -nine ex tent by enlargement of established reserves through prospect drilling. The 17n and Birrhdav fiber-bearing rock masses, which are ap proximately 2.1HNI feet long and loo feet wide and dip fi5oJ. have been proved by drilling to :t vertical deprh of l.Diiu feet. One`diamond-drill hole in the Birthday section intercepted rock ,,f good grade at a depth of 2.301 > feet. The Nil Desperandum deposit has been proved to a depth of S.30 feet. The proportion of spinning-grade fiber pro duced in the Shabani area is exceptionally high. An estimate as high as 25 or fin percent has been made, but in 1949 it was said that go per cent of the output wotdd satisfy United State# National Stockpile specifications, which call for Grades C & G Nos. 1 and 2. As rhe largest Rhodesian reserves are in rhe Shabani area, a reserve of spinning fibers exceeding 1 million tons mav be assumed. UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA TRANSVAAL The rich chrysotile mines of the Barberton area ( New Amianthus and Munnick-Myburgh i are virtually exhausted, although steps have been taken to reopen them. Moderate reserves of chrysotile occur in other mines of the Bar berton area, such as the Stoltzburg and Dovershock. Recent exploration mentioned under Swaziland disclosed that the serpentine beit extends at least 14 miles inro Transvaal from tiie Swaziland border, indicating new possi bilities for chrysotile occurrences. Amos ite deposits cover a wide area, and the fiber veins show remarkable continuity over 1 Italicized number* in parenrh**** refer Co items in :l:c at tbe cud ut tills cbuycer. i ,-t r- 42 00S CHAPTER 8. WORLD RESERVES long distances. Hence, it is inferred that the reserves are extensive. Crocidolite occurs with amosite in the Pietersburg district in the west ern part of the amosite belt. The reserves are probably less extensive in this area. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE The crocidolite deposits of the Cape extend over an area 24> miles long and up to .'lit miles wide. The area is so large and rhe liber veins are distributed so generally throughout it that the reserves are probably extensive. SWAZILAND The reserves at the Havelock mine are said to comprise 14 million tons of rock carrying 4 percent- asbestos. This would indicate over half a million tons of fiber. Much larger reserves may be developed than these estimates indicate, because recent exploration has revealed an ex tension of the serpentine belt from the Have lock mine south-southwest to the Transvaal border, a distance of 17 miles. CHINA China may have latere reserves of asbestos. It was estimated in 19:15 that Hopei Province had a reserve of 400,000 tons. AUSTRALIA As the crocidolite-beuring rocks of the Hamersley Range, Western Australia, extend over an area 180 miles long and 20 to 30 miles wide, the prospective reserves are very large. They may even exceed those of the Union of South Africa. WORLD ESTIMATE The following estimates of world reserves (table 11) have recently been made (J). Table 11.--resert'n nf chiff proi/itcim/ eniintrie<, tho>ixan<l short Ions Country Variety ChrvsotiW Amo>itu f'rnckl- Prob oiiti* able lit- in y-ars; Australia............ Canada________ Southern Rhodesia........ Swaziland........... Union of South Africa United States... U. S. S. R........... 35 50. nun 10. 000 500 351) 1. 500 35. 00U ................ 1.500 ................ 100 i.ooo ;;n Jo :o 50 100 1 "Lifr" is duction. oQ thv contmuuncv >( the SUMMARY r\iw >{ world pro The world as a whole appears to have ade quate asbestos reserves for at least 25 or 3n years at current or moderately increased rates of output. United States reserves of the shorter fibers are small compared with domestic needs. Of the longer grades, the reserves are very small. The chief suppliers of the United States markers--Camilla and Africa--appear to have adequate reserves for long-range plan ning. The Soviet Union probably has re serves large enough to supply its domestic econ omy in war or peace for many years. To pro vide for a possible downward scaling of re serves or for a greatly enlarged consumption, the discovery and development of new deposits, especially in the United States, are highly desirable. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Ixdcstriya (Moscow). The Rise of the Soviet Asbestos Industry. May 10. man. 3. Mixing Jocrxal (Loudon). Asbestos. Vol. 341. No. (HAS. Autt. 3!). to.-,'!. JI. 344. 3. Sinclair. W. E. Asbestos: Its Origin. Production, and Utilization. London, PJ55, p. 333. 42 008 1783 CHAPTER 9. POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL CONTROL SIGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRY CONTROL Asbestos deposits of commercial importance are not abundant and sire widely scattered over the earth. The demand for this mineral has in creased greatly: therefore, both political and commercial control of asbestos deposits Inis pri mary interest, not only to individual consumers l>ut to national governments, because it is re garded as a minersil of strategic importance. POLITICAL CONTROL The U. S. S. R. deposits are under absolute control of the State. All other producing areas of primary importance--Canada, Southern Rhodesia, Union of South Africa, and Swazi land--are within the political orbit of the Brit ish Commonwealth. Moderately important de posits in Cyprus. Australia, and New Zealand are also within the British sphere. Deposits of moderate importance outside the British Com monwealth are in the United States, Venezuela, Italy, Finland. India, China, and Japan. Relatively small deposits are controlled politi cally by Argentina, Bolivia, Portugal, France, Turkey, French Morocco, and several other countries. COMMERCIAL CONTROL The only large asbestos producer in the United States--Vermont Asbestos Mines--is a subsidiary of the Ruberoid Co. of New York City and is controlled by United States capital. All of the small United States companies are similarly controlled. Commercial control of the Canadian asbestos industry is diverse. The largest operation in Quebec, Canada--in fact, the largest operation in the world--that of Canadian Johns-Manville, is a subsidiary of the Johns-Manville Corp. of New York City. This company also is operating a property--the Munro mine--near 36 Matheson, Ontario, which began production in 1!).")0. The Quebec Asbestos Corp., Ltd., is a subsidiary of the Philip Carey Manufacturing Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio; the'Nicolet Asbestos Mines, Ltd., of Nicolet Industries, Inc.. To Pine Street, New York City: and Flintkote Mines. Ltd., of the Flintkote Co. of New York City. British capital also is represented. The Bell Asbestos Mines, a large producer, is a subsidi ary of Turner & Newall. Ltd., of Manchester. England. Asbestos Corp., Ltd., the second largest producer in the Quebec area, and the Johnson's Co., one of the pioneer operators, are reported to be financed by Canadian capital. Cassiar Asbestos Corp., Ltd., operator of a new mine in British Columbia, is a subsidiary of Con-West Exploration Corp., a Canadian firm. However, substantial blocks of stock in the Cassiar Asbestos Corp. are owned by Tur ner & Newall, Ltd., of Manchester, England, and by Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., of Manheim, Pa. Two British companies, Turner & Newall. Ltd., and the Cape Asbestos Co., control most of the asbestos production in Southern Rhode sia, the Union of South Africa, and Swaziland. These companies have extensive asbestos-prod ucts manufacturing plants whose raw-material needs claim first priority. Also. European and Australian buyers are preferred customers at times. Accordingly, the position of United States buyers of the important fibers originat ing in Africa is somewhat uncertain. The one company operating in Cyprus is con trolled by Britisli capital. The Australian mines are controlled by British and Australian interests. Most of the production of blue asbes tos in Bolivia has come from Bolivian-owned mines. A French company was reported to have held a 48-percent interest in the Venezue lan asbestos industry at Tinaquillo, but in 1!>r>:i the propertv was taken over by a new company controlled 6y Venezuelan capital. The State controls, both politically and commercially, the activities of the asbestos industry of the Rus sian Urals. 7 42 UU& 1784 CHAPTER 10. INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXTENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE The Soviet Union stands alone with respect ro its position as a large producer as well as a large consumer of asbestos. Southern Rhodesia and the I'nion of .South Africa have had small asbestos-products manufacturing industries but are attaining increasing importance. Accord ing to a consular report received in 15)56, there are 13 asbestos-products plants in the Union of South Africa and 2 in Southern Rhodesia. Canada is becoming an important manufac turer of asbestos products. In 15)54. 16 plants made products which were sold for nearly >24 million, compared with 15 plants produc ing goods valued at about *8 million in 1948. Canadian consumption of asbestos ranges from 3 to 5 percent of total sales. Countries that are normally the important asbestos consumers outside the U. S. S. R.--the United States, England, France, Germany, Bel gium. Netherlands, and' Japan--produce no asbestos or only relatively small quantities. Be cause nearly all important asbestos-producing countries are minor consumers and nearly all important consuming countries have limited domestic asbestos resources, a large proportion of all asbestos mined enters international trade, and all the principal nations are profoundly interested in foreign sources of supply and their availability in times of emergency. Figure 6 presents a general picture of the export and import situation throughout the world for three recent vears. As the United States depends so extensively on foreign supplies, international trade in as bestos and its products merits careful scrutiny. Furthermore, the trade of the principal asbestos-producing countries with the United States and other importers is likewise signifi cant. because it indicates the proportion that each consuming country receives from year to year. FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES CONSUMPTION The United States is the largest consumer of asbestos in the world. Consumption during the -22-year period 1935-56 is indicated in table 12. Imports comprise 92 to 96 percent of the annual requirements. These imported supplies constitute the major part of the raw material- employed by more than lou asliesros-produvts plants that manufactured goods valued at more than $344 million in 15)53. Importations into the United Stares are hampered in no way by tariff regulations Itecau.-e unmanufactured as bestos is imported duty free. Table 12.--Apparent conmmptinn 1 <> in the f'niteii State*. //>.?.J-.Jtf (Bureau of Mint's Mineral- YciirGnok] os Year 8hort tons Year > iort tons 1935................. 193H................. 1937................ 1938................ 1939................ 1940................ 1941................ 1942................ 1943................ 1944................ 1945................. \ I94* 250. 922 .1 1947............ 316. 263 1 1948............ 1ST. 150 j 1949............ 255. 547 1 1950............ 262. 199 !! 1951............ 438. 741 1 1952............ 433. 949 1953............ 445. 902 1954............ 389. 241 : 1955............ 37S. 030 ,! 1956............ 4.`)Q 7.Y' 616. 194 74t 532. 708 727. 002 796. 992 752. 609 743. 625 724. 117 782. 216 727. 396 1 Production plus imports minus exports. IMPORTS Table 13 shows United States imports of asbestos by years for a 22-year period. 15)3556, by leading countries of origin. Over 90 percent on a tonnage basis ordinarily is im ported from Canada, but a large part of it con-sists of the shorter, nonstrategic grades. Of greatest significance in times of emergency are the imports of crudes and spinning fibers desig nated as strategic grades. Imports from Canada of these grades for the 12-year period 1945-56 are indicated in table 14. As these grades have generally been scarce in times of emergency, the proportion of total Canadian output that reached United States markets during the postwar era is significant. Such figures, available onlv since 1948, are shown in table 15. In the early part of the post-World "War II period the demand for these grades was greater than the supply. In 1948 the United States received 68 percent of the total supply and in 1949, onlv 59 percent. From 1950 to 1952. the proportion ranged from 67 to 72 per cent but was considerably lower in 15>53, 15)54. and 1955. The recession was, however, due to depressed markets for spinning grades rather than to inability to obtain them. 37 / l- 42 008 1785 38 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY thousano short tons 1,0 00 EXPORTS IMPORTS 'j Continental Europe Oui9.de Russian omit. Isoo 600 II400 isa* <993 CANADA 1949 >931 .935 AHOOESIA .949 193. >93 9 UNION of SOUTH AFRICA, SWAZILANO 1949 Its, ttS UN1TE0 STATES 1949 1991 1999 UNITED KINCOOM t949 1991 1999 CONTINENTAL EUROPE - Figure 6.--Asbestos Exports and Imports, by Countries, for 1945. 1951. and 1953. Table 13.--Import* of asbestos into the T'nited States, by principal countries oj oriyin, 1035--56, in xhort tons (C. S. Department of Commerce) \ear Africa Southern Rhodesia 1 I'uiou of South Africa Swaziland Australia Canada l\ S. S. R. ; j Other ii Total 1 : 1935........................... 1936............................ 1937........................... 1938............................ 1939............................ 1940........................... 1941............................ 194:2............................ 1943........................... 1944........................... 1945........................... 1946........................... 1947......................... 1948........................... 1949............................ 1950............................ 1951............................ 195:2........................... 1953............................ 1954......................... 1955........................ 1950............................ 1. 133 3, 506 7, 099 2, 745 4. 836 8, 462 8, 234 8, 665 28. 555 7. 966 i 2. 545 5, 463 8, 992 10. 513 13. 722 9. 464 7, 725 1 10.543 9. 990 7. 219 8. 420 14, 640 945 2. 080 4, 248 8, 677 6. 359 8, 752 21, 447 20, 278 24. 009 19. 196 13. 247 6. 050 20. 034 18. 859 22. 720 14. 907 23. 583 26. 902 26. 430 27. 400 28. 699 33. 175 P) (=1 P) P) P> (!> P) P) pi P) p> P' P! 3 692 3 497 3 1. 522 3 712 3 607 3 619 3 1. 280 1S9 - 21 28 62 85 3 > 24 3 249 273 311 274 l. 750 1. 256 8. 848 8. 150 154. 236 226. 078 276. 010 166. 071 223. S40 225. 856 389.391 366. 621 885. 655 353. 247 355. 768 442. 073 559. 279 002. 216 470. 783 678. 696 726. 770 668. 900 652. 117 640. 232 699. 087 633. 746 4, 813 16. 422 10. 213 5, 265 2, 611 3. 610 1. 144 2. 610 2. 625 2. 750 6. 524 15. 514 l. 221 426 2. 237 1. 761 >25 292 6 5. 408 5. 756 9. 618 1. 711 4.915 3. 515 02 33 889 30 12 328 10 84 174 170 585 482 1. 014 S77 680 4. 317 243, 602 307. 1S8 179. 490 242. 561 246. 613 419. 196 419. 2 42 440. 255 8S8. 049 374. 199 456. 688 594. 839 647. SSI .50'). 566 7i.458 709. 469 692. 2 45 67S. 390 740. 425 6.89. 054 IH-Munatiil Other British. 1935--11. Assume*! source; classified in import statistics under "Cnlonof South .Africa." J Assumed source: classified in import statistics under southern British .Africa." No transactions reported 1935-17 'u 42 008 1786 CHAPTER 10. INTERNATIONAL TRADE 39 Table 14.--Imports' of spinning grades ,j asbestos into the UniteI States from Canada. [045-.iei short tons (Bas! on Dominion Bun*nu of statistics data] C ritdes 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 C rude No. 1 ............................. Crude No. 2 Other crudes................................... ...... .... ''pinning and textile ............................... Total ............................................... 1.84 . 419 i76; 18.06:1 13. 842 221 ! 291 ! IS. 7048 !i 19. 224 1 168 ! >479S 11 17. S36 | 13. 381 | 274 307 94 20. 770 21. 145 Jin 437 | 1 1. 584 ;:oo 260 1.114 21. 417 -- -. 1S l G rades rrude No. I____________________________ Crude No. 2___________________ Other crudes________ ______________ . Spinning and textile........................... ........ Total...................................... _................. 1951 1952 1953 126 j :;84 22.46:; ! 23. 199 j 144 79 : 24. 112 24. 607 168 : 467 i 19. 417 20. 259 | 1954 82 19. 426 1955 lti.56 65 ! 164 644 21. 889 -- -'- :>o jir jo, o:x -- - 20. 1)11 Table 15.- Total shipments and imports into the United States oj Canadian crudes and spin,, toy fibers, 1049-36. in short tons 1949 l *.>50 1951 i 1952 ! 1953 : 1954 195.) 19.56 Total shipments ......................... Shipments into United States. Percent of total imported United States..... ....................... 33. 884 36. 673 36. 751 35. 1)33 43. 805 23, 199 24. 667 i 20. 259 , 19.426 22,212 34. 056 20, 91 1 50 72 70 67 -I 62 51 60 The need for spinning-grade chrysotile as bestos with a lower iron content than that pro duced in Quebec* was urgent during World War II and in the early postwar period. Such libers were needed for electrical applications, includ- ing cable construction on naval vessels. For v ,,*'-***^ "`c [si if/tu suuue ui u)\>-iron libers was Southern Rhodesia but. as indicated in table 16, imports of the spinning tirades dropped from 5,891 tons in 194S to only tons Table 16.--Asbestos (chrysotile) importedjar consumption in the United States from Southern Rhod,*ij by grades. 1043--56, in short tons lt\ S. Department of Commerce] Year Crude No. 1 -j Crude No. 2:j Spinning Total spin and textile ning grades Other Grand total ' 1043............................... 1044......... .................. 1045........................... 1046........................... 1047.......................... 1048........................... 1040............................. 1050.................................... 1051........................... 1052............. 1053........................... 1054.................................... 11005565......................................................._ I. 566 l. 490 459 762 1. 593 1. 174 1. 270 2. 124 678 462 1,039 181 105 61 5. 618 4. 519 1. 911 1. 475 4. 226 4. 697 2. 905 1. 844 1,239 1.363 814 275 162 71 ________ ................ ________ 20 81 556 25 177 730 156 76 339 7, 184 6. 009 2. 370 2. 237 5. 819 5. 891 4. 256 4. 524 I. 942 2. 002 2. 583 612 343 471 1 21. 927 l. 957 3. 225 3. 156 ; 3. 531 1 9. 466 4. 940 5. 783 : 3. 541 7. 407 6. 607 8. 077 14. 169 29. 111 7. 966 2. 870 5. 46'_* $. 975 a 422 1 13. 722 i 464 7. 7-5 IO. 543 * m;0 7 -'19 Y 4-0 1 1. 640 1 Effective July l. I9M. reported bv the Deportment of Commerce os Federation of Rhodesia and X'yasaland. Believed to be all from Southera Rhodesia. Ibuli 13* ----59 -1 X ' Believed to be equivalent to C A O No. 1 and C A O Xu. 1 Includes imports from Mozambique. v g?i ' u u i- 42 008 1787 40 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY in 1055. The decline was due largely to increas in'; demands for the fiber in other countries, particularly in Great Britain. The shortage of imports created a serious situation for several years, but discovery in the early lO.IU's of a large low-iron asbestos deposit in British Co lumbia. Canada, relieved the stress. Amosite. a variety of asbestos mined only in the Cnion of South Africa, also has strategic importance, particularly as a lightweight ther mal insulator. Imports during the period 1946-.K; are indicated in table IT. African erocidolite (blue asbestos), although it lias not been classed as strategic, has impor tant uses, chiefly in the manufacture of asbestoscement pipe, and it is in strong demand in the Cnited States. Imports are recorded in table 17. Table 17.--Import* of amosite and erocidolite (blue asbestos) into the United State.*, 19.'f3-56, in short tons [V. 3. Deportment of Commerce] Year Amosite Crocidolite or foreign material that had been milled, blended, or otherwise processed in the United States. The latter item was the largest. It consisted principally of Canadian fibers blended in various ways to suit the needs of Latin-American or European countries. South America has over 20 asbestos-prod nets plants. Some of them have been supplied in part from small local asbestos mines and limited shipments received from Africa, but the plants depend primarily upon direct shipments from Quebec or upon imports of prepared fibers from United States suppliers. Continental Euro pean countries were the principal destinations because their domestic supplies were small or nonexistent and their customary sources were inadequate. Export trade declined greatly in 1956 and 1954, when world supply more nearly balanced demand. Table 18.--Exports of asbestos from the United States. 10^7-66 1 [t\ 3. Department of Commerce] Year Short tons 1 Value I 043.......................................... 1044.......................................... 1045.......................................... 1 946.......................................... 1047.......................................... 1(M 8.......................................... 104!).......................................... 1050.......................................... 1051.......................................... 1052 ....................................... 1053.......................................... 1054.......................................... 1056.......................................... l 20. 120 15. 660 9, 054 8. 414 10. SOI 12. 551 14. 892 8, 105 15. 131 18. 323 15, 261 14. 634 11,745 11, 735 3. 880 3. 051 4. 515 1. 261 7, 851 4. 060 5, `259 5, 423 5. 473 6. 885 7, 781 10,911 14. 592 19. 270 Bolivian erocidolite was regarded as essential for gas-mask filters during World War II and the early postwar period and was purchased for the national stockpile. Since effective Fiberglas filters have been developed, requirements for Bolivian erocidolite for such use have been virtually eliminated. There is little or no com mercial demand for it. Imports have ranged from 68 to 828 tons a year since 1948 but with completion of the Government purchase pro gram have virtually ceased. EXPORTS Although the United States produces only a fraction of its requirements of asbestos, it nevertheless exports substantial quantities. Table 18 shows the tonnage and value of exports from 1947 to 1956. Approximately 15 percent of the exports comprised material that had been imported and later exported without change. The remainder was asbestos of domestic origin 1947......................................... 1948......................................... 1949....................................... 1050......................................... 1951.......................................... 1952.......................................... 1953.......................................... 1954.......................................... 1955.......................................... 1956.......................................... 2, 680 9. 227 19, 445 20. 800 16, 526 ; 10.724 ! 3. 076 i 1. 894 i 2. 787 2. 950 ; 8436. 300 1. 804, 611 4. 152. 344 4. 084. 384 3. 662. 270 2. 670, 970 592, 222 201! 157 267, 776 374i 064 1 Figures for years preceding 1947 are not comparable. Some of the asbestos export trade during the early postwar era when asbestos was in short supply might be classed as gray-market trans actions. 0ealers or processors obtained fiber in various ways and sold it abroad, either as pur chased or after processing, at the highest prices they could command. Canadian asbestos pro ducers tried to confine their sales to legitimate consumers, but occasionally their asbestos fell into the hands of jobbers or traders who sold it to foreign consumers at prices far above regular market quotations. According to the figures given in table 18. the average price per ton from 1948 to 1952 was more than 8200. As exports were predominantly of the shorter grades, this relatively high average reflects the prices that asbestos-hungry industries in foreign lands were willing to pay. EXPORT CONTROL Earlv in World War II the need for as bestos became so urgent that control measures were promulgated to restrict exports of fibers needed in the military program. In accord- 42 00S 1788 40 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY in 1055. The decline was due largely to increas ing demands for the fiber in other countries, particularly in Great Britain. The shortage of imports created a serious situation for several veai>. but discovery in the early 1050`s of a large low-iron asbestos deposit in British Co lumbia. Canada, relieved the stress. Amosite. a variety of asbestos mined only in rhe I'ninn of South Africa, also has strategic importance, particularly as a lightweight ther mal insulator. Imports during the period 104:5--HI are indicated in table IT. African crocidolire (blue asbestos), although it has not been classed as strategic, has impor tant uses, chiefly in rhe manufacture of asbestoscement pipe, and it is in strong demand in rhe Cuired States. Imports are recorded in table IT. Table IT.--Import.s of amosite and crocidolite (blue asbestos) into the United States, 1043-56, in short tons [U. S. Department of Commerce) Year Amosite Crocidolite or foreign material that had been milled, blended, or otherwise processed in the United Stares. The latter item was the largest. It consisted principally of Canadian fibers blended in various ways to suit the needs of Latin-American or European countries. South America has over *20 asbestos-products plants. Some of them have been supplied in part from small local asbestos mines and limited shipments received from Africa, but the plants depend primarily upon direct shipments from Quebec or upon imports of prepared fillers from United States suppliers. Continental Euro pean countries were the principal destinations because their domestic supplies were small or nonexistent and their customary sources were inadequate. Export trade declined greatly in 1956 and 1954. when world supply more nearly balanced demand. Table 18.--Exports of asbestos from the United States. 1047-56 1 (IT. 3. Department of Commerce) Year 1 Short tons ! Value 11)43.......................................... 1044.......................................... 1045......................................... 1046......................................... t047......................................... 1048......................................... 1040......................................... 1050.......................................... 1051......................................... 1052 ....................................... 1053......................................... 1054...,................................ 1055 1056....................................... 20. 120 15. 660 0. 054 8. 414 10. 801 12. 551 14. 802 8. 105 15. 131 18. 323 15, 261 14, 634 11, 745 1L 735 3. 880 3. 051 4. 515 1,261 7,351 4,060 5, 259 5, 423 5. 473 6. 885 7, 731 10.911 14. 592 19. 270 Bolivian crocidolite was regarded as essential for gas-mask filters during World War II and rhe early postwar period and was purchased for the national stockpile. Since effective Fiberglas filters have been developed, requirements for Bolivian crocidolite for such use have been virtually eliminated. There is little or no com mercial demand for it. Imports have ranged from 68 to 828 tons a year since 1948 but with completion of the Government purchase pro gram have virtually ceased. EXPORTS Although the United States produces only a fraction of its requirements of asbestos, it nevertheless exports substantial quantities. Table 18 shows the tonnage and value of exports from 194T to 1956. Approximately 15 percent of the exports comprised material that had been imported and later exported without change. The remainder was asbestos of domestic origin 1947......................................... 1948......................................... 1949........................................ 1950......................................... 1951........................................ 1952......................................... 1953......................................... 1954......................................... 1955......................................... 1956......................................... 2. 680 ; 9.227. 19. 445 ; 20. 800 16. 526 i 10. 724 : 3. 076 1. 894 ; 2. 737 2. 050 : $436. 300 1.304.611 4. 152. 344 4. 084. 384 3. 662. 270 2. 670. 070 502. 222 201.157 267. 776 374. 064 1 Figures for rears preceding 1947 are not comparable. Some of the asbestos export trade during the early postwar era when asbestos was in short supply might be classed as gray-market trans actions. Healers or processors obtained fiber in various ways and sold it abroad, either as pur chased or after processing, at the highest prices they could command. Canadian asbestos pro ducers tried to confine their sales to legitimate consumers, but occasionally their asbestos fell into the hands of jobbers or traders who sold it to foreign consumeis at prices far above regular market quotations. According to the figures given in table 18. the average price per ton from 1948 to 1952 was more than 6290. As exports were predominantly of the shorter grades, this relatively high average reflects the prices that asbestos-hungry industries in foreign lands were willing to' pay. EXPORT CONTROL Early in World War II the need for as bestos became so urgent that control measures were promulgated to restrict exports of fibers needed in the military program. In accord- 42 008 1788 42 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY Table 19.--Espnrts of axbesto* jrom Canada, by country of dixlination. 1035-55. in *hort ton*--Cmi. (Dominion Burma of S(:ictsticf--Continiu*|| 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 194$ Pn rtluirtimi: T..r-il f`ruili-s anil milli-il fibers 1________ I-Aporrs: Total.......................................... ............. frillies and milled fibers................ Exports to I'nited Stales: Total........................................................ Crudes and milled fibers__________ Exports to United Kingdom: Total______________________________ Crudes and milled fibers................ Exports to other European countries: Total........................................................ Crudes and milled fibers Exports to Latin America: Total_______________________ _______ Crudes and milled fibers Exports to Australia: 4:59. 4fit) 202. 719 427. 457 JIM. 24S 165. 621 25. S92 22. 119 l. 737 I. 679 8. 185 3. 035 467. 19fi 219. 905 442. 999 212. 327 3S5. 523 100. 906 32, S36 27. 541 2. 352 2, 352 12. 593 12, 470 Crudes and milled fibers3_________ 3. 794 Exports to Japan: Total Crudes and milled fibers. _ -J__________ Canadian consumption 3.............. ............. 13. 003 9. 553 24. 197 419. 2(15 191. 7S0 ` 4fifi. S96 220. 748 55S, |S1 22S. 976 till 1. SJl 223. 154 395. 937 440. 557 520. I$4 *mT>. SlJli 183. 209 210. 623 215. $72 224. 646 350. 926 353. 5S3 437. 534 551. 145. 852 135. 432 150. 099 Mil. S3.) 23.071 16. 027 37. 567 23, 799 27. 546 23. 003 31. $17 20. 418 I. 380 1.880 22. 870 20. 182 35. 534 23. 466 23. 515 19. 413 9, 251 19. 155 18, 904 10. 646 10. 398 15. 3S5 15, 112 10 47 10. 193 7 150 7! 087 4 '>07 S. 367 7 08*1 7. 083 7Mi. 7ii!> 242. 931) ti!)(t. 442 237. 949 599. 719 ms. v>.> ->S. 2-'4 2 4. 435 27. Mu) 20. 9ii| lo 1)0:; 14 44:> 3. 22; >il. 23. 323 26. 339 37. 997 24. 925 2(1. : I J 7 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Production: Total\ Crudes and milled fibers 1..... ........... Exports: Total........................................................ Crudes and milled fibers................ Exports to United States: Total............................... ..................... Crudes and milled fibers.................. Exports to United Kingdom Total ...................................................... Crudes and milled fibers.................. Exports to other European countries: Total........................................................ Crudes and milled fibers.................. Exports to Latin America: Total.................... ................................... Crudes and milled fibers.................. Exports to Australia: Total3_____________ ________ _______ Crudes and milled fibers 3................ Exports to Japan: Total................ ....................................... Canadian consumption 3............................ 574. 906 195. 235 1S2. 272 461. 453 126, 797 28. 348 19, 058 26. 415 19. 056 9. 806 8. 958 6. 785 6, 725 98 98 39. 916 S75. 344 306. 098 829. 979 290, 643 667, 006 181, 409 52. 395 29, 912 62. 912 39. 117 24. 5S2 20, 848 12, 411 10, 767 5. 306 3. 884 45. 365 973. 198 333. 749 942. 314 325. 254 712. 065 199, 632 68. 830 30, 807 94. 140 45. 539 30. 409 23, 451 13. 542 12. 065 15. 464 7. 686 30, 384 929, 339 352. 385 902. 058 340.510 678. 932 193. 132 57. 340 36, 726 113.200 58. 461 31. 200 23. 941 16. 166 13, 055 13. 865 7, 122 27, 231 911. 226 327, 121 878, 530 317. 226 644. 159 169. 351 51. 922 19. 609 199. 723 62. 708 35. 332 29. 350 18. 124 17. 504 20. 025 11. 372 32. 696 924. llfi 1, Ofil. 951 327. 373 * 37ri. 298 887. 728 1. 001. $27 313. 485 360. 300 634. 123 151. 457 093. 01 *9 169. 357 5S. 743 25. 130 76. 47S 37. SlU 105. 244 65. 417 133. 130 SI. 34(J 37. 201 30. 128 44. 740 33. 216 21. 906 21. 661 23. 375 22. 66S 18. 564 12. 196 36. 388 19. 532 12. S;;d 60. 124 1 (iroaps l to 3. Canadian classification. Includes New Zealand. 1 Production minus exports: Imports arc mniiizible. 4 Estimate dertred by adilina to Quebeccruitw :um milieu fiber- .11 of British Columbia production ana one-thirvl o( untorio proiuctiun. The United States, the largest consumer, generally receives 70 to over 70 percent of the rotal Canadian production: 70 to 77 percent of the Canadian production of crudes anil mill fibers were shipped to the United States in l'.*47 and L04S, but since that time shipments have declined to only 43 percent in l'.i.The decreasing proportion shipped to the United States is due chiefly to the substantial increase in sales to continental Kurope--from 9 percent 42 005 1700 CHAPTER 10. international trade 43 iii 1048 to 2-2 percent in 1055. This increase reflects the rehabilitation of war-devastated as bestos-products plants in that area. Shipments of mules and mill filters from Canada to countries other than the United Stares and the United Kingdom reached a high of 55 percent in 10:18. During World War II. however, such shipments declint'd greatly, reaching a low of only 7 percent in 1042. Since rlie war the percentage has risen gradually. Shipments to Latin America. Australia, and Japan have been increasing. Exports of crudes and milled fibers to the United Kingdom, except for a recession in 105:; and 1054. have remained remarkably constant at alwut l" percent dur ing recent years. FOREIGN TRADE OF SOUTHERN RHODESIA Rhodesia has a small asbestos-productsmanufacturing industry, which is gradually expanding. Two plants were reported in opera tion in 1056. Accordingly, a large percentage of the asl>estos produced is exported. Kxporrby country of destination are shown in table 2*i. Before World War II. To to percent >f the exports were consigned to the United King dom and other European countries. During the war continental Europe received very little, and the quantities shipped to the United States increased from a prewar <> to 12 percent to a maximum of 58 percent in lmd to supply war needs. Australia also received much larger quantities during the war than in the lOi'.o's. Recently. 