Document redMN8vDK5K1qbjXgVp769LE0

PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT ./.MSS? >52 1 F_ COPY OCT 1-1948 $7T \ \ vA# A \ ' Kp? /aV(A A. r |] SAFETY COH6 RESS^ s.ffE! ! - *4*'*!-r5 r^VC < *Aj u G YOLUME I Annual M*tlag, Banqaet, Womtn'i Acthrifioc. Tw?rr to all VoInmM "twT Ejdribttof*^: PLEASE .RETURN TO LIBRARY NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 20 North Wacker drive CHICAGO. ILL. .Wci2| 4iT;I,0 H A L S A F E T Y COB H C I L, I N C. "-AjU iri) 0.VWACKER DRIVE CH.ICA60 6, ILL. hCvH' 35th National Safety Congress Transactions. VoL Annual Meeting, Banquet Wonwn'i Activities. ; Index to all'Vohnnee and Exhibitor*..............\ If American Sodety oI Safety Engineer* and SabJectSeedcns,. 2'' Aircraft Maimfactuilng Section...........1....... .................... .. 3 1 Air Transport Section........................................................... ... 4, Automotive and Mcfchtne Shop Section.......... ..................... 5 Cement and Quarry Section................ ......................... . .^^41 Chemical Section-............. .........../................ ............... . 7 Coal Mining Section....................................................................8 . Commercial Vehicle Section................. ........... . 8. Construction Section........................... ....................'.......... >.!(; Food Section ................................. .....11 Industrial Nursing Section............................ ............. .1 f^l2 - Maxine Section . .*.................,,............................................. IS Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Stolon:........14 Metals Section ................ / Mining Section .................... .......15 18 Paper and Pulp Section............................ 17 Petroleum Section.......................................... 18 Power Preee Section............................................. ............19 PnhQc tnOMee Section................... .20 Railroad Section ... ....................... --21 ' Rubber Section .. ,,............... ............. .. 4.1 .`.T..22 _ erifle Section . /. "See.* .............. . 28 Section.......... `NcdnnftfV *Tya.mtl* .24 Wood Products Section......** Farm Safety.............................................................?T.. ...28 Home Safety .................. 1............. . .27 School and College Seeetooe..-----_____________________..28 Psychology You Can Uee CEarfy Morning Seeetooe}. :v\...29. PRICES OF EXTRA COPIES OF'INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES . VOLUME SIZE TO MQ4BE8S " ', ' ; / to ycopia ro fn 59 copuj roo to 999 c&pia roooor wiort test than 14 p*ge*-$ jw e*. I Jja as-ot; *., *4 to 48 page*-- as " ao r aai " , '""'JO " - 49 to efi page*-- over gfl page*- J5 .50 " .. -y>" -45 " -S0"' -t5 :.i S " ; ' -45 " I Complete'idt o< Transactions {*9 T0lumay-J5.no NON-MEMBER pooa. ire double member price*. KciSbaal Safety.. Coim/dL Inc. iI i - *I ' r-TL 1 1 I' >.V,V I1 t "1"' ? C>- OFHCEBS Chairman, Board of Directors: Cuco F. C*aic, VIee-Prpident. AtncrIan . Telephone and Tdegraph Company, 'New Yprk. N. Y. President: Ned H.' Deauo*.^, President, National Safety Council, Chi cago. III. Vice-President for Farms: Cinr L. Noeue, Managing Director. National Committee on Boys and Girls Club Work, Chicago,-'tyl. Pier-President for Finance and Treasurer: O. Cirscrx, Vice-President and Comptroller, Commonwealth Edison Company. Chiago, III. ' Pice-President for Homes: De. D. B. Asuitbonc, Secood Vice-President. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York, N. Y. FIce-President for Industry: Ccosa A. Jacot, Director of Personnel Serrices. General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich.' Plce-Presidfnt for'Local Safety Orranisa'tionr. Kxmtcnt IL.Coocaj<, Saule, Wash. , . t Pice-President for Membership: E. W. totirow, Aadttant VIoe-Fraident. United States Steel Corporation of Delaware. Pittsburgh, Pa. Pice-President for Public information: W. Exax. Haul, Managing Edi tor, Mason City Globe-Gazette. Mason City, la. Pice-President for Schools and Colleges: Dl H. T. Heajld, President. | - Illinois Institute of Technology, Chiago'. HI. Pice-President for Traffic and Transportation: I.znrr J. SoeoaoM, City Traffic Engineer. City of Chiago, Chiago, I1L Pice-President for Women's Activities: Mas. L. X. Nicsouom, National . Safety Chairman. National Congress of Parents and Tochers, Salt LakeCUy, Utah ' . Secretary: S- L. Fetim, General Secretary. National Safety Council, Chiago, HL Assistant Treasurer. B. B. McCuilocn, President. Barena of-Safety. Inc. Chiago. I1L , , , Assistant Treasurer. H. H. Guxmwaio, Director, Aecoondng Division, National Safety Conned. Chicago, IIL " (Note; The lists here Minted of Officers. Trustees and Board of Directors include those ejected at the 1947 National Safety Congress and in the faae of the`Trustees, certain members pteriously 'elected Eor i'two of three year term.) `f- iuo IF' National Safety Council, Inc. IE bwnnsav; isbc < nutca. itiluam a* uiTtn^niuuuci, ucuiutc vaao* mittec, .United Stales Steel Corp, Nor York. N. Y. Fice-Chiiroum of the Ttusteer. Roatxr C. Staklzy, President. Inter national Nickel Company of Canada. Lid, Nor York. N. Y. Secretary of the Trustees: Nn> H. Dejcaaom, President. National Safety Council. Chicago. UL. Treasurer of the Trustees: Tbouai W. Lamont, Chairman of the Board, J. P. Morgan and Company, Nor York. N. Y. C Members . Wnmotor W. Alebjch, Chairman, Board of Directors.' The Chase National Bank, Near York. N..Y. Mcltm H. Basis, President, National. Gypsum Company, Buffalo, K. Y. Lawxzncx D. Box, President. Bell Aircraft Corporation, Buffalo. K. Y. James B. Butcz, President. Padfic Gas and Electric CSmpany. San Francisco, CallL , J S. Bauer Black, President. liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston, Maas. MoacAN B. BaxiNAas, President, Aetna Life Insurance Company. Hart* fnrHt 4 J. Guxawat. Kami!ton. Ga. John W. CutRxns, President. Texas Power and Light Company. DaHas. Ter. .- - TNomas-L Cashes, Chairman. Railway Labor Zjcecntlves' Aandatkxs. Washington. D. C . William G. Qumslbl President. Saipps-Rowud Supply Company,' New Yoifc, N. Y. r _ Kznnxth B.`Coucan, Seattle; Wash. Howass Coomixt, Chairman of the Executive Committee. American'' Standard! Association. New York. N. Y. Ptm F. ri!, Vice-President. American Telephone 1: Telegraph Co, New Yotk. N. Y. (Ex-Officio) Y .fucDcuat C Ctxwfota, President. Thompson Prodnca. Inc, C3e*e* - " land, Ohio ^ " '-* ." V-. WALTii J, OhattNCS, Chairman of the Boyrd. Continental TTHnois - .National^Bank and;Tkmt Cosnpany, Ghkagp,' IIL. /<.;i Nib H. DiAiacsuf, President. National Safety GwndT. Chfcigo, ' m.` i '(Ek-Offido> ; I. v.IV RuawniR, Dtmtt, President. Procter and Gamble Company, Clny! einmll DhU . r v,,:V`'1; *' '. - ^ ' C* *'*>).> w Na&oEcd ,' ',( Safety CoimciL Inc. Txamcb J. Gatin, President, 6rtfcat Northern Railway Company. SL Pant, Minn. *-.,... Waite* S- Gmfoaar'IjTesidenl, Amerian Telephone* and Telegraph Co,(N* Yori^N. Yt . . Walu* Curts, Txpidjtn, American Federation of Labor, Washing ton. D. C. T* E. RotANO Hasjuman, Brown Brothers Kzrriman and Company. New York. N. Y. y William A. Ixm, Member. Executive Committee. United States Steel Corporation, New York. N. Y. Wnruu M. Jcrrcja, Vice Chairman A( the Board. Union Pacific Rail( road Company, North Hollywood. Calif. Hckace P. Lmcssmcz. Preaident. Philadelphia Electric Company. Phil adelphia, Pa. Gust ayx "Metiman,; President. New York Central System. New York Central Building, New York. N. Y. Tbomas A. Moccan, Chairman, The Sperry Corporation, New York. N. Y. ` Pkuf.Muuuy, President, Congress of Industrial Organizations. Wash' lagtoss. D. C. ; BenjaminO^Shza, . Member, Board of Directors, Uflioo Carbide iW* Carboq Corp, New York. N. Y.. ;- Thomas I. Pamunson, President, Equitable Life Asmrance Society o( the United?States, New York. N. Y. W. S. S. tocm, Chairman, The Tehas Company, New York, N. Y.' William A. Sturwx, President. William Simpson Cortstrnction Com- ` : parry, Los Angeles. Calit ( <, HrxxzxT E. Smith,'President. International Nickel Company of Canada Ltd, New York. N. Y. . Jon SrtLWTLL. Vice-President. Consolidated Edison Company of N& . York. lac, Jfew York. N.Y. Joan T. Tarm, President. Pan-American Airways System. New York. N.Y. . . . '. . -` Raay C. Wm, President. Humble Oil aadSlefinlng Company, Hous ton, Teat. CHAarri E. Wtuon, President. Cerieral Electric Company, New York. N. Y. ' . - -v % -r . C. E. WilsoOn* P'r.esident. General Moto .r,s- Corporatio. n. .Detroit. Mich*." Chakles Dmi W&an, President.;Deere mad Company, Motine. UL Rosrrr, W. Wocoaurr, Chairman. Executive Committee, The Coca- Coia Company, Atlanta. Georgia , l';.i *;^. , r >.*.. v (+' Vi-'- 0 l National Safety Council, Inc. . BOARD OF DIRECTORS Chairman of the Board of Directors: Cueo P. Cbajc. Vicr-Praidem. American Telephone and Telegraph Company. New Yotk. N. Y; Pice-Chairman of the Board of Directors: Cur L. Ntiix, Managing Director. National Committee on Boyt and. Ctrl* dub Work. Chicago, 111. Members' Da. D.B. AxscsraoNc.i Second Vice-President, Metropollun Life Insurance Company, New York.-'N. Y. Caaaou. W. Asitar, President. K&I Terminal Railroad. LoairrUle, ly. *J. I. Barnash. Consulting Engineer, Chicago, TO. Wallace N. Babko, Executive V^ce-P^e3ident,, Pullman Standard Car ^Manufacturing Co, Chicago.'III.. . L. J. Benson; Assistant to the President, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul, and Padfid Railroad Company, Chicago, QL- CW. BrxQtruT,Western Springs, IlL . T L. A. BLANdtAtn; Assistant to the General Chairman, Federal later* departmental Safety Council, Washington) D. C. Habxy H. B*axkran. Executive ManagaCWestern Pennsylvania Safety Council. Inc, Pittsburgh, Pa. (~ ' Thomas E. BaAWtrr, President. Braniff Airways, Incorporated. Dallas. Tex. > Turn Baoww, Director. Deere and Company, Moline, HL W. F. BaowN Safety Director, Consolidated Edison Company of New York. Inc, New Yort. N. Y. Mas. T. F. Biaik Bocx, President, General Federation of Women's auk Washington. D. C. James B. Caxct, Secretsry-Treararer, Congress of Industrial Organist, lions, Washington, D. C. Ray Cam, Advertising Counsel. Portland. Ore.. . W. OsakaM Cotx. Assistant Secretsrv, Metropollun Lite Insurance Company, New York, N. Y. liNNtm B. Cocman, Seattle, Wash. I M. C. Comet, Executive Partner, Main and Company,' Pittsburgh. Pa.- ! Da. B. L: Court, Manager Milwaukee Safety Commission. Milwaukee. Wit. . Ctzo F. Ciaic, Vice-President, American Telephone fc Tdegrsph Co, New York. N. Y. ,j A. J. R_ Ctncns, Assistant Secretary Ic Safety Director, Portland Association. Chicago, 111. No Hj Deajuo*m, President, National Safety Council. Chicago, DL-I Clinton W. Dtrrra, Manager, East Bay Chapter/ National Safety Coundl. Oakland. Calif.: ' Wallacr J. Falytt, Vice-President. Maaachusetts Bonding and In-' turance Company. New York, N. Y. o'IX y' lU fT - - ftmrs&to? NcUoncd Scdsty Council Inc. * R. H. Tacxaos, Manager of Safety, Republic Steel Corporation, OevcUnd. Ol Rax Foot, Editor, Suctewful Fanning Meredith Publication!, Dei Uotaa, la. Ror M. Godwin, Director of Safety, Philadelphia Electric Company, Philadelphia, Pa. O. CtnC-KS, Vice-President and Comptroller, Commonwealth Ediaoo Company, Chicago, ill. W. Eajll Hall, Managing Editor. Muon City Globe CaretLe, Maaori City, la. Julecn H. HAarrr, Manager, Accident Pretention Dept, Anodaiicn of Caauaity and Surety Companies, New Yott, N. Y. Da. T. Lruc Hauxtt, Medical Director, Eaat Pittaburgh. Pa. Da. H, T. Hlalo, President, Dlinota Imtlrute of Technology, Chicago, 1H. . Jura W. Hooa6N, Aaabtant Weatem Counsel. Northern Padfie Rail- wray Company, Seattle, Wash. , RzrauiM Hottuam, Manager. The Safety Council of Greater Sc Louts. Sc Louis, Mo. ' Mats. HntAV C. Houchton,'Second. Vice-President, General Federation of Women's Clubs, Red Oai. la. Da. Hiaotn C. Hunt, General Superintendent of Schools, Chicago. III. Ceoacx A. Jacost, Director of. Personnel Services. General Motors . Corporation, Detroit, Mich. FkAtot L. Jokes, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U. S, New York. N. Y. W. Dean XLrrrra. Second Vlce-Pretidatc Lumberman Mutual Casual-, ry Company, Chicago, OT. E. W. Krarmwf, Assistant Vice-President, United States Steel Corpora tion of Delaware, Pittsburgh. Pa. Caxtex Kxxoall, Assistant Chief Safety Company, toe. Bethlehem, Pa. Bethlehem. Steel Watra C. Kiko,,Safety Director. American Yort. N. Y. J . leal Company, New J. O. Lnut, Director of Safety, Gilbert Assodatea, Inc, Reading, Pa. Haaou F. I-nrrr Manager, Laming Safety OK"-rn. rinsing, Mich. Jowt E. Lone, Superimaadent of Safety, The. Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corporation. Albany, N. Y. Ceoacx H. Lowe, Lowe and Huggins, Ogden, Utah A. E. Ltom, Executive Secretary, Railway Labor Executives' Aasoda*. tlon. Washlngtoa.D. C, r TnoMAt H. MacDonald, Commbtiooer, Public Road* Administration, Washington. D. C. Pats. A. McGazx, Dean of The School of General Education, New Yort University, New York, N. Y. . Ncrtioacd Safety ConndL Inc. I. W. Millaad, President. Industrial. Clove*i (CCoo,mpany. Dintitle. IB. . rr S. Mores, Engineer, American Telephone and Telegraph Com pany. New York. N. Y. Haocd L. Mnoa. Manager. Safety fc Fire Prevention Division, E. I.: - du Pont de Nemours 1c Co_ Inc, Wilmington, DeL J. Howau Mms, Director of Safety and Fire Pretention, The Atlantic Refining Company, Philadelphia. Pa. * Mu. L. R. NtcnotaoN, National Safety Chairman, National Congress of Parents and Teachers, Salt Lake City, Utah Guy I- Nonut, Managing-Director, National Committee on Boys and Cirls Club Wort. Chicago. Ill, | Horer E. Norm, Vice-President. Metropolitan Life Insurance Com pany. San Frandsco, Calif. '. j C. E. Prmrsofre. Vice-President and Manager. Engineering Depart ment. American Mutual liability Insurance Co. Boston, Mm. R. J. RucmrrH, Treasurer. New Haven Trap Rock Company, New Haven. Coon. Homer F. RnxKAan, Consulting Engineer. Union Carbide 1c Carbon Corporation. New York. N. Y. Thzooou S. Rxmizx, President. The Advertising Coaoal, Inc Wash ington. D. C J. L. RnXNcra, Safety Director. Inland Steel Company, Indiana Harbor Worts, East Chicago,. Ind. A.-V. Rorwzmx. Superintendent of Safety k Welfare. Dolnth. Mimabe ; and Iron Range Railway Co, Duluth, Minn. ... IT FUs M. Rockland, Executive Vice-President. New Jersey State Safety Council. Inc, Newark. N. J. --- Judcx Lxz E. Sxm, Appellate Coast. Gevelind.-Ohio Da Witt Smith, Vice Chairman la Charge of Dbcantic Service*. The American .National Red Cross, Washington. D. C. . ', R. T. SouboTEN,. Vice-President, EEQod. Service Company. Mount Vonoo, N. Y. *. Lzsue J. SoaoooM, City TndBe Enginery, Gty of Chicago, Chicago, m. R-' C. Stbattoh, Supervising Owmieil Engineer, Travelers Insurance Companies, Hartford. Conn. `* Paul F. Smacxx, Execntive Vice-President. Creater New York Safety Council. New York. N. Y. - , C. E. Woouxvt*. Director of Personnel, A. O. Smith Goncndoo. Milwaukee, WU. * Du. WouAss P. Yant. Director of Research 'k Development. Mine Safety Appliances Company Research Laboratory,; Pittsburgh. Pa. J. W. Yotmc, Safety Director. Internatlooid HarrestertCocnpany, CHcigo. m. Exhibition hall-stevens hotel MEZZANINE FLOOR--SHEEHAN HOTEL j Alphabetical lift of Exhibitor* of Industrial and Public Safety Equipment Acxm Protactlcii Equipment Co, CMf-ago, HI Ou UwU AH American Safety Equipment Co, Chicago, HL Power tad Kick Press Guard*. Amacicaa Abrasive Metaii Co, Irvington, N. J. Safety Treads, Abrasive Paint*. *m^w Cord * Webbing Co, Srr York, H. Y. Aero-lyts Product*, Reflector* and Fluorescent Webbing. Amexlcsa-XieFrancs-Foamite Corp, Elmira, N. T. tin Protection Equipment. Mat Oorp, Toledo, O. ' Safety Matting*. />-- Optical Oo, Southbridge, Mas*.' -^ Industrial Safety Goggle*, Respiratory Device* and' Protective Clothing. aco Metal. lac, Milwaukee, Wla. BeryOium-'Copper Non-Sparking Safety Tool*. Anod COMBnleal Co, Haxlaette, Wla. FUpNPxoteetioa Equipment. Andio-Deveiapiaent Oo, Minneapolis, Mian. Hearing Testing Equipment' Battersea Distributing Co, Houston. Ter. Plastic Traffic Marker* for Street*, Highway* and rnduitry. Rausch he Leah Optical Oo, Rochester, N. T. 8afety Lenses and Goggle*. Baar Manufacturing Co, Bock Ttlarut; ML Motor Vehicle Inspection and Correction Equipment; Static and Dynamic Balancing Machine*. Bshr-Maantag Carp, Troy,.N. T. . Coated Abrasive*. B*e*oa and Associates, Inc, Chicago, HL General 8afety Equipment Bradley Waahfouataln Co, Mnwauk**, Wla. Group .Waahfountains and Multi-Stall Shower*.-' JodbmnTYLL:Brack, Inc, BprtaglUld, . __ Protective Cream* and Hand Cleaner*. 