Document reN3z0EEQdbm8XwwBqV37vazq

25 th National Safety Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY . OCTOBER 5 w OCTOBER 9, 1936 Ambassador, Chelsea, Ritz-Carlton Hotels and Atlantic City . Auditorium Copyrltht, 1936, NtUontl Safuty Council, Inc. Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Who Exhibited at the 25th National Safety Con^rr** arvl Exposition Atlantic City, N. J., October 5-9. 1936 Ballroom--Convention Auditorium Aetna Casualty & Surety Co.. Hartford. ('nn Automobile Driving Test'. American Mutual Liability Ins. Co. llu'ton. Mass Insurance, Workmen's ('mnjsensatmn. !'r<*j<riv 1-' '-'k Amtzcn, Inc., Chicago. 111. Auxiliary Emergency Stretcher ami l-"irAid I'<;11; -- wv Arroway Traffic SiRnal C<>rj>. Kmg'i*>rt. I mn Traffic Control Signals. Beacon Corp., Minneapolis, Minn Direction and Danger Signals for M- t* r Tranp- t Vrh.. Bcndix Products Corp.. South Bend. I ml. Automotive Equipment. Blatchford Corporation, Chicago, 111. Traffic Signals ami Markers Cities Service Co., New York City, Oils and Gasoline. Crouse-Hinds Company, Syracuse. N. Y Traffic Signals and Flood Lights Dual Parking Meter Co., Oklahoma City. OWla Parking Meter Equipment. Donald S. Duncan, Inc., Chicago, 111. Parking Meter Eguipment. Eagle Signal Corp., Moline. 111. Traffic Signals. General Electric Co.. Schenectady. N\ Y. Electrical Equipment. Harley Davidson Motor Co., Milwaukee. Wiv Police Motorcycles and Equipment. The Highway Safety Signal Co.. Baltimore. Md Double Filament Traffic I .amps ami Color Design I ralTie I ruses Hoof Products Co., Chicago, 111. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governors. Indian Motorcycle Co., Springfield, Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston. Mass. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. Martindale Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signals. Monarch Governor Co., Detroit. Mich. Automobile Speed Control Governors. National Carbon Co., Inc., New York City. Equipment for Battery Operated Devices. Parkrite Corporation, Houston, Texas. Parking Meter Equipment. Traffic Boy, Inc., Canton, Ohio. Traffic Warning Signs. U. S. Steel Corporation & Subsidiaries, Pittsburgh, Pa. Street'and Highway Markers and Highway Guards. Weaver Manufacturing Co., Springfield, III. Automobile Testing Equipment. * 141 120 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress leum distillation are frequently combined others of the danger. Even if removed with those from coal tar to form valua from the poisonous gas at that period, ble chemical combinations. They have the-damage actually done by the gas may been placed on the market .so rapidly result in permanent physical damage. that medical science has been' unable to determine their physiological effect upon Infection the health of man. We have known that some of these chemicals are capable of The skin is a protective covering of creating changes in the liver, and only the body against infection and is ex recently in a city in Massachusetts one tremely efficient as long as it remains in of these newer products caused the death tact, but allow it to be broken or punc of two employees and a battle to retain tured, introduce bacteria, and a battle life among two others. ensues between the offensive agencies of I"'* .infection and the defensive powers of the I. Carbon Monoxide ' -pbdy. The winning of such 'vm-ay determine the presence or a struggle absence of You remember the adage, "Where there is smoke, there is fire." We might add to that, "Where there is fire there is carbon monoxide." This odorlesoSbut poisonous gas- may occur in any industry or in any home, but the poorer the ventilation the better the chance of producing physical incapacity. Since the advent of. the motor, car, whose exhaust pipe may pour forth as high as 6% of carbon monoxide, we are all exposed to that gas, particularly in crowded cities. The ordinary passenger car liberates about two cubic feet per minute, and one can readily estimate the physical damage that may be~ done if such a motor is allowed to run within the doors of a poorly ventilated garage or shop. Fortunately, serious cases of such poisoning are not .common among those employed in public garages, 'tout many of those employees are likely to complain of headache and faintness at the end of a day's work, especially in colder weather when doors and windows remain closed. In the steel industry, where gas is used as the heating agency in the blast fur naces, care must be used to provide proper ventilation. Within the' mines, workers are warned to allow r.enougli time incapacity. Infections are common throughout industry, but two types are particularly prominent -- infection result ing from anthrax and infection among meat packers and fishermen. Many of our fur, hair or wool-covered animals may contract anthrax. The germs of that diseasp defy the ordinary methods of sterilization and may linger on hides, bristles or hairs for long periods of time. Tanners, wool sorters, and hair or bristle workers may introduce the anthrax spore beneath their skin and undergo much physical suffering and sometimes death. Infections are frequently found among meat and fish packers and those engaged in deep sea fishing. Although death rarely occurs, the loss of fingers, hands and nasty septic wounds are the resplt. Punctured wounds, cuts, abrasions, burns and scratches are potential avenues of entrance for bacteria which would seem to be waiting everywhere at all times for such a break in the skin. Iarly medical treatment might often save later surgical interference, not to mention the accompanying discomfort, incapacity and perhaps the loss of an essential body part. Summary following blasts for the escape of this gas. Being a colorless, odorless and taste less gas, quick of action within the hu man body, the manifestation of the very first symptom may be too late to save a workman from partial or total incapacity or perhaps death. Because the exposed person suffers first from motor paralysis, he may be unable to help himself f .o\ r even to warn I feel that the time has come when an employer must demand of a manufacturer the answers to two questions: 1. How will your product affect my business? 2. How will your product affect the health of my employees? That employer is entitled to honest answers based upon sufficient chemical and physiological examinations of the questionable product. That manufacturer Occupational Diseases 121 shouldbe held responsible for ..the ; ill$produced by. the use tif his product and' unless he can guarantee its safety, it has no place ih industry. Too many lives have been lost or' jeopardized by too little knowledge of a product's action upon those who handle it. The inddeniet^ of lost time due to ill ness and-'ih'mrjK in industry has been greatly lessertedjby the'; many agencies working along lines' of safety. When in dustry has been made fool-proof by the substitution of non-toxic preparations for those now found to be harmful, and when each employee is imbued with the idea that constant thoughtfulness and care are most necessary for the maintenance of health and happiness, then, and not un til that idealistic stage has been reached may vigilance and perseverance to main tain and preserve health, limb and life be lessened. Pre-Employment Examination as an Aid to the Control of Ini dustrial Diseases - By DR. W- . C. TEMPLEiR Medical Director, Coming Glass Works, Corning, N. Y. We may well ask whether or not -phy death rate due to tuberculosis. In fact, sical examination is of any value to the in the treatment of all epidemic-type world at large, rather than limit th^-dis diseases that have so far been eradicated, cussion to the control, of industrial' di the examination of patients to^determine seases. In the conservation of life and the severity of .symptoms and the im health much progress has been made in provement has.been of foremost value. the eradication or control of such diseases Knowing that the average span of life as occur in epidemic form, as well as has been increased eight years in the last that type of disease which is not truly quarter/-century and assuming that the epidemic, but occurs in such frequency above mentioned factors have had some that general health programs are neces bearing on it, could wi decry the value sary. Much has been dpne to control of physical examinations for the general such disabling illnesses as heart disease, population? 