50 to 60 percent of the exports have been consigned to the United Kingdom. Twelve to 20 percent came to the United States from 1047 to 105:!. but the proportion de clined to 0 percent in 1054 and 8 percent in 1055. These figures relate to chrysotile of all grades but, as indicated in table 16. shipment.of the spinning grades to the United States have declined to very small quantities. Ship ments to continental Europe and Australia show substantial increases in 1054 and 1055. d able 20.--Espurls of axbrshu from Southern Rhoilrxia. by principal countries of ilrstination. /.ojj-.7. in short loos [D;isi*l on Amm.il Reports. Chief Government Mount: Enem.iT and Chief Inspector of Minos, Southern Rluwle*u| Year Produc tion Total exports Exports to-- United States I'nitud Continental Latin Australia Kingdom Europe 1 America j 1 iitlia 1935 -..................... mao....................... 1937....................... 1968....................... 1969....................... 1940....................... 1941....................... 1942....................... 1948....................... 1944....................... 1945....................... 1946....................... 1947....................... I94S....................... 1949....................... 1950....................... 1951....................... 1952....................... 1958....................... 1954....................... 1955....................... 1956....................... 42. 598 56, 046 57. 014 58. 811 58,318 44. 134 55. 803 58. 146 58. 293 56, 349 55. 872 54, 094 68. 897 79, 638 71, 527 77, 662 84, S34 87, 739 79, 902 105. 261 1 IS. 973 45. 2S7 51. 227 64. 45-5 58. 610 51. 013 57, 891 54. 224 62, 332 56. 382 46. 755 50, 251 61, 745 56. 325 67. 760 72, 808 73. 779 68. 304 83, 135 71, 629 81. 172 92. 477 107. 842 1. 418 i 4, 106 8. 018 3. 390 5. 206 S. 295 12, 680 12. 995 32, 503 6. 806 2.281 4. 476 10. 982 10. 142 13. 574 11. 316 9.052 , 10. 180 i 9. 862 : 7, 321 7. 680 8.212 13. 120 18, 627 22. 904 19. 861 21. 141 25. 614 15, 829 19, 130 11. 553 17. 637 17. 499 26. 438 25, 705 05. "66 37. 354 39. 971 39. 521 51, 600 40 361 38i 643 49. 806 55, 916 2. 000 1 23. 370 1 25. 373 1 25. 656 1 15. 4S9 ! 6, 199 i 744 i 300 600 ! 980 ; 12. 313 ] 14. 508 i 6. 971 i 6. 577 7. 314 8. 427 7. 475 6. 2S6 9 796 iei 240 i 19. 345 : 22.060 97 | 3S7 j 634 ; 857 : 1. 023 1. 609 1 1. 710 i 2. 561 ; 1,950 3.915 ! 3, 700 i 3. 265 i 2. 463 i 3. 104 : 1. 310 , 3.032 1 1,372 ! 767 70'> 694 2. 128 2. 830 1. 450 2, 166 3. 410 3. 302 3. 770 S. 16S 14. 794 19. 034 7, 300 10. 112 S. 692 5. 327 6, 447 5. 465 4. 544 1. 810 2, 358 1. 813 6{7 6. 5S7 3. 030 436 1 Excludes U. S. R. and satellite cimutrie?. ; Export destination data for 1933 incomplete; large quantities shipped to unspecified "optional ports.' 760 1. 006 l. 764 2. 027 6. 131 8. Kill l. 500 6, 169 5, 116 0. 333 3. 5011 5. 400 6. 450 4. Slo 7. 51S > 700 iii 429 5. 621 13. 271 42 008 1?91 44 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA AND SWAZILAND The Havelock mine in Swaziland lias been a substantial producer of chry.-otile asbestos since Although outside the boundaries of rite Union of Sontli Africa proper, it is lo-e to rbe border, and rhe asbesros produced is shipped through liarlierton in the I'nion. The preface to the official report. Annual State ment of Trade and Shipping of the I'nion of South Africa, stares that export figures include shimnents from Swaziland. Accordingly, in table 21 production of Swaziland has been added to fhar of the I'nion to furnish a true picture of the relation of exports to total out put. T.\bi.k2I.--Ksjiurts of nxbtMtns from the f~nimi of Smith Africa arul S>ca :ila nil. b>/ l>rinci/nil conntriis of ilestination. I!/So-oo. in short tons on stiUi im riis nf Trtulr -ml Shipping. Union of South Africa, mil fVpurtmrnt of \fin*. Union of south \fricaj I'roduc- tion in Year j lion in Swazi ii Union land i 1945... .! 22.708 1940__ .; 25.240 1947... i 28. 044 1948... . 24. 170 1940... 22.050 1940... 27. 492 1941... . 28.280 1942... . 44. 559 1944... .: 35. 050 1944... J 44. 5S2 1945... .! 2S. 210 1940... .! 20. 225 1947... .! 40. 142 1948... .: 45.745 1949... 70,917 1950... 87,414 1951... '107. 408 1952... . 134. 849 1954... .j 94.817 1954... .; 109. 151 .119. 099 ........... _____ .... 7. 974 20. 804 21. 127 25. 595 18. 947 42. 659 24, 416 42, 148 27. 954 42, 441 33. 966 32, 067 44, 964 44. 769 40. 104 40, 142 42, 614 Total Total produc export* 1 tion 22. 708 25. 246 28. 044 24. 170 40. 024 48. 196 49. 407 60. 154 54. 594 67. 241 51, 642 52, 464 58, 096 78, 166 104, 883 120. 081 142, 442 168, 608 124. 920 149. 294 152. 412 24. 714 24. 709 27. 821 21. 978 22. 046 44. 482 44. 588 55. 224 50. 182 58. 278 40. 401 47. 894 04, 766 64. 982 92. 113 101. 578 126. 500 147, 142 101, 440 127, 426 Tinted States 1 | Conri- Tnited ! uental Kingdom Kurope : Austral ia 1. 1 14 l. 879 4. 010 4. 146 7. 109 8.787 18. 008 22.518 24. 250 18. 846 9. 674 9, 944 18, 190 18. 950 20, 637 16. 115 24. 810 28, 596 24, 272 29, 501 12, 284 14. 011 14, 947 10. 879 8. 826 29, 450 19. 004 25. 748 20. 078 25. 942 24. 119 12. 089 27. 594 27. 611 47. 158 47. 424 40. 020 49. 472 27, 226 44. 460 5. 201 4. 779 4. 541 3. 428 4. 479 1.004 1. 500 410 5, 190 6. 712 15. 471 6. 090 7. 144 17. 266 21. 821 28. 412 40. 887 29. 402 44. 516 2, 206 2. 446 1. 751 1. 875 624 l. 986 2, 090 4. 519 S7S 1. 902 1S4 7, 906 4, 121 4, 040 6, 479 12. 547 14. 284 16. 628 10, 111 15. 411 India and Paki stan Latin Japan America 298 464 517 984 4, 420 4. 765 5. 290 2. 207 900 2. 154 2. 240 4, 155 6. 184 4. 894 1, 640 2, 164 264 74 161 49 74 SO 572 292 908 503 214 1. 107 1. 955 4.417 7. 265 6, 652 2. 485 2, 692 1. 949 2. 402 2*>. 433 774 1. 610 1. 610 2. 141 470 811 1. 65S 597 547 2. 514 ' Includes reports of SwatHand asbestos. - Evcludes U. s. >. R. and satellite countries. Table 21 shows exports by country of desti nation from 193.) to 1055. As the asbestosproduct-manufacturing facilities of the I'nion are not extensive, $5 to 90 percent of total production is exported. Shipments to the United States have been fairly constant, averaging about 23 percent of the total qminyry exported during. rcent,.years,.l_As...indi.-. cared in table 21, exports to other countries are erratic. For example, shipments to Continental European countries dropped from 32 percent in 1946 to only 9 percent in 1947. Over the period covered by this table, the United States received about 24 percent: the United King dom. :`,9 percent: other European countries. 18 percent: Australia. 8 percent: and India and Latin America, each about 3 percent of total exports. Table 22 indicates that the export trade of the I'nion in chrysotile is unstable. Exports to the United Kingdom have declined greatly, while those to other European countries have more than doubled during recent years and in 1954 and 1955 comprised about two-thirds of the total. Shipments to Latin America are very small, but those to Australia have in creased from zero in 1948 to 1950 to IS percent of the total exports in 1955. Exports to the United States are negligible. The Union of South Africa is '.he only pro ducer of amosite in the world. Aniosite is rhe most important strategic liber produced in rhe Union. Table 23, which shows exports by country of destination, indicates that the ex port trade is relatively constant from year to 42 008 1792 CHAPTER 10. INTERNATIONAL TRADE 45 year: 25to 40 percent of the export supply leaches United States markets. Thirty-five to forty percent goes to the United Kingdom and other European countries, and the halance is shipped chiefly to Australia. Canada, Ileing the largest producer of asbestos in the world, is not a large importer, but as no ainosite is produced within its borders it imports tonna<res to supply specialized needs that >-:innor he mcr wirh chrvsotile. \ui.K 22.--Exports of chrysolite from thr l 'll inn of South Africa, by principal countries of destination 1-945-56, in short tons (t*mnn of South Afrin. nr of Mines) Year i Production Total exports Exports to-- I'uited Status 1 L'oitffi Kingdom Continental 1Europe Latin Australia America * 1 945 ................. 19411 ................ 1947. .............................. 1948 .................... 1949 .................... 1950 ................................. 1951................................. 1952 1953 ........................ 1954 1 O.o.o .................... 1950 ........................... 7L. Ho ] ->. 253 4. 441 : 7. ti09 1 14. 334 19. 509 24. 970 IS S40 19. 7:J :; 24' 33li Still 437 845 l. 279 0. 142 9. 153 12. 048 20. 313 13. 821 i i 1............................ ! 34 17. 775 34 40 1. 139 2. 025 3. 253 1. 576 1. 076 1 46 *2. 626 140 257 : 2. SIS 3. 613 15. 582 9. 270 10. 600 12. 142 10. 221 Slid 110 tins ......................... ,!)*> 1. 035 4. 143 3. 747 359 239 24 0 1. 339 1. 044 . oi 1.311 2. 140 3. 191 2. 071 1 Excludes l\ S. S. R. uutl satellite countries. The Union of South Africa is the principal producer of crocidolite, although substantial quantities similar in quality to the African variety have been produced in recent years in Australia. Table '24 shows exports by country of destination from 1!>45 to 1!)55. The United States and the United Kingdom each receive 18 to 40 percent of total exports. Thirty to forty percent is generally shipped to other European countries, while minor quantities 1:0 to Canada. Australia, and Latin America. Ex ports reached an all-time high of nearly jo.ooo tons in 1955. Table 23 --Exports oj amosite from the fnion of South Africa, by principal countries of destination. 1,945-56. in short tons (Union of South Africa. Department of Mines) Year Production Total exports i | 1 1945........................ 1946_____________ 1947........................ 1948.. . ................. 1949. . _______ I960........................ 1951........................ 1952........................ 1953 ...................... 1954........................ 1955 . .............. 1956. 16. 737 9. 838 18. 780 30. 372 41. 974 42. 393 54. 053 63. 2S0 38. 258 45. 922 50. 137 50. 097 / 12.851 : 12. 540 : 19. 659 : 27, 635 j 39. 269 ! 37. 175 ! 43. 246 i 49. 324 j 32. 776 41. 125 I 45. 853 I 46. 894 | 1 1 Excludes l*. S. S. R. anil satellite countries. Exports to-- United States Tinted Kingdom Continental Europe 1 Australia ! Canada 8. 598 6. 322 11. 002 12. 182 13. 194 8. 342 14. 333 19. 012 13, 608 13. 861 12. 130 1 i. 188 3. 678 - - -2.-028 1 -- 4, 986 ! 7, 052 1 12, 541 12. 097 12. 254 10. 793 7. 935 : 12. 398 | 13. 650 ! 16. 711 2. 333 - 1. 833 4. 547 7. 836 7.093 5. 725 8. 420 : 3. 182 i 2, 706 4. 841 3. 159 : 179 SS2 ; 1. 278 ! 4. 613 j 7. 799 ! 8. 318 10. 149 5. 2:17 9. 538 11. 775 9. 675 75 1<)Q *5 495 >9*> 400 9 IS l 0:59 \y>[ J50 1. 070 42 008 1793 46 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY Table 24.--Export* of crochlolite from the f 'a ion ,,f Smith A frica, by principal countries of u'estination, 104-5--56. in short tons Year i I i Prnil'ici tinn [Vnion of South Africa. Department of Mines) Total *\port.s Exports to-- t'nitrfi Sfiitrs United Continental Kimednm Europe 1 Canada Australia Latin America 1915 . 1040 im; . 1 '.MS I'.MW . ['.tall 1951 1952 l 1954 1955 . _____ .... 0. `,7l 0. n7ll III. 909 1*1. ISO :;o. .v.is o.'>0 44. TAa 47. 707 44. 740 4S. S42 02. 0S7 S. 1*70 S .',04 U\ 0. iioii in. oi7 -'4. la9 14, *?I>4 40, S90 -'a, 194 47. 429 19. 970 IS. 19S 4. 100 4. 290 >. S4.') 4. 492 4. 477 4. SS 1 0. 102 S. 220 0. 925 12. 144 14. 799 19. 450 4. Ho 1. S44 2. 410 2. 7:14 4. 440 5. * 0. 1S9 10. 175 4. 0lM> 7. 924 9. 504 4. 229 S59 4. 42 1 . soil . 2.515 . ............ 0. 105 9. 094 t0/> 00' 14. 010 957 14. 7SO : 1. 200 10. 4S7 IS . 10. SS2 1. 299 Hi. li.Vi 2. urn 24, 405 :*., ooi 94 1. 029 1. 051 2. 240 74S 295 10S 210 ;o ti'JO 7)1*0) j. 000 *1. .'lil' 1*. <1:10 1. 044 1. 0 la S.jS 1. non 1. S44 t Excludes C. S. s. K. .m*i countries. 42 00S 1794 CHAPTER 11. INDUSTRY STRUCTURE GENERAL STRUCTURE Most of the asliestos mined in the world is produced by companies of the vertical type: that is. they mine and mill the raw asbestos and fabricate finished asbestos products. The leadin" producer of this type is the Johns-Manville ('orp. of New York, N. Y.. the la tires t producer in the world. This company operates asbestos mines in Quebec and Ontario. ('amnia, and in Southern Rhodesia and is also a manufacturer of a full range of asbestos products. Other Quebec firms that mine the asbestos anti are affiliated with fabricating companies are Bell Asbestos Mines, a subsidiary of Turner & Newall. Ltd., of Manchester. Emrland: the Quebec Asbestos Corp., Ltd., owned by Philip Carey Manufacturing Co. of Cincinnati. Ohio: NicoIet Asbestos Mines, a sultsidiary of Nicolet In dustries. Inc., of New York, N. Y.: and Flintkote Mines, Ltd., owned by the Flintkote ('o.. also of New York City. National Gypsum Co. of Buffalo. N. Y., a hot her manufacturer of asbestos products, has acquired an asbestos de posit in Queltec. Canada, and is taking active measures to establish mining and milling facili ties. The largest producer in the United States. Vermont Asbestos Mines, is owned by the Ruberoid Co., of New York, N. Y., a manu facturer of asbestos products. African asbestos is produced predominantly by vertical-type companies. The Shabanl. Gath's King Mines of Southern Rhodesia, and the Havelock mine of Swaziland are operated bv Rhodesian General Asbestos Corp., Ltd., a subsidiary of Turner & Newall. Ltd., of Manchester. England, the largest manufac turer of asbestos products in Great Britain. The principal amosite and crocidolite mines of the Union of South Africa are controlled by Egnep. Ltd.. Amosa, Ltd., and Cape Blue Mines. Ltcl.. subsidiaries of Cape Asbestos Co., of London. England, manufacturer of a wide range of asbestos products. Cyprus Asbestos Mines, Ltd., a producer of asbestos in Cyprus, is owned by Tunnel Portland Cement Co. of Thurrock. England. The largest independent producers are Asliestos Corp., Ltd., and Johnson's Co. of Thetford Mines. Quebec, Canada. Other in dependents are Cassiar Asbestos Corp.. Ltd.. of Toronto, Canada, operating in British Co lumbia. Canada, and Australian Blue A-besros, Ltd., of Western Australia. There are many other independent producers, but their output is a relatively small part of the total. MARKETING PROBLEMS Asbestos is used in so many diverse products that its markets are numerous and widespread and its marketing complex. With increasing diversity in use and great expansion in longestablished uses, the consumption of asbestos has increased steadily, and its distribution has become more involved. .Some liber is handled by agents or jobbers, but most of it is shipped direct from mine to consumer. Fiber length and quality are usually guaranteed. The larger manufacturers of as bestos products have tfieir own testing machines unci can check a producer's fiber chissifiention. As most producers have their own fabricating plants, they are so familiar with manufactur ing conditions that they can prepare a satis factory asbestos fiber for each particular use. The larger independent companies are likewise prepared to meet the exacting requirements of consumers. Asbestos is generally sold in 100-pound (oc casionally in 125-pound) bags on a short-ton basis, bags included. Canadian quotations are f. o. b. mines. No market quotations are pub lished for African fibers. Prices quoted to individual consumers are usually f. o. b. port of embarkation, such as Be ini nr r,ouren<;o Marques. The weight of a given volume varies with fiber length; the longer fibers are bulkier than the shorts. The volume of a short ton ranges from 60 to Ott cubic feet. When pres sure packing is employed, the volume is reduced to about 4(1 cubic feet. A minimum carload of fiber is 20 tons and of refuse and shorts.:!(tons. Settlements usually are made on the basis of 2-percent discount within 10 days or 3(> days net. Market requirements are based principally on fiber length, but strength, flexibility, color, chemical composition, and cleanliness may have an important hearing on use. The principal marker outlets are indicated in the following brief summary of uses. The longer and more valuable crudes and mill fibers are used in manufacturing woven 47 ,j 42 008 1795 48 ASBESTOS----A MATERIALS SURVEY brake linings, electrical insulation products, textile fabrics, packings, and gaskets. The next lower grades are used in making asbestoscement products, such as pipe for underground use. Hue pipe, rooting shingles, lumber, and corrugated sheathing. Shorter fibers are used for paper and millboard manufacture and the lowest grades for heat-insulating cements, molded articles, and tillers in such products as asphalt rile. There are multitudes of other uses. Most of the world supply of raw asbestos is in strong hands, and distribution is chiefly to asbestos-products manufacturers, most of whom are also strong, well-organized concerns. NECESSITY FOR A BALANCED MARKET In any asbestos deposit the length of the fiber varies considerably from point to point. Thus, when the total fiber recovered is classified into grades according to length, quite a number of grades may result. Canadian asbestos, for ex ample, falls into seven major grades, ranging from the longest (Crude Xo. 1) to the very short fibers classified as "refuse and shorts." Most of the major groups are divided into sev eral subgroups. The proportions falling in the several grades are fairly constant for any one deposit: and. as the miner has to take the rock as it comes, he has little control over the propor tions of the various grades in his mill product. The demand for certain grades may be stronger than for others: during periods when the sup ply of most grades exceeds the demand, pro ducers are obliged to stock up on the less salable types or sell them at a sacrifice. Success in an asbestos-mining enterprise under such condi tions depends to some extent upon developing a balanced market that will absorb all grades, roughly in the proportion in which they are produced. During the period 1945-50, how ever, the demand for all grades exceeded sup ply, and marketing problems were simplified. When, under emergency conditions, abnormal demands for some grades develop, specifications should be modifiecT as much as possible to ease the pressure on the critical grades. For cer tain uses grades are interchangeable to some extent, and the maximum use of the most plenti ful grade is to be encouraged. Where grades are interchangeable, a price differential favor ing the more abundant type will tend to keep demand in step with supply. SALE AND DISTRIBUTION PRACTICES Virtually all of the important asbestos de posits of the world, except those in the IT. S. S. R., are within the British Common wealth. Such deposits are those in Canada. Southern Rhodesia, Lnion of South Africa. Swaziland, Australia, and Cyprus. Rritish Commonwealth needs naturally*receive first at tention, but large quantities of asbestos are shipped to outside countries. During World War II the Combined Raw Materials Hoard worked out plans for equitable distribution of Canadian and African asbestos between the United States and Great Britain, and the allo cations were satisfactory. Since World War 11 the United States has been receiving a some what smaller proportion of the spinning grades than during the war: however, at all times it receives a large proportion of the shorter grades of Canadian fiber. Imports of the strategic grades of low-iron chrvsotile from Southern Rhodesia into the United States dropped alarmingly dimin' the war and postwar years because of increasing British requirements. In 19r>4 and 19.V> they declined to a mere fraction of prewar receipts but, fortunately, the discovery and development of similar fiber from British Columbia, Canada, has relieved the situation. The major output of asliestos. both in Canada and Africa, is m the hands of strong, wellfinanced organizations. Canadian producers have an industry organization--the Queliec Miners'Association. The distribution of Canadian nsliestos is strongly influenced bv individual producers. Most of the output is from captive mines whose products are used principally in the manufacturing plants of the mine owners, but surplus asbestos and the output of inde pendent producers enter normal distribution channels. The handling of customers' orders has been arbitrary at times, but rejections of orders or allocations on a reduced basis were due in large measure to the shortage of supply " that characterized the World War II and early postwar period. One authority in the as bestos-production field claimed in 1950 that world production of Group 4 asbestos (shingle stock) or its equivalent was less than two-thirds of that needed to supply plants in the world then using these grades, even when operating at 85 percent capacity. During this stringency of supply the establishment of new asbestos-prod ucts industries was difficult because new customers were at a disadvantage. Producers generally gave preference to old customers, and when supplies were short the newcomers re ceived nothing. The distribution of asbestos to continental Europe has fluctuated notably. Many asbestosproducts plants were active before World War 42 008 CHAPTER 11. INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 49 II. Imr Hl**r resources were limited in Kuropean countries east of the Soviet Cnion. Their principal supplies were obtained from Canada and Southern Rhodesia, although sid)stantial quantities were received from the Cnion of South Africa. I hirin'! the war years 1!>4 to 1II++ these industries were virtually paralyzed. very little asbestos was received from anv source. Postwar rehabilitation was rapid ami. as it took place at a rime of worldwide asliestos shortage, irreat difficulty was experienced in ob tainin'! adequate asliestos supplies. Canada al located available til>ers on tlie basis of the pre war consumption of each plant. Obviously, new enterprises were at a decided disadvantage. When the supply situation improved, importa tions of asliestos increased neatly. exceedin'! inO.iMio tons annually since IDSil. "Canada con tinues to lie the leadin'! supplier. The Cnion of .'south Africa has surpassed Rhodesia as the sec ond important source. The Latin American countries had very small adicstos-prmlucfs-manufacturiiit! facilities. lic- fore World War II but have attained much greater importance diirin*! recent years. Thev require :`>o.iMin to more than 4'i.oiiii tons of asl>estos a year, a small part of which is derived from local mines. A l arse proportion of the requirements of raw asliestos is obtained from Canada. The Cnion of South Africa is Uvomin<! an increasinsily important source, and smaller quantities are furnished by Rhodesian suppliers. lhe Australian asliestos-produrfs industry is tiradually expanding. Fiier imports have ranged from Jo.iXM) to more than :().(mid tons a year, chiefly from Canada and the Cnion of South Africa. 42 00$ 1797 J . L 4. :U u * CHAPTER 12 PRICES PRICE HISTORY OF CANADIAN AND UNITED STATES ASBESTOS Prices of Canadian asbestos have fluctuated greatly .since the close of World War I. In ID'JO they skyrocketed to unprecedented heights, Crude Xo. 1 selling for more than s:',.on<) a ton. In 1021 the [trice dropped to less than half that amount, and by U>25 the highest grades were selling at only about one-eighth of the price received in 1020. Figure 7 shows the general trend of prices of Canadian milled fibers and shorts from 11)20 to lO.Vi. Milled fibers include Groups 3 to 5 of the Canadian classification-- that is, spinning or rextile, shingle, and paper fitters. Shorts are the filters below Group j. Table 2.1 shows average prices of the better grades of Queltec asltestos from l!>gr> to l'.i.io, f. o. b. mines. Ivxcept for the depression years in the earlv 1030 s. the trend has been generally upward. Prices were iBS to 3 times as high ill lOftfi as in 102. Asltestos from British Columbia. Canada, was first quoted in market reports in January Spinning fibers (3K) were priced at S430 anti shingle grade (4Iv) at *1S5 per ton. f. o. b. Van couver. In January lOSfi the quotations in cluded AAA. jj'T.K). and AC. S3i>u |,er ton. In April 195(1 the quotation for shingle fiber ( 4K) was raised from $ 1 85 to S20.1 per ton. Table 2.5.--Price history <j asbestos sold in Canada, in dollars per short ton. 1 Year Crude Xo. 1 C rude No. 2 Spinning fibers Shiniile fitters Millboard and paprr fibrrs 1926....................................................... 192............................................................. 1928................................. 1929............................ . . 1930....................................................... 1932........................ 1933............ ............................. 1934....................................................... 1936................................. ......................................... 193S.............................................. 1939............................................................ 1940....................................................... 1941............................................................ 1942..................................... 1943..................................... 1944........................................ 1945........................................................................... 1946..................................... 1947............................................................ 1948................................. 1949....................................................... 1950........................................................................... 1951........................................................................... 1952.............................................. 1954.............................................. ............................ 1955.......... .......................... ..................................... 1950........................................................................... $504. 16 525. 00 575. 00 575. 00 570. 83 466. 67 450. 00 450. 00 450. 00 500. 00 545. S3 725. 00 725. 00 725. 00 725. 00 725. 00 700. 00 700. 00 700. (Ml 700. 00 800. 00 800. 00 928. 00 1. IMlo. 00 1. 1)05. 00 1. 300. 00 1. 31 Hi. 00 1. 3(10. 00 1. 300. 00 1. 300. 00 l. 502. 50 8289. 58 312. 50 375. 00 375. 00 362. 50 241. 67 200. 00 200. 00 200. 00 200. 00 200. 00 250. 00 250. 00 250. 00 250. 00 250. 00 275. 00 275. 00 275. 00 275. 00 385. 00 423. 75 447. 50 475. I)U 475. 00 692. 50 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 925. 00 8185. 00 193. 75 225. 00 225. 00 216. 67 135. 00 110. 00 110. 00 120. 00 120. 00 120. 00 155. 00 155. 00 155. 00 155. 00 155. 00 178. 75 178. 75 178. 75 192. 00 220. 50 262. 50 291. 25 328. 50 337. 50 362. 50 412. 50 412. 50 412. 50 412. 50 462. 50 . 865. 00 70. 83 SO. 00 30. 00 78. 33 65. 00 00. 00 60. 00 00. 00 60. 00 00. 00 66. 75 67. 75 67. 75 71. 23 71. 25 72. 50 72. 50 72. 50 70. 25 88. 75 104. 75 100. 25 118. 25 130. 00 143. 00 173. 00 175. 00 175. 00 175. 00 197. 50 .845. 00 39. 17 o5. Ol) 35. 00 34. 17 :hi. do :>o. oo 30. <H) 32. 50 :2. 50 :i2. 50 42. 50 42. 50 42. 50 44. 75 44. 75 4S. 50 65. 75 73. 75 S3. 23 91. 00 107. 00 120. 00 120. 00 120. 00 120. OO 125. oil .'.Co1>AFteDuercresmfobrer raucc ffroormeaDchomyoiunri.on Bureau of Mausiics. yearly Avoru?cs: for 1937-50 figures furnished bv Canadian producers to vsbeni*- iwr50 42 00S 1798 CHAPTER 12. PRICES 51 1929 1935 194 0 19 4 5 19 50 19 5 5 Fir.t RE 7.--Average Yearly Price of Canadian Aslx-stos Per Ton. 1029-55. I960 Table 20.--Price of \ 'ermont asbestos, in ilollars per short ton. 12)31 -56 1 Year .Spinning ; Shingle ' or | fiber filtering ' ! Paper i Waste, fiber I stucco, or ! plaster1 >32... 33... ..................... 42. '.12 42. '.(2 136 .................: >37... >38... ......... ........... 13!) HO... ..................... HI... ..................... 42... ..................... >43... ..................... >44... ..................... 46... ..................... 47... ..................... 48... ..................... 4!1 . >51... 152... 53... 54... >56... 8290.75 334. 50 334. 50 334. 50 334. 50 368.00 47.50 57. 00 57.00 57 UU 57.00 5S. 50 64. 00 64. 00 64. 00 79. 00 97. 50 102.00 148.50 164. 50 164. 50 164. 50 164. 50 131.00 835. 00 | 32. 92 32. 71 | 35. 00 : 35. 00 j 35. 00 ' 40. 00 1 40. 00 40. 00 40. 00 : 44. 00 48. 50 49. 00 49. 00 49. 00 55. 75 69. 00 76. 75 87. 75 i 96. 50 98. 25 ; 121. 00 > 121. 00 120. 50 120. 50 129. 50 820. 00 20. 00 20. 25 23. 00 23. 00 23. 00 25. 00 25. 00 25. 00 25. 00 30. 00 33. 00 33. 00 33. 00 33.00 39. 00 48. 50 56. 00 59. 00 64. 90 71. 40 78. 00 78. 00 77. 00 77. 00 82. 00 : (Quotations from Metal aol Mineral Markets. 1931-40: since 1940 future* from Asbestos: awruce of December ramte for each year. Quoted only since June 1951. 2 Classed as "cement stock" before 1941. Table 2S shows prices of the better trades of Vermont asbestos from lDUl to 1950, f. o. b. .1 .* .. . Hyde Park or Morrisville. Vt. Tlie upward movement was more rapid for the Vermont than for the Canadian filters, the prices hemp -'51 k to 4 times as hijrli as those of 11)31. Arizona prices have been quoted in the open market only since early l'.iiki: hence, they have a short price history. Soft Arizona asbestos is of excellent quality but is costly to mine, and tlie prices are so hijrli that market resistance is strousr. Prices, f. o. b. (Ilobe. Ariz.. are driven in table `27. Table 27.--Prices of Arizona asbestos, in ilollars per short ton. !!>-52 -o6 1 War Crude No. 1 Crude No. 2 Crude N o. 3 Filler fiber 1932............ 195U................ 1954........... 1955........... ! iy.v>................ $1,350. on 1.350.00 2 1.*50.00 2 1.350.00 2 1...25. 00 1.350.00 -* l.ti-25.00 2 1,350.00 *950. on y.VJ. on 2 1.025.00 2 '.<10 no 2y;5 no 1 9(10. INI 2 075. oo 2 yuo.uu Ml2. 50 412.5U 2 475. ml 2 400. 00 : 423. no 2 4OO. (Ml 2 423 OO 2 4U0 OU <4.*it no 437 30 3.'o in) CO. mt 350 no 1 Quotations from Asbe>tos: ateraire of December ranee for each war. First quotations. May 1052. 2 Soft. 2 semisoft. PRICES OF AFRICAN ASBESTOS Prices of African asbestos fibers are not quoted in the open market: sales are generally made by direct negotiation with consumers. Approximate prices of the better grades of Rhodesian asbestos may be determined from 42 008 1799 52 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY figures of quantities and declared values of im ports. Table 28 shows such figures for Rho desian C & Nos. 1 and 2 for a 10-year period. Table 28.--Approximate price*1 of Rhoilexian axhe-ito.i. in Jollar* per short ton. 10^6--06 |n.L*M 'iQ irm*>rt V* ir crude Crude Nil. t 2 No. 2 * Year l'!7 .. I'M'* ... 1 I'lM (Hi :! no .iVj, l*| IA1. Hi Ul no A03.IW sa* 21* on 1*7 ti 2U.i '* .in,* no 121. "H vjsi......... JU&i......... I'.i.M .... ly55 .. . I9.v ........ v.i\w it Afrtr.in i*rr ! shipmrnt. ' llrlirwd to fw *juivaU'Qt to C O No. 1. ' Mfhevvl to tH? equivalent to C & G No. 2. Crude Crude No. 1 ' No. 2 * *729.uo dir.no >;*4. no r,*,* no 791. <> *.*2:1.00 *^4 imi *'M l * *.*r tH) 735.00 Import data for ainosite and crncidolite show quantities and values of total imports hut. as no detail by grades is given, prices by grades cannot be obtained from this source. Ib ices were quoted in K&M.T Metal ami Mineral Mar kets from to i;>41. bur most of the grades then quoted are not recognized in the more re cent classification. The purchase price for ainosite for the na tional stockpile in was 'gig per ton for I>h and SlC.s per ton for DX and Dll. These figures included ocean freight and su a ton for bags. A figure quoted by one large consumer of crocidolite in 10.1U was sgoo to s-ggn per run. f. o. b. slopping point, for the medium-length gravies used in the manufacture of ashe-tn-- cement pipe. 42 008 1800 CHAPTER 13 USES AND REQUIREMENTS OF USE GENERAL FEATURES Asbestos has a uvent variety of uses. On the basis of u.-e. it falls into two principal classes-- -piimiii" ami iionspiimiiig fiber. Spinning filler comprises the longer grades of chrysotile and crocidolite: nonspiuning filler ineludes the -lmrrer grades of these varieties and both the loii" and short grades of atuosite. anthophyllite, and tremolite. For some of the uses the re quirements are exacting. For others fibers of varying quality anil character may be used, tirades are interchangeable to some extent, de pending upon price and availability. For the purpose of this report emphasis is placed upon the spinning "fades because they are of greatest strategic importance. SPINNING FIBERS TEXTILE USES The long fibers (such-as Canadian Groups L. 2. and Arizona Xos. I and 2 soft types: Rhodesian C & G 1, C & G 2, and to some extent, (' A G :> and YRA 2: .Swaziland HYLl and HYL2: the longer African and Australian blue fibers: and Russian C-l, C-2, and 1-2) are adaptable for making textile products (such as clorh. yarn, tape, and rovings). The asbestos is spun and woven in much the same way as cotton, silk, wool, or rayou. The woven prod ucts are in turn manufactured into fire-resistant clothing, gloves for handling hot metals, me chanical packings and gaskets, brake linings, lagging cloth used in large quantities by the Xavy, and for many other products. An outstanding characteristic of asbestos fab rics is their fireproof quality. Also, they have superior heat-insulating properties but lower tensile strength than products made from other fibers. The low tensile strength is not due to lack of strength of the individual fibers, which generally are as strong or stronger than silk: it is due to their shortness (14 to 34 inch) and also to their lack of coherence. Because of the short ness and smoothness of the fibers, it is difficult to make a 100-percent asbestos cloth: only small quantities, applied to specialized uses, as in electrolytic cells, are now manufactured. To give adequate strength to asbestos fabrics, cotton, rayon, or other organic fibers are blended with the asbestos in varying propor tions. As the organic fiber content is Increased, the strength increases, but the resistance to heat decreases. Accordingly, the proportion of or ganic filler is adjusted to suit the conditions of end use. The higher the asbestos content, the more difficult the manufacturing processes, bur these difficulties may he overcome to some ex tent by making a heavier doth. Table 2'.' pre sents the standard classification of asbestos fabrics and gives the heat resistance of each grade (2).1 * Table 29.---.-I.ji6f.vfiw content and heat resixtann of a*bextox fabrics Grade Asbestos content, percent Maximum temperature for i*nl ii'<\ 3F. Commercial___ Underwriters'. A......................... A A...................... AAA.................. AAAA................ 75 to but not iuciudinu SO. SO to but not including So. So to but not including no. 00 to but not including 05. 95 to but not including 99. 99 to and including 100 350-Hill 400-450 450- .5.50 550-r.oo 000-750 750-900 Fabrics containing both asbestos and Fiher- glas are also made. A cloth made in accord ance with Federal Specification SS-C--Uifia consists of a 2-ply yarn composed of one 10-cut asbestos yarn and one continuous filament of glass. Much research was devoted to asbestos textile manufacture in the late lOhO's, and many im provements were made, particularly in the de velopment of lighter and thinner textiles. Tex tiles weighing as little as 9 ounces per square yard can now be made. Firemen's suits for merly weighing 25 pounds or more can now be made weighing less than half that amount. Many tests have been made to determine the tensile-strength characteristics of asbestos tex tiles at high temperatures. The mineral chrysotile when heated to about 1.50U3 F. inverts 1 Italicized number** in reer to Items in the bibliography at the end of this chapter. 