8ttrw*rt S. Brown* Mfg. Oo, lac. Haw Totk, N. T. Flashlight* and Extension Light*. Bocktnghaa Mfg. Oo, me, Btnghampton, N. T. Linamen'* Accessories. Buffalo Fin Appliance Carp, Dayton, Ohio Fire Extinguishing Equipment & H. Buhzka Oo, Chicago, HL Safety. Equipment and Allied Product* for Construction and Maintenance Work. E. V. Bullard Co, Sac Francisco, Cal Everything in Safety. . . < ji Oanfleld Oil Oo, Cleveland, Ohio Oil-8punj Absorbents. . . A.' B. Chance Oo^.OeatxaHa, Mo. - Line Construction and Live Line Maintenance Equipment 34 35th National Safety Congress, 1947 Obello, Inc, 2Xnr Tori, N. T.. Polaroid, Color and Contrast Veetograph Display*. Chica-jo By* flSield Co, CMcfigo, EL Hoad sad Eye ProteetlTS Equipment Columbia Pint Alders, Chicago, EL Pint Aid Supplies. Oolxcabiu^ddSlsaca Chaia Corp, Toaawanda, 2f. T. Chain and Chaia Eclats. O-O-Two Tin Buip. Co, JTtwxA, V. J.. x' ' Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers, Hose Unit*, Manual-Automatic Systems, Smoke Detecting Systems. M. K. Gunaiagfcam Co, Pittsburgh, Po. Safety Marking Tools. ' Darla Emergency Equipment Oo, Xmiic, K. J. ' Respiratory Protection; Combnatible Oas Indicator*; General Safety and lint Aid Equipment Tbe Divemy Oorp, Chicago, HL ' Oil and Grease Absorbents, Cleaning Compounds, Hand Cleaners. ( Dobbins 1dfg, Oo, ZUrhart, lad. -'J Portable Drinking Fountains and AeeeesoHee. - Docksoo Ccrp, Detroit, Kleh. -- Industrial Head and Eye Protection. 0. B. Doln Co, Westport, Conn. Fungicides, Protective (Seams, Skin Cleaner, Catting Oil Oermleldee. Dunn Products, Chicago, EL - Industrial Protective Clothing Hade from Bubber, Asbestoe Cloth and Leather. Duo-Safety Ladder Carp* Oshkosh, Win. Safety and Fire Ladders, Ladder Shoes. B. L du Pout da Bemoan * Co, Inc, Wttaingteu, DeL Hand Protective Creama, Industrial Hand Creams, Heopreae Products, Bayou Tarn. B. k. J. Manufacturing Oo, Glendale, Calif. Besuacltator Inhalator and Aspirator Elliott Service Oo, Kev Tort, JT. T. Foremanship Training Material, Bulletin Board Displays oa Safety, Quality and Waste; Suggestion 8yatema. j. H. Emerson Co, Cambridge, Mam. Automatic Beeuacitation and Beepiratiou Equipment. Flnnell System, Inc, Elkhart. lad. Floor-Care Machine* and Floor Treatments. Fyr-Pyter Co, Dayton, Ohio. Fire Extinguishing Equipment. ---- General Detroit Oorp, Detroit, Mid. Fire Extinguishers, Motor Fire Apparatus and Allied Product*.' Orsabard's, Etc, Newark, H. J. Gro-Oord Bubber Oo, lima, Ohio. _ Gro-Cord, Baw-Cord and Neo-Cord Soles, Heels and Tape. Haas Corporation, Meriden, Mich. Optical Magnifiers.. Hariey-Davldson Motor Co, Milwaukee, Wla. HOd Floor Machine Co, Chicago, m. Electrically Operated. Floor Scrubbing k Polishing Machine*-- Portable Industrial Vacuum Marbines. - Hillyard Bales Oosnpanlee, St. Joseph, Mo. Floor Treatments, Building Maintenance, Sanitation Products, Equipment and materials. * Holcomb Safety Garment Co, Chicago, m Protective Clothing Made of Aabeetoe, Leather and lire-Proofed Duck. . Hospital Specialty Co, Cleveland, Ohio. Manufacturers and Distributors--CARDS, FEMS, TAMPAX--Sanitary Padi and Ditpenaera. 1 Safety Exposition Exhibitors *< SuntSaztca Lakeratortea, Inc, PCnntlugtoa. Ind. , Sanitarr EuppUa*, Liquid Soap*, Disinfectants, Floor Finiehe* and VcrtH^en, I^tactlildea, HytoJ-Ts: Ccry, Chicago, BL Industrial Apron*. Eyaraa Westoctt s Itomtat, Inc, Baltimore, Md. Mcrcurccbrotao and Thantls Lozenge*. Indian Motorcycle Co, SprlajfleM, Via. IttftaftrtU Glares Ox, Danrltto, EL ProtoetiT* Clothing, Glare*, Mitten*, Headguard*, Leggings, Flame-Proof Bait*. Industrial Prodaeta Oo, PhilKkJphia, Fa. 8afrtr Equipment for All Industrie*. XmSssmal Safety Squipmaut Ascn, Xew TotV. If. T. Xcsto-Oea Cory, Detroit Mich. Underwriter* Approred Torthee and Furnace*. Zntaeaaiiaaul Bwnrra Mtrtiae Oory, Chicago, EL XatarsatloBsl Shoo Oo, Hl2v-T*st Dtf, St Loula, Mo. Hy-Tart Safety Iron Ax* Etr, H. CMld* A Oo, Ian, Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Shoe*. Jackson Products, Warm, Mteh. T--iUtjvi IHeetrode Holden, Cable Connector*, Fare Shield* and Goggle*. Jnnktii Safety Appliance Oo, Ian, Louirrm*, Ky. Interlocking Bander Oate and Swinging Die Cloanro Guard*. Juatrtta Manfaetsrtac Oo, Chicago^ EL 8afety Cana, 8afety Flashlights, Electric Lantern*. King Pint AM Supply Oo, Chicago, EL Industrial First-Aid Supplies and Equipment. a Industrial Visual Testing Equipment. Walter Xttda A Oo, Zac, Batumi*, V. J. Fin Extinguishing Equipment. Ktabafl Safety Prodacta Oo, OUruLsad, O. Protective Clothing, Gloves end Goggle*. Walter O..Eaci* Oo, Inc,X*w Tort, V. T. Ncm-BQp Floor Follahee and Treatments, Non-8prking Floor Treatment. L*Ug)i Safety Shoe On, lac, Allentown, Pa. . Safety- Shorn and Bobber Boota Lightfoot Behnlta Oo, Xew Teak, X. T. Industrial Soap*--Powdered, Bar, Parte and Hand Lotion. Maewhyt* Ocrapany, Xanosba, Win. Win Bop* and Win Sling*. VipiVin Oo. of Aiawtra, Chicago. EL Magoo* Light .Weight Magnesium Doekboarda, Pallets, Barrel Skids, Oenenl Fabrication. Kazrt A McLennan, lac, Chicago, EL Insurance Broken and Agnate. Marfladala EXoctrtc Oo, Laharwood, Ohio. . Boapiraior for Xon-Tosie Dusts, Electrical Testing Instrument*. The McAa Safety Shoe Oo, Xew Tort, V. T. Safety Shoes, JuHsa A. McDermott Gary, Oorana, Hear Tort. Waning and Safety Lights for Municipal, Industrial tad Utility Use. B. r. McDonald Oo, Los Angela*, CaL Mining and Industrial 8afety Appliancea M*dlcal Supply Oo, Chicago, EL Pint `Aid Kits--All Purpose*. i 36 35 th National Safety Congress, 1917 Mtf-flax Product* Co, Akron, Ohio. Flooring Materials, Tres-ds and Standing Mats. Metropelltic Ufa Insurance Co., New York, N. Y. Accident Prevention Educational Materials for Industry, Home ana Troffio Safety. MUburn Company, Detroit, Mich. Protective Skin Cream* and Plastic Coated 'Safety Clothing. , E. J. Millar, Equipment Co, Franklin, Pa. _ Linemen'* Equipment and Plastic Specialties. Miss Safety Apptiascea Ox, Pittsburgh. Pa. Safety Equipment for Personal and -Plant Proteetion.' Minnesota Mining ft Mfg. Co, St. Paul Minn. . Befiective Sign Material and Non-Skid Floor Surfacing. - ..... Motorola, Inc, Chicago, DL /National Assoc, of Insecticide and Disinfectant Hfrs, Inc^' New York, H. Y. Household and Industrial Insecticide*, Disinfectants and Allied Prodneta National Safety Council, Inc, Chicago DL Services and Material for Safety Education. - National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, New York, NrY.' Conservation and Utilisation of Eyesight in Industry. Occupational Hazards, Inc, Cleveland. Ohio Publishers. Oil-Drf Co. of America. Chicago, DL Oil and Orease Absorbent. Onox, Inc, San Francisco, OaL Athlete's Foot Preventive, O. fe. Packwood Mfg. Co, St. Louis, Mo. - 8kin Cleansers, 8osp Dispensers, Cleansing Cream. Patent Scaffolding Co, Chicago,-DL Safety Ladders, Scaffolding and Work Stands. Peda Spray Oo, Inc, New York, N.Y. Products for the Prevention of Athlete's Foot. / PMater Mfg. Co, Cincinnati. OMo. Maintained Air Pressure Liquid Fire Extinguishers. Positive Safety Manufacturing Co, Cleveland, OMo Power Press Guards. _ Pressed Steel Car Co, Dae^'CMeago, DL Frotectoeeal Co, CM(Ago, DL / ' /Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. Pnimoeen Safety Equipment Corp, Brooklyn, N.Y. Industrial 8afety Equipment. Pyrene Manufacturing Co, Newark, N. J. Fire Extinguishera. Compounds, and Systems of Various Types! * , ____ Randolph Laboratories, Die, CMcago,' DL \ Firs Extinguishers--Carbon Dioxide. Bobbins Co, Attleboro, Mas*. 8afety Emblems and Awards. Bom Mfg. Co, Denver, Cola. Indnstrial Safety Equipment. Safety Clothing ft Equipment Co, Cleveland, O. Indnstrial 8afety Equipment. Safety Engineering, New York, N. Y. Publisher*, Safety Engineering Magazine. . Safety Pint Shoe Co,'HoIHstcn, Mas. Safety Shoes. 8ager Glove Oo, CMcago, DL Safety Apparel for Industrial. Use. W. H. Salisbury Ox, Chicago, DL Linemen's Bnbber Protoctive Equipment--Bobber Gloves, Aprons, Boots and Clothing. A. Schrader's Son, Brooklyn, N. Y. .' '' Pneumatic Press Controls, Valves, Cylinders ft Associated Products. Safely Exposition Exhibitors 37 Bcait Aviation Car;, Lancaster, If. T. Ssfoty Equipment and Safety Breathing Equipment. The Seott Alr-Pak. Scully rt1rnt-> Oo, Cambridge, Han. FDi'Bignal* and Petrolenm 8afety Equipment Sellstircsa Mfg.' Co, Chicago, m. Ease and Eye Protective Equipment Soattcm Aircraft Oo, Garland, Tax. Seheol Bos Bodies.- Spencer Tnridaa Oo, Hartford, Conn. Industrial Yaeunm Cleaners and Dust Collecting Equipment Standard Safety Equipment Co, Chicago, m. Personal Bafety Protective Equipment. Steel SoiffoMlng Co, Hie,"Brooklyn, K. 7. "Trouble Savor" 8teel Scaffolding. Stspan Chemical Co, Chicago, I1L Skin Cleanser. 8taph&n*m Corp, Sod Bank, K. J. Bosuscitation Equipment Stooobouao Signs, Inc, Demr, Cola. Accident Prevention Signs. Sogaz Boots Products Oo, Saglnasr, Mich. 8kin Cleanser and Cleaner. Salty Mfg. Co, Inc, Chicago, HL Safety Appliance* for Machine* and Underfoot Hazard*. & O. Taylor Chain Oo, Hammond, Did. Iron and 8tool Weldod Chain of all Description*. O. H. Tennant Oo, Minneapolis, Minn. - Floor Cleaning Machines, Floor Seal and Floor Wax Titan Safety Shoe Co, Boston. Mass. MALIV" 8*fety Shoos for Diatribntion Direct to Industry. Traffic Control Cup, Chicago, HL Trtmont Mfg. Oo, Boxbnry (Boston), Mass. Forged Steel 8afety Tools: ' Trlnal. Incorporated. Chicago, HL Complete Foot Protection. i United States Safety Service Co, Kansas City, Mo. Complete Line of Safety Equipment. Walsh Proas k Die Oo, Chicago, HL 8efety Devices and Punch Presses. . Watehsaekst Optical Oo, Inc, Providence^ R. L Industrial Safety Goggles. 1 ^ Wavaxty Petroleum Products Co, Philadelphia, Pa. Oil Absorption Material. Waavar Mfg. Co, Springfield, HL AutoaatteBrake Testers "Safety Lanes." Walsh Manufacturing Oo, Providence, B. L Indnstrlal Eye Protection Product*. Wash Disinfecting Co, Dong Island City, N. T. Disinfectants, Deodorants--Product* for the Promotion of Sanitation. P. H. Wheeler Mfg, Co, Chicago, HL /I Industrial Clothing made from Asbestos, Ducky Leather, ^Willa and Wool. \ Wiseman Msnnfactuilng Co, Dayton, Ohio - ' . 1 Power Pres* Guards; Guide Pin Cover. \ Wllktns Company, Cortland. K. T. K-LENB-M Product*--Dispenser Cabinets, Lens Cleaner and Tissues. WIQlaas Jewelry * Mfg. Oo, Chicago, HL 8afety Awards,. Badges and Trophies. WlQacn Products, Inc, Beading, Pa. Industrial Goggles, Gas Masks, Helmets and Respirators, and Allied Safety Devices. Wyandotte Chemical Corp, Wyandotte, Mich. Absorbents. Sr-'.'- .. >?*fy* tfjZit v^i ' ,/i'VVr J 1 f 'It - r * k,r. tm* VOLUME V AUTOMOTIVE AND MACHINE SHOP SECTION n . i. ' * AVIil O N A L SAFTY > . -: i *, ^ . .< * * 1 .** C 0 U K C 1:1 ; l,M C. 0r;' (B.^W A C It ER O R I V E: C H 8:, IIX. Automotive and Machine Shop Section T| .'* * * j., * * -. Executire Committee 1947-1948 General Chairman--]. E. MOORE, Director of Safety, Corporate Service Incorported. Detroit, Mldu. ; . ' ; - -. Vice-Chairman--B. LOOMIS, Safety Engineer. Fisher Body--Termtedt Division. Genera! Motors Corporation. Detroit, Mich. 1 G. A.. DiMONCE, Safety Director, Kdsey-Hayes .'Wheel Company, Detroit; Mich. Secretary D. L. McCULLY, Safety Supervisor, Westingbouse Air Brake Company, WUmerding. Pa. ' -i Program Committee Chairman: GEO. F. NUERNBERGER. Safety Engineer, A. B-Dick Company, Chicago, 111. R. D. HARVEY, Safety Engineer,/The Murray Corporation of America, Detroit, Michigan' C. O. ENOCHS, Safety Director, fchevrolet Flint Division of General Moton Corporation, Flint. Michigan F. H. HUMPHRIES, Manager Safety and Claims Division, American Car and Foundry Company, New York, N. Y. . s Engineering Committee Chti^imjt: T. W. F1SKE, Safety Director, The Brewer Titchner Corporation, Cortland, New BARNEY J. POVOLNY, Safety Director, Detroit Diesel Engine Division, General Moton ' Corporation, Detroit, Michigan WVC, SMITH, Director of Safety, Ford Motor Company of Dearborn, Michigan Membership Committee Chairman: PAUL J. BLACK. Safety Supervisor, Westingbouse Electria Corporation, Lima, Ohio : ARTHUR. E.EWING, Latrobe Electric Suhl Company, Latrobe. Pa. FRED G. YELTON, Safety Director, Ddco-Remy Division, General Moton Corporation, Anderson; Indiana Hewm Letter Committee' Chairman: PAUL F. BUNGER. Safety Director. Frigidaiie Division, General Moton Cor- porotioa. Dayton. Ohio LOUIS A. GALANTUCC1. Safety Engineer, General Electric Company, Bloomfield, N. J. G. W. YEMM, Safety Director, Otis Elevator Company, Rarriaoa, N. J. Heotth Committee Chairman: A. L- BROOKS, MJ), Medical Division. Fisher Body Divirion. General Moton . ^ Corporation, Detroit. Michigan ~ C. F: ENGEL. MJD,, Aasistant Medical Director, Wcttinghouse Electric Corpotatloo. Eau -Tlttsbargh, Pa. ... /"'N 'FRANK A. PATTY, Director M Industrial Hygiene, General Moton Corporadon. De* troit. Michigan \xaiiu, tf.-V 6 35th. National-Safety Congress, 1947' CommUtKi - - Chairman: O. C. BOlLEADrSaperrijor cf Safety,.Health and Retirera-nf. R-CA. Victor Cor poration of Amelia. Camden, 'n. J. GERALD C. SQUTER. Atritfant Director of Personnel. BnDdoj Electric ProdutH, Detroit. Michigan I .. ' EDWARD C. HOLTZMAN, Director of Safety and Medical Department*, Wagner Electric Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri StrfffriWd Commlttaa . - '$ Chairmen: H. J. JENNINGS. Safety Engineer, General Electric Company. Wot Lynn, Mian- chuaelta . W. E BROWN, JR, Safety Director, The City Auto Stamping Company, Toledo, Ohio' LOYLE DAVIS, Director of Personnel and Industrial Relations. Mueller Company, De catur, minob , Oft4h*-Job CommHt^g' Chairman: M. T. BIANCARDI. Safety Engineer; Health and. Safety Department. Industrial Rdadona. Dir, A1U* Chalmers Company, Milwaukee, Wla.' ROBERT C. BENSON, Director of Penohnd and Safety. Lansing Stamping Company, Lansing, Michigan .? E CLARK WOODWARD, Director of Safety, A-O Smith Corporation, Milwaukee, Wis consin Postar .CacsnlttM Chairman: CARL PETERSON. Safety Soperrisor, Plymouth Motors DirisJon of Chrysler Corporation. Detroit. Michigau CARLTON R REID, Safety Engineer, Westinghouse Electric *and Manufacturing Com pany, Springfield, Massachusetts HAROLD M. ERICKSON. Director of Safety. Nash Motors, Xena^ffb. Afemhm-al-Lrrge--*J. W. YOUNG, Internstkwal Harretfer Co, Chicago, UL;'*0. T. LEH MAN. Chrysler Corp, Detroit. Mkhc *W. A, BECH1IJ, Chrysler Corp, Detroit. Mldu J. C BOWER m Mifflin Are, Pittsburgh, Pa^ !. A. CLARK. 5537 Devonshire.Road.. Crone Pointe. Mkh.; *H. R DUFFUS, Westirigboaae EfetJrfc-Cixp,.Ist Pittsburgh. Psl; HOYT L. FRACHER, Detroit Sted Product* Ch^ Detroit. Mkh^ -^'R"*UECHENME1STER, Domlnloo Forge fc Stamping Co, WaIkenrnk;'Onti CSinai3a;v*M. j. tfw CARTHY, Fisher Body Detroit Dir, General Motors Carp, Detroit. Mldu ROBERTJC- SHAW, Detroit Diesd Engine Dir, General Motors Carp, Detroit, Mkh^ LT. COMDR. PAUL S. STRECKER; *R P. THALNER Bafck Motor Dhr,' General' Motxjrt>Corp' Flint, Mich.; *V. I. TROTTER: *C. E WOOUEVER. All O. Sddrii'Oo^ inhriitdtee,v wu. ' : * :'-*K Staff Repromtsifve-ARTHUR S. KELLY, Nidoaal Safety Coand],. Chicago, IR ' - ' X Indicates Past General Chairman "... Automotive and-Machine Shop-Section 7 MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 6, 1947 Praidir.g: Ds. A. L. Broots, Medical Direaor, Fisher Body Division, General Motors Cor poration Recognition and Control of Fume and Dust Exposure - By V. J. CASTROP Research Laboratories Division* General Motors Corporation Illness which an be attributed to the oc accepted opinion as.to their effect on Health cupation may occur in the automotive and Many conditions are corrected or improved allied industries. While/obeupational disease because of reasons other than their effca. cases are much fewer id- lumber than those upon the health of the employees. Better resulting from accidental injury! there still products, better employee relationship, reduc remains the need for vigilance in maintaining tion in maintenance of equipment may be a healthful working environment. The re died as justification for management's de sponsibility for employee health is delegated cisions for such correction or improvement. by management to the medical direaor with Generally speaking there'are two means of the safety director charged with matters per entrance of toxic compounds into the human taining to safety. For the smooth functioning body under industrial conditions, namely, by of either department it is necessary that these ingestion or via the respiratory tract through individuals'work in dose harmony with each the inhalation of fumes, dusts, mists or gases. other.'' Ingestion is of importance If toxic material* A safety engineer who fa capable of recog which have a systemic effect are used and nising conditions which may be detrimental adequate washing fadllties are not provided, to the health of the employee is an excellent--. or. where the employees are slovenly in'their teammate for the doctor in any employee ) personai. habits. Inhalation' fa considered the health maintenance program. The safety en most important portal of entry of fumes gineer need not be capable of aaually sam or dusts and the partide size, therefore, be pling air in the environment or designing a comes significant in evaluating an exposure. vatllatioa. system for the control of toxic The pankles which cause the physiological materials. He should, however, have knowl changes are those which are small enough to edge of the materials which have been proved remain suspended In the air and not those harmful, should be fairly well informed of which immediately fall to the Boor. Flying bow these materials may be used safely, have partide*. which -are of concern to a safety tome understanding of basic control measures man and for which he advocates the use of which are normally recommended when such goggles, are not of hygienic iilgnlfieance since materials are used. they are not Of respirable the. To judge the The Intention fa not to present a, highly seriousness of an exposure by the quantity technical dlscimlbn of fume and dust ex of detritus adjacent to an operation fa often posures'or detailed information regarding misleading. -This fa especially true where ventOadon systems,-as such matters are of mechanical ventilation tjxa been, provided Lnterest to the profesdobal industrial hygien which will remove the tfene^matcrial but fa ists and of comparatively little value to safety inadequate to ufh orvsqpVey the larger engineers. This dbcnstioo will be limited to partide*. ' the more ; basic principles of' Industrial hy In evaluating agjpexpasure it fa necessary giene- as they relate to fume and dust ex to consider the loxidly of the material, the posures/to .Indicate- what: control' measures duration of the exposure, the avenge concen are j available or. used' to protea-the em tration of the contaminant with special atten ployee1* health, and. to call to your attention tion being paid to .those: operation* which operations and materials which are commonly used,In the automotive.and allied industries, at the same time Indicating the generally produce high concentradod* at some phase of an operating cydatxLtbe measures which have been provided To-oontrol the exposure. 