Document reEVEv4ZXqbbvgD6VV9m2eeqq

LIA201U ---- -- d^ -..a. ------:--- - -- --m ---------------------------------------- * -- ,-i yn-rt - -Tfc-r.- LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION O CAST 4|n i STAKCT NIW VOM 17, M. T. Bay 16, 1958 CHnnaL b u il e t im no. 70 yjBJ^CTi P3E l ead t o ccrr?ct REflKtHT COPHiSIO* to Beakers of the Laid Industries Association i Attached 1* a reprinted article "Ba* Lead to Control Refinery Corrosion," prepared by Z. J. b(uliarkey, Technical Director of the Lead Induetrlee Association, which appeared la the April, 1958 leeue of efttroloua o Refiner,* ^ The article relate* the lateat practice* In lead construction that explain bow to get the beet reeulta with lead-lined equipment. This reprint le alao being walled ae on* of our eerie* of Cheideal Construction Bulletin*, to our malllnr llet of approximately 1,500 cheal cal construction companies, chenleal engineers, ehealcal engineering professors and ethers interested In ehealcal con*truetIon. Additional eoples are available as loo* aa our supply last*. Tory truly yours, Secretary -V# 'r 1 I r i iciifieekaeiainrwi ssridiiTi a-cMwni LIA20112 Use Lead to Control Refinery Corrosion --* vi* M>1V1HFITn J Itod Amc k k ^o a N+m Vo*. M V. INOUSTtlU ASSOCIATION M Inf 4t4 !* MW Vote If, H V. IlftaM N Pmft+9m*tm *9*. ItM ' "u j w iw . t imfrFu uM r"!" .i^jgqpwwyyyj1. i, w.vjpwi.y< `u11 i m; mk N 2380.01 UU20*13 Use Lead to Control Refinery Corrosion Here are the lalnl practice* in lead construction that explain how to avoid the difricuitie* tontctunc* experienced *i*h lead-lined equipment. load lndv*riet Aa*ocioro\ Nrw York. N. V FETROU.LM RF-FINT-RS rank fcagfc in the Coe of important wdfuric idd ww. Off the pan five ycjfl, tnrr 40 jrrtrnt n^*th in ***** lu< hrm ftntrtf the ra/ahie ph^n, for aacliof ami for illyUim. In iddit* to ip Tawd (ttwiwnrnh (or vi4 trrv<. that growth in Aral mMnfMni an the yran hit prnrwd i nstinttinf need 2a, Jf.-pcwnl irrhcUpn in the i me tf ir.ad cbrmiral (ooerwttim. la the tim of arid*prahrt*. crm. I Uiiwrm of mal a* *1 and arid tludyn, and arid-rrrUouleo. lamK the rooeqimm of the ahme-tnrnricord prornwn, (nr ctntnt had** aportaat rdc. Although by far the lar^nt job for lead in od n^niof, luKarir arid handling M not aW m it* rh-mand*. ferhapt not aa Urje a me but drf* anilely an important rer in the doner of aham tolwticoi tnnj fee far Achting. Lead** major wsrw do nnt end here, however, and it h one iftngkal that it b found in alum afid in product'> and containment of acid-alum mintin'* itrd in tfertnofflf ratahlic rrarlin^. The brier me. in the reactor tta^f ronwirwtr* nor of the nnt inU of Iraft applicability lo dale. It k the purpme of that artkk to briftf vptodatf the bars! praefire* trialed m Irad chemiral rmotnirtina bmuu metharurd tmubkt are re* tpnmihle for the *renter part of f such diflVultie* a* are evprSroced *ith had fated equipment Know). | edge of the cortomn encountered and their behask* with Irad are aim Important. A typical ate kiv oey commentary aho adds to the wfd knowledge of lead* employ* mrnt in ranagating rornnkm in that Mill growing market. Before touching upon had conUiudKfi pr.wiwe*, rnrrmrnt on the enrrmino tnMtaflrt of had h in or* drf. WVn villuric arid and aim a/e mrd in comhinatinn, each react* ja< max hr (onklrml to at tnde. prndettiN Lead m htchh rruMant to enmaino U Hitfuric arid at par* taalbr aQ rmf-ea(ure and cenrri*. nations, although tnmnitut more cotnahd hr srry dilute or secy cop rrmtatrd acid*. Frrqumilv mivitainl m the fit* rtaiurr n the fart that *he rate of wnaln of had in (oniaci uitk tutftarir Ark! merraw* rapidly in the im lor ronrentratuui ranee *0 to 3 prtcmt'. Foe evatnplr. at 2 