53 43 008 1801 54 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY to :i nonhvdrous variety of magnesium silicate, which exhibits the olivine structure, and the original fibrous habit is ostensibly destroyed. However, it has \>een found that when lughiiiialiry asliestos textiles are subjected to a sensi ble rem-ile stress at temperatures ranging from ;.;.iin- to g.."io<iJ F. they may exhibit remark able load-bearing properties without failure. Much information on the qualities and uses of a.-liestos in textiles has been published (;). NONTEXTILE USES OF LONG FIBERS Spinning-grade fibers are used also for cer tain nonspinning uses, such as compressed sheet packings and gaskets. Another important nontextile use is in the manufacture of low-iron spinning-grade fibers into strong asliestos paper known as Pyrotex. "When used in tape form for wrapping electric wires, it is said to make a covering superior to that obtained by wrap ping the wire with asbestos roving. Because of their superior electrical resistance, Rhodesian (' & G Nos. 1 and 2, Arizona Nos. 1 and 2 (soft), and Cassiar :K and AAA are used for electriccable coverings and for primary electrical in sulation on magnet wire. Long fiber in the form of rovings is used as cable filler (material used to fill in spaces in groups of insulated cables on shipboard). Long fibers are also used in making compressed sheet packings of high strength for the high steam pressures now in general use. A small tonnage of the longer Ver mont fibers is used for filters in electrochemical cells. FRICTION MATERIALS A very important use of asbestos fabrics is for the manufacture of friction materials. Such materials are brought into contact with moving members (brakeclrums, flywheels, or other ro tating equipment) in such a manner as to re tard the free motion of the rotating part. The effect of the friction is to convert the kinetic energy of the moving member into heat. The best braking materials are those that convert the kinetic energy into heat the most rapidly and then dissipate the heat as quickly as possible. The friction material must also be heat-resistant and nonflammable. Asbestos is regarded as in dispensable in most types of friction materials. Brake linings are of three principal types. In early days virtually all brakebands were of woven asbestos fabrics, but at the close of World War I the molded type was invented and is now used extensively. Molded linings are of several types, but all consist primarily of asbestos fillers bonded with an organic matrix. Metallic rein forcing. such as brass, zinc, or lead, is commonly added, and the shaped products are thoroughly cured. The asliestos required is clirvsotile rang ing in length from fibers just under .-pinning grades to those as short as TF in the Canadian classification. A preponderance of the shorter fillers is used because of the price advantage. A second type of friction materials is the rub berized fabric lining conM.-ring of multilayer woven structures held together with wire-in serted asliestos yarn. The asbestos is of spin ning grade. The third type is the woven brake lining made in roll form in a varietv of widths and thick nesses. It permits a wide range of service with a relatively small inventory. Its general utility popularizes it. particularly in the indu.-fnul field. As such linings are woven fabrics, chry.-otile of spinning grades is required. The evolution of friction materials from the all-woven to a wide use of molded types has had a profound effect on the asliestos industry in that it has permitted a wide substitution of shorter fibers for the spinning grades. This is a fortunate circumstance because spinning fillers constitute a relatively small proportion of the asbestos recovered. Friction materials are of primary strategic importance because they are essential to all types of mobile military equipment, as well as many kinds of industrial and oil-well machinery. MISCELLANEOUS NONTEXTILE USES Fibers that are somewhat shorter, such as Canadian Group 4 (to some extent. Groups and 6) and Grade MS of Cape Blue, are used widely for asbestos-cement products. These consist of about So percent Portland cement and 20 percent asbestos fiber. Roofing shingles, flat and corrugated siding, and asbestos-cement water, gas, oil, or sewer pipe are also wellknown products. Canadian Groups 4 and 5 and African amosite are used extensively in making 85-percent magnesia block and pipe insulation. These products consist of about S5 percent basic mag nesium carbonate and about 15 percent asbestos. Canadian Group 5 is suitable for asbestos paper and millboard manufacture. Such prod ucts are made on standard papermaking ma chines. An important use of asbestos paper is for making the so-called air-cell pipe covering. The shortest fibers are used for boiler and roofing cements and molded plastics, as fillers in asphalt floor tile, and for various other prod ucts. It has been estimated that as much as 14.000 tons of asbestos fibers, ranging from Group 4 to floats, are used annually in the plas tics industry (5). 42 008 1802 CHAPTER 13. USES AND REQUIREMENTS OF USE OO INTERCHANGEABILITY OF GRADES As pointed out elsewhere in this report, the asliestos miner has no control over the per centage of the various grades in his rock. He iiiu^r mine the rock as he finds it and extract from it all salable grades present, the propor tions of which are fixed in nature. It is in evitable that some grades are more in demand than others, and the mosr desirable jrrades may be those that are in short supply. Thus, shorta ties may develop for the preferred grades, and at rimes crocks of the less marketable fibers may aci-mnulate. To meet this condition, a great deal of research has lieeu devoted to substitution of the more abundant grades for those that are less plentiful but more in demand. For example, much work has been done in trying to adapt Canadian Group tj fibers for use in asbestoscement products for which Groups 4 or 5 are preferred. It was found that a thorough fiberization permitting intimate contact between ce ment and fiber made it possible to use the Group (5 short- fibers successfully. Similar problems are being investigated constantly. USES OF AMOSITE The principal use of amosite is as felted insu lation in blanket form for high-temperature services up to O0u F. A loosely compacted form is applied as a covering for marine tur bines. jet engines, and similar applications. Amosite is especially well adapted for use as an insulator, because it does not pack under vi bration. ami if it becomes wet it dries without detriment to the product. Amosite insulation mattresses weigh only 9V*> pounds per cubic foot: if made of ehrysotile, they would weigh ."iii percent more and therefore would not con form with Xavv specifications. For felted in-ulation the long-fiber grades such as D-3 are preferred, although DX and Dll are also used. Another important use of amosite is as a con stituent of 85-percent magnesia and similar types of insulation. For such application the sliorrer grades such as W3 and K-'i (chiefly the grades just below spinning length) are gen erally emploved for blending with Canadian ehrysotile. The product consists essentially of la percent asbestos and 85 percent basic mag nesium carbonate. The asbestos content used by some manufacturers is 40 to 60 percent amo site and the remainder Canadian ehrysotile of Groups 4 or 5. ()ne manufacturer finds it advantageous to use higher percentages of amphibole fibers. At this plant the asbestos content consists of 8 per cent short blue fiber (crocidolite), 8 percent Canadian 4K ehrysotile, 56 percent W3 amo- ------ 5 site, and 2S percent Iv' amosite. Hence. *4 |>ereent of the asbestos used is amosite and only s percent ehrysotile. The preference for the amosite and blue fiber is based largely on the fact that they are harsher and perform better in the molding process than the soft, -ilky Canadian fibers. Another reason is the lower cost of the amosite compared with Canadian fibers of equivalent length. Some years ago Canadian :iT was used, but it became too expensive. A product consisting almo>r entirely of amo site with a binder is used for certain special applications where the temperature range is 550 to 750 F. Another product containing not more than 50 percent amosite ami the re mainder diatomite and other fillers is >aid to be serviceable where the temperatures reach 1.200 F. Most of the manufacturers of 85-percent mag nesia and at least two other companies make calcium-silicate insulation. One method of manufacture is to calcine diatomite with lime in an autoclave. To this product is added about 18 percent asbestos and 11 percent magne-ia. The asbestos used by one company is entirely amosite. 73 of which is IV-5 and Ivl. Cal cium-silicate insulation is said to resist tem peratures of 1.050 to 1J00 F. Its price range is comparable with that of S5-pereent magnesia, which it replaces to some extent. The shorter grades of amosite constitute 10 to 15 percent of another insulation product--dintomaceous silica--which is employed at about the same temperature range as calcium silicate. An important special use for long-tiber amo site is for insulating underground pipes. Its ituality of moisture resistance prevents or re duces corrosion and electrolytic reaction detri mental to the pipes. The medium-length and shorter grades of amosite are also used extensively as the fiber constituents of a light weight, fireproof, marine partition board. If ehrysotile were substituted for amosite, the product would be considerably heavier per unit volume. Marine board is used extensively by the Coast Guard and Merchant Marine but not by the Xavy, which employs steel bulkhead construction. USES OF CROCIDOLITE Crocidolite (blue asbestos) is characterized by high tensile strength, acid resistance, and harshness in wet mix. The longer fibers are used for spinning and weaving. It is reported that during Warfd War II crocidolite yarn was manufactured on a small scale in the United States and was woven into fabrics for making chemically resistant packings, but according to current information no spinning or weaving of 42 005 1803 56 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY lilue fiber is clone in the I'nited States at present. These processes are conducted chiefly if not exclusively in the I'nited Kingdom. J. W. Ilolierfs. Ltd., at Arinlev. Tweeds, a sulisidiarv of Turner & Xewall. specializes in woven pimfucts of blue fiber, particularly mattresses for locomotive-boiler lagging. Blue-asbestos fab ric- for acid-resistant packings or for other uses iu riie 1'nited States are now imported. Ca nadian fiber cannot be substituted for blue as bestos in such packings. The principal use of African and Australian crocidolite is as a fiber additive to cement in making asbestos-cement pipe. In this process the asbestos and other ingredients are agitated in water. The solids are drawn from the slurry on a fabric belt and deposited on a rotating man dril. A great advantage in using crocidolite is its property of free and rapid filtration, which reduces greatly the drying time and therefore speeds up the manufacturing process. The qual ity of fiiterability of asbestos fibers has l>een described (/). Crocidolite also gives high strength to the pipe. In current practice, a blend of crocidolite and Group 4 chrysotile is used. If chrysotile alone were used, the rate of manufacture would lie greatly retarded and plant capacity reduced accordingly. Free fiiterability is a property of the harsh fibers as contrasted to the slow filter action of fillers that are soft, silky, and slimy. Several years of research have disclosed that the quality of harshness can lie superinduced by a Hash heating process applied to soft and silky fibers (4). Such processed chrysotile may, in time, take the place of imported crocidolite in the manufacture of asbestos-cement pipe. Blue liber is used to some extent as a constituent of percent magnesia insulation. Long blue fibers are exceptionally well adapted for gas filters. Bolivian blue is pre ferred for this use. This is the only type of blue fiber that was regarded as strategic during World War II and the early postwar period. Very little if anv Bolivian blue is used in the ordinary crocidolite applications. DISTRIBUTION OF ASBESTOS ACCORDING TO USE Much has been written on the multitudinous uses of asbestos, but little information is avail able on the quantities or proportions that are applied to the several uses. The classification by use. such as spinning fibers, cement stock, paper stock, and magnesia and compressed sheet fillers, would seem to indicate distribution by use. but mixed grades are used so extensively that such a classification affords no criterion of the actual quantities applied to each use. Data on the grades, qualities, and quantities of fiber used, for example, in asbestos-cement pipe, S.">. percent magnesia, or brakeband linings are not easily available. For the purpose of this report, the distribu tion according to use of the strategic grades is of paramount importance. Forrunafelv. a rec ord of allocations by end use of strategic a.-bes tow during World War II was made by the War Production Board, and these records furnish a basis for tables .!<> and 31. Total allocations indicated in tables 3n and 31 may be .summarized as follows: sfinrt Cana'linn chryxnrile spinning fillers. textile u.-es.......... ................................................................ t". Son Canadian chrysotile spinning liters, lumtexrile uses--------------------------------------------------- ----------------- non Total Canadian spinning fibers_________ IS. Si mt Rhodesian chrysotile <' & C Nos. 1 and 2_____ r>. SIM) Amositegg. loo Total strategic grades________________________-C>. 7"o In table 32 the allocations according to end use are compared with actual end use during 1044, also compiled by the WPB. Table 30.--Allocation of strateyic yrades <>f mbestos in 1044, by end use,' textiles usex Product Textiles Textiles from from Rhodesian Canadian 1 C & (1 fiber. ! Nos. 1 and short tons j 2. short tons Mechanical packings and gas- i kets.................................................. 4. HOD Asbestos safetv clothing............. 820 Woven brake linings and clutch facings........... .................. 6. 700 Navv lagging cloth........................ :s, 000 Navy cable filler and eouduc- tor insulation ............................ 4. 000 Aircraft............................................... l>75 i: Laminated plastics........................ ....... Electrical equipment, new. and maintenance______ ____________ Maintenance and repair, other than electrical 1. 000 Asbestos yarn in flexible metal tubing............................................. 220 Miscellaneous textile uses 1, 000 4. 000 o:>o 1, 500 Total textiles____________ Asbestos content of textiles J. . Deduct C & G No. :i sub stituted for Canadian * 22. 450 19. 000 3. 200 6, 130 5. S00 Net allocation of Canadian____ 15. SOI) ...................... 1 Compiled from record* of WpB. * The filler was probably Canadian fiber: ihe conductor insulation C A G Nos. X and 2: hence, one-half of total is arbitrarily aliened to each. 1 Assuming that S3 percent of textiles consists of asbestos fibers. ` WPB Conservation Order M-T9, as amended October PJ43. rciuiml that t ton of Rhodesian C <k G No. 3 be used with every & tons ul Canadian 3R used in textile manufacture. 42 003 1S04 CHAPTER 13. CSES AND REQUIREMENTS OF USE 57 Table 31.--Allocation of xtrateyic yrades of axbfxtux in l-i'ti. by end use. nontextile w* 1 Product ( anailiun spinning grades. short run.-. African anui.-itc. .-hurt tuns < nluprosi'd sheet , packing........................ | J 3. 000 (3R and :iTi Molded amusin' in- ! -tilatioii....................... : S5-percent magnesia j and other high- j temperature in- ] sulation....................... I_________________________ Navy fult insulation | (lightweight blankets) . ! Marine insulating l board................................................. ............. ........... Sprayed insulation ____________ ____________ Total................... :5.000 5. 500 4. S00 S. 700 J. 400 700 2-. 100 1 Compiled from recorlsof WPB. 5 Omlttio? ssi) tons .17 5 Sprayed insulation also required .StX) tons of Rhodesian C & O No. 3. Table .'>'2.--Correlation of allocation and actual uxe of xtrateyic yradex of asbestos duriny Id.'A Kind of asbestos Allocations, \ Actual con- short tons I sumption, i short tons Canadian Groups 1, 2, and 3...................................... Rhodesian C & G Nos. I and 2................................. Amosite........................... ......... 18.800. 5, 800 : 22,100. Canadian Groups 1, 2, and 3, except 3Z. >18.122 6. 646 15.609 sulation is a product that might lie eliminated from the list of uses requiring amm-ite. Very little of this type of insulation is now u-ed by the Xavv. and when used by either the Navy or Maritime Commission Fiberglas may be em ployed in place of asliestos. 1 able dd.--Allocation of oxbexlo.x. by i nd >/. , ,/< iij'// `'hi Types ilf fillers Percent Canadian spinning fillers: Woven brake linings ami clutrli facingMechanical packings anil gaskets.............. Navy cable filler................................................ Navy lagging cloth.......................................... Maintenance and repair other than electrical............................_.............................. Asbi-stos safety clothing............... Aircraft.......... ........................................................ Asbestos yarn in flexible metal tubing... Miscellaneous textile uses............................. Rhodesian C and G Nos. I and 2: Navv cable insulation...................... Electrical equipment, new, and mainte nance....... .......................................................... Laminated plastics....................... African amosite: Navv felt insulation (lightweight , blankets)j Molded amosite insulation............................ ; 85-percent magnesia and other high- : temperature insulation............................... Marine insulating board................................. Sprayed insulation________________________ :;n 19 is u; 4 4 .4 1 S mo (15 23 11) 11)0 :>9 25 22 11 3 100 This table indicates a fair correlation, except for amosite. in which instance actual use fell considerably below the allocations. However, the proportional distribution by use is probably fairly accurate. On the basis of WPB figures as given in tables 30 and 31. the strategic grades of asbestos were distributed by use in 19-5 approximately as in dicated in table 33. These proportions are to be regarded as ap proximations only. They might vary consider ably from year to year, depending upon circum stances, bur at least they present a use pattern that existed under the war emergency. Under present conditions the allocation by use for Canadian spinning fibers would probably fol low aproximately the same pattern as that given in the preceding table, but the Rhodesian pro portions might change considerablv because the asbestos from British Columbia, Canada, may be substituted for the Rhodesian. Sprayed in DIRECTORY OF ASBESTOS PROD UCTS MANUFACTURERS There are over 100 manufacturers of asbestos products in the United States. Only the larger manufacturers of products that may be re garded as of greatest strategic importance are listed here. Axbextox textile productx American Asbestos Textile Corp. Asbestos Textile Co.. Inc____ Asten Hill Manufacturing Co. Carolina Asbestos Co________ Oarlock Packing <'n__________ Johns-Manville Sales Corp___ Keasbey & Mattison Co______ Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc___ Phtttt location Norristown. Pa. North Brookfield. .Mass. Philadelphia. Pu. Lnividson. N. C. Palmyra. N. Y. Manville. N. .1. Meredith. N. H. Manheim. Pa. North Charleston. S. C. - 'r * 42 008 1805 58 ASBESTOS---- A MATERIALS SURVEY A'brxto.-t textile product*--Continued Plant lotftfi'tH Russell Manufacturing <Middletown. Conn. Snurberu Asliestns i'n ............. < 'harlotte. X. C. Tallmati-MrCluskey Fabrics Kirkwood. Mo. i I'nioM Asbestos & Rubber' 1/. S. Rubber * 'o_______ Mar-bville. X. Ilngausville. (Ju. .1 >/,, pitrkttn/* titul t/ir*ket* American Asbestos Textile ('orp. Atlas A*1 centos (*ic Cult's I'atenr Fire Arms Co___ < 'l ane Parking (' .................... Itetrnir Ca.-ket & Manufac turing ('>. Carlctek Parking Co Coiicl.vear Tire & Rubber Co.. Creen Tweed & Co____________ Johns-Manviile Products (.'orp. Ixeasbey & Mattison Co______ Philip Carer Manufacturing Co. Raybestos-Manhattan. Inc___ Rublcer & Asbestos < 'orp_____ Union Asbestos & Rubber Co.. Xorristown. Pa. Xortb Wales, Pa. Hartford. ('nun. ( Idrago. III. 1 cetroit. Midi. Palmyra. X. Y. Akron. Uliin Xortb Wales. Pa. Manville. X. J. Waukegan. III. Ambler. Pa. Cincinnati. Ohio Manbeim. Pa. Stratford. ('min. Xortb Charleston. S. C. Rloomtleld. X. .1. Marshville, X.C. So-percent nntgnexia inxniution Ebret Magnesia Co_____________ Valley Forge. Pa. Fiberboard Paper Products Emeryville. Calif. Corp. Johns-Manviile Products Waukegau, III. Corp. Keasbey & Mattison Co_____ Ambler. Pa. Mitudet Cork Corp_____________ Xortb Bergen. X. J. Philip Carey Manufacturing Plymouth Meeting. Pa. Co. Molded brake linings American Brake Shoe Co______ Permit. Mich. Winchester. Va. Asbestos Manufacturing C"___ Huntington, Ind. Asbestos Textile CoChicago. 111. (iatke Corp______________________ Do. Molded brake Unhtf/x--Continued Ceiteral .MotorsCorp___________ Johns-Manviile Products Corp. r.asko P.rake Products Corp___ I.. .f. Miley Co. of Indiana______ Palmer A-be-to- a Rubber Co. Raybestos-Manliatran. Inc_____ Uiis.-ell Manufacturing Co___ Tliermoid Co Plunl I'ti-ntinn i Mytnii. >hir> III. < > tUi.iinf. (\ilif. N"rrh Inil. i 'Iiii ;iur". III. M;inlit>iin. l';i. l':t ic. N. J. Srj`;irt`"nl. r-nm. MitltllHfuwu. 0nu. Troiihm. .V J. FABRICATION OF ASBESTOS PRODUCTS Table 34_ shows the principal asbestos prod ucts manufactured ana their value by group-. Although most of these materials are consumed in the United States, the export trade (table 35) is significant. Table 34.--Value of .shipments of n*be*ts pn>Jucts in the United Slate*. I05.i--55 (U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the CVumu', Product 1954 1955 Asbestos textiles_________ S'.'S. 5-i.}. DIM! Asbestos friction ma terials ..... ........... ............... 1 73. S5J, 1)00 Asphalt door tile.................j 90. 072, 000 Asbestos-cement shingles j i and clapboard................. j 3IS. J<33, 000 ; Asbestos-cement flat and corrugated sheets and wallboard................. 21. 700, 000 i Other asbestos-cement j products________________ I 53. 904, 000 i Not specified bv kind____ : 1. 101. 000 , $03. dim) 90, 909. 000 99. 130. 000 57. 1 12. 000 > S05. 000 05. 729. 000 i. 101. 000 Total______________ ! 323. 093. 000 375, 709. 000 Table 35.--Value of asbestos products exported from the United States. 10-51-56 [U. S. Department ol Commerce. Bureau of the Censusl Product 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 Brake linings and blocks____ Clutch facings and linings___ Construction materials_______ Pipe covering and cement___ Textile-, yarn, and packing.. Other.._________ ______________ $7, 3591 936 935. 913 2, 526. 784 453, 367 2, 391, 982 652. 407 Total............... .................. 14. 320, 389 85, 537, 071 996. 080 2, S22. 802 655, 254 2, 428. 123 588. 409 13, 027, 739 54, 268, 736 900. 725 2, 457, 973 592, 054 2, 013. 852 382, 492 10. 615, 832 54. 620, 416 S79, 450 2, 521. 652 635, 224 2, 434, 904 333, 436 11, 475, 082 54, 995. 315 927. 597 3, 055. 227 806. 976 2, 605, 656 430, 146 12, 820, 917 55. 380. 551 910. 820 3. 749. 659 737. 666 2, 785. 596 607. 017 14, 171. 3i)9 The fire resistance of asbestos, combined with its fibrous character, adapts it admirably for the manufacture of flexible, heat-insulating products, packing, and gaskets for use in places where articles containing fillers of animal or vegetable origin would be less enduring and would create fire hazards. The addition of a-- bestos to various fireproof building materials 42 008 1806 CHAPTER 13. USES AND REQUIREMENTS OF USE 59 lends strength :ind Hexibilitv; furthermore, manufacturers of many miscellaneous products find rliur asliestos. when used as an ingredient, imparts superior qualities. The manufacture of asbestos products in voices many diversified and complex processes. Only a brief summary of the principal opera tions is presented herein lwause this report deals primarily with raw materials. FABRICS The processes involved in manufacturing as bestos fabrics, in general, follow those employed in spinning and weaving cotton, wool. silk, or rayon. The asliestos fillers are generally shorter than those of organic origin, but they differ from them mainly in the nature of the filler sur face. Wool filiets are covered with scaly bands known as imbrications, and cotton fibers are rough, twisted, and irregular: but asbestos fillers have no nodules, twists, or irregularities on the surface that permit one filler to cling to an other. This smooth, slippery condition creates such difficulties in spinning that the manufac ture of a 100-nercent asliesltos yarn is slow and costly. For tiiis reason, some other filter, such as cotton or rayon, is added to act as a vehicle to carry the asliestos through the spinning proc ess. The proportion of organic filler added varies with the characterAif the asliestos and the requirements of the finished product. The preliminary treatment of asliestos fibers lie fore they are made into fabrics has been descritied under Milling Methods. The pre pared asliestos fibers, with the addition of the necessary quantity of cotton or ravon, are mixed thoroughly with revolving beaters. Some manufacturers, however, introduce the organic material at a later stage. Carding is the next step in the manufacturing process. Leather-covered carding rolls are fitted with sharp steel bristles. They comb the fillers into parallel position and remove short fibers, bits of rock, and dust. After passing a succession of carding rolls, the fiber emerges as a loose blanket, which may lie turned 90 and passed through another carding machine. The blanket is tlien separated into rovings, winch are gathered in a roll on a Jack spool and spun into yarn as in ordinary textile mills. Yarns are made in various sizes: a "5-cut" varn measures about 500 yards to the pound and a "30-cut'' yarn about' 3.000 yards. Yarn is twisted exceptionally hard for thread used in sewing theater curtains, asbestos clothing, or other asbestos fabrics. The spindles of singleply yarn are transferred to twisting machines and twisted into 2- or 3-ply yarn, which is wound on spools. Asbestos cord and rope are made by twisting several strands together. When yarn is to l>e used for making brake bands nr packings. it usually is rein ton ed w ith tine copper, brass, or lead wire. Tims, for brakebands 3 strands of single-ply yarn and 2 strands of brass wire of gage Nos. o.uut;, o.ih>7. oro.onsmay lie twisted together. For packings a single lead wire or 1 to 3 strands of bra.-~ wire are twisted with 2 or 3 strands of a>U>>tos yarn. Products prepared in this way are known as "metallic yarns." Weaving into fabrics follows well-known processes employed in cotton or woolen textile mills. Asbestos cloth is used for lagging on shipboard, for theater curtains, fireproof cloth ing, and many other texrile products, .''ingleply asbestos yarn is braided into tape. Metallic yarn containing about 16 percent cotton is wo ven into strips for brakeband linings. Stand ard widths range from 1 inch to 6 inches and standard thicknesses from Vs to "s inch. They are processed with rubber and other ingredients. Asbestos packings and gaskets are made in various ways. Asbestos yarn may be twisted or braided into valve-stem packings, the braided forms may be compressed into rings, and as bestos cloth mav be cut into gaskets or other desired forms. 1'hey may be coated or impreg nated with rubber compounds, oil. or Hake graphite. Metallic varn is used in some pack ings. Further defad on the use of asbestos in fabrics has been published (J). SHINGLES AND LUMBER Asbestos building materials, such as roofing shingles and siding, consist of portland cement, about 15 percent of shingle-grade asbestos, and coloring matter as desired. When manufac tured by the so-called dry process, the raw ma terials are mixed dry in a cylindrical mixer provided with paddles. The mixture is spread evenly on an lt?-inch conveyor belt and sprayed with water at ISO0 F. Rollers compress it to the required thickness, and a rotary cutter sepa rates it into individual shingles or slabs. Shin gles or slabs, separated by steel pallets, are piled in stacks and squeezed in hydraulic presses at a pressure of 20.000 pounds per square inch: they are then cured and trimmed. Sliingles are punched for nailing. Such products are also made by a wet method known as the laminated or *`Hatschek" process, first used in Austria and named after the in ventor. Cement, shingle-grade asbestos, and coloring matter are mixed with a large quantity of water, agitated thoroughly with a beater, and pumped to the Hutschek" machine, which builds up sheets in successive lamination* to the desired thickness. Portland cement thus mixed with a large quantity of water does not lose its property of setting at a later -tage " hen S* it 42 008 1807 : yc* j= 60 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY most of the water is removed. Steam curing hastens the setting. For shingle manufacture thin sheets are made. Lumber consists of thick er and larger sheets. Corrugated sheets are made by crimping tint sheets. PAPER AND MILLBOARD A>l>er-ro~ of paper-stock grade is mixed with water to make a thin slurry, which is agitated thoroughly in .'i-foot drums covered with slats. Starch. Ilour or size, and sodium silicate derived partly from the liquid squeezed out of the paper at a later staire are added to the slurry. The material is conveyed to a paper machine similar to that used in manufacturing paper from rags or wood pulp. Particles of stone or other impurities are removed with sand-catch ing equipment. The sheets of paper pass be tween rollers to remove most of the water, are dried on hot cylinders, and are wound in rolls. If a two-ply paper is desired, one side of a sheet is coated lightly with sodium silicate, and the two sheets are run together over several hot rolls. Crimped paper is made by passing the sheets over corrugated rolls. In the manufac ture of air-cell pipe covering, the tips of the corrugations are coated with sodium silicate, and a flat sheet is added. When the process is repeated a '2-ply, 3-ply, or thicker air-cell covering may be made. Millboard is generally classed with paper be cause it is manufactured by the same process. It is simply a thick paper: It bears the same re lation to asbestos paper that cardboard bears to wrapping paper. The board usually is built up on rectangular screens rather than on drums. The manufacture of millboard gaskets is an exacting process. The high speeds, tempera tures. and pressures attained by modern auto mobiles and other machinery demand precise qualities in the millboard used. It must have uniform density and high strength. Variations in thickness of the sheet must hot exceed 0.002 inch. ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPE The most widely used method of making as bestos-cement pipe is a modification of the lami nated process used for making shingles and lumber. Portland cement and 15 or 20 percent of asbestos and other ingredients are agitated in water. The solids are drawn from the slurry on a fabric belt and deposited in successive layers on a rotating mandril, the diameter of which will be the inside diameter cf the finished pipe. "When the desired thickness is reached, rhe pipe is removed from the mandril, trimmed, dried, and cured under steam pressure. The time required for manufacture is gov erned largely by the drying period. The use of asbestos having free and rapid filterabilitv will greatly speed up the process. For this reason. Eolith African and Australian crocidolite are preferred types of asbestos, as they possess su perior rapid-filtering qualities. Asl>esto>-cement pipes are used extensively because they resist corrosion, compression, traction, or shock. An admixture of sulfur and asbestos is used for making chemically resistant pipes, or linings for steel pipes. The sulfur is highly resistant to chemical action, and the asliesros supplies the desired strength. ASBESTOS-MAGNESIA INSULATION Magnesium carbonate in a light thirty form combined with asbestos makes an effective hear insulator for steam pipes. The magnesium car bonate used with the asbestos is chiefly of sea water origin from the gulf coast. Magnesia is also derived from dolomite, which is a double carbonate of calcium and magnesium. By a complex chemical process the magnesia is sepa rated in the form of a light, fine-grained, basicmagnesium carbonate. This product is also derived from bitterns (the residual brines at saltworks). A California plant uses a hydrousmagnesia chemical-plant sludge. About 15 percent by weight of asbestos is added to the magnesium carbonate and the mix ture agitated thoroughly in water. The solids are collected on a filter press and cast in the form of pipe and block insulation. Such prod ucts are designated "85-percent magnesia. The asbestos used is commonly a mixture of Canadian ehrysotile and amosite". The propor tions may be 40 to 60 percent amosite and the remainder ehrysotile of Canadian Group 4 or 5. When fibers of fair length are used, the proportion of fiber possibly may be reduced to as low as 11 percent. If shorter fibers are used, the percentage must be increased, possiblv to more than 15 percent. The shorter the fibers, the greater the breakage loss in the finished product. Long fibers of amosite cost less than Canadian fibers of similar length. HIGH-TEMPERATURE INSULATION Special products consisting almost entirely of amosite will resist temperatures of 55ft3 to 900 F. Higher temperature insulating prod ucts, such as calcium silicate and diatomaceous silica, are said to withstand temperatures of 1,050 to 1,200 F. They contain small quan tities of asbestos (usually amosite), possibly up to 15 percent, that are added to serve as binders. Fibrous products are now made that will re sist temperatures above 2,000 F., but they con tain no asbestos. 