8 35th National Softly Congress, 1947 < ) Medial records of the individual* subjected considerable period. There remains much to to the exposure may be of value if the exami nation* arc thorough and frequent and not of a cunory type. It mutt be rfmrmbercd that occupational diteaact arc llow in develop ment and in some Instances lasting in effect. Slow changes may not be detected and the mere that cases have not occurred b no definite assurance that exposures to known toxic materials may be ignored- ; The determination of the concentration of the toxic material in the air is important in evaluating the exposure. Tests of this type are not only indicative of the degree of con tamination but in tome instances which op eration is the major offender. The apparatus used in collecting the a- uminant and the method used in estimating the amount present in the atmosphere vary with the type of material. Tests of this type are specialized in nature and arc beset with many pitfalls which can lead to very errone ous results and conclusions if done by other than experienced personnel. In a discussion pertaining to toxic ma terials it is generally necessary to quote per missible concentrations or as it b sometimes expressed -- maximum allowable concentra tions--permissible limits, or threshold limits. These terms arc used extensively by industrial hygienists to indicate concentrallora of a substance in the air which are considered compatible with good health. The limit usu ally applies to exposures of eight hours dunlion tor a prolonged period. The limits are. lor the most past, advisory standards or] bench marks which 'are prac tical to mere. In general, these limits are de rived from three types 'of evidence all of which have value and limitations. t. Animals have been expoaed at different concentrations and the effects noted, a. A few experiments have been made on human subjects for then periods of' time. be learned regarding the toxicity of many subcartnx used .'in industry, and' it is hoped that with more research and rtedy that the answers will be fbaixL So muds for the general picture. Now let's take a look at. some specific eperarieva. Welding--'Welding proceed most common ly used can be divided into three types, art gas. and rnltrance. The safety'measures per taining to dotting, goggles, and helmets arc -of common knowledge and- therefore. shall not be considered in this disaraJcc. * Are welding when' performed on uncoated steel does Dot produce a cooditioa whifh is considered harmful to the welder provided it is accomplished L^-e-compamirdy large open area. The fumes \whkh result from, welding consist essentially of* the .oxides of boa sod oxides of mi-tab which .may comprise the steel or coating of the welding rod. Same in vestigators have found characteristic mark ings oo,chest x-rays of men who have welded under pevt^e coodidons for long periods of time. These markings are presumably doe to- the deposition of iron fumes within the. lungs, but it bat not been demoostxaied thsi such fumes have caused physical impairment. A frequently suggested limit for wdcflng fume is 15 milligrams of iron oxide per rnfuV meter of air. Concentrations of this magjritnde existing in the workroom would materially reduce visibility and thereby hmwtw a nui sance or an nrmfe coodltioo requiring cor rection. Welding . within ~coafinei areas soch at tanks, fmirir machinery or equipment, or in small roomsL.presents*a coodltioo which can be of concern. The ooocenfiatioa of fomt* h materially higher under these condition* 1 there b little opportunity for dshrdoa by natural air currents normally present:. In a large shop. Nitrogen oxides foe toed by .the electric arc when Inhaled -In wfBdent' quan tities causa flnlds to form In the hrng-*Awr j. Safe limits have been arrived _ at by measuring the concentrations of sub stance In the workroom air and corre lating this Information with result* of medical examinations of'Workmen./ - There b no magic mnrartrri wltlr'these limits and the mere fact that they are,ex ceeded does not necessarily mean that some one will definitely become iH. but there is a good probability that aotneone will suffer 111 effects If the limit is greatly rreerderi tor a --with the -resultant,falhrre of the respiratory system. While welding In .Urge-vopen- areas these toxic-gases are normally not present In to Sclent quantities to muse hanahil effwrra However, when welding b.done In confined area*, the nitrogen oxides may.reach a concentratkxi which will be harmfoL.-V v';' 4.' Co welding, generally, b not prodnOivetof harmful fumes. There are. however/fn bnx* ing two potentially harmful exposures.'While boric add or borates generally are ined In ET & ? 8. 9 8. P B- tt 1 r 1 g 5 1 d X e e. 1 L ? c 1 ir- Automotrvs and Machine Shop-Section 9 brazing fluxes, tome mefali .require fluxes discomibit'-issodated with metal fume fever containing: significant quantities of fluoride may result from such an exposure. cneapoands and fumes from these fluxes have been known to produce, significant nasal irri tation, TIoorides In general axe looked upon with sospidoa since they-xpay produce harmful effects, upoa the Pca&'Hpzucnixe. A limit of *-5 mg. per cubic ztigerjiss been suggested for fluorides; but no standard has been agreed upon. Most industrial hygienists at tempt to keep them as low-as practicable in order to be absolutely certain that bone dam age does not occur among the workers. Where warranted 'the control of welding fumes is generally accomplished by providing a mechanical ventilation system. The type of ventilation used is dependent upon the na ture of the welding. When the object to be welded is positioned in a fixture or jig it is possible to obtain effective. control of the fumes by the use of-a. grill tide hood, or flexible duct near thesbarce of fume. If the parts, arc large aad it Is necessary to weld more than a foot from a fixed point it is Silver solder is poe of the more common difficult to obtain good control.of the fume alloys used in brazing. Solders of this type with reasonable air' volumes throagh sys vary , in composition . and may in some in tem using flexible ducts. Since the effective stances ,contain cadmium which if volatHired range of most flexible ducts is approximately in sof&dent quantities is considered to be 8 inches from the duct opening, it b neces harmful. At present the suggested limit for sary for the welder to move the duct when cadmium fume in air is r milligram per to ever the arc is outside this range. The prac cubic meters of air. tical result is that most, ducts are'normally Resistance, spot, or butt welding of plain not moved andVthe ventilation system does steel b of no concern from the physiological not remove the fames when liberated. Ac- standpoint. The fames arising from such , cording to reports tins type of system has operations generally aire caused by the vola been effectively used tin shipyards, for-the tilized oil which has come upon the metal control of welding fumes in confined areas. stodt daring previous operadoes or which In viesf of this experience it should there has been placed upon the metal as a rust fore be a satisfactory means of control for preventive. welding fumes in tanks: However, excellent The preceding discussion of welding opera supervision and education is necessary to tions has been based upon the assumption make such systems effective. that the metals being welded are of plain Where the room volume per welder b large, steeL The performance of welding operations, the natural ventilation within the plant b either' axe, gas, or resistance, upon metals usually sufficient to prevent the accumula which have beers' coated with such toxic ma- tion of excessive concentration of fumes rwa terfab as lead, cadmium, or mercury may plain steel welding. Circulating sos directed came harmful exposures. The beat crf"the from the side help to dilute the fume Which flame or of the arc causes volatfliratioo^faf may be concentrated in the'breaching zone of these metab. Wdding or cutting of tense ( Tthe wdder.p^ V.y plate or..other metals containing significant Another means of oontroLb the use of per quantities of lead cats result in the vobtiliza- sonal respiratory, equipment. Air lino respira llcas of.lead fame, which if Inhaled tor a tors and fume respirators have been developed sufficient'period of time, may-result in lead which will provide adequate protection. Some absorption and ultimate poisoning. The cut manufacturers of this type of equipment have ting or welding of surfaces which have been on the market welders' helmets with fcw-ntrtm coated with paint containing lead has caused lead'pofsoolng In the past and will continue to -do to mile* adequately controlled. for providing fresh air to the wearer. Tbc.uae of thb type of equipment hat .been Halted. Since the welder b already burdened with Welding of cadmium plated material was ' attributed si the cause of Illness and even -deads to a number of Individuals during the recent- war activity. The reported cases in dicated- that-death.occurred in a compara helmet, goggles, and protective dothlng-be probably will not be receptive to a respirator. It b usually sufficient-to most welding for. the employee to wear an ordinary helmet and to arrange the position, of the work to as to tively abort time after the exposure. prevent the concentrated fume from flowing > .Welding .of galvanized meal causes the under the helmet. _ volatilization of the zinc coating. Temporary Dry Grinding--The dust resulting from the 10 35th National Safety Congress, 1947 grinding of nontoxic metals which are free of und Is gencrtlly considered a nuLnnee and b.cct harmful per k. Despite thU Ita tome itate laws require griding operations to be AfaeWnfng-SmoVe from blty parts is the prevailing source of air contamination machining operations. iTTloea has not beer, attributed to thb type bf exposure. As b the ventilated. This requirement haa probably case with raoct furaa and dusts of the nui been a hold over from the days when sand sance variety Utile b known as to whit ef stone wheels were prevalent and also to pre fect such materials have on already existing vent the creation of a nuisance condition. physical abnormalities. Grinding wheels In use in Industry have ar tificial abrasives such as aluminum oxide or ' silicon carbide. Emery, which is - a natural product competed of essentially aluminum and the magnetic oxide of Iron, may also be used. A permissible limit of 50 million par- , (idea per cubic foot of air for aluminum oxide and silicon carbide was recently ac cepted J>y~tbe members of the American Con formcq of Covprnmental Industrial Hygien ists. Such a limit b liberal and concentrations of suchv-ra*gnirude are normally not en countered. When lead, silica, or some simibr toxic . material comes in contact with the grinding wheel the exposure to the abrasive matter may be ignored aDd the exposure evaluated on the basb of the toxic material. If this latter material b controlled the nuisance will alio be eliminated. j Machining operation* on steel produce large chips-or turnings; consequently, dust b not a jlfobjem. Operations involving the machining of high lead alloys have been studied, and significant quantities of air- f' borne lead have noc been demonstrated. Graphite which becoma airborne during the machining of cast iron b not considered to be physiologically significant, and there fore b classified as a nuisance dust. Frequent ly management considers it advisable to pro vide ventilation for the machines which are productive of the mast dust, as graphite oa the clothing and person and surrounding machinery b conducive to many complaints. Ventilation psterfts for the machining, drill ing; and *0 forth, of cast iron should in- j dude hoods located as near the outers or f drills as b practicable. Many of these hoods j are in use on production^ machinery and are j Ventilation systems for grinding yvheeb doing an excellent job of dust control. ^ j have been fairly well standardized-arid gen A brasbe Cleaning--Since silica is recog erally are satisfactory to prevent a nuisance. nized as the most harmful of mineral dusts, Hoods should enclose the wheel as completely an adequate ventilation system b oormally as b practicable. Air voluma should be pro provided at' the time of installation of com- vided which are sufficient to cause an inward tperdany built sand blast. equipment. Con flow into the hood when using the smallest tinuous usage and lack of maintenance result wbeeL This b especially true where toxic in a breakdown of adequate control. Visible matoials are involved. escape of dust b the bat evidence that thb Wet Grinding--Baffles, hoods, and guards are generally looted near wet grinding wheeb to prevent dispersion, of the liquid used as a coolant. These devices -are usually suffident to control the dust if it 4*''nontoxic in nature. If the dust liberated b toxic, me- . chanical exhaust ventilation may be required- 1 Buffing and ' polishing--The buffing com-* pound applied to wheeb used ' for buffing and polishing vary in composition. Waxa and various typa of-abrasive are the major components. These materials plus lint and fibers from the wheel are (he essential in gredients of the airborne dust. The toxidty has occurred and it b advisable to correct such a condition without, undue delay. I Employees who are stationed in blast rooms are dependent, upon'personal respiratory equipment. It is of utmost importaocc that such devtoa are of a type which wQl provide the necessary protection. Devices of thb type. are of the supplied-air variety, and it b neoes- I I I I I I sary that the air provided be free of harmful . contaminants. The air compressors should be.; looted in an area free of contamination otherwise the contaminant*will be transmitted to the he!met and the breathing, zone of the worker. is dependent upon the type of abrasive. Normally, ventilation within the. room -b Generally ventilation b provided so as to provided to as to improve risibility and to - Improve housekeeping and reduce the num help prevent the escape of dust, to tbe.sur^-' ber of complalnb and not because of the rounding areas not'to reduce the coocentTa- hazard to health. tlon of ifilca dust to a safe level. Automotive and Machine Shop Section 11 TurabUM or routing cable type of sand Practically all Industrial plants hare opera bias: units should be provided with sufficient tions which Involve the uze of leading base ventilation to prevent the escape of silica bearing metal or solder. Babbitt bearing dust. Leakage due to excessive' wear should metal containing approximately 75 per cent be remedied. lead his been encountered. The composi Small sand blast Cabinets, where the opera* tor controls the blast nooks from outside the* cabinet, frequently have faulty seals around the doors or the rubber gauntlets