0 .. arterio-sclerosia, .kidney disease and dia- . If wc know that examinations made by betes; and something has been accom insurance companies and their associating plished in the control of morbidity, which examining institutions, the. clinics run by tends to, at least, make people happier the United States Public Health Service, through good health, even though an in and the great mass of physicians,, who all creased span of life is not gained. carefully examine . their clientele, have Physical examination has played a large - been of value in the control of disease, role in accomplishing these things, be cause it was through physical examination and physical observations that investiga tors were led to exert themselves to find a remedy for the cause of such condi may. we not asstime that examinations' In industry will help control the incidence and extent of industrial disease, particu larly when the life expectancy of *indp^trial. workers is less than that of the tions. Small-pox is no longer prevalent, general population? ' due to such observations, which led to In fact on April 14, 1936, at the Na its control by vaccination, Malaria and tional Conference on Silicosis and Similar yellow fever have been brought largely Dust Diseases, called by the Secretary of under control, and knowledge is now Labor, Dr. R. R. Sayers of the United available in the control of venereal di States Public. Health Service said, "Pre seases, if the proper physical examination liminary and periodic physical and roent- and laboratory methods are used to arrive v. genological examination should be made at a diagnosis. We are all familiar with of all employees engaged in industrial the resutta obtained in decreasing the processes where there is a1' potential if Safety Equipment 143 They should never be patched, hap hazardly and turned back into service. Ladders needing repair should be tagged and turned oveiyvta, the foreman, who should determine'-wHetbcr^^p^jTTtapt^be repaired. If he decides fljat^fAiit^s-P^?" sible, he should turn the' tender o^er tb the maintenance department. ^ .3/ What should be the angle of a lad der leaning against the wall? In general practice the ladder should stand one-quarter of its own length away from the wall. 4. Is it possible to use steel scaffolding for temporary work? Yes. This type of scaffolding is easily erected and can be placed on rollers and easily moved about. 5. In purchasing a ladder how can. it be determined whether the tenons project far enough into -the side'rails to give a firm footing? There is no type of inspection that will determine this. The only way one can be sure the tenons, are firmly imbedded is to purchase a quality ladder. ,, 6. Is the airplane cable or the solid steel bar the best form of re-enforcement in a ladder? The solid steel bar. It gives the firmest and most dependable support. Cable reenforcement is now practically obsolete. Unusual Developments in Leg Protection *p By E. L. WHEELER Chicago In times of serious illness one always greatest number of them'have been used obtains the services of the best doctor in recent years, the most unusual and available, buys, the best medicine procura varied development in leg protection has ble, from a reliable source. Is there any been centered on what are commonly reason why protective apparel should be called "foundry leggings." q regarded differently? Is not the preven The first leggings' 1 > know anything tive as important as the cure? about consisted of bag-like tubes that Part of the time almost any kind of hung from the waist or from the knee protective apparel is good enough, but and were made from anything that when the emergency arises, when real wouldn't explode upon coming in contact protection is needed, then is 'the time your with molten metal. Early it was discov men should be provided with the best pro ered that chrome leather was a good heat tection obtainable. If protective apparel resister and gradually asbestos cloth was does not protect against the extreme haz woven into a more useable, pliable fabric, ard, it Is absolutely worthless. Your men with fire-proofed duck' used in some in may complain that certain apparel is a bit stances. - These three materials are still cumbersome, a.-bit uncomfortable, but art' chiefly used,, with chrome leather leading. accident is a thousand times more un With more or less stabilization of basic comfortable, and usually results in loss materials, 'improvement in design came in of time plus untold suffering. To. be safe for prompt, attention. Leggings with snap it must be sturdily made, though it may button* and straps were cput on the mar not be 100 per cent comfortable; but ket, and arctic buckles were also used complete working comfort without maxi as a means of fastening. The knee length mum protection is a compromise that legging rabidly became the most popular does not make for safety. style. It is-a prime requisite that such There is now available standard leg a legging shall b^ so constructed that it protection that will safely meet every will afford protection from the knee down normal hazard in industry, and further to, and including, the foot, dts :design more, it is possible to have made special should be comfortable, but comfort should products for specific hazards of almost' not be sacrified for safety. It should be any nature. fully and quickly adjustable and instantly Possibly because of the fact that the removable; 14-1 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress With these fundamentals in mind vari ous kinds of spring knee .leggings were created--one of the first great improve ments in legging construction. However, m some cases there seemed to be justi fied complaints about the circular springs getting too hot for comfort arid so the manufacturers promptly eliminated this by covering the springs or insulating them. Spring knee leggings still are preferred by some and will undoubtedly-be used for many years to come. made entirely of heavy fibre with or with out metal flares as the hazard demands. Steel studded chrome leather is also used in some cases. There are styles made from chrome leather reinforced with flexible reeds backed up by felt to act as a shock absorber. A most interesting anti-rattle snake legging is made in a sort of spring knee type, using fibre as a base and cover ing it with water-proofed duck as a fur ther protection while walking through long wet grass. Hut we find many new so-called spring- Pure grain rubber mounted over light lr*t types of leggings appearing in the leather has been successfully used as leg field. We also find that the old stunt of and foot protection against sand blast wrapping legs in wet burlap is^ almost ex- shot. Hip length leggings, while used in imct. thanks to the efforts of safety men. . lesser numbers, are still standard equip Subsequently the springless type of leg ging further combined safety and comfort. The popular appeaK.-of this type was chiefly its greater comfort and finer ad justability. Every conceivable kind of fastener is hc/e used to insure ease of putting on and to assure quick removal. Entirely new fasteners have been devel oped and use has also been made of already existing types. Individual features carfy their appeal to safety men. but all recognized types of leggings on the 'market todO are much more comfortable and safe than those of a few years back. ment in,, foundries where protection is needed from the hip down. They range in style from regular pant leg shapes to extensions put on spring knee or spring less type leggings, knd are made from asbestos . cloth, fireproofed duck, and jleather. A combination of chrome leather bottom with an attachable asbestos top has proved a very desirable style from both a safety and an economical stand point. Here again, as in the knee type, safety, comfort, adjustability, ease of putiting on and taking off are important factors. Of course, almost any of these styles of leggings is adaptable for other uses, especially when sparks, molten metal I.eg protection against acid splashes or severe .-heat are encountered. call*. for not nearly so many styles of In rather rare instances light leggings leggings but is adequately covered. The or spats have been used with more or types of leggings and'spats that protect less success for leg and foot protection against cuts, bruises, and similar injuries for women. are many and. varied. Some are made Proper protective apparel will speed up from a heavy leather base covered with production, will keep men on the job, metal reinforcing strips, properly placed will keep them happy, and will increase to give the needed protection. Others'are profits. 