42 008 1808 *l CHAPTER 13. USES AND REQUIREMENTS OF USE 61 COMPOUNDED PACKINGS Packings an* used to prevent the escape of steam or compressed air around the moving parts of machinery. Compounded packings are made of asliestos mixed with tillers and binders. Fillers commonly used are clay, barite, mag nesia. iron oxide, graphite, and cellulose. The binding materials are "inns, resins, lac. or ruhbcr dissolved in a volatile solvent. High-grade packings contain iilmitt 2 parts of asliestos to I part of tiller. The mixture is molded into sheets of any desired thickness and may be re inforced with copper or lead foil. ASBESTOS CEMENT A type of boiler insulation consists chiefly of short-tilier asbestos: a binder such as plastic clay is used. The ingredients are mixed with water to form a paste, which is applied with a trowel. The filters employed for such cements are the shortest and lowest priced grades. MOLDED ARTICLES Increasing quantities of short-tilier asltestos are used in manufacturing laminated plastics, electrical fittings, and household appliances. Mixtures of asbestos, oil, gilsonite, resins, ce ment. and other ingredients are ground and compressed in molds. Some of them are baked in ovens and then polished and lacquered. Gil sonite imparts a brown color: if gray is desired, the gilsonite is omitted. Short-tilier asbestos mixed with synthetic resins, vegetable oils, or other ingredients is compressed in molds to make so-called asphalt floor tile. Such tiles may contain 40 percent or more of shnrt-tiU*r asliestos; the industry has grown to >nch pro portions that it has created a market for large quantities of the shorter libers that formerly were discarded as waste. NONCORROSIVE FILTERS High-grade tremolite and anthnphyllite varieties of amphiixile asbestos are more re sistant to chemical action than chrysotile. Suitable fibers of these varieties are washed, thoroughly tiberized, and acid-treated to re move soluble impurities. The prepared libers are used in Gooch crucibles or for other filter ing processes employing strong acids or alkalies. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. I'adoi.lkt. M. S. Filterubitity nf Asbestos Fillers Used in Wet Processes. Canadian Miu. aiel Met. Hull., vnl. 4g. 1U4!). p[>. r.!M--."IDS. 2. Tucker. J. L. I'.lemliiic Fillers fur Faliriiirimi of Asliestos Textiles. Asbestos, vo|, Ug. X'u. tg. June in.11, pp. 4-11. 3. Asbestos Textile Institute. Handbook of As bestos Textiles. L'hiludelphin 44, Pa., 1U.13. 7s pp, 4. Badollkt. M. S.. a.xd Stkeir. W. C. Heat Treatment of Clirysotile Asliestos Fillers. Canadian .Min. anil Met. Hull., vnl. 4H, No. .*14, February in.Vi. pp. 8.3-411). .1. Badollet. JX. S.. and Xi.uexez. M. R. The Role of Asbestos in Plastics. Canadian Min. and Met. Bull., vol. 41), No. 331, .July l'J.lii. pp. 4l>.1-4!>o. 43 008 1809 j: CHAPTER 14. SUBSTITUTES FOR ASBESTOS INCENTIVES FOR SUBSTITUTE RESEARCH Shortage is a strong incentive for seeking substitutes. The general worldwide shortage of asbestos that existed during World War II and the early postwar period led to wide re search and experimentation on materials that might take its place, (iermauy's virtual isola tion from sources of asbestos prompted testing in that country of such possible substitutes as itlass wool, steel wool, iron wire, synthetic rub ber. organic plastics, cellulose, and treated paper. Work on substitutes also was conducted with considerably intensity in the United States and several other countries. Expanded production and a reduction in mili tary requirements for asbestos by 1954 had brought supply and demand into approximate balance, and the progressive relief from short ages that characterized the years 19.")-2 to 1954 led to a relaxation in etforts to tind substitute products. Accordingly, there are few recent de velopments in this Held. However, the major dependence of the United States upon foreign asbestos supplies, even though they are largely controlled by a traditionally friendly nearby nation, is a situation that demands constant awareness of the possibilities for substitution under emergency conditions. The merits of possible alternate products are therefore con sidered here. SODA-LIME-SILICA GLASS FIBERS AND MINERAL WOOL Glass and related fibers are manufactured in two basic forms--a short-fiber woollike mate rial and a continuous filament. Rock wool, glass wool, and slag wool are used primarily as lightweight thermal insulation, such as house fill. Such applications, in general, are not sub stitutes for asbestos. Glass filaments made by more refined processes involving the use of platinum dies are of high quality and uniform size. .Some of them are less than one-half mi cron in diameter and are adaptable to highly specialized uses, such as weaving into fabrics. Such filaments are used as substitutes for as bestos in some applications. Glass fibers will not burn, but they will soften and coalesce when the temperature reaches a 62 certain point, which varies according to the composition of the glass. The heat ami mois ture resistance of the glass filaments is limited by the organic film applied to the individual libers during manufacture to improve process ing and reduce breakage during subsequent ply ing and weaving operations. 'Without such a coating, the fillers are relatively brittle ami self-abrasive. For high-temperature applica tions most of the organic film is removed by heating for a short'" time at about fiOu0 0. (572 F.). The fibers are then recoated with a material suitable for the operating temperat u re. When glass filaments are usedGvithout such coatings, their properties are impaired to some extent, but they will withstand temperatures up to 1.2()(> F., which is an advantage in certain applications. Normally, glass resists weathering verv well. Wiudowpanes generally show no weathering ef fects, even after many decades of use. However, the surface area per unit volume of very fine glass fibers is so great that exposure to water vapor results in relatively rapid deterioration. Fiberglas is therefore less resistant than as bestos to the effects of steam or moisture. At tempts have l>een made to use glass fibers in place of asbestos in asbestos-cement products, but such tests have given unsatisfactory results, chiefly because of a chemical reaction between t he glass and cement, which decomposes the fibers and destroys their effective strength. Glass fibers are efficient thermal insulators in various types of equipment, such as stoves and refrigerators, where conditions are not corro sive. The high tensile strength, the greater thermal stability compared with organic fibers, and the electrical resistance of glass fibers make them suitable for electrical insulation, such as sleeving for wire and tapes for the construction of some types of motors. Fiberglas is used in conjunction with, or as an optional alternate material for. asbestos in Navy shipboard cables. It is claimed, however, that the use of asbestos results in greater resiliency in finished cables than can be obtained with Fiberglas. Glass fibers are permitted in specifications for cable filler (material that fills in the spaces in a group of insulated cables), but they have not yet been developed in a form that gives entirely satis factory cable performance. Because of its high electrical and heat resistance, very thin glass- 42 008 1810 r i # CHAPTER 14. SUBSTITUTES FOR ASBESTOS 63 filler paper may find advantageous use in con densers for electronic equipment: for example, its use may make possible a reduction in the size of the condensers. A glass-asbestos cloth was designed during World War II to extend the supply of asbestos textile fibers. It has continued in Use as a cov ering on thermal insulation applied to piping on naval vessels. It is woven with a plied yarn having one srrand each of glass and asbestos yarn. Glass fabrics or combined glass-asliestos fabrics have some advantage over asbestos tex tile products because of lighter weight per square card and greater strength, but they are generally inferior to asbestos fabrics in resist ance to Hexure. abrasion, and chemical action. Fabrics consisting of interwoven glass and as bestos yarns are now made in many weights and colors for use as theater curtains and for tireproof draperies in schools, hospitals, libraries, hotels, ancl ships. Coarse glass fibers compressed into bats are efficient lightweight air filters that are used extensively for cleaning large volumes of air. Asbestos is not widely used in this field. The use of Fiberglas as a substitute for as bestos in friction equipment has. in general, given unsatisfactory results, chieflv because of the abrasive effects of glass on brakedrums. Also, the glass fabrics lack the high resiliency of those made of very finely divided asbestos filaments. During World War II and the Korean con flict a large part of the production of Fiberglas was applied to military uses. Many manufac turers of electric insulating materials, such as manufacturers of asbestos cloth and tapes, lami nates. varnished tubing, magnet-wire covering, and mica-insulating products, are listed as users of Fiberglas. Fiberglas was widely used dur ing World War II for heat, sound, and electric insulation on aircraft. Over 90 percent of the output during World War II was used for mili tary or essential civilian use. Since it appears that Fiberglas can be substi tuted for asl>estos in certain fields of applica tion. its future availability is of first impor tance. A question has been raised as to the adequacy of Fiberglas production facilities. The manufacture of Fiberglas in ultratine fila ments was originally limited to a single plant operated by the Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corp. Such a situation tends to impose a serious limi tation on the supply of an essential product in an emergency. With limited manufacturing facilities, the substitute product might be as difficult to obtain as the asbestos it is supposed to replace. However, that situation no longer exists. The original company has enlarged its operations greatly: it manufactures Filierglas in seven widely separated factories. Furthermore, sev eral other companies now manufacture the product under license. It is lielieved that fa cilities will be adequate to meet any reasonable demands that may develop in the near future. A question has also been raised as to lim itations on Fiberglas manufacture imposed by the need of platinum. At one stage in the process of Filierglas manufacture the molten glass is drawn through perforations in a plati num-bottomed cell or bushing: apparently, no other substance can be substituted for the plati num so used. Because platinum is produced in limited quantities--a free-world production of about nOu.imm) troy ounces a year--and has wide scientific and industrial use. its availability for wider application in this industry deserves care ful, consideration. I'latinum is* a critical ma terial during war periods. Three important circumstances tend to relieve to some extent the threat of a possible shortage: 1. There is verv little loss of platinum during the process of Fiberglas manufacture. The holes through which the fibers are drawn will gradually enlarge, and the platinum bushing will accordingly have to be rebuilt, using the same platinum. Care is taken to recover any dust or fragments of platinum. The first instal lation is the important consideration, but sub sequent replacement of losses is very .-mall. 2. Research is being conducted constantly to find ways of reducing the quantity of platinum required in each bushing. Presumable, some saving is possible and will be accomplished. 3. Research is also being devoted to possible substitution of some less costly and more abund ant substance for platinum. Limited progress has been made, and there is at least some promise of success. Another raw material essential to Fiberglas manufacture that may be in short supply in times of emergency is cryolite, sodium-alumi num fluoride (Xa,AlF,d. which is mined only in Greenland. The supply, however, is aug mented by artificial cryolite manufactured from fluorspar. If supplies of both these materials are limited, sodium silicofluoride may Ije substi tuted. It has been produced as a byproduct from phosphate rock. HIGH-SILICA GLASS FIBERS Glass fibers approximating vitreous silica in composition are superior to soda-lime-silica glass fibers in resistance to deterioration from the action of water vapor and to high tempera tures, but their manufacture is a difficult prob lem. Fused silica is extremely viscous at its melting point (1.72S0 C.). and its manufacture into thin filaments is very difficult. To over- 42 008 1811 64 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY come this high viscosity, fluxes are added, the filters are made, and the fluxes are then removed. Several methods are used, hut they are similar in principle. First, filaments are formed from an easily workable composition, such as an alkali silicate. Second, the alkali or flux in the fila ment is removed by leaching or ionic substitu tion. The resulting filters are relatively porous and high in silica. They will withstand with little deterioration tempera tuivs exceeding l.niin5 ('. The minimum diameter of highsilica filters on which data were available in l!>."2 was about '2 microns, and the average was much greater. On the other hand, natural as bestos filters are only a fraction of a micron in diameter. Correspondingly, the silica filters are much less flexible than natural ehrysotile. Be cause of their high moisture resistance and ability to withstand high temperatures, the vitreous silica filaments undoubtedly can be substituted for asltestos in some applications, but it is doubtful if they can replace asbestos -where flexibility and elasticity are prime con siderations. . Furthermore, the cost of manu facture is very high. High-silica-glass fibers are now made in much finer sizes than in 1052. Dr. Rudolf Lentz claims to be the inventor of a process for making synthetic asbestos in Ger many. His product, however, could not be called synthetic because its base was sodium silicate, and an analysis of the final product in dicated that it consisted of over 97 percent SiO-. It was. in fact, a silica-glass fiber. Three companies were licensed to manufacture this product in 1043. but because of the military reverses suffered by Germany no progress was made (4)-1 OTHER SILICEOUS FIBERS At least three companies are now making aluminum silicate fibers. They employ blowing processes, which do not require the use of plati num spinneretres. Fusion may be accomplished with an electric arc. These fibers may he em ployed where exposed to temperatures of 2,000 F. or higher. They are costly to make and have special uses beyond the temperature ranges where asbestos products are employed. Fibers of pure quartz are now made in micron sizes. Thev are also costly and are applied only at high temperatures. ORGANIC SUBSTITUTES German scientists attempted to manufacture yarn from short-fiber asbestos mixed with long organic fibers, such as cotton, cellulose, or syn thetics. bur the product obtained was very weak Iralicizetl numbers in parentheses refer to Items in the bibliography at the end of this chapter. * .,4. nrfl; (~). Cardboard with an organic plastic was used in Germany as a substitute for asbestos packing in flanges of steam and water pipes. I his packing was satisfactory at pressures up to 5 atmospheres and temperatures up to luo3 ('. It is stated that substitutes for asbestos in highpressure packings have nor been successful and that all substitutes developed anil used up to 1!>44 were inferior to asltestos (11. A diaphragm of jPerhm (synthetic fiber) pajter coated with barite paste was tried by I. ( Farbenimlustrie as a substitute for asbestos cloth as a diaphragm in a Sremens-Uillirer cell ill the manufacture of XaOH by eln-trolysis of Xa('l solution. It failed within :;n minutes. However, a polyvinyl chloride diaphragm gave results equal to those obtained with asbestos cloth (>). Although reports are somewhat conflicting, polyvinyl fibers appear to be inferior to as bestos in asbestos-cement products. Silicone products alone or in combination with glass fibers have been used successfully as wire cover ing in certain applications. SUBSTITUTES FOR AMOSITE As indicated elsewhere, an important use for amosite is in the manufacture of light, fluffy insulation for use on marine turbines and jetplanes. The fluffiness appears to be a function of fiber diameter, the finer fibers showing the higher degree of thermal efficiency per unit weight. Accordingly, it has been found that Fiberglas having fiber diameters of less than 1 micron has a thermal efficiency comparable with that of amosite, but Fiberglas of this quality costs 5 or 6 times as much as amosite. Calcium silicate and diatomaceous-silica insulation prod ucts are used as substitutes for amosite in some applications. Chrysotile can be substituted for amosite in 85-percent magnesia products, with some in crease in weight per cubic foot and with a some what lower thermal efficiency. A substantial substitution of chrysotile for amosite would, in some instances, increase the weight per unit volume beyond the limitations of military specifications. SUBSTITUTES FOR CROCIDOLITE Crocidolite was used widely for a time in making gas-mask filters. However, the Xaval Research Laboratory found that glass filters make superior gas filters. In gas-mask tests in a smoke-filled room, it was found that only 1 particle in 100,000 passed through the Fiber glas filter, and at the same time the mask caused no noticeable increase in normal breathing re sistance. The filter paper can be made iif any 42 00S 1S12 CHAPTER U. SUBSTITUTES FOR ASBESTOS 65 ordinary paper mill I'd). Because of tlie success attained with Fiberglas air filters, the use of Bolivian crociilolite is no longer regarded as essential in this application. Because of its high resistance to chemical action, crocidolite has found wide use in mak ing acidprouf packings. One of tiie newer plastics is now replacing crncidolire to an in creasing extent in this application, because it is stable up ro 4*|l= F.. is resistant to acids and alkalies, and has low absorption. The chief use of crocidolite in the United Srates is in the manufacture of asbestos-cement pipe. Its principal assets are its free Hlterabiliry and high strength. Xo satisfactory substi tutes are now available. Substitution of chrysotile for crocidolite in this application would, it is claimed, retard the drying time of the fab ricated pipes so greatly that plant capacity might be reduced as much as .in percent. How ever. some of the harsh Canadian chry-otile libers, such as those produced at rhe Munro mine. Ontario, can lie substituted for blue as bestos to some extent. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Kua.vnich. W. I. it. Farheninilnstrie. A. G.. I.mlwiitshal'eii. IMl-TOC". 11)44. |ip. ITtV-lsi. 2. llUKELV, .1. l>.. DaWsoX. K. I... G.W.H. U.. and IIk.viikisso.v, M. B. Ulus Final Itepr. 4)>4. fit "4`ijg 104.1. 3. Likiik.vwiuth. I. G. F.irlieninilnstrie. A. (i.. f.mlwicslnii'en. l'LH-7o:in.->. FIAT. Keel l'.-- ".l. ir. 4'h;'.4-.'. 1114.". 4. Foir.D ixniu.M.vTio.v Auk.ncy. Twluiical ami Seientitic I>evelo[iments Gelatine to the A>lie-tn inilnstry in Germany. 11)47. FIAT Final Kept. |n7o. 3. Dkcartmkxt or I ikfk.vsk. inner. or I'nn.ic l.\roi:MATloX. Glass Filler Filter Insulator |ievolo|e-i| by Naval Laboratory. December 7. Itt.m. 4* 008 1813 CHAPTER 15. BENEFICIATION OF ASBESTOS THE LOW-IRON PROBLEM During World War II and the following Korean runllict there was an acute shortage of low-iron asbestos suitable for Xaiy cable con struction. A quantity representing one-third of the total shipboard cable requirement of liber was necessary to provide fireproof electric insulation. According to N'avv specifications, the total iron content of such asWstos conkl not exceed percent and the magnetic iron con tent. 2 percenr. Canadian fiber does not sat isfy the specification for such use. Except for a small supply from Arizona, the entire re quirement was obtainable only from Southern Rhodesia. and supplies from that source were Ijecoming smaller year by year, lender stick circumstances it became imperative that re search be conducted on methods of purifying Canadian asbestos to make it suitable for Xavy use. This work was done mainly by industry, although (rovernment made some contribution. The other two-thirds of shipboard-eableusliestos needs called for long-filter ohrysotile with total iron not exceeding f> percent and magnetic iron 4 percent. The supply of this material was critical, hut it did not present as serious a problem as the electrical grade. Recently, a large deposit of low-iron asbestos was found in British Columbia. Canada, and supplies of the so-called nonferrous asltesros adequate for Xavy use are now obtainable from that source. Hence, the urgency for develop ment of deironing processes no'longer exists. However, a record of the processes developed is of value, particularly as those established by industry are still in use. TREATMENT OF HIGH-IRON ASBESTOS The Johns-Manville Corp. conducted a great deal of research on this problem and obtained results justifying the erection of a special plant at Tilton. X*. H.. for manufacturing an asbestosbase. inorganic, electric-insulating paper or tape named "Quinterru'? paper. Tilton was chosen because it 1ms a dust-free atmosphere, is within easy reach of the Canadian asbestos mines, and is favorably located for marketing. Another reason was an abundant water supply. Water is a prime necessity, as 7.5UU pounds is required titi in the manufacture of each pound of Qninterra paper. Canadian usliestos is lieaten and agi tated in water to separate the magnetite from the filler. The purified asliestos. blended with clay, is fabricated by a special papeniiaUiiur process. The paper has a closed structure : that is, it has neither holes nor interstices such as those in woven products. The severe mechani cal treatment required to free the magnetite tends to break the asliestos fillers into shorter lengths. As short filler is used as raw material, the paper is relatively weak. To give additional strength when needed, the paper can lie lami nated with Fiberglas fabric or grid. Raybestos-Manhatran. Inc., lias developed a wet-process method of treating fillers, even those of spinning length. To free the inairnetire from the fibers, a dispersing agent is used to separate the fibers. Many agents were tried, and one was finally found that would disperse or separate the fibers from each other with minimum mechanical force. In other words, a chemical process of fiber separation is sub stituted for the mechanical beating or crushing method. Thus, the magnetite is set free so that it can be removed magnetically with very little damage to the fillers. The purified fibers are made into paper of the desired thickness, which can be reinforced with Fiberglas or other materials for added strength. The product is known by the trade name "Xovabesros.'' In connection with the Xovabestos process, a pat ented process for dispersing chrysotile asbestos by means of a monovalent anion in combination with a polyvalent cation (-5)1 should be men tioned. Both Quinterra and Xovabesros are now manufactured commercially and are used ex tensively in cable construction and for other nonferrous uses. According to the Bureau of Ships, they are satisfactory products for Xavy use. The recent importation of large quantities of low-iron chrysotile from British Columbia. Canada, apparently has had lirtle effect on the scope of the operations described. The deiron ing is simply one step in a complex process de veloped through years of research. During rlie early lDoO's the Bureau of Mines conducted tests on removal of magnetite from 1 Italicize! numbers In parentheses refer to items iu the biblioyraphv at the eatl of cbU chapter. i. 42 GO* 1314 CHAPTER 15. BENEFICATION* OF ASBESTOS 67 asbestos by crushing and magnetic separation. Furthermore, the specifications recognize that It was fonml. however, that much of the mag magnetic iron is more detrimental than the non netite is so intimately associated with Canadian magnetic forms. If the iron-lieariug a-lie-ms a-be-tos that separation in a dry state was were carried lietween the Terminal- of an elec unsatisfactory. tric arc. the short circuit created when a rela The Naval" Re-earch Laboratory lias demon tively large piece of magnetite reaches the -pace strated the ability of a papermaker's Vortrap lietween the terminals would nor only break up ro remove magnetite from a wet slurry of as the fragment into small particle- bur would bestos. Ks-eutially the separation is effected oxidize the magnetite to ferric forms, which are by the swirling action that arises when rapidly less harmful. Methods of modifying the form flowing water is introduced into a pipe in a and particle size of the iron minerals in ashe-tos tangential manner. The concomitant centrifu have not yet lieen fully explored. l'o--ibly. the gal action tends to throw the heavy magnetite lie.-t results can lie obtained hv combining proc against the walls, while the asbestos fibers, freed esses of removing iron with method- of modify from magnetite. remain suspended and ulti ing the form and grain size of the iron particles mately pass up and out of the instrument to a that remain. decker or other fiber-recovery apparatus. Fi The Jeffrey Manufacturing Co. developed a bers of spinning length have been cleaned with fair success in a laboratory-size Vortrap ( Cl method about 192.') whereby woven u-bestos tapes were passed lietween electrodes, with rhe inch). As the magnetite grains tend to be in timately attached to the fibers, some asbestos is carried away with the heavy fraction: on the other hand, some fibers to which fine Trains of magnetite are attached, are light enough to be carried upward with the iron-free asbestos. In accordance with plans formulated by the Naval Research Laboratory and the Bureau of result that the larger particles of magnetite were volatilized or converted to nonmagnetic compounds of iron. The resulting perforations in the tape were sealed by a following treatment with resins. When nonferrou- tapes of -ati-factorv dielectric resistance became generally available, this method of treatment was rarel'v used. Mines, larger scale Vortrap tests with Canadian asbestos were made in 1 9.Y2, but the results were inconclusive. Fmm l'J.VJ to the Bureau of Mines con ducted similar experimental work with its own equipment, which disclosed that the Vortrap is Imth a purifier and a classifier of asbestos fiber. Tests made with this equipment indicate that the magnetic-iron content of mil inary Quebec asbestos can readily be reduced to satisfy the In this connection it is pertinent to point out the desirability of a more complete investiga tion of types of asbestos that may be high in iron but in which the iron is present in silicate forms that are relatively resistant to the pa-sage of electricity. Crocidolite. for example, is high in iron, but little free iron oxide is present. The possibility of using crocidolite for fabrics suitable for wire covering has not been fully explored. requirement of 2 percent or less stipulated in the The Bureau of Mines has undertaken a study National Stockpile Specification P-9)-R, dated of all accessory minerals associated with asbes June 10. 19'i9. At the same time it separates tos and their effects upon its utilization.' much of the short fibers present. As the deiron ing problem was no longer urgent, this work Methods of removing undesirable impurities of all kinds are being studied. Studies are also was suspended. in progress on rhe composition of asbestos and Some investigators believe that the actual quantity of total iron and magnetic iron in as on its physical and chemical properties in rela tion to use. bestos or its products is a faulty criterion of its electrical resistance because much depends upon rite condition of the iron present. For example, ELONGATION OF SHORT FIBERS a large fragment of magnetite would be more There is a growing need for a larger supply detrimental than the same quantity in the form of long spinning fibers of both the low-iron and of numerous small fragments because the large the high-iron types. As pointed out elsewhere mass might constitute an uninterrupted path in this report i p. 94), spinning fiber- produced 1 i for the electric current, whereas the .-mall par ticles separated from each other by compara tively resistant materials would provide a less ready pathway along which the electric current in Canada constitute only about 4 percent of total production. If some method could be de vised for converting short fibers into long ones, could travel. Accordingly, removal of the the supply could be enlarged. To make -hurt larger fragments would improve the electrical fibers out of long ones is easy i all mill operators resistance of the product more than removal of wish that it were nor so simple), bur to elongate the same quantity of iron in the form of small short fibers is more difficult. Fortunately, the fragments only. research scientist is not terrified by apparently 42 008 1815 68 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SCRVET insurmountable barriers. and some research has already l>eeu ilone in this field. Driscoll and Bruce (/) claim that an im proved product can he made by mixing a slightly soluble metal compound, such as lime, with the short a'ltesros fibers. A soluble silicate i- t jifii Used to impregnate the asbestos ma.-s and cau.-e precipitation of a bonding agent such as calcium silicate. Li'nlke U') claims that short fillers can be converted into long fillers. The filters are oriented by some means. as electrostatically. into parallel position and are then exposed to water and fluorine vapors at elevated temperatures. < 'allinau (!) has deviseil a method of improv ing the structural and mechanical properties of adiostos. He claims that the reaction Itetween a>liesros ami silicon tetrachloride results in a product that has a higher silicon content and greater tensile strength. He postulates that the silicon tetrachloride reacts with the termi nal hydroxyl groups of chrysotile and causes a condensation, wide!1, leads to a substantial in crease in chain length. Brandenberger and others (4) found that when serpentine synthesis was conducted in the presence of natural serpentine filters (chry-otile) no enlargement in the grain, size of the natural fibers took place. BIBLIOGRAPHY5 1. Innsvitu.. James, ami l'.uct k. I min alii S. Treateil I'alnic anil Process of Makilia the Same. f. S. Patent J.nUU.ltgs, March 17. l.:MS. 2. Lciike. U*. Asbesten mit lanceran Kaseru a ns Knr/.farri'Sen syuthetischeu Asbesten. Uitiiiiiu patent 74n.'.Hl. Nov. 1. ltmi, Cau.ixan. T. 1 >. Mineral Printm-ts ami Mrtlwl or Preparation. P. S. Patent-'..'KM.'i-m. I-Vli. V in lit. 4. r.UAMtK.MiKKUKK. K.. Keeiaa lit. \\\. ash Nh.m.i. P (Tlie Serpentine Minerals anil Their Synthesis 11.] Trims. Iiy Prank Kiorilan. Jr. Itelv. i liim. acta., vnl. So. 1!47. pp. U-14. .". Bariiauas. tii-K.v l. tasslainsl to K. 1. ilu pour tie Nemours & C".t. Aipieons Asliestos I tispersimi anil Process for Proihiciuc Same. P. S. Patent 'J.ntllgsp, [ter*. 1. TJ.T!. t'orniiua Ashe-ros Proil nets Prom Polyvalent Imi Itisiierseil Ashe-fos. I". S. Ptiteut gnui.gss, (tec. 1, P.1.V1. -Titles eni'liis.sl In hraekets are rraiislathuis from tin' Iant;uat;e iu which rhe Uchi was (mi L) I i-hcil. 42 00S 1816 f/ CHAPTER 16. ASBESTOS SYNTHESIS As United Sr:ires mines furnish only ;i small fraction of domestic requirements of asbestos, the synthesis of long-filtered. strong, ami Hexilile a.'hestos is highly ilesivahle as it woulil tend to oxercome the present major dependence of the United States upon foreign countries in times of emergency. Mineral synthesis is a well-established art. Synthetic sapphires and rubies have been used as jewel tarings for many years. Recently, remarkable success lias been attained in making synthetic quartz crys tal, some progress has been realized in synthe sizing mica, and even the diamond is now made as a furnace product, t'ome progress has been made in synthesizing amphibole asbestos, but chrvsotile synthesis appears to be much more difficult. SYNTHESIS OF CHRYSOTILE Although there is little evidence of current research on chrvsotile synthesis, considerable work has been done in the past. In 10-2'.) Wells (-) 1 synthesized what'he termed "a hydrous magnesium silicate very similar to serpentine" by the interaction of sodium silicate solution with MgC03 at 375 to 475 C. under pressures of l'(ii) to 230 atmospheres. Under similar con ditions. Ipatiev and Muromtsetf (2) claim to have prepared chrvsotile from a silica gel and magnesium salt solutions. Using MgO and an alkali-free silicic acid, Jander and Wuhrer (3) synthesized serpentine at temperatures ltelow the critical point of wa ter. Xo mention was made of fibers. Xoll (11) reduced the number of nuclei formed during the synthesis by introducing the reactants with great care into nickel or silver tubes in the form of solutions in two layers or strata. One laver was composed of water glass and caustic soda and the other of a magnesium salt such as MgUh. A gel that formed quickly at the interface served as a diffusion membrane, which retarded the mixing of the solutions. The tube and its contents were heated rapidly to 300' C. under a pressure of 100 atmospheres. By this means groups or pockets of chrvsotile fibers were formed. The maximum fiber length of the filaments was 0.2 nun., which is longer than the fiber length of the product obtained without the diffusion process. 1 Italicized numbers in parentheses refer to items in tbe bibliography at the end of this chapter. Studies of the MgO-Sifh.-II O system by Bowen and Tuttle ( 7) have shown that ohry-orile can lie synthesized at temperatures below r>uo C. and at pressures of g.ouO to 4.onn p. s. i. The filters thus formed were very small. The properties determined on samples of .-ynthetic chrvsotile are found to he similar to rho-e reported for the naturally occurring mineral. For example, both exhibit similar dehydration curves. X-ray patterns, and refractive in dices (>). Bates and coworkers .(5) have reported that chrvsotile fibers are actually hollow rubes. Electron micrographs indicated that synthetic chrvsotile may have the same tubular structure {lo). However, as a result of more recent re search. one author takes exception to the "hol low tube" theory on the ground that the density is too nearly theoretical to allow -pace for the voids in hollow tubes (16). The X'ew Jersey Ceramic Research Station. Rutgers University, has made a study of the hydrothermal synthesis of chrvsotile. A pri mary objective was to determine rite factors that will promote growth of the fibrous habit. Best results were obtained with gels. The ef fects of variations in pressure, temperature, duration of run. and composition were iuve-tigated. The chrvsotile filaments produced were of subniicroscopie size, and no progress was made in increasing their length. Tests made at the Johns-Manville Research Center in 1948 indicated that magnesia and silica reacted under high pressure in the pres ence of mineralizers in a stainless-steel bond) to form a product which, under magnification, appears to have a fibrous crystalline structure similar to that of chrvsotile asbestos. SYNTHESIS OF AMPHIBOLES Research on the synthesis of asbestos was conducted in Germany manv years ago. As early as 1935 Dr. Werner Liidke claimed to ha ve made synthetic amphibole asbestos id). Ludke's process was a type of pneuntatolytic synthesis; that is. it involved the reaction re sulting from the passage of heated vapor over compounded mixtures. Bloomfield ('/). who reviewed thoroughly all attempts to synthe-ize asbestos in Germany, was present at a meeting in 1935 at which representatives of the a-he-tusproducts industry expressed the opinion that till ''' *? .? if y < i- 42 008 1817 70 asbestos--a materials survey Dr. Liidke's synthetic filter in the state of de velopment ar that time was an unsatisfactory replacement for natural asbestos. However, as the country was faced with an acute shortage of asliesfos. the Anhaltisclie Studiengesellschaft 'iipported Dr. Liidke. and a pilot plant was Iniilr at Bernlnirg in l'.