are loose tion, pf, solder metal vb variable and de pendentupon the purpose for which It U used, with ordinary soft solder containing a comparatively high percentage of lead._ v or tom. The dust which escapes from the . Assuming that the babbitt or'solder \n cabinet through these openings Is in close use b one containing a significant amoaneof proximity to the breathing zone of (he cm- 1 lead, the question then arises as to whether ployce and in many instances exceeds the per or not the employees working with this ma missible limit for silica. This leakage should terial will become UL The answer to such m be corrected and-the men should not be re question could be given by a qualified in quired to use respirators. dustrial hygienist after he had seen the opera If the articles being blasted are free of tion and considered such factors as the tem silica or other toxic material, the dust result perature to which the metal b heated, the ing from grit or sbo( blasting is classified in method of removing excess solder, the length the nuisance category. It- follows that the of exposure, and the effectiveness of the con maintenance of ventilating systems for grit trol measures provided. blasting, although desirable, is not always It b a well known fact' that' lead causes so necessary as for sand blasting. illness if absorbed in occevuve amounts, and The use of steel grit or shot in blasting therefore operations wherein lead, b used rooms produce -excessively high concentra have received considerable' attention and tions of dost within the enclosure. It is there study^URK of thb experience certain prac fore; necessary-to-protect the workerAVtihin tices arg known to prodace excessive exposure the room. TbeTemarks Included iWsthe Sec whereas'txlrcr. practices have been proved not tion devoted to sand blasting rooms anHhere- to be harmful: It b generally conceded that fore, pertinent when considering rooms in excessive cotkotnations do -not result from which steel grit ot shot are used as (he abra operations where solder is applied by means sive. of an dearie soldering iron. Thb b probably - Vapor blasting, a variation of sand blasting, due to the small amounts of solder used and is bf comparatively recent development. This the comparatively low beat of the metal. procedure involves-the use of fine'silica and When an Iron b-used which b- heated in a water under pressure. The silica used in sapor small gas fired furnace, the exposure may be blast units varies In size and may even be as of greater consequence. Solder which remains small as itjo mesh (approximately 10 mi on the iron coming into coatact with the crons). It b generally believed that airborne flame or beat b vulnerable for votariHgrioo. silica parddes below 5 microns are most sig Small amounts of solder drop from the iron nificant in caasirig siTicmft. It then follows onto the hot Boor pf the furnace where It b that operations involving the use of silica^ readily vobtiHied or oxidized. The rrrLTtrr^ . abrasive wjyose initial panide size approaches" "material may become airborne due to ilisthat order' of magnitude are more hazardous. * "turbancei created by the flame or by remov and require continual vigilance in maintain ing or pladng the soldering iron bn the fur ing good control. It b, therefore, essential that nace. Frequently Industrial hygknbti recom (be vapor blast cabinets be maintained to mend that ventilation be provided for heating that leakage of mist does not occur. Good units of thb- type thereby- removing lead housekeeping b also essential as spillage of fumes and dust from the environment. Thb the sand and water sludge upon the floor b particularly true In small rooms or where will create a source for dust dissemination many units are in use. when - the water evaporates. Likewise, con The atmospheric contamination occirioocd tainers of the dried sludge should not be aI-_ by the use of either'gas or electrically heated lowed to stand In the factory ryhere they pots containing solder b dependent on a . can be influenced by air curreriti of high number of factor*. With higher tempers cures vriodty. - more volitillntlon will occur and the grrster 12 35th National Safety Congress, 1947 will be the exposure. With the higher tem Heat Treating--High tempersturn t perature the racial is more readily oxIdited to ' frequent source of complaint from employe produce a dross consisting of a high percent In best treat departments but such cocdl. age of lead oxide. The dross may provide a riots* and thdr control are not V.thln the protective coating to reduce the volaiUtxailon subject matter under discussion. of the lead; however, disturbance of thl* ant ing will crate ad exposure. Aa a safeguard against excessive contamination, pots contain ing solder or babbitt are usually ventilated.' V/herever possible It Is advisable to enclose the pot as completely as possible and provide iuSklent sir volume to overcome the thermal etTecu of the molten metal. Attempts have been made to use natural draft ventilation tyilcms to control theve fumes and In those instances where the ducts were not of suffi- Fumes disseminated from cyanide pots are often associated with cyanides used as fumi gants or as the lethal agent In death cham bers and supervision u Veil as the employee becomes apprehensive. Fumes from such source are Irritating and because of this property should be adequately vrSuilated. The Irritant nature of the fume Is caused by alkali formed upon decomposition of the cyanide. dent diameter the system was Inadequate Molten lead is sometimes used as a harden A preferable method is the use of mechanical ing medium for metals. Frequently charcoal systems- or some similar- material..is placed on 'the The (removiKof excess solder with ftortcr surface of' the meal to conserve beat aod driven 'tools, such as grinding wheels, discs, prevent oxidation. A covering of this type or wire "wheels/creates airborne dust which reduces the volatlliatioa of lead while the may oonLamirute large areas of the factory bath Is quiescent, bat has do effect, while the if the operation is extensive. Diligent use of bath Is in use.. Adequate ventilation shock) abrasive doth will also result in excessive therefore be provided for baths of this type. concentrations of lead dust. Filing, however, As complete an endocure as Is practical for is not productive of small partides and is the operation being performed is advisable preferred ovct the use of power driven tools. , with air quantities dependent upon the open If filing is not praaicable or feasible it will areas In the hood. To prevent contamination be necessary to provide some type of me resulting from volarilimloa of lead acoimu- chanical ventilation system for the solder re Uting in the combastion chambers the prod moval operations involving the use of power ucts of combastion ft out gas fired lead pots tools. Since the permissible limit generally should be vented to the oatdoon and not accepted for lead is; 14 milligrams per, . be allowed to dissipate IntdThe workroom.' ' cubic meters of air fate cubic feet) it wilt be necessary to' have an effective system to ride adequate control. Engineers exponent "\ Iron Foundries--The principal Ingredients orfbandxy dusts are sfEci, sea coal, days, and parting compounds. The predominant: nx- in designing ventilation systems to control's, toxic materials should be consulted, other wise a costly system might be erected and later discovered to be entirely ineffective. Fre quently solder removal operations require the use of portable tools on large objects and a -roial will be dependent upon which phase of the foundry operation is being studied and what operation is befog performed..The control of dtnt fa the major problem, whereas fume it of secondary importance. local exhaust system would not be effeafveias A dtscsmioa of all the aspects of the in is the case in the fabrication of automobile dustrial hygiene problems in | such . plants bodies. General contamination of the- factory * would- require a separate treatise. For' with lead dust has been eliminated by endcu present- dtsemsion it should be ing the entire operation in a large booth and state that all obvious sovran of do exhausting a sufficient quantity of air front pendon sboold be reduced to a the endocure to insure a constant inward -adeqtfat^i localised, exhaust -systems, - la',- a Bow of air from the factory into the. booth. mechanised foundry such places.wodkl.be Under these tir-cuinstances no practical sand conditioning and'mixing equipment, amount of air could be removed from the- tumbling mills, ihaleonts, core removal and booth to reduce the lead concentration to a knockout stations, transfer''pointa'1 of .`-dry safe level, and therefore it is necessary that sand, abrasive' blasting operations,'and':all the men working therein be provided with^- "grinding^operations performed on castings adequate personal protective devices. .containing appreciable quantities of sand.- Automotive and Machine Shop Section 13 . t f 1 1 S A! Maintenance of ventilation equipment Ij s major. Item In foundries btcaure of the abrasive Ct(oa of. the dust. Tt tl Imperative that a good program he maintained to is to keep the equipment functioning at maximum efficiency-. Because of the heat associated with large vole foundry activities it Is a common tight io tee pedestal fans or air cooling ducts di rected in\(uch a manner at to create cross draft* which Interfere with' the elBdent re mora! of the (dust dispersion. Better discre tion in the placement of these fans or duett will go far Irt'reducing dust concentrations In the areas where .they are used. After the options has been corrected. It is advisable tha^ a surrey of the foundry be made by an industrial hygienist to that an accurate evaluation of the exposure may-be obrained. Rcspcralory j Protective Devices -- As has been stated, the. atmospheric concentration of dost and fume and other materials may be reduced to`a safe level by adequate ex haust ventibdon. In tome cates it b possible to correct the condition by substituting a less toxic material. If tbex.measara are not practical respiratory protective devices may be used. They* may abo prove valuable in giving protection during an emergency or to provide protection for intermittent exposures or to supplement otbes-onetbods of rrtroL Tbey should, howcrerfhbt^e considered as the desirable means rk^epHtrolllng a health hazard. Experience has shown that frequently pro tective devices have been Issued which do not provide adequate protection. Upon Inquiry information was generally offered that the safety engineer was not too well informed as to what should have been provided. . TheJU^S. Bureau of Mines at tbdr experi mental ststtlon In Pittsburgh'testa equipment of thtMype and studies the pjffiteclloa^offered to the wearer. If il/fSrGP5itlsfa<-'' lory in performance, thq^lasue an^tppruyil number to the manufacturef\whldl appear^ on the device as well as the'Twuainer In'which It is received from the manufacturers. The approval granted by the Bureau abo stipulates that type of materiab for which it h approved. It has become genera] practice in the Sdd of industrial hygiene to recommend the me of only chose respirators which have been ap proved by the Bureau. Safety engineers should likewise Insist that such devices be procured and acquaint themselves with the type of protection afforded by cadi device, and thereby provide adequate control for the Individual,-wearing the equipment. Some en gineers prefer to stock only that type of res pirator .which will protect against the more harmful dusts or. fumes, since a respirator of thb type wQl also give adequate protection for materials' of.lower toxidty. The advan tage of such a procedure has merit as It re doca the types of devices needed In stock and likewise Insures the correct device for the more serious exposures. *_' ><T-? *'' . 1 r JZE rV.2H C =* '"Ti . ?sV> >' a %vAf*l- ET f V^ , ms Metal Cleaning By THOMAS MOONEY . Med-Fac Industrial Hygiene Laboratories Tbe complete fmbhfng of mrfab by eketropkatlag may. Indode; ^ l. 'Oetnfaig by abrasfwi.'J *." PoihHng the beae u^eab. $. qexrrfng wlth aotveno. 4.; Cleaning with alkaline solutions. . 5. Cleaning with adds often refaied to as .Tteklfog.--.d.' MetaTdeposIdoa or electroplating. 7. Buffing the deposits. ^ flL'.Lacquoing the finished product. In abnuive-deaning, sand or steel shot is used under pressure. jl"he potential health hazards Io this type of dcaxrtng are erpowre to dust of a high bee sflka. (SOO cuotrnc caused by the sand and.abo ta metallic dusts.' where Tmetab capable: "of' producing :toxk dusts are tinned by shot'and sand blasting. Steel shot biasing b a much Vest tevere health hazard than sand blasting; consequently, sted shot abrasive cleaning methods should be used wherever possible. . '' ' The maximum. allowable concentration* (M.A.C.) for free sflka are five mtinrm prti- . Automotive and Machine Shop Section 17 jcraichcs, before the picm! h pitted or paint ed.'.The priodpal hararcrto health in metal 6nkidg are the dusts of tcxic metals such as lead. which^art irscd to fill hcUotr surf-u-rt what pbifia- grinding or disc rcichioej are- atari to grind- then down to a.smooth as Is' c&en dene in automobile fin ishing. -'-j.-. In operations of this kind, vhere the lead surface Is ground with power tools,, the job shook!' be Isolated from ether adjoining depavtnwnts and hare sactkxi applied to it to remove the fine lead particulate dusts from the area; All workers involved in metal fin ishing where lead Is used and ground with power tooIs-should be -required to war a metal fume respirator approved by the U. S. Burcarrof Mines for lead dust, if the con centration of lead In the air is 1.5 milligrams per. ten cubic meters of air as determined by test. The writer knows of no lead hazard introduced when. finishing lead surfaces by hand filing. ! REFERENCES I. BloCniSeM, J. J., aod Blom, WaL, "Health HuinU fas Qudmiam Pistin*." Public Health Rport*, 4(IMS). Control of Solvent Exposures By E. C. BARNES Industrial Hygiene Engineer Westingliouse Electric Corporation The term. "solvent" as used In industry denoraj*. variety of .liquids that are used mainly~6or the purpose of diaolving some other wvsterfsl- The term b used rather lone ly and may Include such liquids as water or adda. Although there are many. Interesting (soon Involved In the proper control of all types of solvents, perhaps the greatest con cern b attached 10 the organic solvenu(jind this dbcuasioQ.wtll be limited to. that group of solvents generally referred to as "organic solvena." Most of theae solvents are pur chased to perform a sped&c function and. they aare later thrown away, usually In the torn of a vapor. For example, a varnish may be made by dbrolving a resin In toluol. The varnish b applied to aotne piece of equip ment and-the toluol Is then evaporated by placing the equipment la an oven. Or, per haps U Is desired to wash grease from some metal parts..The parts may be wet with the solvent until the grease. Is removed and they are tbeq allowed to dry. We'can almost gen eralize-and say that solvents are purchased lor the express purpose of creating solvent vapors. These vapors create hazards which. matt be coatroUcd. There are' 'about' too different organic mlvena, available In dram or tank 'ax quan tities. These solvents are supplied to industry both as a spcrific rhrmlral compound and also -a* a' mixture' of ooe. or more of these rfwmkal. compound*.