1 he following questions were brought out in the discussion:1 2 1. Do spats give as good leg protection as leggings? No. 2. Why are spats worn at all? They are used when workmen have an aversion to leggings or when only low splashes of hot material are expected. In the latter case, however, the workman wearing spats is taking a gamble, because, by the law of averages, the hot splashes may not always be low. 3. What material is the best heat re sister? Asbestos gives the best protection from severe heat, but this material will not stand wfcar and friction as well as some other materials. Safety Equipment 145 Respiratory Protective Equipment for Use Against Dusts, Fumes and' Gases By PHILIP DRINKER Boston^ Mast There appears to be some confus0ion v and one can see large plants for recover- is/ to the distinction between ; dusts, ing lead fume--a dry powder. Obviou- umes, vapors, mists, and gases, with the ly, one does not want the same kind of -esult that respiratory equipment for pro- respiratory equipment for two such dif- iection against them occasionally is ferent substances yet the customer often wrongly applied. The respirator manu- * asks for a respirator to protect against facturers have many examples of such fumes. misunderstandings and often are blamed Lead fume happens to be very difficult for errors which result solely from con to filter out so that the ordinary respir fusion in nomenclature.. ator which catches dust particles may lie . Dusts include all types of dry earthy inadequate against lead fume. The acid particles .small enqujgh to be blown cabout-71 fumes, containing both liquid particles by ordinary "air currents. Dust7suspen- and gas. require a filter to catch the drop sions may be generated as the result of lets and a gas absorbant to catch the a' grinding, blasting, or comjninutin'g pro gaseous constituent. Therefore, it usu cess; or they may result from the han ally happens that the respirator manufac dling of finely divided materials as in turer, in self protectionrtadvises the cus mixing processes; in sweeping, or the tomer to use an air-silpplied or air-line blowing about;of wood flour, plant ppl- respirator because he will then be ade lens, or common road dust: There is no quately protected whether the fume is of chemical limitation implied by the term solkL.particles, like lead, or a liquid and "dust" while the range in size of dust particles extends from the sub-microscop ic to small'-sand"grains. Such materials can be caught very effectively by the gas mixture. If the customer stated ex actly what the suspension consisted of or told how it was generated he might be able to use less expensive equipment. modern type of 'dust respirator. A vapor is a gas which can be con Fumes embrace two-definite kinds of verted into a liquid at ordinary tempera atmospheric suspensions. It ; is unfortu tures.and pressures. Thus, watef vapor is nate that such double-naming exists in ra common constituent of the ajr.apd is the trade but one had best admit the fact. contained in concentrations which' vary Thus, "lead fume" is a very, old^term with . atmospheric conditions. Respira used to describe the visible dark grey tory protective equipment is used against suspension .which evolves . front ' lead low epneentrations of a great -many va- heated to high temperatures".' The ma p.ors arising from common organic solv terial in such suspensions is mostly tiny ents such as benzol- Many such sub particles of . lead (and lead oxide), much stances .are absorbed by activated char smaller in size than those of the average coal as in gas masks. There is a.small dust, with some lead in the gaseous -6tate.' ^cartridge type respirator in which the sWhen such a mixture is cooled down to -'Cartridge is filled with activated charcoal ..the point where it can be breathed the; for absorbing a vapor .such as benzol or contaminant is then the lead particles with soda-lime for absorbing an acid gas alone without any gaseous lead. such as carbon, dioxide. Because these The word "fume" is also used to de small cartridges contairf' comparatively scribe the mixture of gas and mist which little~ot the absorbant their use is lim may come from a bath of hot nitric acid, bed to very .low concentrations. They for example. None of the material in should riot be used for emergency rescue the suspension is dry--it is all in the fonn work. of a true mist (liquid droplets) or as a A mist consists of a suspension of li gas, yet it may have a thick brownish col quid droplets together with the gas. from or. One buys ' fuming sulfqric acid (a which the droplets condensed. The com liquid) from any chemical supply house monest example is atmospheric fog. 146 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress Droplet* of mist are necessarily micro tective equipment which catches gases al scopic in size or they would not remain ways consists in some- chemical agent In suspension. As soon as several drop which either absorbs the gas or converts lets collide and form a large1 drop the li it. into some other substance which can quid settles out. Therefore, it is possi be.absorbed. Because one can rarely be ble to dispel a true mist very readily by sure of the gas concentration to be en simnly stirring up the air--ventilation or countered it is common practice in ex dilution is unnecessary. ploring man holes, for instance, to use Mist droplets can be filtered out by or dinary dust respirators--that~is, the visi ble portion of a fog is easily removed by filtration--but the gaseous J constituent devices supplied with air or oxygen in order that the wearer may be safe, re gardless of the conditions he finds. The gas mask, however, and its outgrowth, may pass through the filter. If the mist the chemical cartridge respirator have a happens to be corrosive to fabrics the re definite place in Industry and are In wide sultant effect upon a dust respirator is use today. bad. Paint spraying generates a mist and a certain amount of vapor. Protec tion usually consists of an air-line res pirator but it is not at all uncommon touse cartridge respirators containing act!-' vated charcoal and a filter. The U. S. Bureau of Mines has helped in the manufacture and use of respiratory protective equipment greatly by its issu ance of specifications for permissible equipment. Their present schedules do A gas contains no solid or liquid par not include the air-supplied respirators ticles under ordinary atmospheric condi , such as those used in paint spraying or tions. The filter units of any of the sand blasting but both the Bureau and common makes' of respirators'--'are inef the American Standards Association will fective against gases. Respiratory pro- issue such specifications presently. Discussion following the a'ddress was based on these points: 1. What protection is provided against a dangerous accumulation of air pressure in the ordinary fresh air hose mask? The helmet is not rigid. Air will leak out long before a dangerous pressure ac cumulates, or a safety link, provided in some types of hose mask, will blow out. 2. Would a protective mask approved for lead dusts filter out zinc oxide? Yes. However, almost any type of mask will filter out zinc oxide, since these particles are easily trapped. 3. " Will the simple face mask filter out ordinary smoke or will it absorb it? It is impossible to answer such a ques tion. There are as many types of ordinary masks as there are ordinary dusts. A mask must >he purchased to fit a specific need..-'.This is not'difficult, however, since all types are available. ` __ __ /- ___ Glass Used for the Protection of the Eyes Against Injurious 0 Radiation ( By e: d. tillyer Southbridge, Mass. The effect of excess visible light on the eye is immediately felt. If there is too much, anyone except the sun gazers im mediately turns away, closes the eyes or ieeks some kind of relief. There is a tendency to use. top dark glasses in weld ing, inherited from the oays when even the blackest glasses gave practically nd protection from the insidious invisible radiations. A proper rule is, use a shade number which gives good, immediately comfortable vision and insist that this glass give protection against the invisible radiations. The effects of the ultra-violet and the infra-red radiations are not as quickly noticed as the visible. We cannot say, as we said tor the visible, "get good im mediately comfortable vision" because the first noticed effect of the ultra-violet oc* s American Society of Safety Engineers--Engineering Section 1 Officers 1935-36 General Chairman--G..W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. Vice-Chdirmen-- C. B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. D. L. Royer, Ocean Accident and Guaranty Corp., New York, N. Y. Secretary--W. Dean Keefer, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. Members at Large-- Cyril Ainsworth, American Standards Association, New York, N. Y. C. B. Auel, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. J. I. Banasii, Consulting. Engineer, Chicago, 111. E. W. Beck, United States Rubber :Products, Inc., New York, N. Y; H. R. Bixler, Union Carbide and Carbon Corpf, New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan Chapter.) . *W. F. Boeiiner, J.B. Stetson Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter.) E. W. Bullard, E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter.) R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco, Calif. Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Company, Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter.) W. M. Graff, National Bureau of Casualty; & Surety Underwriters", New York, N. Y. R. McA. Keown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. EvERtrr F. Kino, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge. Mass. (Boston Chapter.) E. I. Kreii,, Philadelphia Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council Chapter.)'' % Thomas E. Lichtfoot, Koppcrs Coal Co., Pittsburgh,-Pa. M'. G. Lloyd, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. W. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Geo. F. Prussing, Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, Calif. C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Paf A. S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc, New York, N. Y. John Russell, Jr., Public Service Electric & Gas^Co., Newark, N.~J. (Northern New Jersey Chapter.) . ' r, . G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. H. S. Smith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., -New -York, N. Y. R. C Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. R. F: Thalner, Buick Motor Company, Flint, Mich. S. E. Whitinc, Liberty Mutual Insurance Con Boston, Mass. William P. Yant, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--D. L. Royer, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corp., New York, N. Y. \ Vice-Chairman--C. B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. _ > Vice-Chairman--R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California,-San Francisco, Calif. Secretary--W. Dean Keefer, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. ' Deboled. . 191 ivi. Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress Members at Large-- Cyril Ainsworth, American Standards Association. New York, N. Y. C. B. Auf.l, Wcstinghousc Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. r I. Haxasii, Consulting Engineer, Chicago.'Hl. " E. W. Heck. United States Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. ^ H. R. Bixler, Union Carbide-and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan Chapter) K. W. Bullard, E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco. Calif. (San Francisco Chapter) H. F. Gilbert, American Cyanamid Co., Linden, N. J. (New Jersey Chapter) Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter) W. M. Graff, National Bureau of OLsbalty & Surety Underwriters, New York, N. Y. H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council Chapter) _ R. McA. Keown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. J. M. Kerrigan, United States Rubber Reclaiming Co., Jnc., Buffalo, N. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chapter) Everett F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge. Mass. (Boston Chapter) Thomas E. Ligh'tpoot, The Koppcrs Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. MOt\ Lloyii, National Rureau of Standards. Washington, D. C. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.,'Wilmington, Del. W. S. Painf., Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., par^ford, Conn. Geo. F. Prussing, Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, Calif. C E. Ralston, Pittsburgh PlatdJGlass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. A. S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York, N. Y. G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. H. S. Smith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. R. C. Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. R. F. Thalner, Buick Motor Company, Flint, Mich. S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. William P.- Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. WEDNESDAY NOON SESSION October 7, 1936 The annual meeting of the ASSEKBjrineering Section of thiN National Safety Council followed a luntheon and convened with C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, general chair man, presiding. All reports had been mimeographed, and copies were distrib uted at the luncheon. Dr. Francis -F. Lucas, Member, Tech nical Staff, Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York City, and international au thority on microscopy and photomicrogra phy, spoke on "Late Developments in High Power and. Ultra Violet Micro scopy." The report of the nominating commit tee was presented by A. S. Ucgula, chair man. Other members of the committee were S. E. Whiting. R. F. Thalner, C. B. Aucl, and Dr. M. G. Lloyd. The com mittee's list of officers, as elected, will be found elsewhere in this sectional record. Other sessions^apunsored by the ASSKEnginccring Section) included those on "Safety Belts."Vs*fety Training," "Ex haust Systems," "Safety Exchange Round Table," and ('Occupational Dlseasea." Reports of these sessions will be found elsewhere in the Transactions. Automotive and Machine Shop Section Officers; 1935-36 General Chairman--C. T- WlNEcA^Chryslcr Corporation, Detroit, Mich. Vice-Chairman--Marvis Heidt, Budd Wheel Co., Detroit. Mich. Secretary--M. A. Clark, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. News Letter Editor--W. H. Frater, Cadillac Motor Car Co., Detroit. Mich. Engineering Committee Chairman--G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. A. I.. Brooks, Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motori Corp., Detroit, Mich. Membership Committee Chairman--L. R. Judson, Timken Detroit Axle Co.. Detroit. Mich. Poster Committee Chairman--C. W. Bishop, Lycoming Manufacturing Co., Williamsport, Pa. Program Committee Chairman--H. W.' BdULTON^urray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. Publicity Committee Chairman--Nelson H. KY^R,>C^Studebaker Corp., South Bend. Ind. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. W. Janzer, Seaman Body Co., Milwiuke^ Wi*. Members at Large--. L. E. Averill, Chicago Eye Shield' Co., Detroit, Mich. C. M: Dotterer, Revere Copper and Brass, Inc., Detroit, Mich. Hoyt L. Fracher, Petroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. Merle C. Hale, General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. M. J. McCarthy, Fisher Body Corp., Detroit, Mich.: . R. A. Shaw, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. Carl L. Storck, DcJco Products Corp., Dayton. Ohio.R. F. Thalner, Buick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--M. A. Clark, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. Vice-Chairman--H. W. Boulton, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. Secretary--W. H. .Frater, Cadillac Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich. ' O News Letter Editor--W. W. Janzer, Seaman Body Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. Engineering Committee Chairman--L. B. Loomis, Temstedt Manufacturing Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Health Committee. Chairman--Dr. A. L. Brooks, Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich.- r- Membership Committee Chairman-^-C. W. Bishop, Lycoming Manufacturing Co.,. Williams port, Pa. Poster Committee Chairman--E. Marentate, Motor Products Corp., Detroit, Mich. Program Committee Chairman--W. A. Bechill, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Publicity Committee Chairman--Paul A. Denzig, Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co., Detroit, Mich. r. Statistics Committee Chairman--G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N.y,Y. Members at Large-- L. E. Averill, Chicago Eye SJueUj Co., Detroit, Mich. 197 Metals Section Officers 1935-36 General..Chairman--H. W. Dark, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. *Vice-Chairman--A. Berquist, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., East Chicago. Ind. Vice-Chairman--C. M. Allen, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. Vice-Chairman (In Charge of Health)--Dr. R. C. Engel, Corrigan-McKinney Div., Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Secretary and News Letter Editor--R. A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo. Ind. Contest Committee Chairman--Robert L. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. Engineering Committee Chairman--J.(`E. Culliney, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. Foundry Committee Chairman--Irwin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh, Hemphill Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Membership Committee Chairman--Mell E. Trammell, Gulf Statee^Steel Co., Alabama City, Ala. Poster Committee Chairman--R. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Program Committee Chairman--H. M. Croc.han, Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. PublicityrCommittee hairman--C. W. Hanko, Pittsburgh Steel Co., Moncssen, Pa. Railway Car BuilderCommittee Chairman--R. J. Brand, Pullman Standard Car Manu facturing Corp., Pullman, Chicago, 111. Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--J. A. Oartel, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. J. Ireland, Kohler Co., Kohler, Wis. . Members at Large-- F. G. Bf.nnett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio. E. F,, Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh. Ra. J. A. Coltrin, National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. G. A. Davis, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Chicago, 111. M. W, Dundore,- Beloit Iron Works Co., Beloit, \Vis. John P. Eib, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Joliet, III. W. T. Filmkr, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. A. C. Gibson, Spang. Chalfant & Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. 0. F. Harvey, American Car and Foundry Co., New York* N. Y. S. E. Hawkks, MacWhyte Co., Kenosha, Wis. : H. H. Henry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio. H. G. Hensel, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Chicago, 111. W. A. Jarvis, The Chase Companies, Watcrbury, Conn. F. A. Lauerman, Republic Steel Corp., South Chicago, 111. T. H. McKrnney, Chicago, 111. D. V. Mkdalie, Interlake Iron Corp., Chicago, 111. John O'Rourk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Poin^Md. C. E. Ralston. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Frank Rowe, Wheeling Steel Corp., Portsmouth, Ohio. Herman Spokrrr. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Evanston, 111. 1. K. Staitord, Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co., Decatur, 111. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. DcM*d. 300 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--C. M. Allen, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, O. I'ice-Chairman--R. A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. Secretary and News iMter liditar--Mrll E. Trammell, Gulf States Steel Co., Alabama, City, Ala. Contest Committee Chairman--Robert I.. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., Louisviltc, Ky. C lingineerina Committee Chairman--R. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. Foundry Committee Chairman--Irvin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh-Hemphil! Co.. Pitts burgh, Pa. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. R. C. Engel, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. Membership Committee Chairman--H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pitts burgh, Pa. , Poster Committee Chairman--H. H. Henry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland. Program Committee Chairman--C. W. Hanko, Pittsburgh Steel Co., Moncsscn, Pa. Publicity Committee Chairman--C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Raihvay Car Builders Committee Chairman--P. J. Brand, Pullman Standard Car Manu facturing Corp., Pullman, Chicago. Slides and Safety Kinlis Committee Chairman--J. A. Oartel, Carnegic-Illinois Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. T. Filmf.r. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. Members at Large--' F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus! O. R. A. Beyer, Central Tube Co., Ambridg, Pa. C. A. Bianchi, H. H. .Robertson Co., Ambridge, Pa. E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. J. A. Coltrin, National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. C. S. Craigmile, Belden Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. H. M. Croghan, Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. J. E. Culliney, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. H. W. Darr, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. M. W. Duxdore, Beloit Iron Works Co., Beloit, Wis. B. T. Dye, Republic Steel Corp., Warren, O. John P. Eib, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Joliet, 111. E. A. Ellis, Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. J. P. Gatherum, Great Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorse, Mich. A. C. Gibson, Spang Chalfant Co., Inc, Pittsburgh. Pa. O. F. Harvey, American Car and Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. S. E. HawKes, Macwhyte Company, Kenosha, Wis. H. G. Hexsel, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.. Chicago. 111. W. A. Jarvis. Chase Brass & Copper Co.. Waterbury, Conn. F. A. Lauermax, Republic Steel Corp., Chicago. III. T. H. McKenney (retired), Carnegie-Illinois Steel Co., Chicago. 111. D. V. Medalie,' Interlake Iron Corp., Chicago, III. John O'Rourk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point. Md. C. S. Phillips, Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Rome, N. Y. Frank Rowe, Wheeling Steel Corp., Portsmouth, O. A, C. Schultz, Bucyrus-Erie Co., So. Milwaukee, Wis. H. J. SpoereSl, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.. East Chicago, Ind. E. J. Sterner, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 5, 1936 The opening session was called to or- Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa., der by General Chairman H. W. Darr, who presided. Chairman Darr welcomed .112 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress i<. think, inability to draw a personal les accident losses..; .The larger employer, as ion Iron the experience of others, over .-well, cannot afford to overlook the situa confidence and a desire to make good on tion--his losses, through waste of time, the job. These can only be overcome by money and materials, will seriously affect careful and systematic handling,-^ the his profits and hold his company- up to part of the supervisor. His is the respon the public as a very inefficient organiza sibility of putting over to the worker the, tion. The ever -increasing cost of com ^-alue and advantages resulting from a pensation insurance will undoubtedly be a clow observance of rigid safety inspec factor in forcing more consideration for tion*. . well organized safety work. Personally, Systematic Organized Safety Effort I emphasize the side of humanity above the dollar and am satisfied from long ex There should be little need to make a perience that where humanity rules, the plea for more concerted action along this profits will be satisfactory. Where a real line. As safety men, we know how eas safety program is followed, without doubt ily the small employer could be put out efficiency and economy of the highest or <.( business as the result of even a few der will also prevail. The Present Status of Control of Dust and Fumes in Industry C By H. B. MELLER Managing Director, Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc.; Head, Air Pollution Investigation, Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, Pittsburgh, Pa. The problem divides itself naturally into Clarsification of Dusts medical, preventive engineering apd legis lative phases, and includes consideration' of the responsibilities of employer and employee to each other and to the public. It is axiomatic that, in case of physical There are available different published classifications of dusts. Included in such classifications are dusts, the exposure to inhalation of which are, or are likely to be, occupational. , Those that are inher di*order, impairment of function or dis ently toxic'when inhaled or otherwise ab ability, the more thoroughly the cause and sorbed and which cause systemic poison course of action are known, 'the more- ing, include lead, arsenic, mercury, man certainly can possible remedies be applied ganese. Examples of dusts which have or preventive measures taken. q the ability to penetrate thi deep lung tis In the diseases or affections under con sues and to be retained there are quaVtz, sideration, there are, facts upotr;.which pre flint, chert, asbestos, talc, coal, iron, clay, ventive methods are based, and upon slate, and other types of rock dust. which further studies now in course "br Attention here will be centered upon contemplated are, at least in part, predi this last group and upon pneumoconiosis, cated. .. . the general term used to designate lung During the development of thfe present conditions caused by dust. Silicosis, which state of knowledge of the influence of is caused by the inhalation of free silica, some air -'contaminants on health* natu has been prominent recently in the public rally many theories were advanced that press, sometimes in a way that made mis later scientific work has modified or dis understanding possible, if not probable. placed. Hpwever, not always has the Aside from silica, many of the insoluble correction been as widely and' thoroughly .mineral dusts iniay bring about slight disseminated as was the original theory;' changes in the lung tissues, which may be this condition, perhaps, has led to some demonstrated on the roentgenogram if confusion in the minds of many who have there is silica in the dust that is inhaled. not followed too closely the evolution of As far as if known today, most of them knowledge in this field. ' arc relatively or entirely harmless; Metals Section ' . 