fwrtnt, the rate H routhh' twice that At 3 percent and ou> indkatr pm mature failure. In th* nwetinn, it appear* that at hw arid concentration* antimony* braiing had alloy passivation can he attributed abn to a wilfaie of and* In the cate of lead lining*. h woukl appear that triih aH chr bring equal, aniirvotal had should he rec* emmended in preference to chemkal had for improved tertire in the leryr hoe concentration area with optimum cocnwinn motante rtpecH at 3 percent SK In the rate of alum AljfSO,),. had k quite miuant to corrosion at the lower concentration* and normal temperaturet. and at hieher coocen* tratiom and temperature* a* weft. Such failum of had at do orrue in contact with them tofutiom am not generally the mull of rarnxina but rather mechanical failure* due to improper design and installation. and accentuate the fact that method* of ooKtwuo ate pankularK importaM in the rate of had. New ilrifiprrflU til had fOflttrwtni om the past (i*e yean may be considered to comprise new inonaim of established method* and what may be <<m**ktd the cur* rrtM thinking on what rtnpkt best practice. Accordingly. whe- differ* cm (own that previously imhlished or where worthy of rrprated men* tian, a general trea*ment of each of thr mrtknJs for installing had foe ccrrosnev' imm are then whkh contain mf^matam drsrtipthe of the condition* whkh warrant wiretirn of a partiruUr mrthnd and procedure* foe implementing that method. In additirm pertinent lot method* are drvribnl Iwdef land IbOnga. To obtain the greater efficiencies afforded in *ocae cate* by high operating temperature* and vacuum, bonded had lining* ha*e hrrj* perfected and ued with merew foe a great man* year*. The combined properties of steel and had are u*ed to advantage under any of thr following rendition* or rovnbina* tinm thrreuf with thr thickne** of thr had layer being dependent upon thr ultimate ue* OprratioO of vrurb under vac* Rapid fluctuation m temperature whkh may make |nme had lining* unwritable because of fatigue. Condition* where heat transfer i* important (absence of air gap). Where weight of hrkk-had lin ing cannot be supported (elevated or very uD tessch). High temperature* whkh would produce evresuse creep in loose had SI .wtTMBI.;. m,m v 'lifMMitniWilfir V~ --- - '.J.. *j's,| .... - Luzon* Um l*<t to Control Rofinory Corroilon hfungs. B*wbd bad (inuigs Miff M *>r (t4l up k> ?U1'. (4`->r |) MM) whrte Vitxjtir or r^riin! shock itr nmuiMnM T* Anw()liJi fahricar mn f a hnmH Vid'linal trurl, in k|ul commutes m nprmnirW mt prttnnK published cnnhiKj* cnwustinf of burfwrtf Ur Mil ntlirtf mr hod* vpirtlrK,' tU mnrr frtrttl ijf* tiers* dWnor gamma-ray jn}rctino with the fabricating sequence to the nimt tKtt faboratncs cut pnJucr (WfCt-lnt hnnnirwoutly bonded bad Immo At oohr * *ma!l increase in noMrxiioa cost. MriwHm. Ini' i^T* the plan to he (omJrd uv psekbd on thr tming swJr, pmunuMy with A 30 percent notation af sulfuric trill, mitiMr Ikivtl mv>vnnium chWide And itiannui chloride Are two fluv o*mpnOy t**rrl'' And UjinJ m j fur* met. .kppKtJtkn of thr "first out" it Itudr be nslAung a buruing-har cm thr treated steel and after coating thr surface m this manner, molten bad it addrd until twice the ftfmhrd ihickjsr** H obtained. The iWJr ihirLAru rrvn In float irnpuritin trilb thr rvm, containmy thn mat* trr. bring disposed of be chipping after the |rad*terf assembly at ah imtl to coot The resultant tMb* rtard etfre i* M^to|irntly ssnnocbrd by Amm washing. an operation which tmei to cheek for, rmwe, and repair minor debt Iv hrninr foOnm, which rnulti m a more drtwr and reduced grain structure. At this ttifr f fabrication and before thr bad-hnodrd tlwl n rolled to marl diameter