- Thousands of these mixtures are supplied to industry. In addi tion to this group of liquids which is avail able to industry' in large quantities, there are several thousand others which are- avail able In quartdtjejof a few -quarts or gallons. Out of thtf'/miBr millions bthgaDom in volved, the ^00-organic solvents which are available In large quantitla present the greatest' problem of control. At the ame time, this group- of solvents has been used and studied sufficiently, 10 that reasonably good technical Information and methods of control .are available. Many- of the several thousand organic solvents used In TMn quan tities are 00c so-srell known and adequate technical information may not always be available. They thus present a more diffi cult problem in control. In addition to these solrents which are*' now available, tberq are . probably at least a dozen new organic solvents made available in large quantities each year, and hundreds of new tcuvcbts are made available In limited. quantitiest-A continual check on new mate rials and new processes b therefore advis able to be' certain that the' use^iif new solv ents will be adequately coatraOaL When we speak of 000trolling solvent ex posures, we obviously must Usdude all the hazards anodatied with the use of the solv ent. We must lodbde such elements as. fire, explosloa. and health hazard. When speaking of control, we: may Bed : the'desirability of 18 35th National Safety Congress, 1947 J establishing tome kind of an automatic con- indicates whether the vapor it lighter or trol which would thut off or reduce the ex heavier- than air, and in cases where highly posure before hazardous conditions are creat concentrated vapors may papc from en ed. It would be nice if we had a thermostat closures, it. will be known whether these or regulator that would automatically turn vapors will lend to flow downward or up off the exposure before any hazard was ward through the air. You will note that I created. said "concentrated vapors." J should like to Automatic controls should obviously be applied Wherever they are practical. For ex ample. combustible gas alarms may be used to control the explosion hazard in an oven being used to volatilize solvents. Automatic releases may be installed to actuate 6re fight- emphasize this because there is frequently a misunderstanding in connection with the In terpretation of the flow of vapors of varying densities. If there are only a few hundred parts per million of vapor in air, this mix ture will not tend to Sow upward or down ing equipment the moment a fire starts. Un ward through the air when it is released, but fortunately, we do not have such a gadget will rather be carried along with Whatever which can be attached to one of the work air currents may be present at the point ers to indicate when he is over-exposed- . where it is released. You are all familiar with Other methods of controlling the human the high school chemistry experiment of exposures must be utilized, and these will pouring arboa dioxide from ooe beaker into be discussed later. Essentially, control of another beaker containing a burning candle solvent exposures must be based on preven .and the resultant extinguishment of the tion of hazardous exposures. In order to pre Same oo the candle. If the carbon dioxide vent these exposures, certain technical in in the first beaker were diluted to a concen- formation must be available. Equipment and tratidn of only a few hundred parts per; mil processes most be properly designed. Finally, lion of cuboin diotMe in air. it voald not quantitative measurements most be made to pour from "the first beaker into the . seooad establish the extent of the exposure. Perhaps but would be carried away with any air car- we should consider these three elements more reins and rapidly diffused in the sunoanding carefully. Before giving much consideration to the design of a piece of procesing equipment or a manufacturing operation involving organic air. Thus, any interpretation placed upon vapor density must take into consideration only ihoic ripoTS which have not been dilut ed appreciably with air or other gases. solvents, a considerable amount of technical Information must be available. .Such elemen tary data as the boiling point; vapoi pres sure, vapor density,. flitmmabillty. flash point, explosive limits, corrosive action, and last It is certainly desirable to know whether a solvent is flammable or Don-flammable. If the solvent fc non-flammable, no spedal con sideration need be given to the pasribSity of an explosion or the danger of fire. If the but not least, the Maximum Allowable Con solvent is flammable, however, spedal con centration and skin irelation properties must sideration most be given to Us use so that be known. the poxlNlIty of ah uncootrolled fire or ex The boiling point of a liquid Is of-Interest plosion may. hot oemr. Even though condi because It Indicates the temperature at which tions may be csubllihed for use of the solv Urge quantities of vapor will be given off at ent which minimize the fire or explosion haz ordinary atmospheric prasure. It also serves ard, It b essential that a suitable type of as a guide in estimating the volatility of a fire fighting equipment be made available in solvent. cue tome accident should occur which would The vapor pressure of the liquid at room temperature, and also at any processing tem perature, Is of Importance because It indi cates the possible concentrations of solvent vapor that might be present under varying conditions. When' the vapor pressure Is known, the marimum vapor concentration ause the solvent to bam. Fite, fighting equipment of i type suitable for the specific solvent Involved should be sriected. Assuming - that the proper fire fighting equipment haa been provided, it then becomes necessary* to . train a sufficient number of persons In its .proper use. __ that will be present under saturated condi Assuming that we are Arsltng with, a flam tions can be calculated. mable solvent. Its flash point must be known The vapor density is significant since It to properly evaluate the means of pnxectloa Automotive and Machine Shop Section 19 which is required. The flash point of a flam- tablished, using the four to one safety factor. mab!-e liquid ii the lowest-liquid temperature After installation of ^"equipment, actual at 'which enough vapors are given off to form measurements are madc lb be certain that a flaciaqblc mixture of vapor in air imme the design conditions Have been met diately shore the liquid surface. If the liquid In general, the corrosive action of organic is above the flash point temperature, a small solvents is not very great. However, this fac I flame will ignite vapors from the liquid and they will continue to bum. Below this, tem perature, a small flame passed over the sur face of the liquid will not ignite the vapors. Where a solvent is constant!/ maintained at a temperature below its flash, point, there is not much chance of it being - ignited by sparks or small flame. If. however, the solvent tor most be known sb that suitable piping and processing equipment an be provided. We an thus be assured that a corroded pipe or piece of equipment will not fail and pro duce hazardous conditions. ..The Maximum Allowable Concentration arid skin irritation properties of a solvent are pan of- the technical information which must be available if we are- to satisfactorily control exposures. We do not find these properties listed in the handbooks the same as boiling point, vapor pressure, flash point, etc. They ' are just as important, however, is at a temperature higher than its (lash and must be furnished as a part of the tech point, any small spark or flame near the sur nical information which must -be in the face of (hie liquid will ignite it and (be liquid hands of people who are developing, design will burn with increasing intensity. Thus, we ing and operating processing equipment or. see that a solvent whose flash point is abore manufacturing operations involving organic room temperature can be used without much solvents.- The Maximum Allowable Concen danger of fire or explosion wherever the tration for different solvent vapors varies solvent remains at room temperature. If. over a wide range--from a few paitx>per however, its flash point is below room tem million to thousands of parts per million. perature. care most betaken to avoid ignit It is obvious that a piece of processing equip ing'It. Care most atsb_.be taken to avoid the. ment involving the use of a highly toxic fbrntation of explosive mixtures where the; solvent wonld. be designed quite differently flash point b less than room temperature. than one using a solvent of low toxicity. In general; it an be aid that when liquids The need for providing engineers and su are maintained at temperatures above their pervisors with all essential technical. infor flash point, it is possible that explosive mix mation, regarding solvents hal been empha- tures of the vapor in air will be formed. ' tired. Perhaps it thoald be re-emphatimL The tower explosive limit of a gas or vapor All this information may be very helpful and . is that concentration-of vapor in air, below useful if it b in the files of the safety en- which an explosion anoot occur even though gineefTsr the industrial hygiene engineer. a source of {guidon b present. If we are However, to be most useful, it must be in operating aa oven under conditions where the hands of those persons who are actually explosive concentrations of solvents are pres developing, designing or operating the proc ent, then It requires only a spark or small esses which use these solvents. We have used flame' to cause'a shattering explosion. Since several methods of supplying such informa It b difficult'to be certain that no spark or tion, which I will describe briefly. flame wfD be present. It seems reasonable All materials used in our plants are as that we should always operate this type of signed a material number. For ach material equipment In suds a way that the solvent a 4 x 0 ard b written by our Headquarters vapors will always, be well below the lower Engineering Department. On ach ard they explosive limit. Then we an be sure that II list the following information-- a spark or flame ocean, there will be no pos sibility .of an explosion. We have felt that it U desirable to maintain a four to one nfety factor, on t such exposures, and therefore we llmit .lhe. vapor concentred<x In oven* or similar pleca.of-processing equipment to *5 percent Of the lower explosive limit When Material Number Material Name Caution (A brief statement of precautions, to be observed in using tbb material) For Use By (Name of plant) ' Furnished By (Name of supplier) new- ^equipment - b * being designed,, the amount of solvent r^por to be released an usually;., be. alculatfed. and . from this the tmoont of exhaustventilation an be es 20 35lft National Safely Congress, 1947 Order From Supplier A* (Supplier'* desig limits, etc' in each specification. More' re nation or catalog number) cently, are are making reference in the'tped- Gizract eristics (A brief statement of tbc ficaUons to a Sale Practice Data Sheet. These properties or engineering characteristics of Safe Practice Data. Sheets are provided along, the material). with the process specifications that when Application (A brief uatement of where the material b used and it* general applica tion). Specify A* (How to spedfy the material on drawing* or other written document*). You will note that the third item ou this a person-has a process-specification he also has a safe practice data sheet. The Sate Prac tice Data Sheets list the following informs- doa about each, material .that may involve any hazard-- Containers and Stonge material card b "caution." Before basing Properties any of these material earth, the Engineering Tin . .tf Department .consult* the. Industrial Hygiene Explosion laboratory and they are furnished "with a Breaching brief uatement of the precaution* that should Swallowing be used (or this specific material. These are Skin Irritation brief lUtcmenu such as "do not breathe Ta Personal Protective Equipment per* of this material." or "avoid contact of Precautions thb material with the thin." Thb system has Pint Aid two advantages--first, it proride* the Indus We fad that thb provides fundamental tech trial Hygiene Laboratory with Information nical information to all person* who ate in about all new or changed materials that are volved in the design, development or opera used in the plants; second, a suitable warning tion of processing equipment. as to any hoard* can be given. These ma We have made a. number of reference* to terial card* are distributed to purctming the "engineering design" of equipment or a agents, material* and prooms engineer*, de processes involving the me of organic solv velopment laboratories, design and engineer ents. With complete technical Information ing departments and all other perron* haring available, the designer of the equipment b a definite need for Information about mate in a good position to take- advantage of any rials. tpedai dxaradabtla which a material may Another method that b used for proriding have. He can utilize equipment and method* good technical information to the proper to suit the specific needs of the solvent in penoos in the organbatlon b the data which volved. If he b dealing with a solvent which i are fnmhhed with our fmoam Specifications. has a rdatfvdy low vapor procure and also Any process operation used at' any phut b a low order of toxicity, such'as kerosene, described on a, proem* specification. Each there may be no need for totally enclosed process tpedficatioa- b assigned a specific . equipment. If the solvent 'has a 'relatively number, and in general it can be said that high .vapor pressure and a high order of each of these process sperificalfoos describe* Urddty. such as caiboo disulfide, the design in detail any methods to beamed, io prepar- er will recognize that totally enclosed equip ' ing a tpcdfic Item or prodoct,_Fdr example.- \ ment b eaaentlaL. and in addition, local ex one process specification may describe In de haust ventHatiou win be required whciever tail the method to be used Bor Issnlatiag vapors might escape. In the second case, a armature cotb, and another may specify the comidmabk. expenditure of money win be details of the method of molding redns. necessary for thb type of equipment. Before laming or revising any of these It b surprising' the number of solvent ex process specifications, our Headquarter* En posures that can be eliminated by proper gineering Department tends a copy to our design I of equipment'or shop . layout.' Of Industrial Hygiene Laboratory for approval. course. If we, inherit a piece of equipment, It b checked to be ceruln that wherever or manufacturing methods hate not.been hazardous material* are used, a suitable warn originally set up to. eliminate the solvent ex ing regarding the hazards ha* been included. posures, - some means of protection against 1-u For a number of yean we induded certain the exposures most be devised. Such methods' technical Information such a Maximum Al- as the installation of. exhamt TentBadng Concentration, R*b point, explosive equipment, the use ot respimon, or the ap- ' H * 6 . Automotive and Machine Shop Section . 21 plication' of hand aranrr may- be Indicated. be used as such. They may not be related in Scmednses tlioe methods-of protection may any way to any harmful effect of tbe solvent. be satisfactory. In general, however, they The second general method of determining require.sa abnormal mount of saperrixion. an exposure of'an employee to a solvent va Wherever lolvcna are used, it team essen por b by a periodic physical examination. tial tfet- some quantitative measurements be This method depends 'upon making .some made tocstabllth the extent of the exposure. . specific determination which will give an in We may bare good technical Information and dication of early effects of the solvent in the good engineering design, bat we are never body. For example, blood counts, when certain'that we have attained our goal In properly performed, can be used to indicate cootrolling the solvent exposure unlew the any early effects from exposure to a num actual exposure has been ptopesiy measured. ber of solvents, such as benzol. Other lab Tbe fire hazard can usually be determined by oratory tots may be made, depending on the - inspection. If there b any possibility of an type of injury reaction that may occur in the explosion hazard. the measurement of vapor body from a specific solvent. If we depend concentratioo by use of ooe of the readily upon physical examinations to determine lnllafc^e coabasilbie .gas Indicators will de exposure to solvent vapors, they - obviously termine accurately whether satisfactory con most be'done at rather: frequent intervals, trol has been established. and the physical examination program must Unfortunately, it Is a little more difficult to determine the exposure of a person. There are two basic methods of determining tbe exposure of a person to a solvent. Tbe first b by some measurement or inspection. For example, we may determine by measurement- continue indefinitely. I should like to emphasize the difference berween these two general methods of con trol. By making measurements which indicate the exact extent of any individual person's. exposure, we are carrying oat a. procedure tbe concentredoo of solvent vapor in the air which gives an indication rof over-exposure where the employee worts, or an inspection ' before there b atry-chance for a harmful re may reveal whether there b any coatact of action to occur in thei employee. When we the solvent with the skin of the employee. depend solely upoctvgljjsical examinations to Another method of determining tbe true ex determine these exposures, it b possible to posure of an employee b by some meaxurc- get an indication of over-exposure 6tuy after TTv-nr wfakh Indicates the amount of solvent some physiological change Ins takerx-placejn vapor which has been breathed by tbe em tbe body. Tbe desirability of tbe first procc- ployee during'hb working period. Exposure dure b obvious.. to h-mrJ, for example, may- be determined Even thbagh we may not wish to utilize by a chemical , analysb of a urine specimen, the periodic physical examination as a means to d'-remrTiy the ratio of organic sulfates to of controlling our solvent exposures, there b total sulfates in the mine. Some recent re will a need for proper pre-placement an^ search-work Jadkaies that it will be pos periodic'physical examinations. The pre sible to determine, the exposure of an em placement examinatioa can Indicate any ab ployee.to triehlcretbyiene vapors by a meas normalities In an employee which later might urement qf the trichloracetic add in mine. be Interpreted as the result of some sol rent ' A number of solvents increase the rate of exposure. Likewise, certain physiological excredoa of glucuronic acid in the urine. .changes may take place in an employee dur- These-methods have not been extensively f tng^hb period of employment, even though died, bat certainly will find wider applica C there has been no `harmful exposure. It- b tion in the. future. VWe have found it very L desirable to detect these unrelated changes hdpfnlln controlling benzol exposures to 'and make them known to the employee to determine the sulfate ratios In. the urine at that proper treatment can be Instituted and periodic Intervals. .Whenever these determin the employee wit] not have a'feeling that ations indicate an excessive exposure, an In perhaps hli solvept exposure wai a factor. vestigation b immediately made to determine To summarize briefly, there are a wide why.Rich.exposure exists-and to Instigate, variety of organic solvents used In industry corrective .measures. . in relatively large quantities. From these sol ' I''should like to emphirire that these are vents a tremendous quantity of solvent ripon t- methods of determining exposure and should are liberated- To control exposures to' these `nv. VOLUME VIII COAL MINING SECTION; ^v.