>4u. where attempts were made to develop the process commercially. The -ynthetic tiliers produced, however, were in ferior in quality and were never improved. An attempt was made to manufacture high-pressiire gaskets. hut the synthetic material was not only chemically unstable hut it would not withstand the mechanical handling necessitated by (|tiautiry production. The requirements de manded for these gaskets could not he satisfied by the experimental samples made of synthetic asbestos. Asbestos paper and millboard made of the synthetic filters did not compare favor ably with those made of natural asbestos. ^itz (4) has described Liidke-process asbes tos which, at one stage of development, came from the furnace in the form of a large plate about :1im> mm. thick. He states that it was broken up. shredded, and used in high-pressure packings, brakebands, insulation, airplane cov erings. and paints. Sitz's report indicates that no improvement had been made over the pre viously stated results obtained by using Doctor Liidke's material. Liidke's most successful experiments were re investigated at the Electrotechnical Laboratory of the Federal Bureau of Mines. Xorris. Tenn., to determine more precisely the effect of vari ations in conditions during synthesis on the quality of the product. This research resulted in the synthesis of an alkali-containing amphibole at a temperature as low as 4U(> C. and a pressure of 1 atmosphere. A critical review of previous syntheses of the amphiboles. both by reactions in the solid state amt by crystallization from melts, are given by Comeforo ami Ivohn (12). In the synthesis of amphiboles a promising technique is to replace the hydroxyl normally present in natural amphiboles by fluorine, just as in the more fami liar phlogopite-mica synthesis. By this means synthetic amphibole can be produced by crystal lizing a melt of the amphibole composition in a dosed container to retard volatilization of the fluorides. A study of well-formed, single crystals of synthetic fluortremolite showed that the indices of refraction of the synthetic product were slightly lower and the extinction angle slightly higher than those of the natural mineral. To show how closely the crystal structure of the synthetic compares with that of natural tremolite. the unit-cell dimensions are compared in table 36. Table 36.--Cell dimension* of natural and arti ficial tremolite Natural fremolite ( Warren U Artilici:ii tn-muliti1 < unu-foro and Kolun (1 a................ amistrnm units .............................. do............. r,.............................. do............. ; 3....................................................' 9. 7.3 17. S 5. gti 7::.).$' 9. 731 IS. 007 .i.'.'07 7.->J9' 1 U\im*n. 0. E.. [Thv Strm-turo of Trvmolitv IhC.uMcrSiOvij. Xi^fhr. Knsi.. vol. 72. p. u. As all synthetic libers made up to the time of this investigation were weak and brittle, steps were taken to improve the physical quality of the flliers and to determine the most satisfactory compositions that will produce filters rela tively free from impurities. To this end an ex tensive study of the isomorphism of synthetic fluonunphilxiles was made at the Electrotechni cal Laboratory of the Bureau of Mines. This work resulted in the synthesis of amphiboles in a wide range of chemical compositions unknown in nature. A later report {13) of the Bureau of Mines shows that the synthetic amphiboles Huor-richterite and fluor-edenite differ very little from the natural minerals except in the replacement of hydroxyl by fluorine and by a higher degree of purity. As the synthesized products were made of pure constituents, they did not contain the accessory components commonly occurring in the natural minerals. The control of im position is an important factor in asbestos syn thesis. The properties of synthetic amphiboles are, in general, almost identical with tlto.-e of their naturally occurring analogs. The replace ment of hydroxyl bv fluorine results in no ap preciable change in )C-ray or optical properties. Further studies have been made of the syn thesis of fluoramphiboles from melts (Hi). Controlled thermal gradients can be used to induce alinement of the crystals, first, by cool ing the melt from the bottom and. second, by varying the shape of the container so that roof ing will begin at one small area. Figure 3 shows the definite verrieal orientation of am phibole filters obtained by synthesis. (Scale on photograph in millimeters.) The Bureau of Mines has synthesized am phibole asbestos fibers in very fine filaments. Many were so small that they were well below the resolving power of a petrographic micro scope. These filters were synthesized by pneu- matolytic or solid-state reactions. Although too weak for the ordinary uses of clu-y.-otile. 42 008 1818 CHAPTER 16. ASBESTOS SYNTHESIS 71 Figure 8.--Synthetic Amphibole Asbestos Made in Electrotechnical Laboratory, Norris. Tenn. they may prove useful in applications where high fiber strength is not essential--for ex ample, as a constituent of impact-resistant ceramic dielectrics. Amphiboles are more easily synthesized than chrysorile but. unfortunately, the ordinary amphiboles have limited use. A highly desir able research objective is the synthesis of amphibole tillers approaching amosite or crocidolite in strength and flexibility. SYNTHESIS OF ASBESTIFORM PRODUCTS In addition to research on synthesis of chrysotile and amphiboles--the two naturally occurring fibrous minerals of commercial in terest--experimentation is in progress on the synthesis of other inorganic, crystalline, fibrous materials. The Bureau of Mines lias produced a potassium-lead silicate fK..Pb,S'uO_.i) in a tiutfv fibrous form closely resembling natural asbestos in appearance. The fibers are weak and brittle and therefore not adapted for spinning and weaving. However, they have properties such as purity of composition, good electrical insulating qualities, and high resistance to thermal shock and impact that adapt them well for use in ceramic bodies. They are easily fabri cated at relatively low temperatures (BUG3 to 7S0 C.). Another possible use is as a tiller in plastics. The method of synthesis and the physical and, chemical properties of the fillers have been described (14). The potassium-lead silicate is isomorphous with lead-aluminum sili cate, which also crystallizes in a fibrous habit. Although there is no immediate promise of the substitution of such fibers for asbestos, their synthesis may contribute to the general theo retical study of inorganic crystalline fibers. BIBLIOGRAPHY = 1. Ipatiev. \V,, and Mcromtseff. B. Bull. Sue. (.'him. Er.. vol. 41. 11)27, pp. 1088-l."i!H. 2. Wells. F. U. Alteration of Serpentine. Am. .four. Sei.. vol. 18. 11)21). pp. 3.V.12. 3. Jander. Wilhelm, and Wciirer, Josef. [Hydro thermal Reactions: The Production of Mag nesium Hydmsiiicutes]. Ztschr. anon;, u. slice, oheui.. vol. 23.7. March 11)38. pp. 273-2P4. 4. Sitz. G. The Technical l>evelopment of the Liidke Asbestos Synthesis. l'BL 32U23, 1041, pp. 141147. 3. Lcdke. Werner. [The Scientitic Basis of the I.iidke Asliestos Synthesis and Properties of Syn thetic Asbestos]. Reichher. Bhem.. vol 1. No. 2 { Priif-NrUlo) : PB 32023. 1P44. pp. 121-140. 0. Field Information Agency. Technical anil Scien tific 1 levelopment Gelatine to the Asbestos In dustry in Germany. FIAT Final Rept. loTd. 1047. -TIcIhs enrlMS4<l in Brackets nrp translation? I'ruui the lao* Silage io which the Item was published. r *2 OOS 1819 72 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY 7. Bowes. X. L. and Titoe O. F. The System Mn0-Si0r-H;0. Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 00. l'.Htt. iij). 8. I'.a its, T. F.. Sand. F. <.. and Mink. J. F. Tubular Crystals of Chrysuittle Asbestos. Science, vol. 3, May II. 1030. l>|>. 312-313. l). Xoi.u IV. [Synthesis in the System MeO-SIOrHjO]. Ztschr. anorg. cheui.. vol. 261. 1030. pp. 1-2.'.. 10. Noi.l. \\\. and Kircher. H. [The Morphology of Chrysorile Ashesr.is]. Naturwissemsehaften. vol. .11, l!)..o. pp. -4D-->41. 11. Xoll. W. Serpentine Asbestos. Mg*n>H)<Si.O,,HiO. 1. G. Fiirbeuimlnstrie. A. G. Inorganic Syn thetic Lab.. Leverkusen. Germany. June 30. 1!).".2. I'BL 74SNO. reel T-14. fr. 38-67. 12. Comefoko. J. F... and Koun, J. A. Synthetic As bestos Investigations. I: Study of Synthetic Fluor-Tremollte: Am. Mineral., vol. 3!). Xos. 7 and 8, July-August 1034. pp. 337-5 .s. 13. Koiin, J. jL, and Comeforo. J. E. Synthetic As bestos Investigations. II: X-Ray and Other Data on Synthetic Fluorriohterite. Edenite. and Boron Edenite. Am. Mineral., vol. -to. Nos. 3 and 6. May-Jane U>33. pp. 4lo-421. 14. Shell. H. It.. Hatch. R. A., and Brown-. D. I.. Syn thetic Asbestos Investigations. Ill: Synthesis and Properties of Fibrous Potassium-Lead Sili cate, Bureau of Mines Ilept. of Investigations 320.'!. 1037. 2t) pp. 13. Pcxdsack. Fred L. The Pro[>erties of Asbestos. II: The Density and Structure of Chrysorile. Jour. Phy. Cheui., vol. til). Xu. :{. March ln.V,. pp. 361-304. 16. Shell. II. R. Synthetic A4ietns luvesrig.-itious. IV: The Synthesis of l'lucraatphilxdes From Melts 1 in press). 42 008 1820 CHAPTER 17. GOVERNMENT STOCKPILE PROGRAM In every national emergency certain essential types of asliestos have been in such short supply that they have attained high priority among strategic materials. Because of the serious sit uations that have arisen through the inade quacy of supplies, asbestos has found a place in the stockpiling program, a brief history of which is presented herein. A realization that the maintenance of na tional stockpiles of strategic and critical ma terials is an essential element of national se curity led to extensive studies of strategic-ma terial problems, particularly during the late l'.tho's and for some vears thereafter. During IDAS and early 1039 the Army and Xavy Muni tions Board, with the assistance of the Depart ments of State and Interior and other agencies, developed recommendations on stockpiling, which led to the enactment of Public Law 117, 70th Congress, on June 7, 1939; this authorized expenditure of 5?100 million for stockpiling of strategic and critical materials during the pe riod ID:'/.) to 1043, inclusive. Under this act the Secretaries of War.' the Xavv, and the In terior. acting jointly through tlie Army and Xavy Munitions Board, were authorized to de termine what materials were strategic and criti cal and the quantities and qualities of such materials that should be stockpiled. Under the authorization of Public Law 117, appropria tions totaling $70 million were made by the ('ongress. Public Law 117 was designed to provide a basis for stockpiling in peacetime, out when war broke out in Europe and when the United States later became involved in the conflict con ditions changed greatly. Further legislation was enacted to meet the current needs, and stockpile policies were developed to meet war time conditions. Public Law 117 was amended by Public Law 52i. 79th Congress, on July 23. 1946. known as rhe "Strategic and Critical Materials Stockpil ing Act." Among its major objectives, it pro vided for the acquisition and stockpiling of strategic minerals that are deficient or insuf ficiently developed in the United States and, through the Bureau of Mines and the Geological Survey, the conduct of scientific, technologic, and economic investigations of domestic min erals essential to the common defense or indus trial needs of the United States. As a result of studies conducted in the early 1940's by the various agencies involved, the Army and Xavy Munitions Board issued on No vember 20, 1944, a list of strategic and critical materials. The asbestos varieties Rhodesian chrysotile and South African amosite appeared in group A of the list. Group A included "ma terials tor which stockpiling is deemed the only satisfactory means of insuring an adequate sup ply for a future emergency." Hence the stock piling program for these minerals liegan as of that .date. Authorization to stockpile Bolivian crocidolite was granted Decemlier 22. 1949. Xo other types or varieties of asliestos have lieen added to the stockpile list. After stockpile specifications were established the word "Rhodesian" was omitted when reference was made ro chrysotile. About 1944 the Army and Xavy Munitions Board established stockpile committees on which various services and agencies were represented. These groups work ing in cooperation with the Bureau of Mines and the Geological Survey made studies of available supplies, future requirements, and prospective shortages of rhe strategic minerals and made recommendations as to stockpiling programs. Stockpile objectives for tlie stra tegic grades of asbestos were changed from time to time in accordance with changing circum stances. These objectives as well as stockpile acquisitions are classified data that cannot lie discussed herein. The stockpile objective was reached and Government purchase ceased for Bolivian crocidolite in 1955 and for chrysotile earlv in 1956. The amosite objectives have not yet been reached. To encourage expansion in production of lowiron chrysotile in Arizona and at the same time to accumulate a supplementary stockpile, a do mestic purchase program was established by De fense Minerals Production Administration in December 1952. It authorized purchase and warehousing of Crude Xo. 1. Xo. 2. and Xo. 3 grades. It provided that the program would run until October 1. 1957. or until a total of 1.500 tons (Crude Xo. 1 and Xo. 2 combined) had been purchased, whichever occurred first. The latter alternative was readied early in 1956. Although the material constitutes a supple mentary stockpile, it is not usable in its present form. To make it conform with national stock pile specifications will require milling and grad- 73 48 008 isjj 74 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY ing. with a consequent sulstantial reduction in these purchases to General Services Administra tiie tonnage of recoverable acceptable filler. tion Julv :$1. l'.)f>8. By congressional action (Public Law 7JJ. As stockpile objectives for low-iron chrysotile s-tth Cong.. dated July 19. 1958) a new program have been reached and the situation is no longer was established whereby the Department of the critical with respect to this commodity, the new Interior was authorized to purchase domestic purchase program was not established pri mm ferrous rhrysorile asliestos meeting the same marily to meet national-security needs. Its .-perilirnfions and under the same regulations main purpose is to assist Arizona producers in as those in effect during the former purchase establishing their operations on a commercial program. The prices to 1* paid are those that basis that will permit continued activity with were in effect January 1. Purchases are out governmental assistance. .Some purchases not to exceed 2.i>no tons of Xo. 1 and Xo. 2 were made with funds remaining from the pre combined and not to exceed 2.000 tons of No. 3. vious program, but such funds were inade excepting that the Xo. '> may I*? purchased only quate for completion of the new program which when offered with Xo. 1 or Xo. 2. or both, in a was suspended in April 1957. In June l'..V7 r 1 re* l ratio not in excess of 1 ton of Xo. J to 1 ton of Congress appropriated 82 to million for pur Xo. 1 or Xo. 2, or both. The Department of chase of domestic low-iron chrysotile during the Interior delegated the authority to make fiscal vear 1958. 42 008 1822 CHAPTER 18. WAR CONTROLS AND EXPERIENCES WORLD WAR II CONTROLS AND EXPERIENCES A brief flironolosrii-iil history of asbestos pro curement durinff World War II follows. This history was compiled by the War Production Hoard in 104a. Copies of the various restrictive orders follow this history. A section on restric tions during the Korean contlict has been added. Cluonolopienl outline of a hixtorn of iixhextox procure ment during World Unr II 1940 (early): I>r. olivet- Bowles. Bureau of -Mines, rec- commended to tlie National I >ei'ense Commission action to injure production anil importation of ade quate supplies of Canadian and African asbestos. June 27,1940: Meeting of asliestos importers and manu facturers held with Government olticials to discuss means of ascertaining stocks in the United States and measures to insure adequate supply. October IS. 1940: National Defense Commission, Min- inn and Mineral Products Division, outlined a plan for asltestos procurement: recommended Govern ment purchase for stockpile: Short ton* ('hrysotile. Rhodesian.. 8.300 Amosife 8. 000 ('vocidtdite_____________i_____________________ 3.300 Total 20.000 October 25. 1940: National Defense Commission official recommended the following purchases: Short tonx ('hrysotile. Rhodesian_______________________ 3,000 Amosite 9.000 Crociilolite 8,000 Total__________________ _______________ 20,000 August 20. 1941: NationalDefense Commission official recommended to DeputyAdministrator. Federal Loan Agency. the following purchases : L'hrvsotile. Rhodesian : Short toot C & G 1--______ _________________________ 900 C & G 2.................................. ..................... .. 3, 000 Amosite: B1________________________________________ 1.000 B3 or D313, 000 Crociilolite: A____ ____________ e____________ ___________________ 100 ioo MS 10. ooO Total30. TOO December 1941: Critical need for asbestos was recog nized: It was decided at a meeting of Office of Pro duction Management and asbestos-industry officials to conserve available stocks. A draft conservation order was given preliminary discussion. Demands for asbestos-cement corrugated sheets and asbestos textiles exceeded supply (sheets used for aircraft hangars and ordnance works i. January 20, 1942: Office of Production Management Conservation Order M-T9 was issued to effect coa servatiou of the asbestos supply and restrict the usage of African libers. February 28. 1942: Order M-79 was revised to tighten restrictions. 1942 (early): War Production Hoard Order M-12.". was issued to restrict the sale of asliestos textiles and packings containing asltestos textiles. April 1942: A ship carrying t..u> of African tiher was lost by sinking. Conservation tinier M-T'.l was amended to tighten restrictions. July 4, 1942: Order M-123 was amended to include woven friction materials. July 1942: Cork ami Asliestos Section. WPii. hud re ceived questionnaire replies from manufacturing plants showing estimated raw-fllier requirements: it recommended to Stockpiling and Shipping Brunch. WPB. the following Government purchases; > hotf ton * L'hrvsotile. Rhodesian: C & G l.......... .................................................. 2, mm C&G2____________________________ in.(Mk) Amosite: B1________________________________________ -j. IMM) B3 or l>3 IT. Dot) Crociilolite: A inn C loo MS________________________________________12. Tim) Total.............. ......................................... 44. :;im) July 1942: Cork and Asliestos Section "made diligent efforts to obtain requirements from the Armed Forces for asliestos products. These requirements were dually obtained (date md stated) Imt were pre sented In a form that was not useful, nor was much faith placed in these tigures." December 1942: Order M-123 was amended to add a li>r of prohibited uses and restrictions on permitted ryjies of asbestos textiles: it was decided in con sultation with Canadian producers ami with rile cooperation of the Canadian Controller of Metals to develop an allocation method for tlie distribution of asbestos libers of Groups 1. 2. and 3. The plan pro vided for suggestions to the Canadian controller mi the distribution of shipments to United States manufacturers. Contracts were signed for the purchase of asliestos by the Government after a number of conferences be tween representatives of the Board of Kcommiir War fare and of the Britisli Mission of Supply. These contracts called for delivery of the following types of African asbestos during 1943: Chrysotile: Shore tom C & G 1.................... 1. >iil C & G 2............................................................. (i. 439 C & G 3--................................. is. 74K C & G 4............................................................. 0. 404 Amosite: Bt........ ............................................................... t.2ix> B3 or IXI................ 0. (ioo 3D.M-1................................................................ 3. (UNI M-l--................................................................. 1(1.1(20 Crociilolite: MS 2. siM) S.............................. ..........................-................ 4IM) Total............................................................... 37. 400 .o 12 008 1823 76 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY February 20. 1943: Some Order M-123 restrictions were combined with Conservation urder M-2>3. which placed asbestos textiles under complete allocation procedure: allocations were based on quarterly de cisions. established by the Requirements Committee 1 Wl'Bl. Chief. Asbestos Section. Wl'B. protested to Chief. Minerals and Metals Division. Hoard of Ei-ntinuiif Warfare. objecting to phases of the purchase contract i for African asbestosi. particularly to rile la rue amount of C & G 4 and the small amount of crocid- olite purchased. This letter was acknowledged March .'. 104:'., "but up until August 7 that year no changes were made in the stockpiling and purchase recommendation. There were unquestionably errors in judgment made by all -concerned in this trans action." March IT. 1943: Order changed to remove lamp and burner wicks from restricted list. April 1943: Order L--11-d was issued. This exempted asliestoss-eiiieur siding anil rooting from the provi sions of Order L--41. ( Culler Order L-41. the use of asliestos-ceiuent siding and rooting shingles was limited. Since about 0.7 i>ereeut of Canadian asbestos was then so used the mines laid no outlet anil could not continue production of the needed long fiber, i July 1943: Combined Raw Materials Board (United States. British, and Canadian) assumed rcs|musi- Idlitv f"r distribution of the supply of Canadian anil African asbestos among the three countries. "Had they entered the picture earlier it would have been very beneficial, for. by and large, a fair distribution of asbestos was made after the completion of the Board of Economic Warfare's 1!)4:{ contracts, which laid been signed at London in December 1042." October 1, 1943: Conservation Order M-70 was amended to include restrictions on the use of Canadian long- fiber asbestos ami require the jise of 1 ton of Rhodesian C & O 3 for each 3 tons of Canadian :!R. also further to restrict the use of Rhodesian chrysnriie filters. October 11. 1943: Conservation Order M-283 was amended to include remaining restrictions on the uses of asbestos in Order M-123. which was then revoked. January 31, 1944: Conservation Order M-79 was amended to change restrictions on the uses of Rho desian fitters and changing allocations of Canadian -"It frail a monthly to a quarterly basis, April 1944: The Xavy called for a larger increase in reqt iremenrs for Navy lagging cloth and asbestos textiles for Xavy cable construction. After discus sion with the industry, it was decided to expand facilities. Orders were placed for additional ma chinery. Research was started on the production of a combination glass and asbestos cloth for Xavy lagging. By August this doth had been developed anil approved, anil the resultant incrense in produc tion largely solved the Xavy lagging-cloth problem. November 1944: Xavy radically reduced requirements for cable. December 8. 1944: Order M-79 was amended to remove restrictions on the use of African asbestos. January 4. 1945: Order M-2S3 was amended to permit certain uses of asbestos textiles (due to lower Xavy requirements l and to permit the filing of applications for Xavy cable construction on a quarterly basis and thus enable manufacturers better to schedule their production. March 20. 1945: Order M-70 was changed to allow the use of 1 ton of Rhodesian C & O 1 or 0 & G 2 las well as 0 4 0.11 per 5 tons of Canadian spinning fiber. Grade 3R. August 11. 1945: Order M-2S3 was amended to permit production of civilian pusseuger-car and truck fric tion materials. August 20,1945: Order M-70 was revoked. August 31. 1945: Order M-2S3 was revoked mil con trols on the asbestos industry were ended >. OFFICE OF PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT CONSERVATION ORDER M-79 CURTAILING THE USE OF CERTAIN TYPES OF ASBESTOS Whereas national defense requirements have cre ated shortage of certain types of asbestos for the combined ueeds of defense, private account, and ex port: and the supply now is and will be iiisuliicieut for defense and essential civilian requirements unless their use iu certain products manufactured for civilian use is curtailed: anil it is necessary in the public in terest. to promote the defense of rile I'uited States, to conserve the supply and direct the distribution thereof: .Vote, thvrcfnrv, it in hvrrhy ordered. That: 1064.1 (a) Restrictions on the Use of Certain types of Asbestos. ill Unless otherwise specifically authorized by the Director of i'riorities. after February 1. IP42. no per son shall fabricate, spin, or process in any other way asbestos fibre imported from South Africa except where such fabrication, spinning, or processing is nec essary to fill Defense Orders as defined iu Priorities Regulation No. 1. as amended from time to time. (2i In addition to the above limitation, unless other wise siiecifically authorized by the Director of i'ri orities. after February 1. li)42. no person shall fabri cate. spin, or process iu any other way: ill l.'hrvsotile asbestos fibre I Rhodesian! tirade (' anil G-l and 2 except where such fabricating, spin ning, or processing is necessary to fill Defense Orders for: in) Core rovings to meet Xavy specifications Xuiuher 17-1-20 lIXT): I Insulation, electrical, nsliestos fibre, treated and untreated, dated October 1. 1041. or as same may be amended.) i&l Tapes and cloth which are required by .-qieciricatiou to be of a nonferrous nature; (c) Xouferrous Inpps. (ii) Aniosite asbestos fibre (Grade B-l or amnsite asbestos having a fibre length equivalent to that of Grade B-l) except where such fabricating, spinning, or processing is necessary to fill Defense Orders for Aniosite woven felt blankets anil mattresses for turbine insulation for use on naval nml maritime ships. i iii) Aniosite asbestos fibre i Grade B-3. D-3. or aniosite asbestos having a fibre length equivalent to that of Urntie B-3 or D-3) excel it where such fabri cating. spinning, or processing is necessary to fill De fense Orders for: (u) Woven felt blankets and mattresses ami fittings for turbine insulation for use on naval and maritime ships: iht Fi re proof bon rd : tc) Sprayed amnsite: {I) Eighty-five percent magnesia pipe covering and blocks: tci Molded aniosite pipe covering and blocks; i/i Flexible amnsite pipe insulation: 171 Dry pack insulation. 13) In addition to the above limitations unless other wise specifically authorized by the Director of Priori ties. after February l. 1042. uo person shall install eighty-five jierceiit magnesia or other high tempera ture pipe covering except in installations where tem peratures of 2d0: Farhenheit or over occur. (b) Reports. (1! Any person who manufactures or processes as bestos fibre shall, on or before the 10th day of Febru ary. 1042. and on or before the loth day of each calen dar month thereafter, file with the Uifice of Production 42 008 1824 CHAPTER 18. WAR CONTROLS AND EXPERIENCES 77 .Management. Ref: M-79. all of the information re quired by Forms PD-251 ami PD-252, whichever is appiiealile. i2> In addition, any person who manufactures or processes asbestos fibre shall, when requested, file with the < >tftve of Production Management. Ref: M-79. all the information required by Form 1`D-i".'!. (c) Prohibitions Against Sales or Deliveries. N'o per son shall hereafter sell or deliver asbestos fibre to any person if he knows, or has reason to believe, such material is to be used in violation of the terms of this < >rder. (d) Limitation of Inventories. No manufacturer shall receive delivery of asbestos fibre or products thereof, in tbe form of raw materia is, semi-processed materials, finished parrs of sub-assemblies, nor shall he (nit into process any raw material in quantities which iu either case shall result in an inventory of such rawsemi-processed or finished material in excess of a minimum practicable working inventory, taking into consideration the limitations placed upon the produc tion of asliestos fibre products hy this Order. (e) Miscellaneous Provisions: i/> Applicability of Priorities Regulation -Vo. 1. This Order and all transactions affected thereby are subject to the provisions of Priorities Regulation No. 1 i Part !H41. as amended from time to time, except to the extent that any provision hereof may be inconsistent therewith, in which case the provisions of this Order shall govern. iJl A pin 'll. Any person affected by this Order who considers that compliance therewith would work an exceptional and unreasonable hardship upon him or that it would result in a degree of unemployment which would be unreasonably disproportionate compared with the amount of asbestos fibre conserved, or that com pliance with this Order jrould disrupt or impair a program of conversion from non-defense work to de fense work, may appeal to the Office of Production Management. Itef: SI-7!), setting forth the pertinent facts and the reason he considers he is entitled to relief. The Director of Priorities may thereupon take such action as he deems appropriate. |J> Applicability of Order. The prohibitions and restrictions contained in this Order shall apply to the use of material in nil articles hereafter manufactured irresi>ecrive of whether such articles are manufactured pursuant to a contract made prior or subsequent to the effective dare hereof, or pursuant to a contract sup ported hv a preference rating. Insofar as any other Order of the Director of Priorities may have the effect of limiting nr curtailing to a greater extent than here in provided the use of asbestos fibre in the production of any article, the limitations of such other Order shall he observed. (.}) Correspondence and Communication. All reports required to be filed hereunder, and all communications concerning this Order, shall, unless otherwise directed, he addressed to: Office of Production Management Washington, D. C.. Ref: M-79 i.31 Violations. Any person who willfully violates any provision of this Order, or who hy any act or omis sion falsifies records to he kept or information to be furnished pursuant to this Order, mav be prohibited from receiving further deliveries of any material sub ject to allocation, and such further action may be taken as is deemed appropriate, including a recom mendation for prosecution under Section 35 A of the Criminal Code 118 V. S. C. SO). l id Effective Date. This Order shall take effect im mediately and shall continue in effect until revoked, l P. D. Reg. 1. Amended. Dec. 23. 1941. fi F. R. 6680: O. P. M. Reg. 3 Amended. Sept. 2. 1941, b F. R. 4865: E. O. S029, Jan. 7, 1941, 6 F. R. 191; E. 0. 8875, Aug. 23, 1941. 6 F. R. 4483: see. 2 fa). Public No. 671, 7fith Congress. Third Session, as amended by Public No. ,yi. 77th Congress. First Session >. Date, this 20th day of January 1942. J. S. Kmovlson Actin'i Director of Priorities WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER M-79 CURTAILING THE USE OF CERTAIN TYPES OF ASBESTOS, AMEND MENT 1 (a) Paragraph (a) (3) of Section 1064.1 (Conserva tion Order No. 14-73) is hereby amended to read as follows: "In addition to the above limitations, unless other wise siiecithiilly authorized hy the Director of Indus try Operations, after February 1. 1!H2. no person shall install eighty-five tier cent magnesia or other high temperature pi|>e covering except ill in installations where temperatures of 290* F. or over occur, or i2i in installations on ships." (b) This aiueudment shall take effect immediately. Issued this 28th day of February. 194". J. S. KMiWI.sOV, Director of industry Operations WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER M-123--ASBESTOS TEXTILES The fulfillment of requirements for the defense of the United States has created a shortage in the supply of Asbestos Textiles for defense, fur private account, and for export: and tbe following Order is deemed necessary uud appropriate in tbe public interest ami to promote tbe natioual defense: Section 1172.1 Conservation Order M-123. (a) Unless otherwise specifically authorized by the Director of Industry Operations, after April 4. 1942. no manufacturer of Asbestos Textiles shall deliver Asbestos Textiles except (1) for use in the manufacture of industrial pack ings or (2) on orders bearing a preference rating of A-10 or higher. (b) Applicability of Priorities Regulation No. 1. This Order and all transactions affected hereby are subject to the provisions of Priorities Regulation No. 1 (Part 944). as amended from time to time, except to the extent that any provision hereof may be incon sistent therewith in which case the provisions of this Order shall govern. (c) Appeals. Any person affected by this Order who considers that compliance herewith would work an exceptional and unreasonable hardship upon him may appeal to the War Production Board, setting forth the pertinent facts and the reasons such person considers that he is entitled to relief. The Director of Industry Operations may thereupon take such action as lie deems appropriate. (d) Communications. All communications concerning this Order shall, unless otherwise directed, be ad dressed to: War Production Board Washington. D. C.. Ref: M-123 (e) Violations. Any person who willfully violates any provision of this Order, or who by any act or omission falsifies records to be kept or information to lie fur nished pursuant to this Order may be prohibited from receiving further deliveries of any material subject to allocation, and such further actiou may lie taken as is deemed appropriate, including a recommendation for . - JX ( 42 008 1825 78 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY prosecution under Section 35 (A) of the Criminal Code i IS l'. S. C. SOI. (f) Effective Date. This Order shall take effect im mediately. Issued this 30th day of March. 1942. J. S. Knowlsox Dim-tor of ladaxtry Oper atinn* WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER M-79 AS AMENDED JUNE 18. 1942ASBESTOS Section 1064.1 (Conservation Order Ho. M-79) is hereby amended to read as follows: 1064.1 Conservation Order M-79--(a) Restrictions on the Use of Certain Types of Asbestos. 