313 Ability of Dusts to Cause Injury of the silicotic process toward the stage It has been established that the poten tiality of silicious dusts to cause lung damage is,- with few exceptions, depend- ; ent upon their content of free silica (SiOi). The. development of silicosis de pends, therefore! upon the concentration of dust containing free silica' in the air breathed. In other words, the total amount of free silica breathed and re. tained seems (to be the primary factor; the length of time necessary for a suffi cient accumulation is important, but less so than; the total load. Silica occurs also in chemical combina tion in silicates. Some of these com pounds have been proved to be relatively harmless to health, some are still in the realm o doubt, and one--asbestos--may cause the industrial disease called asbestosis, which is the result of lung damage similar to, but not identical with nor as serious as, that produced by free silica. of disablement except through limiting or preventing further exposure to silica dust. Nor has medical saience found .a way to prevent tuberculosis from being super imposed upon' silicosis, except through control, of contact. The course of silicotuberculosis is chronic and is very diffi cult to influence by treatment, according to phthisiologists. '. " Medical Control. As a basis'for intelli gent determination of the physical fitness of. a man for a. job in a dusty trade, physical examination, with stereoscopic roentgenograms of the. chest, is necessary. Along with this study'goes, naturally, the preparation of an occupational history with detail as to the exact nature of previ ous work and of exposure to industrial dust--not a valueless'" recording of occu pations as "laborer," "machinist," etc. Dr. Sayers, of the U. S. ^Public Health Service, has developed a method of secur ing information for a proper occupa- Importance of Particle Size. The size tional history; among others, Cummings. of'dust particles in the air which an indi-/ >of Saranac Laboratory, alsoyhas worked vidual may breathe is important. Not..' out a useful history, blank. ; often are particles, larger than 10 or 12 microns found in the deep lungs, except in the case of asbestos dust, where fibers as long as 200 microns have worked their way down lengthwise. Standards have been developed for the diagnosis of silicosis."' There is also a suitable technic for taking roentgeno grams of the chest in order to bring out the characteristic lung changes. Uncomplicated Silicosis. Silicosis, un complicated by an infection, is more of an impairment than a disability. It is .not seriously disabling until it reaches an ad vanced stage, and does not of itself greatly shorten the life of a silicotic. Silico-Tuberculosit. When a silicotic dies, the immediate cause of death is usu ally some type of intervening lung infec tion. It is not known' just why the pres ence of silica in the lungs increases sus ceptibility to tubercqlosis, but when an adult with silicosis is exposed to tuber culosis, an active infection may occur, re gardless of the previous state of health. It is thought probable that silica dust can reactivate healed tuberculous lung lesions of the adult type; how long after such '' From the considerable amount of work that has been done, it is possible to fore cast with'a reasonable degree of accu racy the silicosis potentiality of various dusts. * -o Periodic physical examinations, .includ ing roentgenograms, are essential, if em ployers are to be enbled. accurately to learn the effect of individual exposure and intelligently to transfer ^Sefctcd- work men'to lower dust/concentrations before serious injury,has Been done, or to work out a system of rotation where indicated as desirable in order that exposure may be intermittent. Such examinations are helpful also in showing the'efficiency of engineering control methods. lesions have healed the reactivation. is The ability to place responsibility' in possible is not certain. Exposure of sili- case of claim for injury is no small part cotics to tuberculosis or of tuberculous of the valtje of such initial and periodic individuals to silica dust is serious and examinations. should be avoided.1 Asbestosis. Clinical experience has After silicosis has become well estab shown that the inhalation of a sufficient lished in the lungs, medical science has amount of asbestos dust causes a serious not found a way to arrest the progress type of fibrosis, which is not accompanied by an unduly high incidence of tubercu tions iti air are recorded gravimetrically losis. as milligrams per cubic meter. Others Other dusts and silicate compounds so (as silica, where size is a factor in de far studied produce, at most, only a mild non-progressive reaction ' in the lungs, provided there is no significant amount of free silica in their composition. While not serious clinically, such conditions may give rise to considerable litigation. Adequate statistics on rtrorbidity and mortality from ^occupational disease, to serve as a basis fo.r effectively focussing the efforts to study and control dust dis-. eases of the lungs, are non-existent. In concluding this section, the follow ing quotation from a court decision in Wisconsin is pertinent (Schaefer v. In dustrial Commission, 265 N. <W. 390 (Supreme Court, February, .1936)): . . It will be necessary to distin guish carefully between medical or patho logical disability and actual, physical in capacity to work. The medical experts apparently ignore this distinction, and so increase .the difficulty of arriving at a just result under the law/' termining dangerous particles),' are given by count. Neither method gives the whole story, but in both cases it may be po$siblevto secure the information neces sary for the purpose. In one of the reports referred to earlier, there occurs this statement: "There is no doubt in the mind of anyone familiar with the present dust-sampling and dust estimating methods that they will be amended and changed from time to time. At the present writing we would advise the use of the simplest possible procedures where dust control alone is in question. If one wishes to obtain values which can be compared with published data, it is generally necessary to copy with consid erable care the technic used in the origi nal case. This is another way of admit ting the annoying fact that results by one method are usually not comparable to those obtained by another method." In another place, the report says: "It is very doubtful if any useful purpose is Preventive Engineering served by determining accurately ex It would be needless repetition to dis cuss in a technical way the engineering^ phases of dust control. All interested are referred to "Industrial Dust," by Drinker and Hatch, which deals comprehensively with the subject; U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars 6840 and 6848, by Harrington and Davenport, a review of literature on "Prevention of Dust Dis eases"; U. S. Public Health Service Bul letin 217, by Bloomfield and DallaValle, on "The Determination and Control, of Industrial Dust"; Report Z9 of the Amer ican Standards Association; and to the U.S. Bureau of Mines for a list of ap proved protective devices. It may be said that, in general, - the engineering, specialist can and will devise the necessary equipment to meet the con ditions specified to him. But the setting of limits of permissible- dust concentra tion is not his but the physician's respon sibility. The engineer is concerned with tremely dense dust concentrations--the only excuse for such data is to show the -siebptic that the workplace is much dustier than it should be. . . . "It is probable that any sampling pro cedure which fixes concentrations in groups 100 per cent apart is sufficient and that the results of any attempts to come closer to the concentration at the moment of sampling are simply misleading. Thus ranges such as 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40, etc., suffice for dust control." As dust particles in the lungs are of the order of 1 micron, with rarely a particle oyer 10 microns, dust control for hygienic reasons should