-. .V-. . T X : c^ h e ;-c-w s, m. . .< .* -' .. 35th National Safety Congress, 1947 ' Entertainment' Committee--C. M. DONAHUE, Mine Safety Appliance Cd,\Pillsburgh. Pa. * * ** ' . ,* * > ' & rmier Committee--STANLEY H. MOONEY (Chairman), Safety Dir, Woodward Iron Col, Woodward, Ala.: ALVA S. HARRIS. Gen. Supt, Ingle Coal Corp, EIbctfidi loi; G. R. SPINDLER. Wot Virginia State Dept of Mioet, ChazCston, W. Va. Visual Aids Committee--C~ R, STAHL, (Chairman). Aaa. to Vice-PresI; Koppen Coal Diri Mt. Hope, W. Va,- R. M. MONTEITH, Safety Dir, Locust Coal Co, Shenandoah, Pa.; F. J. PETERNELL. Safety Engr.. Union Pacific Coal Co, Rock Springs, Wyo.; J.VLBERRY, Supervisor of Safety, Industrial Collieries Corp, Johnstown, Pa.: WOODS C. TALMAN, Asst, to Cenl. Supt, Tennessee Coal. Iron k R. R. Co, Birmingham, *' . f- V. .. : > Program Committee--J. J. FORBES (Chairman), Chief. Coal Mines Inspection Dir. and Asst. Chief, Health fc Safety Branch. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C; W.'.'D.NORTHOVER, Safety Eogr, Rochester k Pittsburgh Coal Co, Indiana, Pa.; WILLIAM C DAVIS,. Personnel Dir, West Kentucky Coat Co, Earlington, Ky4 P. A. GRADY, General Supt, Carrs Fork Coal Co, Allcock, Ky. * Membership . Committee--GEORGE H. DEIRE (Chairman), Mine Safety Appliances Co, Pittsburgh, Pa.; J. H. REITZ. Supt, Industrial ReiatJons,RepcMlc Steel Corp, Unloolowm, Pa.: F. J. FORESMAN. Safety DTrNThe Pittsburgh ^Midway Coal Mining Co,' Piltsbtngh, Ran.: H. E WHITE Pres, DLjlJs. United Mine Workers erf America, .Springfield, 111. Publicity Committee--A. J. BARTLETT (Chairman), Dir. of Safely, Island Creek'Coal Co, Holden, W. Va.; G. O. ARNOLD, Mgr, Phelps Dodge Corp, Stag Canon Brancfa/Dawson, New Mexico SUB Representative--C. G. GRIEVE NatlonaU^fety Coundl, Inc, Chlcifgo, ILL i. [- tl ,, > r , A~ 20 35th National Safety Congress, 1947 that an improvement in ventilation has been made. The physical aspect is'that when-water it applied to Urge piles ot loose ant, such ai are present in mechanized mining,, the infiltration of water results in a much quicker liberation and absorption of oeduded or trapped explosive fumes, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen. Thus, these are picked up and diluted by the air currents instead of forming undetected pockets in the coolpile, lo be later released in the. workman's face while loading goes on. In other words, noxious-gas dilution and dispersal is hastened without costly Increase In ventilating volumes. Of course, we only have reference to the aerating of loose piles and not to endeavoring to assist materially the normal ventilation necessary to sweep ihe solid coal face. After many experiments to determine the efficacy of spraying haulagewayt to allay spill age dust, it has been found riltai surface tension keeps the water spraycti frotn'a mov- ing tank car from having the oesirecf effect. I Wetting gents were then added to the water to form a water-dust emulsion. This also proved unsatisfactory and uneconomical due to the' rapid evaporation- aused by the" low humidity of intake, air currents. It was later observed that' where a full dust-control program was la effect at the work ing faces vctj little, if any, dust resulted from the 'damp spillage in transit. It can readily be seen that by proper con trol methods the dust counts can be kept at or below acceptable allowable limits. - To attempt to quote cost figures on a ton nage bash would be Inconclusive due to the fact that the useful life of control equipment has not been established. Against the actual cost are the indeterminable profits resulting from an improved accident record as a result of increased visibility, increased production due to higher efficiency and better morale, and a probable lower labor turnover. The presence of water lines at the faces also has additional value in the prevention of mine fires. Control oi Coal Dust in the Operations oi the Tennessee CoaL Iron and Railroad Company By JAMES C. GRAY General Superintendent. Coal Mine* Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company . The need for control of coal.dust in coal mine operations is very aptly stated in a re port issued by the Bureau of Mines dated March *5. 1947-quote: "the outstanding lesson to be learned from this disaster is that mines which liberate little or no methane are not immune from widespread and tragic ex plosions if dry and dusty conditions exist therein and adequate measures are not taken to control the dust hazard.*' It is-the writer's sincere desire that the information presented may - add' something to the considerable "know henr** that has been developed on this subject by those asso ciated with the coal Industry presently as well as in the past. The information pre sented will be confined to practices in the Coal Mines of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railway Company and there will be no more quotations. The company operates five mines in the Warrior Coal Basin ot Alabama, lying North- wot of Birmingham and adjacent to it. An other mine is presently being developed in the same field. The output from the fire pro ducing mines is approximately 10,000 tots per day tipple weight. All .the mines, are mechanized, rising shaking conveyors.In-thin seam work, some of which are equipped with duckbills for loading, ind tracklea mining equipment.where height of seam and grades permit. Modern thortwall from varions man ufacturers are used'for'catting coal for con veyor loading,' and universal machines' both caterpillar and rubber mounted are. used for the trackless method where caterpillar mount ed leading -machines are employed: for-load ing into shuttle cars. : The control of .coal dust can be divided into four phases: (1) Face prepaiatipor- (*) Use of water. (5) Use of rock dust and'(4) Dust control measures m preparation plants.  v '` A4*',S `.V. . -.* .?*?.* *ir .* /; I I Wmnmis a fra coms ress u .. ?kv>kh J. // sO*J-, ' .. *> 1 VOLUME XIII MARINE SECTION .. a ;?/ " v(ivr^X.^ ' s**: & 5* fi G -- - -!. \ *a Marine Section Executive Committee 1347-1948 General CArimwn-WILLARD P. JONES. General Manager Marine Department, Gulf Oil Corporation. New York, N. Y. Vice General Chairman-(Executive Committee Activities In New York) COMMODORE. ROB ERT G. LEE. Executive Vice Pro!dent, Moorc-McCormack Lines. New. York, N. Y. - Advisory Committee (Pest General Chrimen^CARTER KENDALL, Assistant Chid Safety Engineer, Bethlehem Sled Company, Bethlehem. Pennsylvania; W. C. GARBUTT. Indus trial Reiatfoos Manager; Pittsburgh Steamship Company, Cleveland, Ohio; CARL E. HOLMES.' Manager Claims Department, Marsh and McLennan, Inc. New York, N.-Y-p'CAPTAIN EDWARD C. HOLDEN. JR, Mgr. Safety Dept, United States P. fc.L Agency. Inc. New York. N. Y4 CAPTAIN E. W. FISKE. JR, Marine Transportation Dept, SoconyVacunm Oil Company, Inc, New York. N. Y4 JOHN S. HUNTER. The Atlantic Refining Company (retired). Philadelphia, Pa4 CAPTAIN FRANK H. COG^N, Manager Marine Dept, The Deliware, Lackawanna and Western R. R. Co, Hoboken, N. J.; ARTHUR M. TODE, Consulting Engineer. New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairmen (Programs,.Meetinp and Conventions)--H. M. WICK, Assistant to the President. Amerkaj>"Bureau. of Shipping, New York, N. Y. Assistant Genera/ Chairmen (Membership)--E. P. HERGES, Safety Director. Bureau of Employ ees' Compenatloo. Federal Security Agency, Washington, D. C. Assistant General Chairman (Skip Construction end Repair)--JOHN W. THOMSON, Safety Engineer, Shipbuilding Diristoo, Bethlehem Steel Company, San 'Frandsco. California Assistant General Chairmen (Marine Industrial Relations) Atlantic Region--T. E. BUCHANAN, General Manager, Marine Department. The Texas Company. . New York. N. Y4 Gulf Region--A. H. SCHRODER. Supervisor of Insurance and Safety, Freeport Sulphur Com pany, Fort Salphnr, 1x4 Pacific Region--ANDREW F. SCHMITZ, Safety Consultant. Pacific Coast Area. Bureau of Employees' Compensation, Federal Security Agency, San Frandsco, California Assistant General Chatman (Public Relations)--CORNELIUS H. CALLAGHAN. Executive Vice-President, Maritime Association of the Pott of New York. New York. N. Y. Assistant General Chatman (Posters)--HAROLD J. SEGRAVE. District Manager, Mine Safety Appliances Company, New York. N. Y. Secretary (Admiralty and Maritime CoumUor}-HENRY C. E1DENBACH, Hagen and Eidenbneh. New York. N.Y. Editor, Marina Newt Irfte^-CAPTAIN HENRY BLACKSTONE. Safely Engineer. United States P. and L Agency, Inc. San Frandsco, California Assistant Editor, Marine News Letter--EDWARD F. BRAYER. Chief Statistician, Safety Divi sion. Bareau of Employees' Compensation, Federal Secnriry~X|ency, New York, N. Y. a Raqiond Actirilio* and CoxnmittMS Chairman, Coastal Regions--ADMIRAL J. F. FARLEY. Commandant. United Stria Coast Coard..Washington. D. C. Assistant Chairman, Coastal Region*--CAPTAIN C. M. PHANNEMILLER. Chief. Engineer ing DfvisUm, United States Coast Guard, New York. N. Y. V Director, Atlantic Region-THEODORE GE1SER, Safety Eng. Federal Shipbuilding and Dry. dock Company, Kearny, New Jersey Assistant Director, dtienfie Regfcwi-HERMAN J. NORDSTROM. Safety Engineer, Newport '"News-Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. Newport Newt. Virginia . Director'Gulf Region--ERNEST RICHARD, Mississippi Shipping Company, New Orleans. La. Assistant Director, Gulf Region--JOSEPH P. ZUCCAc Safety Director, Consolidated Steel Cor poration, Orange, Texas .' Director,- Recipe Region--JOSEPH H. TRAVERS, Manager, Accident Prevention Bureau, Waterfront Employers Asaodaiion. San Frandsco. California -fiv -v/\-;; 'r ' ' ?> . 5: 6 ,35th National Safety Congress, 1947 Assistant Director, Pacific Region--JOHN T. JUU, Safety Director, Consolidated Steel Corpora tion & Subsidiaries, Lo* Angeles,' California Director, Crtat Lakes Regfehi-W. R. MACDONALD. Counsel. Hutchinson t Company, Cleve land. Ohio . Director, Canadian Region-]OKS W. McCTFFIN. -Superintendent of Safety, Canada Steam ship lines. Ltd, Mooutai, P. Q,, Canada Director, Ohio Rher Rtpon-C. O. GRIFFIN, Safety Director. Dtavo Corp, Neville Iiiand. Pittsburgh, Pa. Assistant Director, Ohio Rher Region-J. E. JACKMAN. Personnel Manager. McCrady Rodgers Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. Director, All Inland Watenvoyt-VlCZ ADMIRAL LYNDON SPENCER. USCC (ret.). Vice President, Lake Carriers Association, Cleveland, Ohio SpocSai Sorricn Conunltt-- Chairman, Committee for the Advance of the American Merchant Marine--]. LEWIS LUCK- ENBACH, President, American Bureau of Shipping, New York. N. Y. Chairman, Committee on Operations of Uncrs and Cargo Prueft--CAPTAIN LOGAN CRESAP. Marine Superintendent. Isthmian Steamship Company, New York. N. Y. Chairman, Stevedoring Committee--ANDREW A. NELSON. T. Hogan and Soot, Inc. New York. N. Y. Chairman, Statistics and Contests Committee--BENJAMIN H. SELF. Engineering Department. The Travelen Insurance Company, New York, N. Y.- Choirman, Publicity and Publications Committee--H. J. HARDING, Publisher, "Marine Progress," New York. N. Y. Vice^hasrman, Publicity and Publications Committee--R. G BRANDON, Safety Director. Todd Pacific Shipyards, Inc. Tacoma Dir, Tacoma, Washington ` Chairman, Engineering and Minimum Standards Committee--A. J. SMITH, Marine Engineer, Marine Office of America, New York, N. Y. Chairman, Tankers Committee--JAMES E- MOSS. Director, American Petroleum Institute, Washington. D. G ;' ' Chairman, U.S. Navy Yards Safety Committee--G. D. McCAULEY. Head. Safety Section (Code 785). Industrial Relations Branch, Bureau of Ships. Navy Department. Washington, D. C_ Chairman, Maritime Associations Committee--TRASK. C. GREGORY. Labor Relations Man ager; Waterfront Employers Association of San Francisco, San Francisco, California Special Maritime Advisor-FL L. SEWARD, Professor of Mechanical Marine Engineering, Yale University, School of Englpeering. New Haven, Connect!cat . Spndcd GoTommut CnmmTtfe-- far Safety fat Naflooai Defem SZdpfcalldSng,' hwp+c&oom. and Fwreoanri Trcdnjnqr Chairman, Nazal Committee for Safety in National Defense--CATT. L E. SAUNDERS (cnc) USNR, Head Safety Brandi. Office of Industrial Relations, NavyT)ept. Washington D. C Chairman, Nett Ship Design and Construction Committee--REAR ADMIRAL G` D. WHEEL- OCK, USN. Deputy and Assistant Chief of Bureau. Bureau of Ships, Navy Department. Washington. D. C , Chairman, Technical Committee (Design 'and`1 Accident Prevention Measurer)--JAMES .L. BATES, Director, Tedmiol Division, U. S. Maritime Commissiou. Washington; D. C ' Chairman, Ship Inspection Committee and U. S. Government ^Bureaus--COMMODOREH. G SHEPHEARD, USCGR. Chief. Office of Merchant Marine Safety; United .States Coast Guard, Washington. D. G -- . . Chairman, Committee on Merchant Marine Safety--J. K. CARSON, JK_ Commlssiooer, United Sates Maritime Commission. Washington. D. G- .. - Chairman, Committee on Education end .Training of Ship Personnel--REAR;.ADMIRAL TELFAIR KNIGHT. Chief. Training Dfririoo. and Commandant, U5M5, United. States Maritime.Commission. Washington, D. G i." V Vf-4 Chairman, Committee on Transportation Safety-MAJOR GENERAL EDMOND J. LEAVEY. Chief of Transportation. U..S. Army, Washington.-D. G:- -7 'v-' ' -( Staff Representative--L W. DUTTON, National Safety Couodl, Chicago, WInoiiv;y ' -> VOLUME XV -6 . -v METALS SECTION s H *graiO;ltAr.L S: A ,f E T Y C O.U J C;l L, ' m.c. vE:.-v*':-c:ifrfc'ihsi o': i;> riiyrli V:-r, -. '' :V;; ./. ; V ;. - E*erai^:'Ccmm!i!de 1947-1948 Ceners! Chdrmm~T. W. KELSEY. Saymispr of Safety le Welfare. Jonea te Lauglilin Sted Goins& Pittsburgh. , P* ' ' ;n PUv-C/uinnanr-J:' F. COLLINS, Supervisor of Safety, The Youngstown Sheet fc Tube Co, Youngstown. Ohio'- Jrrtrry-P. C. KAUFFMAN. Supt, Safety tc Welfare Dept., Jones fc LaujhUn Sted Corp., Pittsburgh Works, Pittsburgh. Pa. ,Vcws.Letter. Editor--P/E. GRUNDMAN, Safety Engineer,(Ruttle*a Iron !c Sted Division, The American Rolling Mill Co-. Baltimore, Md. 1 ^ . C' Engineering Committee--D. A. FARRELL, (Chairman). Supervisor of Safety, Carnegie-IQinob Sted .Gxp,.Pittsburgh, Px: T.F. BRADY.. Safety Director, the Internadonal NIckd Co, Inc,.Hontingtoa. Works, Hantingtoa. West Va^ E. O.KUMLER Asst. Dir. Ind. Rda- ^ -tkxsa-Stfety,. Casualtyl: Penssoos^ American- Sted lc .Wire Co,- Cleveland, Otrio; ,C- E. * WADDELL; Safety'.Director;.Acme Sted Company, Rlvcnhle Watts, Rfeerdale, EL; E. 5. WALLMAN. Safety Director, American Forge Division/American Brake Shoe Co, CM-' ogtv-IQ*> \/ .- Program Cotmwftfee--HQ^yARD HOLLAND (Chairman). Sdperrisor of Safety. The Youngs town Sheet fc Tube Co, East Chkagb.' Ini; A. B. CIESAR. Asst. Supmisoc of Safety, Caroegfe-Ulinob Sted Corp, Pittsburg^, Px: J. P. LEONARD. Persoand Sc Safety Direc tor.'Blaw-Ksox Co, Pimbargh, Pa^ W. W. MacVICAR. Supt. Safety Department, Bethle hem. Seed' CoL/ Sparrows Point .Plant, Sparrows Point, M1I4 H. H. McCORKLE. Asm _ Superintendent..'. Indttarial' Relations. .Republic Sted _Corp, Warren. District.