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76 CHAPTER 4 Archiv fur Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene published on car bon monoxide poisoning, while the Zentralblattfur Gewerbehygiene und Unfallverhutung published articles on dust control in the textile industry and radiation protection in the radium trades.11 Arbeitsphysiologie published articles on work physiology, and the Monatsschrift fur Unfallheilkunde published on industrial accidents and other concerns of insurance medicine. Other journals dealt with more specialized aspects of labor health and safety. Gesundheitsingenieur (Health engineer) covered health and safety engineering in the workplace (e.g., how to keep factory air clean), while Die Arztliche Sachverstandigen-Zeitung (Medical expert review) exam ined problems faced by factory physicians.12 Arbeitsschutz pub lished on general matters of protection against workplace hazards, while Die Gasmaske, issued by the Auergesellschaft of Berlin, a ura nium producer, published on dust-control technologies. There are many other journals and several book-series devoted to occupa tional health in this period13--more, in fact, than were produced by any other nation in the world. Nazi officials also put an unprecedented number of physicians on factory floors--the goal being partly to supervise worker health and safety, but also to certify who was sick enough to stay at home (and, of course, to identify shirkers). The number of "factory phy sicians" (Betriebsdrzte) grew from only 467 in 1939 to an astonishing 8,000 in 1944. Most of these physicians had multiple duties, includ ing maintaining labor discipline and doing whatever else was nec essary to ensure optimal employee performance.14 National socialist attitudes toward worker health and safety have to be understood in several different contexts. For one thing, we should recall that much, but'not everything, changed when the new regime seized power. A great deal of Nazi-era literature on industrial health can be regarded as a continuation of pre-Nazi concerns--including many of the prevention-oriented policies ad vocated by socialist or communist health officials (disease regis tration and health-oriented workplace engineering, for instance). The fact that Germany enjoyed a state-supported social insurance system was also important: the "sickness funds" (Krankenkassen) established in 1883 gave the state a strong interest in reducing OCCUPATIONAL CARCINOGENESIS 77 medical costs, a key factor in the "euthanasia operation" (designed to reduce the financial burden imposed by "the unfit") but also part of the logic behind many occupational health reforms. Ger mans were early to discover many occupational hazards, because the national health care system required that work-related acci dents and illnesses be registered and compensated--which also gave the state a strong incentive to reduce workplace accidents and illnesses. A second consideration is that Nazi officials wanted productive, high-performance workers, free of sickness and full of love for their work. Many of the innovations of the 1930s and 1940s must be seen as part of this effort to engineer a high-achieving worker. The ambitious health reorganization plan (Gesundheitswerk) of Robert Ley's German Labor Front, for example, was supposed to make Germany "the healthiest high-performance people in the world."15 "Performance medicine" (Leistungsmedizin) and "selec tion medicine" (Selektionsmedizin) were supposed to increase the labor pool's performance by improving the working environment and weeding out inferior personnel.16 Much of this drive for per formance was motivated by the war mobilization: the ambitious four-year plan announced in 1936 put all of German production on a military footing, increasing both the pace of work and the num ber of hours put in--including the hours spent on work performed at home.17 Nazi efforts in this area must also be understood in light of broader military and geopolitical events--especially the territorial aspirations of the regime and its massive and often murderous policy of using foreign and slave labor in German factories. Mil lions of foreigners were forced to toil in German industry and agriculture; tens of thousands perished in the process. Slave la borers from concentration camps were compelled to work in Ger man factories, and prisoners of war were forced to serve as "sub jects" in deadly concentration camp experiments--many of which can be viewed as efforts to enlarge the field of occupational health and safety. The freezing and low-pressure experiments conducted at Dachau, for example, were designed to advance the field of flight physiology (a branch of "military hygiene"), providing the