be aimed at parti cles in the size range found to have been breathed and retained. Again guoting: ". . . if one could avoid use of the dusts of 1 micron or less or exclude them from the dust which passes a 325-mesh screen, nearly all dust diseases would be elimi nated." keeping dustiness to or below the limits Dust Elimination at present considered satisfactory. Obviously, it is better, when possible, Methods of Determining Dust to purchase equipment already supplied with exhaust h9od, rather than to have Some dusts (as lead) are determined to worry to fit one to equipment not de by chemical methods and the concentra signed to be hooded. Thus the rcsponii- - Metals Section 315 bility 'for potential efficiency is upon .the Some metal-mining companies have manufacturer. gone further, setting the maximum of There is available comparatively little permissible dustiness at 5 million particles information upon which to base the scien per cubic foot. tific design of hoods. Th'e Preventive Certainly, there is a degree of air clean Engineering' Committee of Air Hygiene liness that is safe, from the standpoint of Foundation includes in its. recent report concentration of harmful dust. But the a table of minimum air velocities tja cap engineer may find himself in the position ture certain industrial dusts (for use 13 of practically being forced to control any granite cutting, grain. elevators, pairit dust, harmful or otherwise, if he would spraying, sand pulverising and .electric protect his employers against suits at welding). common law and the possibility of award For protective equipment such as dust of damages to men who have breathed respirators, air supplied masks, sand blast dust containing little or no free silica. A helmets, and goggles, -very complete 'in dusty workplace is difficult to defend in formation is available, because of the work court. Neither courts nor compensation of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, the Bu boards, and certainly not juries, have reau of Standards, and the American seemed to be greatly impressed with a Standards Association In preparing and. low silica dust count in an otherwise issuing specifications to be' met if the dusty atmosphere. equipment is to be used under conditions Quoting from .one of the reports re where approval' is necessary. > ferred to: "Each state is a unit--a sover Of course,-all agree that, where possit eign--and it;handles its problems in its ble, dust should be controlled at the own way. Uniformity is lacking, although source, and protective equipment used of course the statutes of many states are where this action* cannot be accomplished. similar. The courts of the various states follow such precedents as .appeal to them: " Permissible Dustinessr J consequently, on any important question, ther^is likely to be a divergence of opin There are various figures that have been ' ion among the courts, and often the and are being used/'as guides^ to permissi courts fall into two or more groups, each ble dustiness where free silica is present. group < following a different,-,theory with It should be noted that-.many of the data respect to the same legal problem." were not determined as the medical re-, quirement, but as being attainable in ^Workmen's Compensation Acts good practice and apparently satisfactory, from a safety standpoint. In South Africa the figure is 1~ milli gram per cubic meter (or 300 particles per cubic centimeter, or approximately 8.5 million per cubic foot). o Dr. Lanza found in 1917 in the Joplin, Mo., district that, with good engineering practice, a figure of 1 milligram per 100' Workmenls .confpfensation- acts have bein ^passed in. 46 states (all except Arkansas and Mississippi)- and the Dis trict of Columbia. These acts are com pulsory as to private employers in 15 states andoplectivg in 31' states. Insur ance to cover the^ risk is compulsory in, seven states. liters of air could be attained. *- '-> A state fund, out of which compensa The U. S. Public Health Service, in its tion is <paidv is maintained in 18 states: study in the ahthracite region of- Pennsyl- in two of these the employer may, by vania, found that 50 million particles per ; provingpT-financial responsibility, carry his cubic foot with 5 per cent quartz in the own risk with limited? contribution to the coarse dust and 10 million particle? per state fund for the expense of administra cubic foot with 35 per cent quartz were tion; in 11 more of.-this group Of states apparently satisfactory -and oftefi were the employer is. not required to avail attained. l~ bimself of the privileges of-the state fund The figure of 10-20 million particles per and may provide compensation otherwise. cubic foot for granite dust with 35 per In 28 states there is no provision for a cent quartz content is often quoted from state compensation fund, the Vermont granite f studies of the U. S. ^ministration of the compensation act Public Health Service. is-vested'in a commission, board, or single Metals Section 317 i Examination After Claim for Disability studied separately for details, but in each Arises occupational disease, including silicosis, No two state acts contain identical pro is compensable*. visions, but in all (including the District - The importance of roentgenograms in of Columbia) that have compensation any thorctugh^Jjhysical examination for acts, there is provision"Jpr physical ex pneumoconiosis is well known. This im amination after claim 'fbrdisability arises. portance is recognized in the Acts of In five states (Kentucky, Massachu setts, New York, North Carolina, and New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, and (West Virginia. West yirginia), definite recognition has been given to the importance of some Medical Treatment sort of medical board composed of spe In tjhe 17 states (inclcrAing; Maryland) cially qualified physicians and surgeons, in which occupational disease is, to some and charged with the duty of diagnosing v extent, compensable, the acts usually en occupational disease and of advising the title the claimant to a limited amount of administrative board or commission with medical, surgical, and hospital care, meas respect thereto. The laws of these five ured in money cost or length of time states are quite different and should be covered by treatment. These points were raised in-.'the dis cussion following the addresses* 1. How much time is required for completing a training course? Mr. Davison said that the training course in their plant ordinarily codepd a period of one and one-half years, b\ft that some students completed it sooner. The time required depends upon the individ ual. 2. Is it advisable to limit the number of students per-teacher? Ten studejits pe/ instructor is a goad jatipi-p>. . '**"' v, -^Which gases present the greatest harzards in welding? . Silicon gases are the most harmful. The risk, however, has largely been over come by manufacturers";,! welding sup plies. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 8, 1936. Metals Section Safety Contest Two hundred and two Units, were reg certificates were awarded in the Contest. istered in the 1936 Contest of the Metals The plaques were presented by John B. Section. During the Contest period' ' Gibson, Publicity Director, Hawthorne 267,792 employees worked 561,788,579 works, Western Electric Company, Chi man-hours with an average frequency cago, and Vice President for Community rate of 8.030, a decrease of 4 per cent Safety Councils, National, Sdfety Council, from the 1935 rate of 8.354. Ninety-five as follows: ` units completed the Contest with a fre Steel Mills Division, Group A--Conti quency rate below the average, and 8 nental Steel Corporation, Kokomo Divi per cent of the units finished with per sion; Kokomo, Indiana, 4,141,806 man fect records. Nineteen plaques and eight hours, 12 injuries. 