- Warren, Qhfd^R. I. RLbRASSIER,'Manager, Compensation DepC Wheeling Sted Carp, Wbedm^WestTi..:':'.;1 ''V. Context rnd-SUdttia Commiiiee-^JAiSESNOLAN (Chairman), Safety'Engined. Bethlehem SreeT;Company; Bohlehem; Psl; .J. M- BROOKS,, Personnel Manager, Miefale .Priding'. Ic Mfg.'OVT Chicsgd/TIL: U. `J. JfAUCHTEN; Safety Superrfeos^' Kafeer Company. 'Inc, Iran* EBted - Dtr-irion, FtmtansS/California;. R.M. .WALSH,. Asrhtant iftrector. of Safety fe Flint: Smite,' Inland Sted: QC'Indiana ftaxbor- Works, East Chicago^ Ini; A/H. TULINCER. Safely Engineer. Tbe Colorado Fnd_t IrocvCorp, Pueblo,' Colo. PatUr' Committec--G. O. CRETIN. IfOunnu), Safety Director,*Drasd Corporation.. Pitts burgh. P>4 R.' H. BUMcASDNERrManager, Safety I: Casualty Boreas; Tetmearee CpaL .lroo;fc'ILR. Cd,BtiWngirig|- Alx4j[. K_ RANSF.P, Safety1 Director, Punsnrnth Sted Corpi: Portsmouth/ Ohio; J. N.' MAHAN, Soperrbor of Safety k Imaranoe. Continental StedCorp,'.IfeAjomo/.InrLr J. C.DlSSINCTON. Chkf Engtoeer'i Safety,Dir, BuSalo Forge Company; BafErio, New York. *i-. - ** - - j /-*.* * ** - ` . *.- * * . * Rosboerj Cer BvUden Committee--P, J. BRAND (Chalraan), Director of Safety fc Cotcpeoaa- 'tioo. Pnnnan Scd. Car Mfg. Co, Chicago.' minob ' - HcafeA.Goinirtfffee^DRrW.' F. LYON, MB; Superriaor Medical Serricet, Internatlocsal Harr. rcAcr. Coeapany; Chicago,^EL; DR. R. J. BENNETT. JR,' MJQ, Chief ;Sorgeoet Chicago' :D&tj'-CarTegfe-initis Sted Corp^ Chkagei,;nL:. DJLJ Ki H. CAR1ETON; MJD^'Medleal > Director,inland.Sted.Company, East Chicago, Incfe.DR. J^FL CHTVER5, MD, Medleal lKrator, CianeCo,Chia ...... - . 6 35th National Safety Congress, 1947 Membership Committee--J. J. BOUGHEY (Chairman), Ant, to Dircctoi iCamegie-Illinoii .Steel Corp, Chicago. III.; M. W. GRAY.~S2fet)r Director,-.WCrtcn Steel Co, Weirton. Wot Va.; C. J. EIGENBROD. Supervisor of Safety. Republic Steel Gap, But- | Calo. New York; J. J. JEFFREY, Dir. of: Personnel i Industrial Relations, .Great Laics t Steel Corp, Tecumseh Road, Ecorse, .Michigan; J.- F.iJULl, ^Safety Direct6r, Consolidated I Steel Corp, Loa Angeles, Calif.; H. W. REED. JR_ Diretlor of Personnel Je Safety. The 1 American Welding & Mfg. Co.. Warren."Ohio g Visual Education 'Committee--Ci L. WAGNER. -(Chairman), Director'of .Safety,; Carnegie- | Illinois Steel Corp, .Duqucsne Works, Duquesne, 'Pa^ A. E. ASEL, Safety Supervisor. I Sheffield Steel -Corp., Sheffield Station, Kansas City, Mo.;. J. A. DOWNEY, JR,'Dirtctor I Personnel fc Safety. Sloo-Sheffield Steel '4cf Iron Co, Blnnlnghom.'Ala.; H-"J. .JONES.. I Mgr. Ind. Relations, The Colorado Fuel ft'iron Corp, Buffalo, New York; T. R. SMTTH.* ( Safety Supervisor, Republic Steel Corp,[ Yiungstown. Ohio - I Foundry Committee--H. S. SIMPSON (Chairman). Safety tc Sanitation Engineer, Caterpillar B , Tractor Company, Fju Peoria. 111.; L. S. ADAM, Personnel - Supervisor, Continental Foundry k Machine Co, East Chicago, Ind.: I. A. BRINKMAN, Dir. of-Industrial Rela tions, Mackintoah-Hcmphill Co, Pittsburgh. Pa.; J. P. MUDD. Personnel Supervisor. The Midrale Co, Nlcetowri, Philadelphia. Pa. . -p ' .. Atembcn-at-Large--'C. M. ALLEN, Staff Supervisor of. Safety, American'Rolling Mill Co, MJddldown, Ohio; *E F. BLANK, Aau. to Vice President, Personnel tc Ind. Relations. JoWfc Laughlln Steel Corp, Pittsburgh. Pa.; GROVER C BROWN. Industrial Reia- tions, American Iron k Steel Institute, New York, New York; .*R_ A. CHAFFIN, Vice President in Charge of Industrial Relations, Continental Sled Corp, KokotDo/lndj'jf, E. CULL1NEY, Chief Safety Engineer, Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem. Pi^'H^W.-DARR. Supervisor of Safety, Bethlehem Steel Co, Johnstown,-Pa.; *R. H. FERGUSON Manger of Safety, Republic Steel Corp, Cleveland, Ohio; *G. T.l FONDA, Wdrtoo^Snw Co, I Weirton. West Va.: *E- H. FYLER, Supt. of Ind.' Relations, South Works'CamegieIlllnols Steel Corp, Chiago, 111.; *H. J. GRIFFITH. AaL to Mgr. of Coal Mines, Jones k Laughlln Steel Corp, California. Pa.; *H. C. HEN3EL, Safety Director, The Youngs- Shet^-lsTube Co, Chicago, III,- F. A, LAUERMAN. Dir. .of Ind. RdalibtM,(Coo. / Validated jViiltdt Alrcnft Corp, San Diego, GllLPJOHN A. OARTEL, Pittsburg^. Pa.: ^ *J. L. RlOIhJGER.. Director of Safety k Plant Service, Inland Steel Co.; East .Chicago, Ind.; R. L. SCHMITT. Partner. Robert L. Schmitt Co, Louisville, Kyj *H.'J. SPOERER. Dir. of Ind. Relations, The Youngstown Sheet le Tube Co, Youngstown. Ohio; *J. A VOSS, Dir. of Ind. Relations, Republic Sled Corp, Cleveland, Ohio Staff Refnesentatioe--EDWARD M. JASPER. National Safety .Council, Inc, Chiago.'tlL Indicates Past General Chairman -1 3 tl H H All 0MiMf' SAFE T Y CONG RES S T\* O' VOLUME XVI MININS SECTION H ^A T I 0 HAL, $ A F E T Y COUNCIL, IN C. yiSV'H 0:I WAC K E R DRIVE CHICAGO 6 , IL L'-'i; . >i-> x.v 'iK; .,;;';;x6CUii7e; Committee T947-IS43.- iM> i Cfiitrit. CWnnmv-JOHN L. BOARDMAN. Anaconda Copper Mining Co, Buuc. Monuna Ftnt-Vlee.Ch*imen~A.JFL TRESTRAlL. Piekands, .Mather Ic Co, Caspnan. Michigan Sixond Flee'Chdhnan--E."j.'EGENACH, Climax Molybdenum Co, Climax, Colorado TWnTFTee *CAamnc--JAMES RRICHARDSON, Utah Mining Association, Karra Building, CityV-Utah: ' Secretary.of flews Letter.Editor--S-.YL ASH, Safety and Health Brandi. U. S. Bureau of Minis, ..Washington, D. C. . EntcrUxnwunt. Committee--RYAN, JR, Chairman, Mine Saety. Appliances Co, Pitts burgh. Pennsylvania /^NV Engineering Committee--GEORGE CEDGE, Chairman, HoOinger feopsolidated Cold Mines. 'Thnmtnii'OhtarioV Canada; RALPH CLELAND; International Nickel Co, Copper Cliff. 1Ontario, Canada; .WOODS tJ. TALMAN; Tennessee Coal,' Iron & R. R. Co, Birmingham. Alabama; G. L SHEA,01iver Mining Co, Hibbiog, Minnesota; HR. HUTCHENS, Eagle v- Picber Mining ic Smelting Co, Cardin, Oklahoma; RAYMOND R. KNTLL. Potash Com pany ` of America, Carlsbad, New Mexico;. JOHN B.'BIKER. Consolidated Mining k Smelting.Co, Ltd, of Canada, Trail, British Columbia. Membership Committee--C. GIBSON, Chairman, Mines Accident Prevention AnodatioQ of Ontario. Timmins, Ontario, Canada; BRIAN BURT, Consolidated Copper Mines, Kimber ly, Nevada; H. C HENRIE, Fbdpt Dodge Corporation. Btsbce, Aiisona; J. O. MARSHALL. . St. Joseph Lead Co, Raimat, New York; j. T. WILLIAMS, Bunks Hill Ic Sullivan Mining . Sc Concentrating Company, Kellogg. Idaho PrognmCommitlee--A. H^ASH, Chairman, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C; W. O. TOWER, Chief Inspector of Miocs, Parliament Building,' Toronto. Ontario. Canada: 7. ' NETZEBAND, Consulting Engineer, Keetley, Utah Potter and Visual Aids Committee--A. J. STROMQUIST. Chairman. Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co, Ishpeming, Michigan; R. R HARMON, Pbdp* Dodge Corporalion. New Cornelia Branch.' - Ajo, Arizona; THOMAS KISER. Federal Mining k Smelting Co, Baxter Springs, Kama; - W. C. NEILSON, Alcoa Mining. Company, New Yo'rt, New York;_M. C. POLLARD, Na tional Gypsum Co, Buffalo, New-York; LAMAR WEAVER. Tcnoewee Copper Company, y CopperhIU, Tennesree: A. H. ZEIL1NGER. Colorado Fuel Ic Iron Co, Pv^oiTb^loTado; XL W. KNUDSEN," Utah Copper Company; Binj^am, Utah . Stiftoux Committee--FOREST T. MOYER. Chalntun, U. S. Bureau of Analysis Dlvtsion, Washington, D. C.' Acddent 5 6 35th National Sajety Congress, 1947 Safety Promotion Committee--JAMES K. RICHARDSON, Quintan. Utah Mining Association. Keanu Building. Salt Late City. Utah; WALTER E. MONTGOMERY, Quebec Altaic* Producer! Association, Montreal, Quebec. Canada; P. D. McMURRER. Mining Cocgrew Journal, Waihington.D. C.; EVAN JUST, Engineering & Mining journal. New York, New York; EDWARD H. ROBIE, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineer*. New York, New York Member* at Large--`C. E. McXNIGHT, Late Shore Mina, Ltd, Kirkland Late, Ontario, Canada; 'C M. FELLMAN, The Montreal Mining Company, Montreal, Wbcoenln; L A. ANUNDSEN, Pldunds, Mather fc Company, Duluth, Minnesota; BYRON C. BEST, Oliver Iron Mining Company, .Wolvin Building; *J. W. ALT, Calumet lr Heda Consolidated Cop per Co., Calumet, Michigan; *P. M, ARTHUR, American Zinc Company of Tennemee. Mascot,. Tennessee: `ANGUS D. CAMPBELL, McIntyre Porcupine Mina, Ltd, Schu- * macher, Ontario, Canada; *W. H. COMINS, Barlod Sala Dlvision,'Nitjocal llad.Com pany. Texarkana. Texas; `R. DAWSON HALL. "Coal Age", MoCraw-ffiH Publishing Co, Inc, New York, New York: H. T. HARPER, Tennessee. Copper Company, CopperhUt. Tennessee; `W. D. HASELTON, Pkkands, Mather lc Co, Duluth. Minnesota; `H. C HENR1E, Phdp* Dodge Corporation. Blabee. Arirbna; `CEORCE MARTINSON. Pick- anda, Mather & Co, Cleveland, Ohio; D. D. MOFFATT? Utah Copper Company. Salt Lake City, Utah; R. H. SUP, The New Jersey Zinc Company,.Franklin. New Jersey, I. T. S1CKA. St. Joseph Lead Company, Bonne Terre, Missouri;'JOHN. TREWEEK, Koaestake. Mining Company, Lead, South Dakota; HOWARD I. YOUNG, American Zinc, Lead i Smrfamg Company, St. Louts, Missouri - .- Staff Representative--G. C. GRIEVE, National Safety Council. Inc, Chicago. Illinois Past General Chairman c~ _r. Y'v-. .:/*s \vV*'-.-- ;* " Executive Committed. 1947-1S48 General Chairman-W. L KENT. Magnolia Petroleum Ceeapany. DaIlaa. Te Vice-Chairman for Production--D. A. KLEMME, Stanotiiid Ofl Sc Gas Company; Tulsa.`Okia Vice-Chairman for Marketing--Vf. O. WILSON, Standard 03 Company of Indiana,. Qdogq, I1L ` Vice-Chairman for Pipe Lina--D. hi. FAKRELL, Shell Pipe Line Corporation, Hcwyc. Ten; Vice-Chairman for Manufacturing-RAY A. RANDELS, Shell Oil Co. Inc, Wood Hirer, Ql Secretary--T. C. WILSON, American'Petroleum Intricate. Washington. D, C. Neua Letter Editor--R. L_ CONWAY. JR-- United Gas Pipe tine Company, Shreveport. La .trrijtant Scaa Letter Editor--D. G. BURRILL, Socoay-Vaeuum 03 Co. Inc. Kaocfcs.Clty, M<x Chairman Contest ind Statistical Committee--]. WILLARD 'LORD..-The:Atlantic Refining Company, Philadelphia, Pa. - . .. .. . - ` Chairman Engineering Committee-;DON ATTAWAY, Arkansas FueLOQ Co, Shi^wpcrt,`La. Chairman Heallh CommiMee--DR. B. B. REEVE, Standard Oil Company o( inJHna- Chicago, 11L . '-w a - Chairman Data Sheet Committee--C. B. SWANNER, Magnolia Petroleum Company^'Dallas Texas . ` . .. . -y Chairman Off-the-Job Committee--ROY S. BONSIB, Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York, N. Y. Chairman Visual Education Committee--R. E. DISHMAN, Hunt. 03. Cnrryrry. Shroeport, Chairman Division--T. C. TRAVIS, Sococy-Vacama 03 Co. Inc. Brooklyn/N. Y. Chairman Gulf Division--J. F. MADIGAN, Teas Co, Houston; Texas.? *{, ;}zs ;P^\ Chairman Great Lain Division--THEX.OH ARRAS, The National ReSnfe^Cd/FtadSy^Otiio Chairman Mid-Continent Division--L G. CLARK. Golf DQ Corp/ Thii,'0kla.'- `Ed .<'Chairmon Pacific Coast Division--]. . HILL/Union Oil Company (Osnffi LrieAngXm (SMI Past General Chairmen--J. HOWARD MEYERSi'.The Atlantic Refining Company. phfladdphia. Pa.; JOHN C. ASKAM. The Ohio J Oil. Cooipahy, Tlndlay;;Otlo;riR.',W.;: BLACK. Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, Flirafteth. N. J- H.'Wl BOCCEg; ard Oil Company of California. San ( caiitt'C. jl: me 2trafaed:Cs Pipe Line Company, Shreveport, Lai^FL1, T.-.MARXEE;- Oampmy. Eartloville.. OUa.; F. R_ McLEAN, Sooooy-Vacadm 03 .CATinanyj,Iis^':I)q3^iit.',~MSch-: CHAS. A. MILLER, The Texas Company. Houmm.^Tcxsg-J. T^RlfflNGKR^SaBiBy- Vacuam OiL Company, Inc, New York, N. Y.;-R. B. R.OAPER, Hmable^Oil tndRefililng , Company. Houston.~Texas ..r ' -*A Staff Representative--PAY LETCHMARK. National Safety CoemcQ.'Chicago,-HL.,' E`-~ - V4. v'. "- '-`v' tt;Ti`P'A;L s 1 o f! V i i VOLUME XIX ' i. ' !' POWER PRESS SECTION . ! N>A J-.UO-.lf A l SAFETY CO U NX-IL, 20 M0. WACKER DRIVE CHICA;6D 6 Power Press Section Executive Committee 1347-1348; General Chairman-GZORGE W. GREENWOOD, Safety pir,' Western Ekaric Co, Chi cago, III. v x Picr-CA/rmcn--HERSCHEL L. SMITH. Safety Eng, General Electric Co. Fort'Wape, Iisd. Secretary--WM. J. MeCHESNEY, Safety Eng, ScovflJ Manufacturing Company,. Watabury, Conn. '*.'*/ * ** - News Letter Committee--MACK R. IRAN I /, (Chairman) Stewart-Warner. CDrp,.. Chicago, HI.; ROBERT J. EGE. Safety Dir.. Industrie] Safety and Claim* Service, Joc^ Chicago, 111. Engineering Committee--CHARLES CLARK, (Chairman) ` A*L Safety StiprJ, Dodge.Div.. Chryiler Corp, Detroit. Midi,- L. A. FAULKNER, Soprt.' of- Machine* Guarding, Loo Prrrrmioo Dept, Liberty Mutual In*. Co, Boctno, Kta; WjL'HANAU. Aac SapL, Eng., bept, The Fidelity tc Casualty Co. of New York, Chicago,TIk;R. E. WISSMAN, Winner Machine Co, Minater, Ohio; RUSSFXL JOHNSON, Safety Dlri. (Sonaihe/Ihd, Chicago. IU. ; - Hcetih Committee--OR. EDWARD J. SCHOWALTER. (Chairman) Western . Electric Co. Chicago. III.; DR. 1_ E. HAMLIN. Med. Dir, Antokan Brake Shoe Co,-Chicago, I1L: DR. T. S. O'MALLEY. A. 0. Smith Corp, Milwaukee, .Wb..:,/ .. , VJ rlruol Aid In Training Committee--LEONARD COLE, '(Chairman) Safety Eng, Crane Co, Chicago. Ilk RUSSELL JOHNSON. Safety Dir, Crpoame. Inc, Chicago, IU,* NORMAN J. UND. Safety Dir, J. P. Seeburg Corp, Chicago, JIL ' Membership Committee--ARTHUR R. GRAHAM. (Chairman) .Bftuthinoui^Cactulty Co. Chicago, 111,- HARRY COIN. Safety. Dir, Fldier Body DfY,.GeDeril MocoaOocp, Pon tiac, Mkh^ F. W. FISKE. Safety Dir., The BrewerfFftchener Corp. Cbrriand. N. Y. EDWARD SHARPE, IIIIdoU Tool Worts. Chlago/,nk?- Program Committee--RAUL WINDSOR. (Chairman) Safety* Mrd.-Mgr. Rl C. Le Toctmean, Inc, Peoria. I1L: TOM PHILLIPS; General Dearie X-Ray; Corp, Wnwaaiee. Wb; OSCAR, E. ABRAMS, Moore Drop Forging Co, Springfield, Mam. "> Sectional Publications Committee--is i EWART T. COOPER, (Cbalnnaa).Safety Dfe. Nine teen Hundred Corp, Sc. Joaeph. Mich.; LOUIS HAND, Hbodafflie-Hcniicy Corp,1 Chicago, . III.; GORDON R McCLURE. American Can Ccu^Chkago,;lELrvif.;-;.-j^-..yirl Jpj ... Statistics Committee--BASIL BURNS. (Chairman) Wc*ternElectric.Co,fT2ii<Sgo,Ynk FL B. DUFFUS. Scprr, Arc. Pre. Serrice. Wearinghoom Electric Corp, E. Pimbengb.-Pjl; CARL C. BEASOR, Smtsririin. Dir. of Safety tc Hygiene.' Ohid InrfmtWal'Chmfrftanftn.* Sate Ofice Bldg, Colombo*, Ohio Off-The-Job Com mitfee--ROBERT E. CARY. (Chairman) AattT: Solar Aircraft Co, Dea Moines. Jowjc BERNARD E. CLARR Scfety-Dfr^Tht^CtoeiaDd Hardware Ic Forging Co. Perrisnd. Ohio ^ '"j' < Mcmben-t-Large--*Z. C WOODWARD, A.' O. Smith Corp, MHwatiee; Wht; C A DeMONGE, Rdjey-Raye* Wheel Co,T>etrbic. Mkiu:*'W.C. BARER--WOtta** 00 O- Maric Heating Corp, Bloomingtoa;, Ilk *G. - H. BERRY, We*ternv.Electric Cos ine, Chicago. Ilk *H. C. HOWSAM. Htnmm Spool Co, Agrora. Hk *P. JiHUNTER. Moear Wheel Corp, Lantfaig,-Mkh-C C. A- RUECHEJOaioA 1 Ek,` Dominion Tocge'lr Stamping Co, Ltd, Wlnd*or/:Ont4 *T. O. MEISNER. AjsSorfeaTCih' QC CbJe*go^nr V.- c: PENDLETON, Singm, Mus,- B. E. ROCRHOfT, pfcmitt Seed -Yrbdacts Ok- Detroit. Mich,- *E. CL-SCHULTES. JR, C Hager t Sons'HingeMfg. G^SdLoirfCMoi' *1 H. SLAYMAKER. Fairbanks Morm tc Co, Bride. WisLT 'E. J. WAlT-MAN.'.'Xmericaii Brake Shoe Co, Chicago, HI. - Staff RepresenUtbe-ASLTHUR S. KELLY, National Safety'PnmdL'Chia^ ; Past General Chairman - -V ' > f: V-~ ' r.'-' 'V * * ' / v; c:'> SAFEIYH CONGRESS ;*5' Si i. 'i m VOLUME XXII RUIBER SECTION 1 V .s'. .s.-_ r j- O , v; ST i **miio?H:A,i;, sS aA rF. eE tT Y V; sti- 20sjlf0;;' Wt KE R II RIV. av V' a->.-' : -tf-...... , C "ill M C l: L, ) K C. \ti *JD HI C'A{6 0r 6 v -1 L - ' M asrata:,m a re a s H Rubber Section . Executive Committee 1347-1348 >' . ' '' : ' General Chairman--GLEN D. CROSS, The Firestone Tire lc Rubber Co, Akroa. Ohio Vice-Chairman in Charge of Program--T. H. BOYD, Manhattan Rubber Mfg. Dir, of Ray- botes,Manhattan, Inc, Passaic New Jersey, ': . .. * Secretary--H. L. ANDREWS, The Firestone Tire ic Rubber Co, Akroa,' Ohio - Nates LetUr. Ed/tor-CORDON TRANE, Hewltt-Roblns. Ine, Buffalo, New York m. * ' / -* ' . Engineering ConunilteeS. A. WRJCHT (Chairman), Inland Manufacturing Division, General Motors Corp, Dayton, Ohio; R, W.-FICKES. The Goodfear Tire t Rubber, Co,- Akron, Ohio: T. J. CAIN, JR, The B. F. Goodrich Co, Akron. Ohio *' Health Commltlee-V. Wi SANDS (Chairman), U. S. Rubber Co, New York, New York; Dr. M. A.