11) Unless otherwise specifically authorized hv the Director |of Industry Operations, no person shall fabricate, spin, or process in any way asbestos fibre imported from South Africa except where such fabrication, spinning, or processing is necessary to till Defense < inters us ile- tined in Priorities Regulation No. 1, as amended from time to rime. | l-i In addition to the altove limitation, unless other wise specifically authorized by the Director of Industry i iperatious. no person shall fabricate, spin, or process in ;my way: lit Rhodesian chrysotile asbestos fibre of Grade C and ll-l or Grade C and <1-3. or Rhodesian chrysotile asbestos bavins: ti fibre length equivalent to that |of Rhodesian Grade C. G-l and 0-3. except where such fabrication, spinning, or processing is necessary to (ill Defense orders for: _| i a i Products covered in Navy s|ieviflcation Number 17-1-3!) (Insulation. Electrical, Asbestos Fibre. Treated and Untreated, dated January 3. 1!43, or as same may be amended). i b) Lapps, yams, tapes, and cloth which are re quired by Army. Navy, or Maritime Commission s|>^clfications or underwriter's or governmental safety regu lations in effect on May 1, 1943, to be of a non-ferrous nature: | i ii i Amosite asiiestos fibre of Grade B--1, or amosite asbestos having a fibre length equivalent to that | of Grade B-l. excepr where such fabricating, spinning, or processing is necessary to till Defense Orders for amosire woven felt blankets and mattresses and fittings for use as insulation on ships. ] (ill) Amosite asbestos fibre of Grade B-3 or D-3, or amosite asbestos having a fibre length equivalent to that of Grade B-3 or D-3. except where such fabri cating. spinning, or processing is necessary to fill De fense Orders for: | i a) Amosire woven felt blankets and mattresses and fittings for use as insulation on ships. tin Fireproof Insulating board for installation on ships. I (c> Molded amosite pipe covering and blocks for use as insulation on ships, provided, however, that the amount of D-3 or B-3 or equivalent length amosite fibre used in such pipe covering or blocks shall nor ex ceed 15 per cent by weight of finished product. id Flexible amosite pipe insulations for installa tion on ships. (b) Restrictions on the Use of Certain Types of As bestos Pipe Coverings. In addition to the above limita tions. no person shall install 85 per cent magnesia pipe covering or other high temperature molded asbestos pipe covering except (1) in installations where tem peratures of 212- Fahrenheit or over occur. (2) installations underground or in ships, or (31 as spe cifically authorized by the Direcrnr of Industry Operations. (c) Use of Waste Asbestos Materials. Waste or scrap materials produced in the fabrication, spinning. processing ,,f asbestos fibre imputed from South Africa, which cannot be reprocessed and used iji fabri cating. spinning, or processing o|ierarions permitted under the foregoing limitations of this order, may he sold or disposed of without further restriction. (d) Reports. (1) Any person who manufactures or processes any type of asbestos fibre shall on or iiefore ttie loth day of each calendar nionrh file with the War ITodm rioii Hoard. Ref: M-7'.i. all of the information required by Forms PD-251 and IT>-252. whichever is applicable. I2l Any person who manufactures or processes any type of asbestos fibre shall, when requested, also file with the War Production Board. Ref: M-7'.i. all the information required by Form PD-255. (e) Prohibitions Against Sales or Deliveries. No per son shall hereafter sell or deliver South African as bestos fibre or products made therefrom, to any per son If he knows, or has reason to believe, such ma terial or products are to be used in violation of the terms of this Order. (f) Limitation of Inventories. No person 'ball re ceive delivery of Rhodesian or amosite asbestos fibre products in the form of semi-processed materials, fin ished parts or suh-assemblies. nor shall lie pur into process said fibre as raw material, in quantities which in either case shall result in an inventory of such semi- processed or finished material in excess of a miiiiiniiiu practicable working inventory, taking into considera tion the limitations placed upon the production of asbestos fibre products by this Order. (g) Miscellaneous Provisions. (/) Applicability o/ Priori til-* Rryalation .Vo. 1. This Order and all transactions affected thereby are subject to the provisions of Priorities Regulation No. 1 i Part 944) as amended from time to time, except to the extent that any provision hereof may he in consistent therewith, in which case the provisions of this Order shall govern. (2) Appeal. Any person affected by this Order who considers that compliance therewith would work an exceptional and unreasonable hardship upon him or that it would result in a degree of unemployment which would be unreasonably disproportionate compared witli the amount of asbestos fibre inuserved. or that compliance with this Order would disrupt or impair a program of conversion from non-defeuse work to de fense work, niny appeal to the War Production I'.oanl. Ref: M-79. by letter or other written communication, in duplicate, setting forth the pertinent facts and the reason he considers he is entitled to relief. The Di rector of Industry Operations may thereupon take such action us he deems appropriate. - tJi Applicability of Order. The prohibitions anti re strictions contained in this Order shall apply to the use of material in all articles hereafter manufactured irrespective of whether such articles are manufactured pursuant to a contract made prior nr subsequent to the effective date hereof, or pursuant to a contract supported by it preference rating. Insofar as any other Order of the Director of Industry operations may have the effect of limiting or curtailing to a greater extent than herein provided the use of a-l'ct..- rtlire in the production of any article, the limitations of such orher Order shnll be observed. ijl Cnrrrxpnndcucr and Communication*. All re ports required to be tiled hereunder, and all commuui- carious concerning this Order, shnll. unless ntlierui-o directed, be addressed to: War Production Ro.-ird. Washington. D. Ref: M-79. (ol Violation*. Any person who willfully violate- any provision of this Order, or who, in connection with this Order, willfully conceals a material fact or fur nishes false information to any department or agency of the United States is guilty of a crime, and upon conviction may he punished by fine or imprisonment. ia J- 42 008 1826 CHAPTER 18. WAR CONTROLS AND EXPERIENCES 79 In addition. any such person may be prohibited from making or obtaining further deliveries of. or from processing or using, material under priority control ami may lie deprived of priorities assistance. Issued this 18th day of .inue. 1942. J. S. Kxowlsos Dim-tor of Industry Operations WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER M-123 AS AMENDED JULY 4. 1942ASBESTOS TEXTILES Section 117:11 iConservation Order >1-123) is hereby amended to read as follows: 1172.1 Conservation Order M-123. (a) Unless oth erwise s|ieciticuliy authorized by the Director of In dustry Ulieratious. no mauiifacturer of asbestos tex tiles shall use asbestos textiles or deliver asbestos textiles for use except: ili In the manufacture of industrial packings or woven friction material: or i"Ji mi orders bearing a preference rating of A-10 or higher. (b) Applicability of Priorities Regulation No. 1. This order and all transactions affected thereby are sub ject to the provisions of Priorities Regulation No. 1 i Part 944), as amended from time to time, except to the exteut thut any provisions hereof may be incon sistent therewith, in which case the provisions of this order shall govern. (c) Appeal. Any person affected by this order who considers that compliance therewith would work an exceptional anil uureasouable hardship upon him. or that it would result in a degree of unemployment which would be unreasonably disproportionate compared with the amount of asbestos textiles conserved, or that com pliance with this order would disrupt or impair a pro gram of conversion from non-defense to defense work, may appeal to the War Production Board by letter or other written communication, in triplicate, setting forth the pertinent facts and the reason he considers he is entitled to relief. The Director of Industry Opera tions may thereuimn take such action as he deems appropriate. (d) Communications to War Production Board. All reports required to be tiled hereunder, and all com munications concerning this order, shall, unless other wise directed, be addressed to : War Production Board. Cork-Asbestos Branch, Washington. D. C., Ref.: M-123. (e) Violations. Any person who willfully violates any provision of this order, or who. in connection with rhis order willfully conceals a material fact or furnishes false information to any department or agency of the United States is guilty of a crime, and upon conviction may he punished by fine or imprisonment. In addi tion. any such person may be prohibited from making or obtaining further deliveries of. or from processing or using, material under priority control and may be deprived of priorities assistance. i P.D. Reg. 1. as amended. 6 F.R. 6680: W.P.B. Reg. 1. ; F.R. 361 : E.O. 0024. 7 F.R. 329: E.O. 0040. 7 F.R. 327: E.O. 9123. 7 F. R. 2719: sec. 2 (a). Pub. Law 671. 7ilrh Cong., as amended by Pub. Laws 89 and 307. 77rh Cone.) Issued this 4th day of July 1942. J. S. Kxowt.soy Dirrrtor of [nitnrtrii Operation*. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER M-79 AS OF SEPTEMBER 30. 1942 Whkrkax national defense requirements have cre ated a shortage of certain types of asbestos for the combined needs of defense, private account, and ex port: and the supply now is and will be inxutttrieiit for defense and essential civilian requirements unless their use iu certain products manufactured for civilian use is curtailed: and it is necessary iu the public interest, to promote the defense of rile United States, to conserve tlie supply ami direct the distribution thereof: A'oic, therefore, it is hereby will-red, That: 1064.1 Conservation Order M-79--(a) Restrictions on the Use of Certain Types of Asbestos, ill Unless oth erwise specifically authorized by the Director General for Ulieratious. no tiersou shall fabricate, spin, or process in any way asliestos fibre imported from South Africa except where such fabrication, spinning, or processing is necessary to fill defense orders as defined in Priorities Regulation No. 1, as amended from time to time. I2i In addition to the above limitation, unless other wise specifically authorized by the Director General for Ulieratious, no person shall fabricate, spin, or proc ess in any way: (i) Rhodesian chrysotile asbestos fibre of Grade C and <J--1 or Grade C and U-2, or Uhndesiau chrysotile asbestos having u fibre length equivalent ro that of Rho desian Grade C. G-l and G-2. except where such fabrication, splnuing, or processing is necessary to fill defeuse orders for: (a) Products covered in Xnvy specification Number 17-1-29 (lusulutiou. Electrical. Asliestos Fibre. Treated and Untreated, dated January 2. 1942. or as same may be amended). 161 Lapps, yarns, taiies, and cloth which are re quired by Army. Navy, or .Maritime i 'ommission speci fications or underwriter's or governmental safety regu lations in effect on May 1. 1942, to be of a non-ferrous nature; i iil Amosite asliestos fibre of Grade B-l. or amosite asbestos having a fibre length equivalent to that of Grade B-l, except where such fabricating, spinning, or processing Is necessary to fill defense orders for amosite woven felt blankets and mattresses and rittiugs for use as insulation on ships. (ill) Amosite asliestos fibre of Grade It--ri or I*-3. or amosite asbestos having a fibre length equivalent to that of tirade B-3 or D-3. except where such fabricat ing. spinning, or processing is necessary to fill defeti.-e orders for: in i Amosite woven felt blankets and mattresses and fittings for use as insulation on ships. lb) Fireproof insulating board for installation on ships. Ici Molded amosite pipe covering and blocks for use ns insulation on ships: 1`rocidrd. hou-mr, That the amount of D-3 or B-3 or equivalent length amo site fihre used in such pipe covering or blocks shall not exceed 13 per cent by weight of finished product. i d i Flexible amosite pipe insulations for installa tion on ships. (b) Restrictions on the Use of Certain Types of As bestos Pipe Coverings. In addition to the above limita tions. no person shall install 83 per cent magne-ia pipe covering or other high temperature molded a-bo-t".* pipe covering except (1) in installations where Tem peratures of 212 Fahreuheit or over occur. 2 in installations underground or in ships, or i3i as -pecittraliy authorized by the Director General for opera tions. (c) Use of Waste Asbestos Materials. Wasre or -.-rap materials produced in the fabrication, spinning, inprocessing of asbestos fibre imporred from Smith Africa, which cannot be reprocessed and used in fabri cating. spinning, or processing operations permuted under the foregoing limitations of this order, may lie sold or disposed of without further restriction. (d) Reports. Ill Any person who niamifm taro* .,r processes any type of asbestos fibre shall on or bet'..re 42 008 1837 *3 80 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY the 10th day of each calendar month file with the War Production Board. Ref.: M-79. all of the information required by Forms PD-251 and PD-252. whichever is applicable. I i;f> Any tierson who manufactures or processes any type of asbesros fibre shall, when requested, also tile with the War Production Board. Ref.: M-79, all the information required by Form Plt-253. | (e) Prohibitions Against Sales or Deliveries. Xo per son -liall after .lone Is. |!>42. sell or deliver South African asiiestos fibre or products made therefrom, to any person if lie knows, or lias reason to believe, such marerial <>r products are to be used in violation of the terms of rlits order. <f) Limitation of Inventories. Xo person shall re ceive delivery of Rhodesian or amo-ite asiiestos fibre products in tlie form of semi-processed materials, fin ished parts or sub-assemblies, nor shall he put into process said fibre as raw material, in quantities which in either case shall result in an inventory of such senii- processed or finished material in excess of a minimum practicable working inventory, taking into considera tion the limitations placed upon the production of asiiestos fibre products by this order. (g) Miscellaneous Provisions--t/i Applicability of 1`nttritiv.t ttrynlatinn l. This order and all transactions affected thereby are subject to the provisions of Priori ties Regulation 1 (Part !>44t as amended from time to rime, except to the extent that any provision hereof may be inconsistent therewith, in which case the pro visions of rhis ortier shall govern. i) Appeal. Any person affected by this order who considers that compliance therewith would work an exceptional and unreasonable hardship upon him or that it would result in a decree of unemployment which would lie unreasonably disproportionate compared with the amount of asbestos fibre conserved, or that com pliance with this order would disrupt or impair a pro cram of conversion from non-defense work to defense work, may appeal to the War Production Board. Ref.: M-79, by letter or other written communication.! in duplicate, setting forth the pertinent facts and the reason he considers he is entitled to relief. The Di rector General for Operations may thereupon take such action as he deems appropriate. ] i H Applicability of Orilcr. The prohibitions and)re strictions contained in this order shall apply to the use of material in all articles manufactured after June|l8. 1942. irrespective of whether such articles are manu factured pursuant to a contract made prior or subse quent to .lime IS. 1942. or pursuant to a contract sup ported by a preference rating. Insofar as any other order of the Director General for Operations may have the effect of limiting or curtailing to a greater extent than herein provided the use of asbestos fibre in the production of any article, the limitations of such other order shall be observed. i i) Com *iinn<lrr:cc and Communication. All re ports required to be filed hereunder, and all communi cations concerning this order, shall, unless otherwise directed, be addressed to: War Production Board, Washington. D. C.. Ref.: M-79. ] (.5) Vinlntinn*. Any person who willfully violates any provision of this order, or who, in connection with this order, willfully conceals a material fact or fur nishes false information to any department or agency of the United States is guilty of a crime, and upon con viction may be punished by fine or imprisonment. In addition, any such person may he prohibited from making or obtaining further deliveries of. or from proc essing or using, material under priority control and may lie deprived of priorities assistance, i P. D. Reg. 1. as amended, 6 F. R. 6(180: W. P. B. Reg. 1. 7 F. R. .701: E. O. 9024. 7 F. R. 329: E. 0. 9040, 7 F. R. 527: E. O. 9125, 7 F. R. 2719: sec. 2 (al'. pith. Law 671. 76th Cong., as amended by Pub. Laws v.i and 50777th Cong, i Issued June IS, 1942. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER M-123 AS AMENDED DECEMBER 14. 1942--ASBESTOS TEXTILES Section 1172.1 (Conservation Order M-1231 is hereby amended to read ns follows: 1172.1 Conservation Order M-123--(a) Definitions. For the purposes of this order : (1) "Asbestos textile" means any material produced from the mineral asbestos by a carding operation. The term also includes such material at any stage of prmess subsequent to the carding operation, except where it lias become a finished item, or part thereof, or has lieen physically incorporated in a finished item, or part thereof. The term does not include scrap. (21 "Supplier" means any person who produces any asbestos textiles in any form, either for use by himself as a manufacturer or for sale to other manufacturers. The term also Includes any person who offers any as bestos textile for sale to manufacturers. (31 "Manufacturer" means any person who uses any asbestos textile to manufacture or fabricate a finished item. (4) "Put into process" means the first change by the manufacturer in the form of material from that form in which it is received by him. 15) "Process'* means change in any way the size, form, shape, or characteristics of the material. It also means assemble. 16l "Assemble" means combine or add parts, whether of asbestos textile or any other material, with or to other products or parts manufactured or fabri cated in whole or in part of asbestos textile, where the final product will not be a finished item ready for im mediate sale or use without the combination or addi tion of such products or parts. The term shall not be deemed to include the putting together of a finished item after delivery to a sales outlet or consumer in knockdown form pursuant to an established custom. The term shall also not be deemed to include adding finished parts to an otherwise finished item where the placing of one or more finished parts, or the size or type of one or more finished parts, is determined by the use to which the ultimate consumer is to put the item. (7) "Finished item" means oil burner wickiug or any item on List A or List B. (8) "Inventory" of a person includes the inventory of affiliates and subsidiaries of such person, and the inventory of others where such inventory is under the control of. or under common control with, or available for the use of. such person. (9) "Implements of war" means combat and prod ucts. complete for tactical operations i including. Imr not limited to. aircraft, ammunition, armament, weap ons, ships, tanks, and military vehiclesi. and any parts, assemblies, and materials to be incorporated in any of the foregoing items being produced for the Army or the Xavy of the United States, the Maritime Commis sion. the War Shipping Administration, or for any foreign government pursuant to the act approved March 11. 1941. entitled "An Act to Promote the Defense ,,f the United States" (Lend-Lease Acti. where the use of any asbestos textile to the extent employed is re quired by the latest issue of government specifications l including performance specifications, unless otherwise directed by the Director General for Operationsi ap plicable to the contract, subcontract, or purchase order. The term does not include facilities or equipment used to manufacture the foregoing items. 4% 008 1828 I CHAPTER 18. WAR CONTROLS AND EXPERIENCES SI (10) "Scrap" means any asbestos textile, the further process of which as an asbestos textile is not practi cable. (b) Restrictions on Delivery of Asbestos Textiles. On ami after Liecember 14. 1942. no supplier shall deliver any asbestos textile ro any manufacturer when he knows, or has reason to know, that such manufacturer will receive or use such asliestos textile in violation of rhe terms of this order. (c) Restrictions on Manufacture of List A Products-- 111 Putting into Process. On anil after Liecember 14. IP43. no manufacturer shall put into process auy as- besros textile to make auy item on List A or part t hereof. i.'i Processing. On and afrer liecember 14. 11)4:1, a manufacturer may continue tiie processing of auy asbestos textile already in process on >ucli date to make any item on List A or part thereof, provided the processing thereof will be completed on or before Feb ruary l. ll)4:i. On and after February 1, 11H3. no manufacturer shall process in any way any asbestos textile to make auy item on List A or part thereof. (d) Restrictions on Manufacture of List B Products. >n and after the governing date specified in List B, no manufacturer in the manufacture of auy item on List U shall put into process any asbestos textile of a trade containing a greater i>ercentage of asbestos than underwriter's grade as defined in paragraph (5) la) of A. S. T. JI. I lesiguatiou: I rjlbb-JiT. (e) Restrictions on Manufacture of Oil Burner Wick- ing. In the period between December 14, 11443, and January 1. 1948. and in any calendar mouth thereafter, no manufacturer shall put into process any asbestos textile in rhe manufacture of oil burner wicking in ex cess of 1. 34 of the aggregate amount by weight of such asbestos textile put into process hy such manufacturer iu the manufacture of oil burner wicking in the cal endar year l'.kl. ' (f) Restrictions on Delivery of Finished Items. Xo lierson shall deliver or accept delivery of any finished item which he knows, or has reason to know, was manufactured in violation >>f the terms of this order. (g) General Exception. Except as provided In para graph Ifl. none of the provisions of this order shall i>e deemed to limit or restrict the sule. delivery, or use of any finished item, or the further processing of auy such item, provided such further processing is neces sary for purposes of installation, application, servicing, or repair of such item. (h) Limitations of Inventories--(I) Suppliers' In- rriitorir*. No supplier shall produce asbestos textiles which shall result in an inventory of such material in excess of a minimum practicable working inventory, raking into consideration the limitations placed upon rite use of asbestos textiles by this order. li) ilnnufacturers' Inventories. No manufacturer shall receive delivery of any asbestos textile in the form of raw materials, semi-processed materials, fin ished parts or sub-assemblies, nor shall he put into process any raw material in quantities which in either case shall result in an inventory of raw. semi-processed, or finished material in excess of a minimum practicable working inventory, taking into consideration the limi tations placed u[K)n the use of asbestos textiles by this order. (i) Reports. Each supplier, each manufacturer, and every other person affected by this order shall file such reports as may be requested from time to time by the Director General for Uperatinns. (j) Miscellaneous Provisions--(1) Appeal. Any ap peal from rhe provisions of rhis order shall be made by filing a letter in triplicate, referring to rhe particular provision nppenled from and staring fully the grounds of rlie appeal. (3) Applicability of Or/ier. The prohibitions and restrictions contained in this order shall apply to the use of material in all Items manufactured after De cember 14. 1943. irrespective of whether such items are manufactured pursuant to a contract made prior or subsequent to such date. Insofar as any other order of the Director General for Operations may have the effect of limiting or curtailing to a greater extent than herein provided the use of asliestos textile in the production of any item, the limitations of such other order shall he observed. (J) Applicability of Priorities Regulations. This order ami all transactions affected thereby are subject to all applicable provisions of the priorities regulations of the War Production Board, as amended from time to time. i.Jl Communications to War I'rotluctiou litnietl. All reimrts required to tie filed hereunder, ami all com munications concerning this order, shall, unless other wise directed, be addressed to: War Production P.oard. Cork-Asbestos Divisiou. Washington. D. Kef.: 11-133. (./> Violations. Any person who willfully violates any provision of this order, or who. in connection with this order, willfully conceals a material fact or fur nishes false information'to any department or agency of the United States is guilty of a crime, and uiui con viction may lie punished by fine or imprisonment. In addition, any such person mny lie prohibited from mak ing or obtaining further deliveries of. or from proc essing or using, material under priority control and may be deprived of priorities assistance, i P.D. Reg. 1. as amended, ti F.R. ooso: W.p.R. Reg. 1. 7 F.R. .781: E.O. 9024. 7 F.R. .139 : F..O. !Hi4M. 7 F.R. 737 : E.O. 9125, 7 F. R. 2719: sec. 2 la). Pub. Law 871. 78rh Cong., as amended by Pub. I.aws 8!) and 7u7, 77th Cong.) Issued this 14th day of December 1942. F.hxkst [<AX7.tEB. Director General for Operations. RESTRICTED USES OF ASBESTOS TEXTILES UNDER CON SERVATION ORDER M-123 AS AMENDED DECEMBER 14. 1942 LIST A 1. Theater curtains and scenery. 2. Vibration eliminators (except for implements of war). 3. Gun covers. 4. Radiator hose (except for implements of war). 7. Ammunition containers. 6. Fire stops in automotive vehicles, buses, or trucks. 7. Conveyor belts i except for glass industry i. 8. Heaters and heater accessories i except for imple ments of war). 9. Filter sacks for liquids. Id. Parachute flare shields. 11. Clutch facing for automotive vehicles (except for implements of war), in accordance with numbers assigned by the Brake Lining Manufacturers Associ ation in I!. L. M. A. Catalog as shown in the 1939 edi tion. the 1940 supplement to the 1939 edition, and the 1941 edition, to-wit: 416 708 716 814 820 621 821A 628 629 636 637 638 718 719B 732 736 A 736B 738 S21B 827 S59 862 A S62B 880 891 S96A S98 900 902A 905 907 A 907D 907 E 90 7 F 909 909 A 909B 929B 929D 930-1 940 941A 946 973 A 973C 973 D 973 E 974 97.7 97.7 A 97.7 B 976 976 A 966 967 967 A 42 008 1829 r 82 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS St'RVEY 9li8 968B 9119 975 979 980 982 985 985 A 987 988 98SA 990 990A 991 991A 991B 993 993 A 994 995 999 1005 A 1007 A 1008 A 1033 1047 1047A 1051 1052 1053 105U 1057 1057 A 1057B 1057C' 1058 1059 1059A 1059B 1068 1072 1142B 11420 1154 A 11119 1D19A 1170 1173 11SL 12. Br:iki' lining in widths less than 2" or in thickness lc-- than V 'except for implements of war ami except for B. L. M. A. Nos. :W6 and :UIA). LIST B CoeerninQ date 1. Laminated plastics.................... February 14, 194:5. 2. Mechanical packing or gasket material, which means any asbestos textile material which has been itraphited, friction treated, or otherwise treated with an adhesive or impregnating substance, for use as, or for use in the manufacture, of. mechanical packings or gaskets (except that produced from blue asbestos fiber, and except for im plements of war!....... ............................ December 14. 1942. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER M-283--ASBESTOS TEXTILES The fulfillment of requirements for the defense of the United States has ereuted a shortage in the supply of asbestos textiles for defense, for private account, and for export: and the following order is deemed necessary and appropriate in the public interest and to ............. rhe national defense: I 1172.3 Conservation Order M-283--(a) Definitions. For rhe purposes of this order: | 111 "Asbestos textiles" means any material initially produced from rhe mineral asliestns by means of a card ing operation and inclndes all such material in the following forms subsequent to the carding operation: Phiin povinir uimlprwrtter's and commercial). Plain roving uihnve underwriter's grade). ItfinforcHd roving. t.'uWv dllvr. L.ipl''. WLrk made from roving. Wick made on wlcking card. Yarn--"Ingle. Yarn--plied. Yarn--metallic. Cloth--I'* (MMinds per square yard and lighter, all weaves. Cloth -- heavier than IV* pounds per square yard, non-meralllc. plain weave. Cloth--heavier than 1H pounds per square yard, meta plain weave. Cloth--all weights, metallic and aoa-metallic other than plain weave. Tape----.010 to .Ilg.V* thick. Top.'--':[./* thick and up. t'*inl--Plain or treated. Tubing--woven or braided. (2> "Supplier" means any person who produces as- bestn- textiles from the mineral asbestos by means of a carding operation. i::> t.'oiisiituer" means any person who purchases or accepts delivery of asbestos textiles from a supplier for resale, or for use in the manufacture of other forms of asbestos textiles or of articles made in whole or! in part of asbestos textiles, or for any other use. A supplier, who uses asbestos textiles which be has pro duced in the manufacture of any product which is not itself an astiestos textile as defined in paragraph ia) (It. shall be deemed also to lie a consumer. (b) Restrictions on Use and Delivery of Asbestos Tex tiles. (On and after April l. lit-*::, no supplier shad deliver asbestos textiles, and no person shall accept delivery of asliestos textiles from a .supplier, except iqion siiecific authorization by the Director Oeaernl for 0[eratious upon application pursuant to paragraph Oil or except as provided in paragraph ici. l2i Kacii person specifically authorized to accept delivery of asliestos textiles shall use such asliestos textiles for rhe purpose for which rhe authorization was requested, except as otherwise directed by the Director ilenerul for Operations. i::i The Director (ieneral for operations ar iiis dis cretion may at any time issue special directions to any person, with respect to tile Use. pmce-s ro final product, delivery, acceptance of delivery, or placing of orders, of asliestos textiles by such person, notwithstanding the provision of paragraph (cl hereof, or sjiecial direc tions to any supplier with respect to the kinds of as bestos textiles which he may or must manufacture, and the grades and types of asbestos fiber which lie may or must use in the production of asbestos textiles. (4) Such authorizations ami directions will lie made to ensure the satisfaction of requirements, direct and indirect, for the defense of rlie United Stares and for essential civilian supply: anti may also be made in consideration of any possible dislocation of labor, of the problems of transportation. Including cross-haul ing. and of the necessity of keeping a plant in operation so that it may lie aide to fulfill war orders ami essential requirements; and may he issued, and. unless other wise s[iecifled by the Director (Ieneral for Operations, shall be complied with, without regard to preference ratings. (c) Small Order Exemption. (1) Any person may ac cept delivery of loo pounds or less of asbestos textiles in the aggregate daring any oue calendar month with out siiecific authorization, provided thur such person has not been specifically authorized to accept delivery of any quantity of asliestos textiles during such mouth; and (2) Any supplier may deliver asbestos textiles with out sjiecittc authorization to any person who -hall certify to him in writing that he is entitled, pursuant to paragraph ic) (1), to accept delivery, provided that: (i) No supplier shall deliver in the aggregate in any calendar month, pursuant to this paragraph lo. an amount in excess of 5 per cent by weight of his actual shipments of asbestos textiles for the preceding month: (iil No supplier shall make deliveries during any calendar month, pursuant to this paragraph lo. tf such deliveries will prevent completion of any deliveries which have been specifically authorized for such mouth: i iii) Such certification shall be signed by an author ized official, either manually or as provided in Priorities Regulation No. 7. and shall be in substantially the fol lowing form: The undersigned hereby certifies pursuant to War Prndurtton Board Order M-gsjj that the reuuested delivery of a -- III--rue textile- plus other deliveries of a-lle-tos textiles hereto fore accepted during tile month for which delivery is reipu-r-d does not exceed 1110 pounds in rhe aggregate: and That the omier-lgned lias not been specifically authorized by the War Production Board to accept delivery of any piuntltv of as bestos textiles during the month for which delivery Irei|uesteil. Dated______________________________________________ Authorized ('ttlrtal f iv) No supplier shall make deliveries, even agaiu-i such certification, if he knows or has reason to believe that the certification is false : hut iu the absence of such "4*2 008 1830 CHAPTER 18. "WAR CONTROLS AN'D EXPERIENCES S3 kuowledge or leasuii to believe, be way rely uu such certiticutiou. (3| Fur tbe yurjxiso of this paragraph (e>, the 100 potuuls exemption for each iierson shall be deemed to extend ouly to au individual. partnership. ussuciatiou, business trust, corporation. governmental corporation or agemy, or other business organization as a uuit. awl shall not he deemed to extend to each division, plaut. store, or purchasing aaeiir.v of such unit. (d) Applications and Reports--til Consumer*. Each consumer seeking authorization to accept delivery of asbestos textiles during any calendar mouth shall tile application on Form l'D-779. Six copies shall be pre pared. uf which three (with table II left blank; shall lie forwarded, not later than rite 1st day of the mouth pn-evdiiig the mouth for which authorization fur de livery is requested, to the supplier with whuiu the order or orders described in such application are placed, ajnl two i with table II tilled outi shall be sent, not later than the 10th day of the mouth preceding the uiuuth for which authorization for delivery is requested, to the War Production Hoard. A separate set of forms shall he prepared for each plant location of the applicant anti for each supplier from whom the delivery of asbestos textiles is sought. (g) supplier*. Suppliers shall seek authorization to deliver asbestos textiles only to consumers who have riled with them Form PD-TTIt in triplicate. Each supplier seeking authorization to make such deliveries to iiiir consumer during any calendar mourn -halt HU out ail three copies of Form PD-779 received from such consumer, indicating thereon his proposed deliveries during such mouth to such cousumer. and shall tile two of such copies with the War Production Board on or before the loth day uf the month preceding the month for which delivery is requested by the consumer. I.n Other Reports. All persons affected by this order shall rile such other reports ns muy be requested from rime to time by tile Director tienernl for Operations. (e) Special Provisions. (1) Each supplier who con sumes all or part of his production of asbestos textiles in rhe manufacture of any product which is not itself an asbestos textile, as detlned in paragraph (a) 11 >. shall treat the production and consumption parts of his operations as separate divisions, and delivery to him self for consumption shall be deemed delivery, requir ing authorization within the meaning of paragraph (bl (11. Each such supplier in his separate capacity as a consumer and as a supplier shall Hie all the applica tions and returns required hy paragraphs (<1) (it and i <D r2t. A supplier who consumes all or any part of his production of asbestos textiles in rhe manufacture of products which are not ashesros textiles ns defined in subparagraph (a) (1) must request allocation only for that type of asbestos textile that immediately pre cedes rhe manufacturing process which changes its form heyond that shown in rhe list of asbestos textiles in paragraph <a> 111. 