484 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress which had been followed during the past year. Report of Exhibits Committee. The Committee reported that definite steps had been taken to assure good attendance at the National Exposition in the Conven tion Hall, and that these measures in cluded the following: ' Routing of delegates through the Ex hibit Hall; suitable notices in programs; luncheon and cloakroom* facilities; an "Exhibit Day" in each Section program; a worth-while attendance prize, with eligi bility limited to delegates who showed a real interest in the exhibits; cooperation of exhibitors in providing attractive dis plays; providing exhibitors with daily registration of delegates; publicizing the exhibits. Report of Program Committee. The Committee reported that a series of talks on five different subjects had been pre pared for presentation at the National Safety Congress. (A record of the Safety Equipment session will be found else where in these proceedings.) Other reports presented were those of the Publicity Committee, the Finance Committee, the Activities Committee and the Membership Committee. Meeting of October 6, 1936 The meeting was called to order by Chairman T. A. Willson, who had been re-elected. Executive Secretary A. O. Boniface acted as secretary of the meet ing. George Shull, J. B. Davies and C. H. Callaway were appointed directors. it was agreed that committee appoint ments.would be made later by the Execu tive Committee and that members would be notified of the results by mail. It was voted to continue the positions of executive secretary and assistant treasurer on the present basis. ADJOURNMENT Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Who Exhibited at the Twenty-Fifth National Safety Congress and Exposition Atlantic City, N. J., October 5-9, 1936 Ballroom--Convention Auditorium Aetna Casualty & Surety Company, Hartford, Conn. . Automobile Driving Tests. American Abrasive Metals Company, Irvington, N. J. Safety Treads for Walkways and Safety Gratings. American La-France & Foamite Industries. Inc., Elmira, N. V. Fire Extinguishing Equipment. Safety Equipment Section 4*5 American Mutual Liability Insurance Company, Boston, Mass. Insurance, Workmen's Compensation, Property Damage, and General Automotnle American Optical Company, Southbridge, Mass. Head and Eye Protection Products. Arntzen, Inc., Chicago, Illinois. Auxiliary Emergency Stretcher and First Aid Equipment. Arroway Traffic Signal Corporation, Kingsport, Tenn. Traffic Control* Signals. Associated Guard Manufacturers, Chicago. 111. Dust Control Units and Mechanical Safety Guards. Frank E. Barnes Company, Chicago, Illinois. Electrician's Rubber Gloves. Beacon Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Direction and Danger Signals for Motor Transport Vehicles. Bcndix Products Corporation, South Bend, Indiana. Automotive Equipment. Robert A. Bernhard, Rochester, New York. First Aid Supplies. Blatchford Corporation, Chicago, Illinois. Traffic Signals and Markers. Bradley Washfountain Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Group Washing Equipment. Stewart R. Browne Manufacturing Company, New York City. Safety and Special Purpose Lights and Lamps. Brown Shoe Company, St. Louis, Missouri. Men's and Women's Safety Shoes. R. H. Buhrke Company, Chicago, Illinois. Safety Equipment for Construction and Maintenance. . E. D. Bullard Company, San Francisco, Calif. Industrial and Mining Safety Equipment. Burroughs Wellcome & Company, (U. S. A.), Inc.. New York City. First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment. H. Childs & Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Footwear. Cities Service Company, New York City.. Oils and Gasoline. Columbus-McKinnon Chain Corporation, Tonawanda, N. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains. H. S. Cover, South Bend, Indiana. Respirators and Safety Goggles. Crouse-Hinds Company, Syracuse, New York. Traffic Signals and Flood Lights. Davis Emergency Equipment Company, Inc., New York City. First Aid and Safety Equipment. C. H. Dockson Co., Detroit, Mich. Head and Eye Protection. Do-More Chair Company, Elkhart, Indiana. Posture-Health Chairs for Office and Factory. Dual Parking Meter Company, Oklahoma City, Okla. Parking Meter Equipment. Donald S. Duncan, Inc., Chicago, 111. Parking Meter Equipment,t, `S* Eagle Signal Corporation, Moline, 111. Traffic Signals. 486 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress Elliott Service Company, New York City. Elimination of Waste. Promotion of Efficiency ami Safety. Fairway Laboratories, Inc., Bcileville. III. Anti-fatigue and Heat Exhaustion Antidote Tablets and Dispensing Equipment. General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y. Electrical Equipment. Louis Gerber, New York City. BOON the Glove Invisible. Harley Davidson Motor Company, Milwaukee, Wis. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. The Highway Safety Signal Company, Baltimore, Md. Double Filament Traffic Lamps and Color Design Traffic l.en>es. Holcomb Safety Garment Company, Chicago, 111. Industrial Safety Clothing. Hoof Products Company, Chicago, 111. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governors. Huntington Laboratories, Inc., Huntington, Ind. Disinfecting and Sanitation Products. Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc., Baltimore, Md. Mercurochrome Antiseptic for First Aid Application. Indian Motorcycle .Company, Springfield, Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. Industrial Gloves Corporation, Danville, 111. Steel Grip Gloves and Safety Apparel. Industrial Products Company, Philadelphia, l'a. Accident Prevention Equipment. International Shoe Compajty, St. Louis, Mo. Safety Shoes. Keystone Coat & Apron Manufacturing Corporation. Philadelphia. Pa. Service Uniforms for Industrial Purposes. Keystone View Company, Mcadville, Pa. Visual Safety Tests. Walter Kidde & Company, Inc., New York City. Fire Extinguishing Systems and Portable Extinguisher*. Walter G. Legge Company, New. York City. Compounds for Cleaning and Treating Moors. Lehigh Safety Shoe Company, Allentown, Pa. Leather and Rubber Safety Shoes.' Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston, Mass. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. The Lima Cord Sole & Heel Co.; Lima, Ohio. Non-slip Soles and Heels. Liquid Carbonic Corporation, Chicago, 111. Fumigant for Infestation Control. Macwhyte Company, Kenosha, Wis. Wire Ropfc and Braided Slings. Martindale Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signal*. Metropolitan `Life Insurance Company, New York City. Insurance, Industrial Group, etc. Milburn Company, Detroit, Mich. Protective Creams for Prevention of Occupational Skin Disease*. Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Appliances and First-Aid Materials. Safety Equipment Section 487 Monarch Governor Company, Detroit, Mich. Automobile Speed Control Devices. National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters, New York City.' Casualty Insurance. National Carbon Company, Inc., New York City. Equipment for Battery-Operated Devices. National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, 111. Poster, Bureau of Information, Research and Education Divisions. Parkrite Corporation, Houston, Tex. Parking Meter Equipment. Patent Scaffolding Company, Chicago, 111. Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. Protectoseal Company, Chicago, 111. Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corporation, Brooklyn, N. Y. Respiratory Protection and General Safety Equipment. Pyrene Manufacturing Company, Newark, N. J. Fire Protection Equipment. Railway and Industrial Engineering Co., Greensburg, Pa. Interlocking Systems. Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Company, Inc., Columbus, Neb. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Rose Manufacturing Company, Denver, .Colo. Ladder Shoes, Window Cleaners' Safety Belts. Safeguard Electric Company, Inc.,.Brooklyn, N. Y. Shockproof Portable Lamp Guards. Safety Engineering, Alfred M. Best Company, Inc., New York City. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. Safety Equipment Service Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Goggles and All Types of Accident Prevention Equipment. Safety First Shoe Company, Holliston, Mass. Safety Shoes. Safety Shoe Company, New York City. Safety Shoes. W. H. Salisbury & Company, Inc,, Chicago, 111. Linemen's Rubber Protective Devices. W. W. Sly Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Control Equipment & Respiratory Protective Devices. Spencer Turbine Company, Hartford, Conn. Heavy Duty Vacuum Cleaners and' Dust Collecting Equipment. Standard Safety Equipment Company, Chicago, III. Dust Protective and Safety Equipment. Stonchousc Signs, Inc., Denver, Colo. Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. Strauss Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Belts, Foot Guards, Safety Hats. Sugar Beet Products Company, Saginaw, Mich. Industrial* SoapfsT^) Surety Rubber Company, Cartollton, Ohio. Linemen's Safety Equipment and Synthetic Rubber Industrial Equipment. John S. Tilley Ladder Company, Inc., Watcrvlict, N. Y:' Safety ladders and Scaffolding. Traffic Toy, Inc., Canton, Ohio. Traffic Warning Signs. 488 Twenty-fifth National Safety Con$res\ U. S. Steel Corporation & Subsidiaries, Pittsburgh, Pa. Steel Products and Cement. Weaver Manufacturing.Company, Springfield, 111. Automotive Testing Equipment - West Disinfecting Company, Long Island City, N. Y. Products for the Promotion of Sanitation. Willson Products, Inc., Reading, Pa. Personal 'Protective Devices.