gamma ray in* pretkm n weed. Normal exposure techniques arc utUiml with peoprr allowances for thr lead thkknm in exposure lime. Afl radiograph* are made with a 100*me cohah-60 sourer with fior-gvaanrd high speed film, and tourer to film distance hr Id at 12 inchrt for rtpnwn on platr steel After thr Irad linrd sheet* are lulled and welded togethrf, a 2'/i* inch strip on either tide of thr weld b Irad. lined by ha/wl-huminr Thit I'M it also inspected by radkxcra* phy. Attachment arc lined, welded to the wwrl and finished off in a nurmrf tlmli h m *%iutU v* with grtirtal |HA(*ie IV aitulurwnis ace iki with iV seme |4atd n ilr mv/ir tmuf tine 1 ttr thru! dtfiances imbril teswlf in maximum rsp*suie times *4 2 hmir* and m *3 <ars the requirement of 2 priiem s met. ta mtr}Hrting filrm, very dark sharp markings indicate |r.Soln, fat pnrlett, of imluuCH. Cmbtrn |rn. era) shading nuv he due to varia tion* in b*l thickness hut if it he* gins nr ends in a sharp line it war* ranr* imnigjtMn Dendritic nr fratheiUke markings indicate the presence of slag or drtm which should hr ronmnl Ihmrsrr, (he Utter markings sre ahn indiratise of an unfrilrti bond brtween trad and strri Rv(iigT4|ihv is carried out on a iao*kn of statistical sample hash with fesprrt to the shell and headv The nnerte orris air all radio* t?ajihej TOO fwfeent. Over-all nl of using this inspecting method was found to he V| percent of thr vessel fabrication cost For 1^1 percent in spection, 10 percent r4 thr vessel cost h estimated. In hmh cases, thr added rmt h smalt in terms of re* durrd dnwtttime. Other test methods w hit h are not aersunh a part of the fabrication srqur-nre includr the "acid wash trst" which h pnrulk used to detret pits* hofang or porosity, ultrasonic* rrh'* ing m either resonance or pulse methods which are tests for hrod discontinuity and for best result* are conducted from the steel title only, and another method limited to pres* sure vessel*.* The latter invokes rais ing the inter ul temperature of the tessrl by steam or other mean* to ah*wit 50ftF.# cooling a* rapidly as possible and examination of thr bad surfaces for hubbies r raising which would indicate a lack of bond. In service, testing and repatts us* wady imnRe visual drtrttinn of a Irak followed hv removal of lead frcun the affected area, building up of the damared steel theli with weld metal, and tvwnngeneou* bonding of Irad over the trpair area. A test (if tightness usually foil ms and is done simplv by biting the tank with water and checking for leakage. I'ltrawmits may aho be used to advantage to determine the thickness of the shell at a ns |w during setsice and before shual Irakages rarur 0IkMf toad Unlnf, Sheet lead 1m* ir.gs usually invoke the kmest new WtitrUvt nuts, mostly hn jyw they ran hr formed am) joined in the held with a minimum nf rquifutirtif and man hour espediturev h'snt costs are rrjliml when the sheet lead h hung from the nf a tnel shell but thi* is not >lm pnssihlr dr* signwtse and otVr innm>A<*vt are used. Thrse mrtpiw strafJfMnr and several methods of fastening. How ever, in practice, the opcinmm heivhc nf a kesw'lraddinrd vessel without thr hmrfil of strapping rarely re* creds 8 fret, drfmding on thr weight of bad. In what is rrmidrmf gond vertical strapspractice, rtruw are placed ahnut 18 im hes ajurt and jrnr rally no nuwe than 21 inches and Mihu*r|urnlly cmrte,| with diret Vad thus presenting a continuous basl vutfacr to the currrwtve Oscasiim* allv, large steel rut washers and ffwimi-hrad hnhs are used to fasten sheet Irad to the ve**e| shell which ^ mav he wnrw) nr streL The Mt ami Q washer in this case are covered with ^ a Irad cap which is welded to thr ^9 lining. Bolts used in this