121 Each supplier shall notify rhe War Production Board of rhe cancellation hy a consumer of any author ized delivery or of his own inability to make authorized delivery within " days after he has notice of such fact. (f) Miscellaneous Provisions--(11 Applicability of Priorities Reputations. This order and all transactions affected thereby are subject to all applicable provisions of rhe priorities regulations of the War Production Board, as imended from time to rimp. (?) Poininitnientinns to I Par Proiluctinn Board. All reports required to he tiled hereunder, and all com munications concerning this order, shall, unless other wise directed, he addressed to-. War Production Board, fork-Asbestos and Fibrous Glass Division. Washington. D. C.. Ref.: M-2S3. id) Violation*. Any person who willfully violates any provUiou of this order, or who, in connection with this order, willfully conceals a material fact or fur nishes false information to any department or agency of rhe I'nited Stares is guilty of a crime, ami upon conviction may be punished by tine or Uupri.xoumeur. In addition, any such iierson may lie prohibited from making or obtaining further deliveries of. or from proc essing or using, material under priority control ami may be deprived of priorities assistance. Issued this Uth day of February lb-id. Cl'HTIS K. Caujku. Director Hinrrnl for Operations. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER M-283 AS AMENDED MARCH 17, 1943--ASBESTOS TEXTILES The fulfillment of requirements for the defense of the United States* ha* created a ^imrraae in the supply of asbestos textiles for defense, for private mvimnt. and for exi*ct: and the following order is deemed necessary and appropriate in the public interest ami to promote the uuthmal defense: 1172.3 Conservation Order M-283--(a) Definitions. For the purjM^es* of this order: (1) "Asbestos textiles'* means any m.-irerhil tuirinUy produced from the mineral asbestos by means ( a card ing operation and includes all such material in the fal lowing forms subsequent to the carding operation: Note: Items pertaining to wlcka w>r deleted March IT. 1943. Curded fiber. Plain rioliitf tunderwriter** and ). Plain rovliu; \ above underwriter's *rude. KeluCocced roving. Cable filler. Lapp*. Yum--single. Yarn-piled. Yarn--metallic. Cloth--pounds per square yard and lighter, all weaves. Cloth--heavier than 1pounds per square lard. i'i-nM,talliv. Plata weave. Cloth -- heavier than pounds per s*iwuv rani, plain weave. Cloth--all weights, metallic uud uoa-uietullic other than plain weave. Tape--.U0 to .025" thick. Tape--thick and up. Cord--plain or treated. Tubing--woven or braided. (2> "Supplier" means any person who produces nsbestos textiles from the mineral asbestos by menus of a carding operation. (3) "Consumer" menus any person who purchases or accepts delivery of asbestos textiles from a supplier for resale, or for use in the manufacture of other forms of asbestos textiles or of articles made in whole or in part of asbestos textiles, or for any other use. A sup plier. who uses asbestos textiles which he 1ms prodm-ed in the manufacture of any product which is not itself an asbestos textile as defined in paragraph i a i 111. -hall be deemed also to be a consumer. (b) Restrictions on Use and Delivery of Asbestos Tex tiles. (II On and after April 1. 11143. no supplier shall deliver asbestos textiles, and no person shall accept delivery of asbestos textiles from a supplier, exc ept upon specific authorization by tbe Director General for Operations upon application pursuant to paragraph (d) or except as provided in paragraph i r i. (21 Each iierson siiecifically authorized to accept delivery of asbestos textiles shall use such asbestos tex tiles for the purpose for which rhe authorization wa> requested, except as otherwise directed by the Director General for Operations. (31 The Director General for Operations at lii> dis cretion may at any time issue special directions to any person with respect to the use. process to tin it l product, delivery, acceptance of delivery, or placing of orders of d oil f'J. '42 008 1831 84 ASBESTOS A MATERIALS SURVEY asbestos textiles by such person notwithstanding the provision of paragraph (c) hereof, or special directions to any >upplier with respect to the kinds of asbestos textiles which he may or must manufacture, and the grades and types of asbestos fiber which he may or must use in the production of asbestos textiles, j i 41 Siidi authorizations and directions will be made to cii.-ure the satisfaction of requirements, direct] and indirect, for the defense of the United States anil for essential civilian supply: and may also be made in con'idem ti"ii of any possible dislocation of labor, of tile problems "t transportation, including emss-haming. and of the necessity of keeping a plant in operation so that it may be able to fulfill war orders and essential requirements and may Im issued, and. unless othet'|Wise specified by rlie Director (ieneral for operation*, shall be complied with, without regard to preference ratings. (c j Small Order Exemption. (1) Any person may ac cept delivery of list pounds or less of asbestos textiles in tbe aggregate during any one calendar month with out specific authorization, provided that such person has mu been specitleally authorized to accept delivery of any quantit;: of asbestos textiles during such mouth: and mi Any supplier may deliver asbestos textiles with out specific authorization to any fierson who shall certify to him in writing that he is entitled, pursuant to paragraph i < I (1 ). to accept delivery, provided that: i i i No supplier shall deliver in the aggregate in any calendar month pursuant to this paragraph ic). an amount in excess of .* per cent by weight of his actnal shipment of asbestos textiles for the preceding mouth: i ii i No supplier shall make deliveries during | any calendar month, pursuant to this paragraph <c). if sikOi deliveries will prevent completion of any deliveries which have been specitleally authorized for such month: i iiii Sncli certification shall lie signed hr ail nut|hor- ized official, either manually or as provided in Priori ties Regulation No. 7 and shall be-in substantially the following form: The iinherslgneil hereby certifies pursuant tn War Prnductiioi ItoarU I infer M-*Jx:t that the requested delivery nf asbes tos revriles plus other deliveries of ashesros textiles hereto fore aeeepted daring rhe nnmrh for which delivery is requested doe- net exceed I no poiuols In the aggregate; anil that the under'igio.l has not been speeitically authorized hy the War Prodaerion hoard t*. ,-os'epr delivery of any quantity of asbestos textiles daring rhe nionrh for which dellverv is requested, i aired__________________________________ _______ ___ By. Authorized Official i iv) No supplier shall make deliveries, even against such certification, if he knows or has reason to believe that rhe certification is false: but in the absence of such knowledge or reason to believe, he may rely on such certification. j ihi For rlie purimse of this paragraph lei. the 100 pounds exemption for each person shall be deemed to exrend only to an individual, partnership, association, business rrusr. corporation, governmental corporation or agency, or other hnsiness organization as a unit, ami shall nor lie deemed to exrend to each division, planr. store, or purchasing agency of such unit. (d) Applications and Reports-- ( / ) COHVItrtift'H. Each I'niMinier seeking authorization to accept delivery of U'lie-ros textiles during any calendar month shall" file applicarion on Form PD-77!). Six copies shall be prepared, of which three (with table II left blank) s hall he forwarded, nor Inrer than the 1st day of rhe m< mth preceding the numrh for which author.zation for de- livery is requested, to the supplier with whom the order or orders described in such application are placed, and two (with table II filled out) shall be sent, not later than rlie Idrli day of the month preceding the month for which authorization for delivery is requested, to the War Production Hoard. A separate sec of forms shall be prepared for each plant location of the applicant ami for each supplier from whom the delivery of ast>estos textiles is sought. (2) Suppliers. Suppliers shall seek authorization to deliver asbestos textiles only to rnnsiimers wlm have filed with them Form *I--TTI> in triplicate. Kadi supplier seeking ntuhorizntioii to make smli deliv eries ro any consumer during any calendar mouth shall fill "lit all three copies of Form l'D-77b received from sm h con.'iimer. indicating thereon his pro|ed deliveries during such mouth to Midi cousiiiucr. ami shall file two of such copies with the War Production Hoard on or before tile 1.7th day of the mouth pre ceding the mouth for which delivery is requested b.v the consumer. i.D Dthir Reports. All persons affected by this order shall file such other reports u> may lie re quested from rime to time l>.v the I>ireetor Ccneral for Operations. (e) Special Provisions. 111 Eadi supplier .. ............ . suines all or part of ids production of asliestos texriles in the mnmifncture of any product which is not itself an asbestos textile, as defined in paragraph iai iti. shall treat tile production and consumption parr* of his operations as separate divisions, and delivery to himself for consumption shall lie deemed delivery, requiring authorization within the meaning of para graph llH ill. Each such supplier in his separate capacity as a consumer and us a supplier shall rile all tlie applications ami reports required by paragraphs Id) ill and id) (2). A supplier who consumes all or any part of Ids production of asliestos textiles in the manufacture of products which are not asliestos textiles as defined in subparagraph i a i i 11 must re quest allocution only for tlmt type of asliestos textile that immediately precedes the manufacturing process which changes its form beyond that shown in the list of asbestos textiles in paragraph iai (1). r.`l Each supplier shall notify the War Production Board of the cancellation hy a consumer of any author ized delivery or of his own inability ro make authorized delivery within 5 days after he has notice of such fact. (f) Miscellaneous Provisions--i /) .Ipplirahilitii of Priorities Regulations. This order and all transac tions affected thereby are subject to all applicable pro visions of the priorities regulations of rhe War Pro duction Hoard, as amended from rime to rime. i2i Communication* to H'ar Prodnrtion Hoard. All reports required to lie file*i hereunder, and all com munications concerning this order, shall, unless other wise directed. he addressed to: War Production Hoard. Cork-Asbestos and Fibrous (ilass Division. Washing ton. D. C.. Ref: M-JSS. I.D Violations. Any person who willfully violates any provision of this order, or who. in connection wirli this order, willfully conceals a material fact nr fur nishes false information to any department or agency of the United States is guilty of a crime, ami upon conviction may be punished hy fine or imprisonment. In addition, any such person may lie prohibited from making or obtaining further deliveries of. or from processing or using, material under priority control and may be deprived of priorities assistance. Issued this 17th day of March 1943. Cl liTis E. i '.u.nuR. Director General for Opt ration*. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD SUPPLEMENTARY CONSERVATION ORDER L-41-d--CON STRUCTION In accordance with the provisions of 3 107.*.1. t'onsrrratian Order L-*i, which the following order supple ments : 42 008 1832 r CHAPTER IS. WAR CONTROLS AND EXPERIENCES So 1073.11 Supplementary Conservation Order L-41-d. Conservation Order L--11, as amended, shall not apply to rhe re-siding of any structure with asbestos siding or the re-rooting of any structure with asbestos roofing material, where any part of the existing siding or roof ing. as the case may be. is in need of repainting or other maintenance and repair: Provided, hoicrrcr. That no rubber, metal other than fastenings, nor lum ber restricted by the provisions of paragraph ici of Conservation Order JI-20S shall he used in such re-siding or re-roofing. Paragraph (e> of interpretation No. 1 of Conserva tion order I.-41 as amended is hereby revoked. Issued this l'itli day of April 1943. War 1`RouccTtoN Board, By J. JOSEPH WllKI.AN. 1,'i rnrilin <] Secretary. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER M-79 AS AMENDED OCTOBER 1. 1943--CORK, ASBESTOS, AND FIBROUS GLASS1 ASBESTOS Section 3301.61 (Conservation Order M-79) Is amended to read as follows: 3301.6 (Conservation Order M-79)--(a) References to Canadian Grades. References to Canadian grades of asbestos are in accordance with the Canadian Chrysotile Asbestos Classification as revised December 1, 1942, and adopted by the Quebec Asbestos Producers Associa tion March 22. 194.'!. (b) Restrictions on the Use of Sonth African Asbestos. ill No person shall process Rhodesian chrysotile as bestos Grade C&G/l or C&G,2 or Rhodesian chrysotile asbestos having a fibre length equivalent to that of Rhodesian tirade C&G/l or C&G/2. except for: i i) Products covered in Navy Specification No. 171-29 ' Insulation. Electrical. Asbestos Fibre. Treated and Entreated, dated January 2. 1942. or, as same may he amended I. or lii) Rovings, iapps. yarns, tapes, and cloth which are approved or required to he of non-ferrous nature by Army, Navy, or Maritime Commission performance or other specifications or underwriters or govern mental safety regulations in effect May 1. 1942. (2i No person shull process anmsite asbestos Grades B-l. B-::. I)--"., or :!/DM-l. or amosite asbestos having a fibre length equivalent to that of Grades B-l. B-3, D-:l. or 3. DM-l. except for: < i) Amosite woven insulating felt for use on ships, or lii) Fireproof insulating hoard for use on ships, or liii) Molded amosite iusulations provided, however, that the amount of 3/DM-l. B-3. or D-3 or equivalent length amosite fibre used in such insulations shull not exceed 15 i*?r cent by weight of finished product, or 11v i Flexible amosite pipe insulation for use on ships. (c) Restrictions on Canadian Asbestos. On and after November 1. 1943: (1) No person shall process Canadian crudes or spin ning fibre Grades 3F or 3K for asbestos textiles of commercial grade (as defined in paragraph (7) (a) of A. S. T. M. Designation D-299--12). (2) No person shall accept delivery of Canadian crudes or spinning fibre Grades 3F or 3K for tbe manu facture of compressed asbestos sheet packing. 13) No person shall accept delivery of Canadian fibre Grades 3F. 3K, 3R. or 3T for the manufacture of s.-,^ magnesia or other high temperature molded in sulations. 1 Formerly Part 1084 : I 1084.1. 14) No persou shull put into process Canadian spin ning fibre Grades 3F or 3K at a greater monthly rate than bis average monthly consumption for June and July 1943. loi No l>erson shall put into process during any one calendar month Canadian spinning fibre Grades 3R or 3T in amount by weight greater than go ji,.t- cent of the finished compressed astiestos sheet parking which he produced during that month. (6) No person shall process Canadian spinning fibre Grade 3lt for textile pnr|ioes during any calendar month unless during that mouth he uses at least one ton of Rhodpsiuu fibre Grade C&G '! f >r every five tons of Canadian spinning fibre Grade .".R, (d) Exemption for Waste Asbestos Materials. Waste or scrap materials produced in tin- fabrication. -|.inning, or processing of asbestos Alov, which cannot lie re processed and used in fabricating, spinning, or process ing operations permitted under the foregoing limitations of this order, may lie sold or dis|sised of without re striction under this order. (e) Reports. The War Production Board may send copies of Form WPB-29P!. WPB-2917. or WPB-291.X (formerly PD-251. PD-252. and PD-253) to any per son who manufactures any product containing asbestos or who maintains a stock of asbestos. The person re ceiving tlie forms shall return them with the required information to the War Production Board on or before the following Bith of the month. (f) Prohibitions Against Sales or Deliveries. No per son shall sell or deliver asbestos fibre or any product made therefrom if he knows or has reason to believe such material or product is to lie used iu violation of the rerms of this order. (g) Special Directions. The War Production Board at its discretion may at any rime issue special direrrtons to any person with resjiecr to his use. processing, delivery, or acceptance of delivery of any grade or type of asbestos, notwithstanding any other provision of this order. (h) Miscellaneous Provisions--(/) Applicability of Regulation*. This order and all transactions affei-red thereby are subject to all applicable regulations of War Production Board, as amended from rime to rime. (2) Appeal*. Any np|*iil from the provisions of this order shall be made by filing a letter in triplicate, re ferring to the particular provision appealed from and stating fully the grounds of the appeal. (.}) Form*. Forms WPB-29lli. WPB-2917. and ' WPB-2918. referred to in paragraph (ei, have been approved by the Bureau of the Budget iu accordance with Federal Reports Act of 1942. (4) Violation*. Any person who willfully violates any provision of this order, or who. in connection with this order, willfully conceals a material fact or fur nishes false information to any deportment or agency of the I'nited States Government is guilty of a crime, and upon conviction may be punished by fine or im prisonment. In addition, any such person may tie pro- hihited from making or obtaining further deliveries of. or from processing or using material under priority control and may be deprived of priorities assistance. (5) Communication* to IVar Production Board. All reisirts required to be filed hereunder, and all romnutnications concerning this order, shall, unless other wise directed, he addressed to: War Production Board. Cork. Asbestos and Fibrous Glass Division. Washing ton 25. D. C.. Ref.: M-79. Issued tliis 1st day of October 1943. War Prooi'CTion- Board. By J. Joseph Whelan. according Secretary. 42 008 1833 86 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER M-123, REVOCATION--ASBESTOS TEXTILES Section 1172.1 Conservation Order M-123 is hereby revoked. The subject matter of this order is now .-.ivcreil by 3 :i3l>l.lti. Conservation order M-2S3. Issued this 11th day of Octuber 1943. War I'Roiifi no.v Board. By J. Joseph Whelan. Recording Secretary. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER M-79 AS AMENDED JANUARY 31. 1944--CORK. ASBESTOS. AND FIBROUS GLASS ASBESTOS 3301.6 (Conservation Order M-79)--(a) References to Canadian Grades. References to Cauadian grades of asbestos are ia accordance with the Canadian Chrysorile Asbestos Classification as revised December 1. H140, .,m| adopted by the Quebec Asbestos Producers Association March 22. II>43. (b) Restrictions on the Use of South African Asbestos. 11) \o [terson shall process Rhotlesiau Llirysotile As- l>estos tirade C&G/l or C&G.2. or Rhodesian chrysotile asbestos having a fibre length equivalent to that of Rhodesian Grade C&G/l or C&G/2 except for: ii) Products covered in Navy Specification No. 17-1-2!) 1 Insulation. Electrical. Asliestos fibre. Treated and Untreated, dated January 2, 1042. or as same may be amended 1. or . i in Rovings, lapps, yarns, tapes, and cloth which are approved or re*mired to be of non-ferrous nature by Army. Navy. Maritime Commission or War Shipping Administration performance or other specifications or underwriters or governmental safety regulations in effect May 1.1042. Prodded. hoircrrr. That one ton of Rhodesian As bestos Grade C&G. 1 and C&G/2 may be used for other textile purposes during any calendar quarter for every live tons of Rhodesian Asbestos Grade C&G *3 used for textile purposes during the same calendar quarter. (2) No |iers<m shall process amosite asliestos Grades B-l. B-3. D-:i. or 3-DM-l. or amosite asliestos having a fibre length equivalent to that of Grades B-l, B-3. Ior3I>M-l. except for: 1 i i Amosite woven insulating felt for use on ships, or liii fireproof insulating board for use on ships, or 1 iii 1 Molded amosite insulations provided, however, that the amount of 3/D.M-l. B-3. or D-3 or equivalent length amosite fibre used in such insulations shall not exceed 1." per cent by weight of finished product, or 1 iv 1 flexible amosite pipe insulation for use on ships. (c> Restrictions on Canadian Asbestos. On and after November 1. 1043: (li No person shall process Canadian crudes or spinning fibre Grades 3F or 3K for asbestos textiles of commercial grade las defined in paragraph (7 <at of A. S. T. M. Designation D-290-42). *2) No person shall accept delivery of Canadian crude-* .it- 'pinning fibre Grades 3F or 3I\ for the manu facture of compressed asbestos sheet packing. 13) No person shall accept delivery of Canadian fibre Grades 3F. 3K. 3R. or 3T for the manufacture of SoCf magnesia or other high temperature molded insulations. 4) No person shall put Into process Canadian spin ning fibre Grades 3F or 3K at a greater monthly rate than his average monthly consumption for .June and July 11)43. iii) No person shall put Into process during anv one calendar month Canadian spinning fibre Grades 3R or 3T in amount by weight greater than 20 per cent of tiie finished compressed asliestos sheet packing which he produced during that month. nil No person shall process Canadian spinning fibre Grade 3K for textile purposes during any calendar quarter unless during that quarter he uses at least one ton of Rhodesiuu fibre Grade C&G .'3 for textile pur poses for every five tons of Canadian Spinning fibre Grade 3R. (d) Exemption for Waste Asbestos Materials. Waste or scrap materials produced in tiie fabrication. spinning. or processing of asliestos fibre which i-.-umor be reprocessed and used in fabricating, .spinning, or pi-m essing operations permitted under the foregoing limi tations of this order, may lie sold or disposed of with out restriction under this order. (e) Reports. The War Production Board mav send copies of Form WPB-2916. WPB-2D17. or WPB-2U1N 1 formerly I*I>-2."1. PD-2.72. and t*[>-233> to any |>ers..n who manufactures any product containing asliestos or who maintains a stock of asbestos. The person receiv. ing the forms shall return them with the required in formation to the War Production Hoard on or before the following loth of the month. (f) Prohibitions Against Sales or Deliveries. No per son shall sell or deliver asbestos fibre or any product made therefrom if he knows or has reason to believe such material or product Is to be used in violation of the terms of this order. (g) Special Directions. The War Production RmiVd at its discretion may at any time issue special direc tions to any person with respect to Ids use. processing, delivery or acceptance of delivery of any grade or type of asbestos, notwithstanding any other provision of this order. (h) Miscellaneous Provisions--(1) Applicability <>f Regulation*. This order and all transactions affected thereby are subject to all applicable regulations of War Production Board, as amended from time to time. <2> Appeal*. Any appeal from rhe provisj.ms of this order shall be made by filing a letter in triplicate, referring to the particular provision appealed from and stating fully the grounds of the appeal. < JI Form*. Forms WPB-JOlff. WPB-2IU7. and WPB-2918. referred to in paragraph (ei. have been approved by the Bureau of the Budget in accordance with Federal Reports Act of 11)42. I-}) Violation*. Any person who willfully violares any provision of this order, or who. in connection with this order, willfully conceals a material fact or fur nishes false information to any department or agency of the United States Government is guilty of a crime, and upon conviction may be punished by fine or im prisonment. In addition, any such person may be prohibited from making or obtaining further deliveries of. or from processing or using material under priority control and may be deprived of priorities assistance. (o> Communications to War Production Hoard. All reports required to be filed hereunder, and all com munications concerning this order, shall, unless other wise directed, tie addressed to : War Production Board. Cork. Asbestos and Fibrous Glass Division. Washing ton 2o. D. C.. Ref.: M-79. Issued this 31st day of January 1944. War I'Roiifi tion Board, By J. Joseph Whelan. Recording Seen (ary. 12 00S 1834 CHAPTER 18. WAR CONTROLS AN'D EXPERIENCES S7 WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER M-79 AS AMENDED DECEMBER 8. 1944--CORK. ASBESTOS. AND FIBROUS GLASS ASBESTOS $ 3301.6 Conservation Order M-79--(a) References to Canadian Grades. Referem-es to Canadian grades of asbestos are in accordance with the Canadian Uhrysotile Asbestos t"Inssificatbin as revised December 1, 1!>4"2. and adopted by tlie Quebec Asbestos Producers Association March 22. 1!43. (b) [Revoked Dec. N. 1!>44.| (c) Restrictions on Canadian Asbestos. On and after November 1. 1!)43: ill No [ierson shall process Cana dian crudes or spinning fibre tirades 3F or 3K for as bestos textiles of commercial grade las defined in paragraph (7) in) of A. S. T. M. Designation D- --12 I. t2i No person shall accept delivery of Canadian -rudes or spinning fibre tirades 3F or UK for the manu facture of compressed asbestos sheet packing. id) No iierson shall accept delivery of Canadian fibre tirades :1F. IK. 3R. or 3T for the manufacture of tC.rr magnesia or other high temiierature molded insulations. 14) No person shall put Into process Canadian spin ning fibre tirades 3F nr 3K at u greater monthly rate than his average tnouthly consumption for June and July IP43. io> No person shall put into process during any one calendar month Canadian spinning fibre tirades 3R or 3T in amount by weight greater than -0 per cent of the finished compressed asbestos sheet [lacking which he produced during that month. id) No [>erson shall process Canadian spinning fibre tirade 3R for textile purposes during any calendar ipmrter unless during that quarter he uses at least one ton of Rhodesian Fibre Grade C&G/3 for textile pur poses for every five tons of Canadian Spinning Fibre Grade 3R. (d) Exemption for Waste Asbestos Materials. Waste or scrap materials produced in the fabrication, spin ning or processing of asbestos fibre which cannot be reprocessed and used in fabricating, spinning, or processing operations permitted under the foregoing limitations of this order, may be sold or disposed of without restriction under this order. (e) Reports. The War Production Board may send copies of Form WPB-2917 or WPB-2D1S to any person who manufactures any product containing asbestos or who maintains a stock of asbestos. The [ierson receiv ing the forms shall return them with the required information to the War Production Board on or before rbe following 10th of the month. (0 Prohibitions Against Sales or Deliveries. No per son shall sell or deliver asbestos fibre or any product made therefrom if he knows or has reason to believe such material or product is to be used in violation of tile terms of this order. (g) Special Directions. The War Production Board at its discretion may at any time issue special direc tions to any person with respect to his use. processing, delivery, or acceptance of delivery of any grade or type of asbestos, notwithstanding any other provision of this order. (h) Miscellaneous Provisions--<1) Applicability of ri iiiilatiaax. This order and all transactions affected thereby are subject to all applicable regulations of War Production Board, as amended from time to time. i .') Appeals. Any appeal from the provisions of this order shall lie made by filing a letter in triplicate, re ferring to the particular provision aiqiealed from and stating fully the grounds of the appeal. 463073*--30------- 7 U) Forms. Forms WFB-2917 and WPB-'Jflls. re ferred to in paragraph (.el. have iieeu approved by the Bureau of the Budget in accordance with Federal Re ports Act of IU42. ij) Violations. Any person who willfully violates any provision of this order, or who, in connection with this order, willfully conceals a material fact or fur nishes false inforiuatiou to any department or agency of the United Stares Government is guilty of a crime, and upon conviction may be punished by fine or im prisonment. In addition, any such [ierson may be prohildted from making or obtaining further deliveries of. or from processing or using material under priority control and may be deprived of priorities assistance. f.5) Communications to ll'ur Production Hoard. All reports required to lie filed hereunder, and all com munications concerning this order, shall, unless other wise directed, be addressed to: War Production Board. Cork. Asbestos and Fibrous Glass Division. Washing ton 2.7. D. C.. Ref.: JI-71). Issued this Sth day of December 1044. WiR PROIH'CTION Rdahii. By J. Josepu WlIKl.A.W Record i iq/ Secret a rp. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER M-283 AS AMENDED JANUARY 4. 1945--CORK, ASBESTOS, AND FIBROUS GLASS* ASBESTOS TEXTILES Section 3301.lt) ` Conner rat ion Order J/-J.SJ is amended to read: 3301.16 Conservation Order M-283--(a) Defini tions. (1) "Asbestos textiles" means any material ini tially produced from the mineral asbestos by means of a carding o|ierution and includes all such material in the following forms subsequent to the carding operation, including scrap: ('anted tLber. Plata roving (underwriter's and commercial). Plain rovtnz (above underwriter's grade). Reinforced roving. Cable filler. Lapp*. Yum--single. Yarn--plied. Yarn--metallic. Cloth--ll4 pounds per square yard and lighter, all weaves. Cloth--heavier than 1*4 pounds per square \urd, non*metallic. plain weave. Cloth--heavier than 1V4 pounds per square yard, metallic, plain weave. Cloth--all weights, metallic and Qon*metalllc other tlmn plain weave. Tape--.010 to .033" thick. Tape--`Ss" thick anti up. Coni--plain or treated. Tahink--woven or braided. (2) "Supplier" means any person who produces as bestos textiles from the mineral asbestos by means of a carding operation. 131 "Consumer" means any [ierson who purchases or accepts delivery of asbestos textiles from a supplier for resale, or use in the manufacture of other forms of asbestos textiles or of articles made in whole or in purr of asbestos textiles, or for any other use. A supplier, who uses asbestos textiles which he lias produced in the manufacture of any product which is nut itself an asliesrns textile as defined in paragraph (at 111. shall be deemed also to lie a consumer. (4i "Implements of war" means combat end prod, ucts. complete for tactical operations liucluding. but `Formerly Part 1172. i 117 42 008 1835 88 ASBESTOS--A MATERIALS SURVEY not limited to. aircraft, ammunition, armament, weapons, ships, tanks and military vehicles), and any parts, assemblies, and materials to he iiicor|i>rated ill any of the furegoiug items beiug produced for the Army or ihe Navy of the ruited States, the Maritime l.'ommission. the War Shipping Administration. Veterans Admini>tratioii, or for any foreign government pur suant to the act approved .March 11. |!)41. entitled "An Act to Promote the Defense of the Tinted States" i i.end-1.case Adi. where the use of any asbestos tex tile* to the extent employed i> required by the latest i>*ne of government specifications i including perform ance specifications. unless otherwise directed by the War Production Hoard i applicable to the contract, sub contract. or purchase order. The term does not include facilities or equipment used to manufacture the fore going items. (b) Restrictions on Delivery and Use. (1) Xo sup plier shall deliver or use asbestos textiles and Uo person shall accept delivery of asbestos textiles from a sup plier. except as siiecitically authorized in writing by War Production Board, upon application pursuant to paragraph id). i2i War Production Board may from time to time issue special directions to uuy person with respect to his use. processing to tinal product, delivery, accept ance of delivery, or placing of orders, of asliestos tex tiles. notwithstanding the provision of paragraph to), or special directions to any supplier with res[>ect to the kinds of asliestos textiles which he may or must manu facture, and the grades and tyi>es of asbestos fiber which he may or must use in the production of asliestos textiles. i :l Xo supplier shall deliver any asbestos textiles to any jierson if be knows or 1ms reas >n to believe that such iierson would receive or use it in violation of the terms hereof, nor may any person deliver or accept deli eery of any item which he knows or has reason to believe was manufactured in violation of the terms hereof. 141 Each supplier shall notify rhe War Production Board of his inability to make authorized delivery, or of cancellation by a consumer of any authorized de livery. within J days after he has notice of such fact. (c) Small Order Exemption. Specific authorization shall not be required for: 1) Any person to accept delivery of d(V) pounds or les of asbesros Textiles in rhe aggregate from nil sources during any calendar month, provided that he has not been specifically authorized to accept delivery of any quantity of asbestos textiles during such month : a nd 121 Anv supplier to deliver .">00 pounds or less of asbestos textiles to nny person in any calendar month, provided that: ill Xo supplier shall deliver in rhe aggregate in any calendar month, pursuant to this paragraph (c). an amount in excess of 5 per cent by weight of his actual shipment of asbestos textiles for the preceding month: i ii i Xo supplier shall make deliveries during any calendar month, pursuant to this paragraph ici. if such deliveries will prevent completion of any de liveries which have been specifically authorized for such month. <31 For the purposes of paragraphs fc) HI and ici 121 above, the term "person" means usual pur chasing unit, whether plant, distributing agency, cor poration. or other legal entity. (d) Applications and Reports--(I) Consumers. Each consumer seeking authorization to accept delivery of asbesros textiles during any calendar month shall file application on Form WI'B-2137 as prescribed in that form. 12) Suppliers. Suppliers shall seek authorization to deliver asbestos textiles only to consumers who have filed with them WTB-2137 as prescribed in that form. (.") Applications for allocations of plain roving, re inforced roving, cable tiller, and lupps for incorpora tion into Xuvy cable shall he made >m a calendar qnarrerly linsis mi Form Wl'B-2137.2 as prescribed therein, beginning with the first quarter of H'4d. Note: Subparagraph (4) formerly Til redesignated Jan. 4. 