* THOMPSON, U. S. Rubbdr Reclaiming Co, Buffalo. New YoTk; Dr. R, H. WILSON, The B. FT Goodricfa Co, Akron, Ohio; Dr. L.,C. HATCH, The Goodyear Tire It Rubber Co, Akron, Ohio ' : ^ ' ,`v ' . -) Mtmbehklp Committee-R. M. BOYLES (Chairman), Midwest-Rubber' Reclaiming Co, East St. Look, EL . . Publicity' Committee--GT.OKGZ BURKHARDT (Chairman), General lire lc Rubber Co, Akroa,'Ohio -- Poster Committee--M. E. BADSTUBER (Chairman), The Ohio Rubber Co, Willoughby, Ohio: C. E. BECX.' Sc Clair Rubber'Co, Marysville, Michigan: R. L. WAMPLER. Dayton Rubber Mfg. Co, Dayton, Ohio '_ Statistics CommUtec-Vi. M. GRAFF (Chairman), U. S. Rubber Co, Detroit, MI/4ilgn . . Members at Large-'Z. W. BECK, U. S. Rubber Co, New York. New York; R. A- BULLOCK, : Corduroy; Rubber Co, Grand RapMt, Michigan; *R- S. FARNUV, U. S. Rubber Co, .Detroit.;Mkhigan; 0.H0PKINS, U. S. Rubber Co^ Providence. Rhode Ikhmdj ^G. . F..HORAN, Arrow. Mutual liability Insurance, Co, Chestnut Hill, Mam-. `ROLAND - KAS^TELX<U. S,'Rubber Co, New York. New York; *J. M. KERJUGAN, U. S. Rubber . xiVrttmh>g Cosine, BafiaIo,:New York; *J. T. KTDNEY, The Goodyear Tire It Rubber Ca,'l Airoor Ohio; *J. E. LOVAS,! U. S. Rubber Co, Passaic New Jeneyr *W. L. 7 . SCHNEIlitR.' The B. F. Goodrich Co, Akron. Ohio; *P. VAN CLEEF,.Van C3eef Bios, . . - Qsia/oT- USpois; DrV, J. NEWTON SHIRLEY, Arrow Mutual Liabilh} Insuring; Co, - Chothiit .HID. Mricboaftts Staff'Representative--. A. VAN ATTA. NatlonaJ Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois PastiCeneril Chairman . * ' * . .. i * *. "' ` -: j. - s 8 .' / ,< ^ * J5fA Natickd Safety Congret2,19i7 1 on the bearing has 'ten revened and'. the';" casing *nd tag are of reiy hei^daatfneSoQ.. clearance b now on thetop of; the. bearing., ". If.tbe-valre-'b. With shifting o the ckijraiice. the electrical . pcedble-ta releire' the1 prawu twitch. attached to tbetoplinkb raised-, in :. In.thh "ease.: everyone -ahould such a way that'it mb*es.the. arm attached ." dbtanrg,-add thepraB'ahoaMtter'I^'of^al to the shaaftL. Since, thhibs electrical' iwitch ;is;. - by. <6iher''iaaa*.,:-.--*c.*`r''' ' attached to the power, source^ If^fes coaaa - y.Tfciswilchh'being ftther'wlddy'ttiiniid. -b'broken the press will-step;. . .* . v V-; v'to 6tifyr'dyidvafit^'fc.;tl^ If the va.lre cm^fi3kha>-m---e--s-p'lnig--ged, .the .Ore! to.^;presea^^ .Maynard-type.swilttrb^hereiore inoperative,' exhaust lines doatalaprcaugc ThatfyCt^cp- and th<i pres* ha^mr^d to open. Since prei-^ crate tWaritdi.'?-S:*>.,..\1-''"~r'P- sure exists in the curing bag, the linkage b .-.7:.::> Zz-?-' still under load. There'b no reversal of load and no change in the clearance. Since the Safety men shoaid pate hire thatthe mold switch attached to-the. top link does Dot'rise, changers :suBoenily''nlghtt-tT',the vtcpbain in .its opening movement" it- interferes' with. that hold the mold ` the arm.-breaking the contact to 'the motor. In moat yulcanfarn tb^ bop.^kiiUf^'^tlae.TBi^cl and stopping.the vulcudrer. So jhat thh de-;' / 6held'fir the sign can work, the press mat open slightly, 'screws.'; InJ jome .insrancry men'*, joase'.'scahigi bat this/slight opening b not saff`id*ent`. to under1'athe bokt* ; to,r*stlha-t*^*`o*e**d-*y''* od.**^e*v _ `-o r^ vt*wo cause the bag tojexplode, because'the> tire threabd^od ihe bolts enter the' mdlfl.'' Safety in MecHtmld^poodi Coring '' hi ''->5 ; .i c.';rc:*'ircy..-. ,. . fiy J. E. hQ^ASr'' Scrfety Supervisor. TJ. S.' Rubber Cc6pany7` Horizontal Heatera safetj rairei,. steamI gaugo,. redwing, vuves Since the discovery by Goodyear in t8jg of the vnlmnization of -rubber by hratfng with sulphur, many varied, jypei of .Tukxnirm haw been progreklrdy derignoL::,.; .or antogafie regnbtnrs, tlyrmnnytm, traps, blow down.valra, rent or teath^;vaiyes, 'Ufetyj door Inta^oefcv extetnal'^uid- k<emal *** In a mechanical rubber goods plant, various methods, are used to cznySMt the operation of vulcanDatlool The moat important'tree open steam .cures aod preas atreL \ Whenever; pcasbfc;i%ilattt\'taTaii^^ . lief safety valves shodd.be installad. One set slightly alre_the' p{>4ating'praidre itndjhe .bther at; the.rnife worklfigtpraKireiot'the vaaeL'.Ih'tthWjli'-lf^ , Open steam cures 'are used 'dJefly -fbir. cur - waning ing ihoae,.'tubed;goods':and'InsahLted wdre. For thb purpose m bozUooal^qitikiriaJjrvUj corTC*Ire^typor^frte^.^ila canker,'or. beater u U:U <*mmotdy:kaoira4 'vilva shooM^ihsallS`inb used. Tt b sn .unflrtd pTesstne Tmd baflt to operate with high preasurc sfcam. .'- :/Oa mronriy loir, beaten,; They - ire ! safely' / cowtructed j uodcrrlhe . with; .arijeast.. thi>\MOB)ira American Sodety ofi.Mecfaanlal'.EnglxKen, ; u7the; safety ^r^Bibdldll American.. Standards^ Aasodxtion. and . Saxe > thi ;VaWi;'tevebd4v -*' '* - un fired pressure vesseb. coda.',:..'v , ,v . '.'wdriclflgaretiTfifi ^Despite ` the j fact -vtheey beatersare... con-' :'-:burii.;ort'iS^?6 . .. .imiaed actxirdlng to 'the,foregoing standards'. '.varea;drtBe';ialrer'Vlien aod regnktioos,,atienxlodfihoold.-.be;pald!b)'' r pipe, ihooldj Se^*o;anaa certain aedessoriet when,-lht*111ng for operat -1 hlghita^perat^^df^oda ing. purposes In. the plant. .^/t.: ,M'; ;r)- - comlng^^ibdoaa^i^tlfri' Some of.lhe aedesaories are: pressure relief Rubber Seaton. '; TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION, ^- - 13 October 7/1947 . . '. Pro&fing/ROLAND RASTELL/Assistant to Superintendent of Safety, U. S. Rubber Company " Eds fife Safely Effort Lagged Sine the War? ^FRAnK SWANSON jer, Detroit Plant, U. S. Robber Co. _ c.-** ^ .y * ; Aia: analyidi of Ose..ftat!itics\ibpwing acci -Washington in its. various bariumNiarged dent:'mto to'-the rubbervW for tie with the -procurhnent'Of labor, aniWrwn the p*a"id year* indicates that the last four yean National Safety Council helped check* thb of the jo's produced the best frequency rates increase. An outstanding example, and ooe in the i5 year period; andTabo the best s with which I am personally familiar, was the verity ntes: Commencing with the year. i<Ho. Safety and Security Brandi of the-U. S. Army. both .frequency-and;, severity -Increased until ' The Army .found, in. many imfances. that ahighspqt.In-i<M**hovred a frequency.of . they themselves bad to btrild the facilities for 13^5. accidents per miHion -boon worked, .manufacturing artides, and either operate and.ahighspottot^showcd a. severity of. them or;bave them operated by private con 9/io days iostiper.thoasand-boon worked. cerns. With the- manpower situation as it I might.can to.yottr mind that iCwzsduring existed, everything, possible had to be <Sooe (hev i^fo-ig^a;: perkd ' that .are .were: either tor instruct:.'thb manpower, in safety, to that 'get^hgi.xiady^ifor^(yrarVor. engaging in our there might be no interruption to. produc fintoc.'second year oTwar production. Many tion of goods, as well as to insure conservation ; things 7 happened. dnring-that time which ' of 7manpower; and. materials for the services. DonaaHylarould contributeto an. increase in Therefore/ wiih the iEoundation of the Safety the frequency-.of accidents. - and Security. Brandi, hundreds, and I be To'begto with, the industry lost many of lieve, thousands ofrf^diridsab. both cxvilifcn its most experienced employees. They either and ' military\.persornrlr.yere trained and were inducted, into tlx armed. services, or prepared in the engineering features which . perhaps /they shifted to the mort essential would enable-them'to recognize a hazard . industries. ;Tbcsc~ people] in many., instances and take steps to effect its-ctirreoioo. They were 'replaced by^ineaqxricnord workers and abo aided in the preparation of. text material c&en&M by people who 4rodd riot normally. which wodM enable plant operators to train have baayemplnyedto industrial'plants. Oh-' their employeesto work safely; Starting bum. rioosly/'.tbese ' cobdilloos brought' about a ' scratch, thb Tery. xapidly dcTdoped into^high shsatiou -Wbiriix'srtsl re^xxmbVevfor a bad gear, and I bdievtf that thiedrop as shown aardent'record./X 'might 'lbo'add that .many in the. frtqucncyof aeddenta after 1941. can johs 'arbidi T^d prevtomly beendooe by male be attributed- largely to^lhb activity. ,' tabor, oo'thie'theory that.they were .too heavy . . Everyone afuvwbo was jrithfct at:.a gbvto he'dooe'hry^yoc>en./or_ foo. oomplkated. ~emment-owDed phnt or atajathratrfy owned were tiben'ener ahd more,or less tucoessfully phut doing war .work, had dqxrience, with pertoirin^ h^^romen_ditring thb period-The both dvilhir and1 cortmtnliined pebonnd ln- ' the fonn .of 'varibniVfire'oif safety/tmpeefon _ who.' after inspextksn^ofb^ properties. .were ~ shortage^ e.rerjyurt^wahtiagj_to.ptoh.in .and. do hb utmost:1 Ir'b'my'opinl^'iher^^ the. bSae^as'4^ *^V*4V iu^'^'.-sirai - pmabteut9 In. their'efforts to,'dlminateffx,e.'_ ai^ accidertt:.haardsr *pifa'.`persistence~~on . ; iheLr part shcfaMi^jajmmended.-aixl the x ; results ..they obtained ' tpmt-'for- ihemselves. low !tibam^ ''to wt& ex- - Tbe mornd To^grom all ;tf thb^cdTfty;^; xj~,,.l-i u;. -.pA. in eponqctidtirSrith^arid: fire' protectfoa.^ '~Ttc ormienoout effort phoed ori'rhe Wwit. and prerentioa;> b :.arit awakened' cbmdbuip'':; nariorf^ of<'acddentS/vsind '-the^terTtionr*of ` -inea.^ tbe'jnrtfof all 'mduiby aad ^L-pd>; scrident'-baaafds/ that stemmed directly' from 'soonid/conbeictrilvwTth `rb*dustry'to^-the^end ^ ('- 20 35th National Sajety'Cdngress, 1947 Ida! method of instituting. halth control matures Is in the inltal design of the plant or process. However, one must frequently work with existing equipment. Redesign may not be economically possible. The writer re cently had occasion to review a graduate en gineer's paper dealing with the control of a health hazard. The proposed solution was theoretically excellent, except that the manu facturer would have been put out of busi ness in order to effect the control measures proposed. Industrial health and safety stllT need to be sold. F.very opportunity should be taken to Indicate mans,of writing -off the expenditures involved in lower compensation costs, lower absenteeism, better employeeemployer relationships, less product con-, lamina Lion, etc. 3. It must not Interfere with the em ployee's production. This is particularly true of those operations involving piece wort wages. Little comment on this is necessary. The location of exhaust'hoods and ventilating equipment must be such'as not to interfere with^production. Peseta!, protective equip ment, particularly 'respiratory, should be nted only as ah adjunct to other control measures, or. where other measures are wholly Imprac tical. Notwithstanding the fact that many commercial respirators, are efficient devices, working pemonnel resist wearing' them and will do so only tfhcn actually eeaspeSed to. This, .of course. Is usually Unpractical and frequently .Impossible. J 4. It muu. meet, local md/or state codes. This . la particularly, true whh. rapett to maximum allowable coocrntTatibra of atmcwpberic coatamlhinta,'. ventilatioa codes, and the release of atmospheric^ contaminants out of doors. Llule uniEondity exists between different sutes and' thunldpalldea with re spect to these codes. Some are only 'advisory: others are legal statutes. A thorough inves tigation should be made of any existing codes befhre an installation is made. Following.the installation.. the necessary- measurements should-he made to determine the effective-ness* of the control, i . The Hygiene Survey in the Rubb^rHdustry' By. F. W. SANDS -Industrial Hygienist, U. S. Rubber Company A recently-suggested definition1 of indus trial hygiene is as follows: "Industrial hygiene is the science and art UP pi oaring health through the recognition, evaluation and con trol of environmental auses and sources of illnesS In. Industry." Included in the scope of this definition is,the recognition, sampling, and analysis of atmospheric contamination, dusts, gases, fogs, mists, vapors, radiant energy, illumination, noise, temperature and humid ity; interpretation of the results ofanalpls; and studies into the causes and.control of dermatitis. -* ( The' plant health survey Is the1 practical application through the aanal study of plant conditions of all of the principles enumerated in the definition of industrial hygiene itself. The definition above speaks of recognition. Ability to recognize conditions affecting em ployee health, is a prime, requisite for per forming a successful health- survey. The first plant visit necessarily Involves the cvtherlnv of a rreat dal of general in. -formation, statistics, tody of fynpint records, etc.- The industrial' hygienist 'mat/obtain , a general picture of the products imamfarmed, -the operatloca invcjTed,''the'-ahr'fatxTrrials being' used, the number 'of employees; find's great many 'other faOtxt Rail^ thJm' to into this general type of 'fafeinrarinri- tfidctaQ.-'I prefer to call joarsnttrriflori'"to sev eral forms1 which were * developed/'"the United' Stata 'Publk `Health'-Slavlce^^or . use by its field representtrirtivlri Industrial health. Copies oftboe forms are tvil&hle to you here. I believe that-ic hj.Wxy.iflqscirtiht that informadoa of this general;name.;be obtained systematically. 'These-norms'. insist greatly in avoiding the otnfasloo of lmpbttant . health factors. - Having obtained this inlorcoalkin^;;the'' indusoiiL hygienist: is. La a :bed^jpaifcli`.ta . make the trip through tim':plij^la^a[jpie Importance -of ihe'.acturiipl^(Mit^jbin^ be over-tinpharixed. vltis '^bere'that^reH^ibe knowledge,- training- andexperienOeCbf^the . ; V/ 1 " T"* V 'nifr'-V 5<>* `0*,*'*\ i'V ; ' *<i' -- ( ) 9 SftfETfeCOHGRESS v * * ^ - .V * * * . f*./ W * * ' "* * * i . / .-.v - j- . -O -f. ' :r .,*>*. #: ' _f ' " * C * * " * I ,".V V .: ,4*.w* V .*; *' ~ ^ .t * * - * Jf . - * P; .V.; .-* .. ... . .-;n- m- I';-. . ..; v_v'- UcrSsiTV VOLOMEXXII TEXTILE SECTION Automotive and -Machine Shop-Section 7 ' ' MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 6, 1947 Presiding? Da. A. L_3xoocs. Medial Director. Fisher Body Division, Gcnerr.1 Melon Cor poration Recognition and Control of Fume and Dost Exposure .' . By V. J. CASTROP - Research Laboratories Division, General Motors' Corporation - niDcss which an be attributed to the oc accepted opinion as.to their effect on health. cupation may occur in the automotive and Many conditions arc rorreaed or improved allied industries. While/ohcupational disease because of reasons other than their effect cases are; much Cewcr id-number than those upon the health of the employees. Better resulting from accidental injury,' there still products, better employee relationship, reduc remains the need for vigilance in maintaining tion in maintenance of equipment may be a healthful working environment. 'The re dted as justification for management's de sponsibility Cor employee health is delegated cisions for such correction or improvement. try management to the 'medical director with Generally speaking there'are two means of the safety director charged with matters per entrance of toxic compounds into the human taining to safety. For the smooth-functioning body under industrial conditions, namely, by of either department it is necessary that these ingestion or via the respiratory tract through individuals'work in dose harmony with each the inhalation of fumes, dusts, mists or gases. other;" Ingestion is of importance If toxic materiab A safely engineer who b apable of recog- which have a systemic effect are used and nixing conditions which may be detrimental adequate1 washing facilities are not provided, to the health of the employee is an excellent-- or. where the employees are slovenly in'their teammate for the doctor in any employee ) personal .-habits. Inhalation' is considered the health maintenance program. The safety en most important portal of entry of fames gineer need not be apable of actually sam or dusts and the particle size, therefore, be pling air In the environment or designing a comes significant in evaluating an expome. ventilation. system Tor the control of toxic The particles which ause the physiological mvMrfsh- He should, however, have knowl changes are those which are small enough to edge of the materials which have been proved remain suspended in the air and not tbo*e harmful, should be fairly well informed of which Immediately fill to the Boor. Flying how these materials may be used safely, have particles, which-are of concern to a safety some understanding of basic control measures man and tor which he advocates the use of which are normally recommended when such goggles, are not of hygienic ilgnlBance since materials are used. they ire not of respirable sire. To jodge the The intention -is not to present a, highly seriousness of an exposure by the quantity technical discussion of fume and dust ex of detritus adjacent to an openlion b often posures' or detailed Information regarding misleading. -This b especially true where ventfladoo systems, as such matters are of mechanical ventilation- baa been provided Interest to the professional industrial hygien which will remove the ifionbnaterial but b ists and of comparatively Uule value to afety inadequate to txSph orX.sqpWy the larger engineers. This dbcowioo will be limited to particles. ' f')V \ the more; basic principles of'Industrial hy In evaluating a^hxpoture It b necessary giene- as they relate, to fame and dost ex to consider the toxidty of the material, the posures.' to. indicate what, control measures duration of the exposure, the average csocm- are; available or. used to protea -the em tration of the contaminant, with vpertat atten ployee's health, and. to call-to your attention tion being paid to, those operations which operadoBi and materials which are commonly used.In the automotive.and allied industries, at the a me time lodiating the generally produce high concentratioos at some phase of an operating crd^.Tnivihe measure! which have been provided 'To-o&nrroi the exposure.