manner are usually spaced wrt the lining oo 18-inch centers. In addition to bolting, fastening strajH to sufipnrl sheet bad Gninrs more recently invoke automatic stud welding which eliminates drilling <4 the Hrrl shell and positioning of thr bad sheet, w~'th stuck on 18-inch renters, 12-inch centers occasionally, but never more than 21-i/xh center*, ami a comparatively new stud driver which eliminates drilling of straps and fthrD a* wrfl. For both methods the advantages ran he found in the MJnwtng de tails of use. All fastenings made from inside of tanks. 8 Elimination of outside scaffold ing 8 Elimination of hole drilling. 8 Elimination of countersinking nf O prc-drillrd hole*. 8 Reduction in time-consuming marking by driving tud at random (not adhering to specific spacing.) 8 Eliminate* the bolting operation. ( MUJEVyw.'.- utiWM'.yjjjp-*-. ,u.. LI A20115 In the > *r 4 ilr iitnl dfritng NKilwal, rliHiNvMv f n^nil |*H| ff liWMrt, in Uii^ r4 a full iui(f 4 tanks (|| to u*h *ler|j and A* tual hah indi cate time infi *4 a* l*<H i i () m I oxrf thr okler itr<h<ai 4 dulling iwf Ifetiling Oxu-all n4 wvmgt hm hrrn >!( U\ ^rcnrt mh | taigely ihr nf fimrfrd Ulr* (mti, AH Ml f] when psrgjuly nr others* sr wi^Adni, lw rt |rji| fiord irtult can hr wd u rrjctmn Mwk tahrtf hf^Hrt *rtnfrt,ilufr are mmMrUrrrtf |n deep tanka, lir- riuv of the high dmwfy <4 lrl, Vnu fining* itiut hr UN|iprtJ pfnp. rtly. Hhrn rquin are nnnury thrv Afr rjily arcnmfJidwd ami a* hm the xrwT* uWul life hu npiml, the cup value of Irad rimtituirt a wirfiiiic mluriiim thr etwl of new .*nw rut tuwt OmMmuJIv. in addi tion ia air a Lmr cf At id-brick p pfacrd mu thr trad Hum; on thr h^Nm llr mam purjr< nf (hit w to h*4d thr k aj in pUr and to 0 prrirnt xtram fna n^u or ruptured nut* ftom ending |rad Thr prime 0 dittiruhv with un^ this tyjr of hntifwti ii that it is iflrn nesrwanr to tear up a larye amount td htkk whets a Irak ornsrs m ncdu to lurate thr Irak. Nrw trr)mii(un in thr *:* flf radiography bir farm Jorlnpd, hourtrr. Pwwrtint in thr* truk. Skiho and IWarkrn* of F,wi Standard Oil (Wnpcuty and Mur <4 F.h o Rr. tra/ch and f.ny inerting Company found ib rade^faphse ptiim d Irad'bfkk Bnrd xew|* is definitely fea*il4r. Thrv rlitainrd radiograph* that were uvful in kncjtiny thr came rf faitum in a fi-ad and bcickdinrd mvl, mmiitinf ef 3 1 fi-inch Irad hnndol to 'yiacb itrr| and coxrrrd with a 4*/f inch rahn brick. A W` miMioirir cobalt-60 nurrr wa* uvd at 36 inches with a 12-Knur exposure nf an mtirr 2 l-iru h manhole area. An extension nf this technique to thr afocrmmtionrxj fanttcun umirti M apparmtly feasible. As outlined later, raJingraphic *rchnfi|wrs are nptijly auful a raram of ax-oid- 0 ing the snmriimrn rurvKt Im* in time due to unnecessary removal of the farick |inir>){, In the realm of impuio, thrrt Irad tnstalUtkms may hr tested for imperfect tfkk or piahnlr penetra tions with fluorescent and d>e prne- trant% It ha* lirrn fin| patuil a ho, In pump MiiijIJy iltol lrto*nr lirtson (hr Irad and thr cm. ir| ihrli |i4khn| li> irijni*i if thr iMmur ft>r ketrwihr liases Null anmfrr lohmque imfxs pumping of ftrn-Uht air UtMifh thr shell ami thr fining with Iraki <o thr in* tale of ihr nul hrmf JrtotnJ hy a halwk Ud It,' Cntihvdfta. A further ex* tmuon and ssytM-whal >4 an im provement in hrrt |ral construction n (V MKillni race oovtrwtioa which ha* among its attribute*: Fay Irak iktrtirti. pftwiti repair* (tien ihr outside Where the me| design calls for extra support of the Irad fining, intend lUqqNny and i< l'j rx pierrint of thr Irad f<M fastening m eliminated and h*rj material and erect*** ftvi and racier field coostnwtino bv elimination of uttwirkh steel thret*. It n rmtrvnanhr yevxl