1U4.1. >4) War Traduction Board may from time to time issue special instructions with res|>e< t to the method or time of filing or i-outenr of Wl'B l-'orm 2137. (e) Separation of Functions. Each supplier who con sumes all or part of his production of asbestos textiles ill the manufacture of any product which is m>r ii-elf an asbestos textile, as defined in paragraph >ai >1>. shall treat the produetimt and consumption parts of his ole-rations as -epnrate divisions, and delivery i>> him self for consumption shall lie deemed delivery, requir ing authorization within rhe meaning of paragraph (bi (1). Each such supplier i his separate capacity as a consumer and as a supplier shall file ail the appli cations and reports required by paragraphs id) 11 >. (d) (2). and id) (.3). A supplier who consumes all or any part of his production of asbesros textiles in rhe manufacture of products which are not asbestos tex tiles as defined in paragraph la) ill must ieqin-t allocation only for that type of asliestos textile that immediately precedes the manufacturing process which changes its form beyond that shown in rhe list of asbestos textiles In paragraph (a) ID. (f) Restrictions on Manufacture of List A Products. Xo person shall use any asbestos textile in the manu facture of any item, or parr for an item, on List A. (g) Restrictions on Manufacture of List B Products. On and after the governing date specified in List I!, no i>erson in the manufacture of any item on List B shall use nny asbestos textile which is either of a grade (in terms of percentage of asbestos content) higher than the grnde s|iecified in List B. or is of a cut finer than the cur specified in List B. (h) [Revoked Jan. 4. llMd.l (1) Miscellaneous provisions--(1) AppUcobiUtp of Regulntions. This order and all transactions affected hereby are subject to all applicable War Production Board regulations, as amended from time to rime. (2) Forms. Forms WPR-Il.n amt ir/*/I->M7.' referred to in paragraph Id) have been approved by the Bureau of the Budget in accordance with Federal Reports Act of 11)42. i.D Violation*. Any person who willfully violates any provision of this order, or who. in connection with this order, willfully conceals a material fact or fur nishes false information to any department or agency of the United States government, is guilty of a crime, and upon conviction may he punished by fine or im prisonment. In addition, any such person may be pro hibited from making or obtaining further deliveries of. or from processing or using, material under priority control, and may be deprived of priorities assistance. (J) Communications to War Protlurtion tinanl. All reports required to be filed hereunder, and all eniumuuications concerning this order, shall, unless otherwise directed, be uldressed to: War Production Hoard. Cork. Asbestos and Fibrous Glass Division. Washing ton 2d. D. C.. Ref.: M-2N3. Issued this 4th day of January T.14.1. War Proui'ctiox Board. By J. Joseph Wuei.a.x. Ftccortlinif Srerrtarn. 42 008 1836 CHAPTER 18. "WAR CONTROLS AND EXPERIENCES S9 RESTRICTED USES OF ASBESTOS TEXTILES UNDER CON SERVATION ORDER M-283 AS AMENDED OCTOBER 11. 1943 UST A 1. Thcnt re curtains :mil scenery. 2. Yibrurimi eliminators lexi-epr for implements of wn r). 3. (Inn covers. 4. Radiator hose iexcept for implements of war). ">. Amiuuuitioti containers. il. l-'ire n>[is in automotive vehicles. hasps. or trucks. 7. Covering for heat insulation, except: i i i A. t uffs in>t over 12 inches Iona oil pi|ie covering (nils next to tin lures or fittings where pi[>e temperature may umler normal iqiernting conditions exceed atirt degrees. i ii i Where outside coverina is next to hot metals such as steam boilers or auxiliaries. i iii i i >n downcomer pipiua inside boiler casing. (iv i I-'or milking imrtable llanaes ami tittina covers. 4. Yarn for hearers and henter accesories (except for implements of war. except for electric heater cords to the extent iiermirted under order L-277 as from time to time amended, and except for heater cords to be used in connection with electric soldering irons). !>. Filter sacks for Ihplids. U>. l'arachute tlare shields. 11. Clutch faciua for automotive vehicles (except for implements of wan. in accordance wirh numbers as signed h.v rile Brake I.inina Manufacturers Association in B. I,. M. A. Catalog as shown in the UKJD edition, the 11*40 supplement to the li>31> edition, and the 1!>41 edi tion. to-wit: 411! ..tut .`.111 111 4 i ffJl 1131A II'J.S ti'Jt) led; isi7 IstS 71S 71PB 733 78i;.V 73l!B 73s N31 B >37 V.ll Sli3A SlijB Sxo <!H SIM!A SM !HM> IxrJA *Hk~ tMlT.A !HI." I > ! m >r, k Mir.i*' *>np HI*A WM\ !>::<>--1 04> 041A mu ikv; a urea* IK'4 !KV IK'"A IKV.Ii *.K'l> iktua ?Nil| !HT 1H57A IX W IHlsB !Mi!> P7!> nso P.Vj ` IN." IJN.-A 0*7 i.vs It.ssA !KM> !UH>A !KM 1HMA 1KHB ! !HtfA IK *4 IKK' IKK) 1*."A 1INI7A 1 IMIS A HK-g: 1047 1U47A Hc-.t lo.-.' 10 A3 lo.-.i; I or. 7 lo.-,7.V 1 o."7 B 10.-.7C lo.-.s lo.',: > 10.-.PA IO.-.UI! 11II is 3072 11 12 B 1142C 11.'.4 A 1 lull 1 1UPA 1170 1173 list 12. Bmke liuinir in widths less than 2 inches thickness less than inch (exceivt war and except for B. L. M. A. Nos. 3-*JO ami .'J41J UST B Item Governing date __________________ ____ ____ _ Grade (max. % of Minimum asbestos) permi'-il)le cut 1. Laminated plastics............................. 2. Mechanical packing or gasket material made of asbestos textile material which has been graphited, friction treated, or otherwise treated with an adhesive or im pregnating substance, for use as, or for use in the manu facture of, mechanical packings or gaskets (except that produced from blue asbestos fiber, and except for valve rings, seamless boiler gaskets, and implements of war).. 3. Friction material_____________________ February 14, 1943. October 18, 1943.. October IS, 1943.. Underwriters______ Commercial Commercial.............. - 10 U) WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER M-79 AS AMENDED MARCH 20, 194S--CORK. ASBESTOS. AND FIBROUS GLASS ASBESTOS The fulfillment of requirements for the defense of the I'aired States has created a shortage in the supply of asbestos for defense, for private account, and for export: and the following order is deemed necessary ami appropriate in the public interest and to promote the national defense: 3301.6 Conservation Order M-79--(a) References to Canadian Grades. References to Canadian grades of asbestos are in accordance with the Canadian Chrysotile Asbestos Classification as revised December 1.11)43. and adopted by the Quebec Asbestos Producers Associa tion March 33. li)43. (b) | Revoked Dec. S. 1044.] (c) Restrictions on Canadian Asbestos. On and after November 1. 11)43: (1) No person shall process Cana dian crudes or spinning fibre tirades ::F or 8K for asliestos textiles of commercial grade I as defined in paragraph (7) ta) of A. S. T. M. Designation D--31*51--13). 13) No person shall accept delivery of Canadian crudes or spinning fibre Grades 3F nr 3K Cor the manu facture of compressed asbestos sheet packing. (8) No person shall accept delivery of I aiiailian fibre Grades 3F. 3K. 3R. or 8T for the manufacture of magnesia or other high temperature molded insulations. (4) No person shall put into process Canadian -pin ning fibre Grades 3F or 3K at a greater monthly rare than his average monthly consumption for June and July 11)43. (.->) No person shall put into process during any "lie calendar month Canadian spinning fibre Grades 8R ,.r 8T in amount by weight greater than 3U per cent of the finished compressed asliestos sheet packing which lie produced during that month. (tt) No person shall process Canadian spinning fibre Grade 3R for textile purposes during any calendar quarter unless during that quarter he uses ac least one 43 0Q8 1837 r 90 ASBESTOS---- A MATERIALS SURVEY r<>ii <>f Rhodesian Filin* Grades C&C 'l. C&G.'2. nml ujsG in the aggregate for textile purposes for every rive rmis of < ';i nml in u Spinning Fibre Grade :iR. (d) Exemption for Waste Asbestos Materials. Waste *r scrap materials produced in the fabrication. spin ning. or processing of asbestos tibre which raimot be i-e|*n--*<I anil Used ill fabricating. spinning. **r proc'"ina operarions permirreil muter the foregoing limirari"ii of tlii- oriler. may be subl or disposed of without re'irii-rion under rliis oriler. <e) Reports. Tin* War Production Board may send opies of Form W1T.-21I1T or WI'R-2!>1N to any ]>ersou who mainifai titres any produc t cnuraiiiiug asbestos or who maintains a stock of asliestos. Tbe person receiv ing the forms shall return them with the recpiired illformarion ro rlie War Production Hoard on or before rlie following luth of rbe ninnth. (f) Prohibitions Against Sales or Deliveries. No per son shall sell or deliver asliestos tibre or any product made therefrom if he knows or has reason to believe such material or product is to be used in violation of rbe terms of this order. (g> Special Directions. The War Production Board at its discretion may at any time issue special directions ro any person with respect to his use. processing, de livery. or acceptance of delivery of any grade or type of asliestos. notwithstanding any other provision of this order. (h) Miscellaneous Provisions--ill Applicability of li' t/iiliiUdiit. This order and all transactions affected thereby are subject to all applicable regulations of War Production Board, ns amended from time to time. i Ji Ayyeobt. Any appeal from the provisions of this order shall be made b.v filing a letter in triplicate, referring to tbe particular provision appealed from and stating fully the grounds of the appeal. iHi Form*. Forms WPB-2U17 and WPB-2H1S. re ferred to in paragraph (el. have been approved by the Bureau of the Budget in accordance with Federal Reports Act of 10-12. c4i Violation*. Any person who willfully violates any provision of this order, or who. in connection with this order, willfully conceals a material fact or fur nishes false information to any department or agency of the United States Government is guilty of a crime, and upon conviction may be punished by fine or im prisonment. In addition, any such person may be pro hibited from making or obtaining further deliveries of. or from processing or using, material under priority control and may be deprived of priorities assistance. i." i Con!cl niiini 11rm t to ll'ur I'rotl notion Hoard. All reports required to be filed hereunder, auil all com munications concerning this order, shall, unless other wise directed, be addressed to: War Production Board. Cork. Asbestos and Fibrous Glass Division. Washing ton i". D. C.. Ref.: M-Ti). Issued this 20th day of March 104.'. War PRunccTiny Board, By J. Joseph Whf.lan. Recording Secretary. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER L-41-d, REVOCATION--CONSTRUC TION Section 1073.11 Supplementary Conservation Order L-41-d is revolted. Is-iied this 211th day of May l!Gu. War pRourcnoN Board. By J. Joseph Whelan. Rrrordiny Secretory. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDER M-283 AS AMENDED AUGUST 11. 1945--CORK. ASBESTOS. AND FIBROUS GLASS ASBESTOS TEXTILES 3301.16 Conservation Order M-283--(a) Definitions. Ill "Asliestos textiles" means any marerial initially produced from the mineral asbestos by meansof a card ing operation and includes all such material In tic following forms subsequent to rlie carding o|ierati"ii. including scrap: ril*er. IMutn rm-inir i utuWvvrir,r` am! c*mmTutal. Plain ri'i,ni2 nml*rw:it**r`> i.T;ulei. llHtnforr***| roving, t'ablt* filler. l.at*i>*. ^ urn---- Yarn--i*li*il. Yarn--mwalllc. Cloth--pmimb p*r sqtinrp yard am! lighter, all twavos. Cloth-- iicavipr than l* \ pintails p**r Mjuart* \ anl. nim-m'rallii\ plain Cloth-- hnviT than IV* pounds per square yard. mer.vUiv. plain wvjivp. Cloth--ail Nwltrht'-. metallic and aoQ-meraillc other than plain \v**a v*. TapH--.nirt to .1 r*y thlfk. Tap**-- ijfj" thlrk and up. Cord--plain or trwtMl. Tuhinu--\vo\*en or braided. I2i "Supplier" means any person who produces as bestos textiles from the mineral asbestos by means of a carding operation. Id I "Consumer" means any person who pur- liases or accepts delivery of asbesros textiles from a supplier for resale, or for use in the manufacture of other forms of asbestos textiles or of articles made in whole or in part of asliestos textiles, or for any other use. A supplier, who uses asbestos textiles which he has pro duced in the manufacture of any product which is not itself an asbestos textile as defined in paragraph (a) (1) shall be deemed also to lie a consumer. ,(4) "Implements of war" means combat end prod ucts, complete for tactical operations i including, but not limited to. aircraft, ammunition, armament, weapons, ships, tanks, and military vehiclesi. and any parts, assemblies, and materials to be incorporated in any of the foregoing items being produced tor the Army or the Navy of the United States, the Maritime Commission, the War Shipping Administration, Vet erans Administration, or for any foreign government pursuant to the act approved March 11. 1041. entitled "An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States" i Lend-Lease Act), where the use of ar.v ash*>ios tex tiles to the extent employed is required by rbe latest issue of government speeifleations i including perform ance specifications, unless otherwise directed by the War Production Board) applicable to the contract, subcontract, or purchase order. The term does not include facilities or equipment used to manufacture tlie loregoing items. (b) Restrictions on Delivery and Use. ill No sup piler shall deliver or use asbestos texriles and no person shall accept delivery of asbesros textiles from a sup plier, except as specifically authorized in writing by War Production Board, upon application pursuant to paragraph id). Even though asbestos textiles have been allocated by the War Production Board for in corporation into friction materials for new civilian passenger cars and trucks, they may not be used for That purpose if to do so will interfere with the produc tion of implements of war or with tile filling of rated 42 008 1838 CHAPTER 13. WAR CONTROLS AND EXPERIENCES 91 orders for which asbestos textiles hare becu allocated hr the War Production Hoard. ' i2i War Production Hoard mar from time to time issue s[iecial directions to any [icrson with res[iect to his use. I'rocessiin: to (inal product. delivery. acceptance of delivery. <>r placing of orders, of asbestos textiles, notwithstanding the provision of paragraph lei. or >|iecial directions to any supplier with respect to the kinds of asbestos textiles which he may or must manu facture and the grades and types of u'liestos liber which he may or must use in the production of asbestos textiles. ibi X" supplier shall delirer any asbestos textiles to any |>erson if he knows or has reason to believe that such person would receive or use it in violation of the terms hereof, nor may any person deliver or aeeept delivery of any item whieh he knows or has reason to believe was manufactured in violation of the terms hereof, i 41 Each supplier shall notify the War Production Hoard of his inability to make authorized delivery, or of i nnreltarion by a consumer of any authorized de livery. within 3 days after he has notice of such fact. (c) Small Order Exemption. Specific authorization shall not he repaired for: ill Any person to accept delivery of bOO pounds or less of asbestos textiles in the aggregate from all sources during any calendar month provided that he has not been s[>ecifieally authorized to accept delivery of any quantity of asbestos textiles during such month: and i-1 Any supplier to deliver 300 pounds or less of asbestos textiles to any person in any calendar month, provided that: i i i No supplier shall deliver in the aggregate in any calendar month, pursuant to this paragraph (r>. an amount in excess of b .per cent by weight of his actual shipment of asbestos textiles for the preceding month: lii) No supplier shall make deliveries during any calendar month, pursuant to this paragraph ic), if such deliveries' will prevent completion of any deliveries which have been specifically authorized for such month. ibi for the purposes of paragraphs ic) 11) and (cl <2i above, the rerm "person" means usual purchasing unit, whether plant, distributing agency, corporation, or other legal entity. (d) Applications and Reports--ill Conxumcr.j. Each consumer seeking authorization to accept delivery of asbestos textiles during any calendar month shall file application on Form WPB-2137 as prescribed in that form. 12) Suppliers. Suppliers shall seek authorization to deliver asbestos textiles only to consumers who have tiled with them WPB-2137 as prescribed in that form. 13) Applications for allocations of plain roving, re inforced roving, cable filler, and lapps for incorpora tion into Navy cable shall be made on a calendar quar terly basis on Form WI'B-2137.2 as prescribed therein, beginning with the first quarter of 1!)43. (4) War Production Board may from time to time issue special instructions with respect to the method or time of filing or content of WPB Form 21b7. (e) Separation of Enactions. Each supplier who con sumes all or part of his production of ,id>estos Textiles in the manufacture of any product which is not itself an asbestos textile, as defined in paragraph iai ill. shall treat the production and consumption parts of his operations as separate divisions, anil delivery to himself for consumption shall be deemed delivery, re quiring authorization within the meaning of paragraph (b) ili. Each such supplier in liis sepurate capacity as a consumer and as a supplier shall file all the appli cations and reports required by paragraphs idi tli. id) i2). and id) (3). A supplier who consumes all or any |irt of his production of usliestns textiles in the manufacture of products which are not asbestos tex tiles as defined in paragraph iai ill mmr request allocation only for that ryjie of asbestos textile that immediately precedes the manufacturing process which changes its form beyond that shown in the list of as bestos textiles in paragraph iai ill. (f) Restrictions on Manufacture of List A Products. No i>erson shall use any asliestos textile in rite rimniifacture of any item, or part for an item, on T.isr A. (g) Restrictions on Manufacture of List B Products, i Pi ami after the governing date speritied in List It. no person in rlie niauiifacture of any item on Li~r I! shall use any asbestos textile which is eirher of a grade i ill terms of percentage of asbestos content i higher than the grade specified in List It. or is of a cut tiuer than the cut sjiecifled in List B. (h) [ltevoked Jan. 4. lP4b.] (i) Miscellaneous Provisions, (f) Applinihilitu of rrynhitiiiux. This order and all transactions affected hereby are subject to all applicable War Production Board regulations, as amended from rime to rime. I i) Formx. Forms WPB-2137 and WPH-2137.2. re ferred to In paragraph id), have been approved h.v the Bureau of the Budget in accordance with Federal Re ports Act of 1!M2. i.j) Yioliitioiix. Any person who willfully violates any provision of this order, or who, in connection with this order, willfully conceals a material fact or furnishes false information to any department or agency of the I'nited States Government, is guilty of a crime, and upon conviction may lie punished by tine or imprisonment. In addition, any such person may be prohibited from making or obtaining further de liveries of. or from proeessiug or using, material under priority control, and may be deprived of priorities assistance. ij) Commiiniratioiix to Ifur Proilii/tiim llonnl. All reports required to be filed hereunder, and all com munications concerning this order, shall, unless other wise directed. be addressed to: War Production Hoard. Cork. Asbestos and Fibrous Glass Division. Washing ton 25. D. C.. Ref.: M-2S1. i .<) AppvuU. Any appeal from the provisions of this order must be made by letter in triplicate addressed to the War Production Board. Cork. Asbestos and Fibrous Glass Division. Washington 23. D. C.. Ref.: M-2S3. referring to the particular provision appealed from, stating fully the grounds of the appeal anil setting forth the necessary supporting information. The sup porting information shall include: l. Tli* Mst A or B produce for which the asbestos textiles Will be tls**d : The period of time, not exceeding one eulendor quarter, for which relief Is requested : :t. The monthly schedule of rhe amount of ashe>t>>s textile* which would be required Iu the production ot the Li>t A or l' product: 4. The type of asbestos textile to be used :uul the crude and cut. Ordiuarily consideration will be iriven only to those appeals where compliance by the appellant or another would work an exceptional and unreasonable hardship on the manufacturer or user of the List A or l? prod uct which is not suffered generally by others iu the same industry or activity. Issued this llth day of August 11)45. Wak Pfnmn Tto.v Hoard. By J. .Io>ki'H Whki.an. RvcotUint/ srmtfirit. i V 42 008 1839 92 ASBESTOS---- A MATERIALS SURVEY RESTRICTED USES OF ASBESTOS TEXTILES UNDER CON SERVATION ORDER M-283 AS AMENDED AUGUST 11. 1. Theatre curtains ami scenery. 2. Vibration eliminaturs (except (nr implements of wan. ;5. Him cmers. -1. Itailiarnr linse (except fur implements of wan. 7. Ainmiinitiim cunrainers. 6. Fire spips in autuniniive vehicles, buses, or trucks. 7. Covering for heat insulation, except: i i i As cult's tint o' er 12 inches long on pipe covering eniis next to da ages or fittings where pipe temperature may umler normal operating coiulitinns exceed 760 degree-. liii Where outside covering is next to hot metals such as .'Team boilers or auxiliaries. i iii i tin downcomer piping inside boiler casing. i iv i For making portable fianges ami fitting covers. >. Yarn for heaters ami heater accessories i except for implements of war and except for electric heater con Is i. it. Filter sacks for liquids. to. Parachute dare shields. 11. Clutch facing for automotive vehicles (except for implements of war and except in the production of new passenger cars and trucks authorized by the War I'roduction Board), in accordance with numbers as signed by the Brake Lining Manufacturers Association in B. L. M. A. Catalog as shown in the 1P30 edition, the 11)40 supplement to the 1030 edition, and the 1041 edition, to-wit: 416 71 Hi 716 614 620 621 621A IVJS 620 636 637 iris 71 s 710B 7.T* 736A 736 B 73s >21B >27 >7!) >62A S62B HSO ,H!)1 SWA S98 1MX) !h>2A `.HIT. A .Minn !N1*J !HH>A !MlR 1140 t>41A !>4* !>.-::a '.rav !>.'4 11", D.^tA 1 ).Vi B JI.V> 0.* 6 A !X>6 067 1NJ7A HIS IMmSB Ofi0 077. 070 osi) 1IVJ : ivr* i^r.A on 7 ll.SN !l\sA DIM) 000 A 001 A ooi r iv.y.i irwa 0i4 oor, 000 inuTiA 1007A 100SA 1033 io47 HI47A 1071 li>72 H >7..t !n36 1077 1677 A 1677B 1677C lii.Vs ]li.7!l 10711A U'7!iB 11 h ;> 1072 1 142II 1 1 121 1174 A 11611 llO'OA 1170 1173 list 12. Brake lining in widths less than 2 inches or in thickness less than 14 inch (except for implements of war and except for B. L. M. A. Nos. 330 and :'.41A and except in the production of new passenger cars ami trucks authorized by the War Production Board). LIST B Item ' Governing date Grade (max. % of asbestos) Mimnnm permissible cut 2. Mechanical packing or gasket material made of asbestos textile material which has been graphited, friction treated, or otherwise treated with an adhesive or im pregnating substance, for use as, or for use in the manu facture of, mechanical packings or gaskets (except that produced from blue asbestos fiber, and except for valve rings, seamless boiler gaskets, and implements of war).. February 14, 1943. October IS, 1943.. October 18, 1943.. Commercial__ -___ Commercial.............. ID 10 WAR PRODUCTION BOARD PRIORITIES REG ULATION 31 AS AMENDED AUGUST 1945REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO THE OPER ATION OF THE PRIORITIES SYSTEM BLANKET REVOCATION OF CERTAIN WPB ORDERS Section 1)44..72. Priorities Regulation -II. is amended in rhe following resjiects : By adding the following orders to the list of orders revoked : List of orders revoked and effective date of revocation BUILDING MATERIALS Sec. 3284.26, L-303 Metal Insect Screen Cloth, August 23.11)43. CORES, ASBESTOS. AND TIBROUS GLASS Sec. 3301.1. M-8-a Cork. August 23. 11)43. Sec. 3301.16. M-283 Asbestos Textiles. August 31. 1!)43. *4 PAPER Sec. 3270.27, L-261 Sec. 3281.91, L-279 Sec. 3270.28. L-304 Grocers and Variety Bags. August 23. 1S143. Paper Shipping Sacks, August 2.".. 11)47. Specialty Bags (Paper), August 22. 1!H7. Issued this 23d day of August 1047. War I'RonrcTiox Boaiui. By .1. Joseph Whelan. Rrrortling S*rerrtarn. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD CONSERVATION ORDERS M-79, ASBESTOS, AND M-283. AS BESTOS TEXTILES, REVOCATION Conservation Orders M-70. Asbestos, and M-2S2. As bestos Textiles, were revoked by Priority Regulation 31 dated August 211. 1047. The effective dares of revoca tion were August 20, 1047, for M-70, and August 31. 1047. for M-2S3. 12 008 1840 CHAPTER 18. WAR CONTROLS AN*D EXPERIENCES 93 POST WORLD WAR II CONTROLS As a shortage of spinning filters developed during the Korean conflict the National Production Authority is sued Ortler on January 17. 1912. restricting the application of asbestos of spinning grades to direct military and essential civilian uses. The text of M- Ml follows. NATIONAL PRODUCTION AUTHORITY OR DER M-96--SPINNING GRADES OF CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS FIBRE This ortler is found necessary and appropriate to promote the natioual defense and is issued pursuant to the Defense Production Act of 19.V). as amended. In the formulation of this order, there has been consulration with industry representatives, including trade association representatives, and consideration has been given to their recommendations. S*c. 21.. lP'purrpinolstleonosf. this ortler. Allocutions anil directives. 43.. LPirmohitiabtiitoionnss oonn uussme*.. 6. Exemptions. 7. Ueipiest for adjustment or exception. 5. Uecortls and reports. Communication:*. 10. Violations. Authority: Sections 1 to 10 Issued umler sec. 704. 64 Star. Mil. Pub. Law '.**. Slid Cony.: 3> V. S. C. Apn. Sup. 2134. Interpret or applv sec. 101, 64 Stat. 70b, luh. Law brt. 82d O'n:.; 5o l\ S. C. App. Sup;'2071. Sec. lol. E. O. 10161. Sept. D. 1930. 13 F. K. 6103 : 3 CFU. l`>3n Sup.: sec. 2. E. O. 10200. Jan. 1051. 1I F. R. 61; secs. 4o2. 403. E. 0. 1U2S1. Ausr. 2S. 1031. 16 F. R. 87S0. ' Section 1. Purpose of This Order. The purpose of this order is to conserve and provide for the use of spin ning grades of chrysotile asbestos fibres so that the limited supply shall be used first to fill directly mili tary and essential civilian uses. It prohibits the use of certain grades of spinning fibre for any other than certain specified end uses, and it limits the use of such fibres in the production of certain end use products. Sec. 2. Definitions. As used in this order: (a) "Person" means any individual corporation, partnership, association, or any other organized group of [lersous. and includes any agency of the United States Government or any other government. (b) "Spinning grades of chrysotile asbestos fibre" means any one or more of the following spinning grades; tl) Rhodesian chrysotile asbestos Grade C and Gl. C and GP1, C and G2, C and GP2, and C and G:s: i2> Canadian Crude No. l. < 'rude No. 2. crude run of mine, crude sundry. 3F. 3K. 3R. 3T. and 3Z; 13) Arizona Crude No. 1 and Crude No. 2: and t4) chrysotile asiiestos fibre from any other sources equivalent to any of the above grades. (c) "Base period" means the period from January 1, 1948, to December 31, 19.li). (d) "NPA" means Che National Production Author ity. Sec. 3. Allocations and Directives. NPA from time to time may allocate one or more spinning grades of chrysotile asbestos fibre and specifically direct the manner and quantities in which deliveries to particular persons or classes of persons nr for particular uses nr classes of uses shall be made or suspended: and NPA from time to time may issue specific directives to any person as to the source, destination, consignee. amount, or use of such fibres to be delivered to nr acquired by such person. See. 4. Prohibitions on Die. On and after February 1. 19-12. no iiersou shall accept delivery i.f nr use auy spinnliig grades of cbrysntile nsbestns fibre fur any punsise other than processing into carded fibre, -liver, rovings, lapps. yarns. tai>es. nr i-lnth-. Sec. 5. Limitations on Use. (a) On and after Febru ary 1. 19.12. tin persnn shall put into process nr u-e in :my month spinning grades of ehrysnrile a-be-ros fibre for any eml use specified in Schedule A of this order in excess of the [lercentage specified ill Schedule A of his average mnnrbly use of null fibre for -itch eml use tbtring tile base iteriod. nor shall any person u-e yarn t cli.rlt made from -pinning grades of idiry-nile as bestos fibre for any eml use specified in Schedule A of this order in excess of the percentage -pooirtinl in Schedule A of his average monthly use of -noli yarn or cloth fur such end use during the ba-e period. (b) on ami nfter February i. l!tr.2. no person shall put into process or use in any month Canadian grade 3Z chrysotile asbestos fibre in the production of v. per cent magnesia or other high femperarure insulations in excess of his average monthly cim-iimpriiui of stn-h grade for such purpose during the calendar year PAID. Each producer of such Insulation shall report to NPA monthly by letter the amount of his use of Canadian grade 3Z for such manufacture during rite preceding month. Such report shall be filed not later than the tenth day of the month commencing with March 19."2. and not later than the tenth day of each subsequent month thereafter. Sec. 6. Exemptions. The provisions of sections 4 and 1 of this order shall not apply to: (a) The use of Canadian grade chrysotile asbestos fibre in the production of compressed sheet packing or electrolytic paper; (b) Spinning grade chrysotile asbestos waste or scrap materials produced in the fabrication, spinning, nr processing of such asbestos fibre which cannot be re processed and used in fabricating, spinning, or proc essing operations permitted under the provisions of this order: (c) The acceptance of delivery of spinning grades of chrysotile asbestos fibre directly from a foreign source fur the sole purpose of resale in the same form and grade: (d) Any person who uses 100 pounds or less of spin ning grades of chrysotile asbestos fibre during a calendar month. Sec. 7. Request for Adjustment or Exception. Any person affected by any provision of this order may file a request for adjustment or exception upon tite ground that his business operation was commenced during or after the base period, that any provision otherwise works an undue or exceptional hardship upon him not suffered generally by others in the same trade or in dustry. or that its enforcement against him would not lie in the interest of the national defense or in the public interest. In examining requests for adjustment or exception claiming that the public interest is preju diced by the application of any provision of this order, consideration will be given to the requirements of the public health and safety, civilian defense, and disloca tion of labor and resulting unemployment rluit would impair the defense program. Each request shall be in writing, by letter in triplicate, and shall -et forth ail pertinent facts, tlte nature of the relief sought, and the justification therefor. Sec. 8. Records and Reports, (a) Each per-on par ticipating in any transaction covered by this order shall *i r ' i i % 42 008 1841 94 ASBESTOS:--A MATERIALS SURVEY make and preserve, for at least 3 rears thereafter, accurate a nit complete records uf receipts, deliveries, in ventories. production. ami use. in sufficient detail to permit the determination, after audit, whether each transaction complies with the provisions of this order. This oialor does not siiecifv any particular accounting method and does not require alteration of the system of records customarily used, provided such records su|>ply an adequate basis for audit. Records may be re tained in rite form of niicroliiin or other photographic copies instead of the originals hy those persons who. at the rime such microfilm or other photographic records are made, maintain such copies of records in the regular and usual course of business. (b) All records required by this order shall lie made available for inspection and audit by duly authorized representatives of the National Production Authority, at the usual place of business where maintained. <c> Persons subject to this order -hall make such records and submit such reports to the National Pro duction Authority as it shall require, subject to the reruns of the Federal Reports Act of 1!M2 i.j U. S. i:i-i:i!lF). Sec. 9. Communications. All communications concern ing this order shall be addressed to the National Pro duction Authority. Washington 2n. r>. tRef: NPA Order XI-0b. See. 10. Yiolations. Any person who willfully violates any provision of this ortler. or any other order or regu lation of NPA. or who willfully furnishes false informa tion or conceals any marerial fact in the course of oper ation under this order, is guilty of a crimp and upon conviction may he punished Uy tine or imprisonment or both. In addition, administrative action may lie taken against any such person to suspend his privilege of making or receiving further deliveries of materials or using facilities under priority or allocation control and to deprive him of further priorities a>kj,raucc. Note: All nqmrctng and recnrd-kee|diig renin'canaa. "t rht* ril*r have* ;i|*|irmd by th* Hurvuu >( (tv* Hud?et In accordance with the Federal Art >( This order shall become effective .Tamuu ; 17. VX>2. Nation \l Proiii ction Ai tuoisitv. Itr John it. olvkkson. [frrnntiiii; Sirritunj. SCHEDULE A OF NPA ORDER M-96 /'tut n*r /* rt-rnfoitr Theatre <at**ty rurtaiuf.__________ _____ .. ..__________ ____ i *111 (tpr*........... ________________________________ Ironing lw*ard iver'--------- ........------------------------------ - I'as^en^p rar \vi*v.*n brake Ihiim;* than >, im-h th'fk by ^ uu-lu*-* wide extej`t t*r automatic rran* llli>inn.N )...________________ ________________ Oil burner wu-kiust ie\i-.-[r fur direet military ord**r* >. "0 '> -"A 7'* NATIONAL PRODUCTION AUTHORITY OR DER M-96. REVOCATION--SPINNING GRADES OF CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS FIBRE NPA i irder M-'.IU i Is F. K. 1*1-11 is hereby revoked. This revocation does not relieve any person of any obligation or liability incurred under NPA order M!*' as originally issued or as thereafter amended, imr deprive any persou of any rights received or accrued under said order prior to the effective date of this revocation. (04 Stac. 316. Puli, haw t2!>. SIM l ung.: jo r. s. Ann. Sun. 2134i This revocation is effective May 12. 11)33. National. Pboui'ction Actiioiuty. By George W. Avxier. Executin' Srrrrtnry. o 42 008 1842