practice w prmidr "weep holes'* in thr Iran* lead lined trr| tank* hut unfortu nately tlir cicrntim do not ahaii fellow a detect alike path in the evrnt of faifur*1. thippiny* cannot far de pended uprin to drain at the nrarrxt wreep fanir and therefore they *rrvy only to muuJte the nrcurruKr nf a Irak and rmt nrmuiily it* livjtiitt The impottance nf Irak detect* and ra^e hpe romtruction tlrtrW 150 hand m hand. Ftkrltlthil. In place of the uvoai *trrl or wondm dtrU fiord with chert Irad, a hackrt of rayrdike *trurturv compris'd of steel flat* and anyIn weldrd byrtlirr lo form an open frame *% u*rd for *uppnttin< th. Irad Irniny. Strips of Irad are burned from thr outide rnrr horimntal Met*I fttraps thu* suppnrtiny the Irad ex* temally IVjirndiny on the hriylit of the vrv*el* the *trap are timer Inf^ether at the bottom than at the top to |i\c tlie neinury Hippnrt whrrr hcdrmtatic ptrwure h yteat* e*t Vlual impretion (* Irak drlec* tion in nm*t rate* tulficrv lluring fabrication drfrrt* may he drtrctrd by the a|*f*lirahlr method ptevioudy nutfinrd for sheet kad ci>mttuction. iekl #f*d UW UnMft, An imucunt nrthol t4 (io<iiunn f*< handling tlir iimw i trxeie k thr uw a Wad rtrinluanr twrm thr Mrr| *r*r| dr|| and an a^id-lNick inori fining. This t>|** nf inmliurlHin ha* Iren |nmni rffftInr in * laryr numU-f nf imialU* tion* where trad hy itrlf, ic itdrr mairiiah nf clirniirat nonnuiHCi, are inadequate. Whrn pqrilv dr* signed and in-tailed, (hey will pu* form adiniraltfy under lie rust r* srre corvfitiom. The fofl*>wing tummatiers the (nts* ditions whh warrant the r|rrtii4i of lead*brick comtruninti arwl thr exprtirnce acquired over thr sra/x which has rantuliutrd to it* ue, rec ognition of it* vahjr, and ultimately to rvtrntisr, widespread, and mo* tinunl rmpknrmrrit in thr rherntcal proressmg mduMrin: High temperatures: lliirkiny prt* mil* trtnprtaturrs hrsoftd thy physical limitations of lead la*ad* brick rrcHiimiio m firqumthr used whur lie* temfieiatures ary in excess of VH f, and even m hifh as lOnOC. High prrwurti and sacuunr Ot* tain arid rrcmrry units arr brick and lead lined and rq*-tJtr urwVrf vacuums as low as 0 23 inch of mrreury at about 2fiO F. Ahtaiinn and erosion: firirk work reduces the rfn*riny rfTnt tf \im Imt ayitatinn found. f>r example, in sulfuric acid rnncmtratnrv Thcntul insulation: Cscentii lly riimiiutfi heat loss and excess xe temperature fluctuation a* oft *n encountered under rapidly ftuce^* ating timr-iemperaturr cxf,.s Substantial savimr*: Ample 7*^* nf the economy of brfik-lrad comlHiutims is the fart that enr* rosion resistant masonry construe* linn rompnrd nf a suitable shell, Irad membrane, proprt brick work and cement can be drpert bird over a Inng prrind of )rar%, IS years bring not uncommon. Corrosion: Brick and Irad perform very efTectivrly oxer the range of sulphuric acid, alum, and acidalum concentrations. Here ary some nf the basic funda mentals which arr observed in thi* PI.T,*.!! 11 I. IHBI'IJJPJJI l> J'J ... unarm I LIA20116 Ut tsd to Control Rofirvory Corron'on ... fell The rrswhont rc- paitMon hkk the hod *n inmpfwmn thus asessimg ftwwr than adequate vuptewt. With regard to Iruiig, assuming foidihss hod mrwtfUt*si and no damage to the had b*s*ng during the brxkifsg-m purot, with Ostuai wrv- ke, the pmreihrrs** a* recommended bv SUu irvj flrorkm.* are .erruss- snrmhd for evprdittow* hondUng of hakag^s as they occur. Kleti pop* e*hr uiilurd all hut thr neiestary tea.^ up of brickwork tt pnmt* aMe. A sarioimn in arid-brick and had mrmfasne rmur^tse mar he sms in thr accompanying Figures t, 2 ami T a fKit'Hf. | --TWr itmM HfftltHKt Mt liM M U kn Wf * W--9J ki4 w4 tm dmtifla-- t\pr of mmtitKtinti m )i!itir fn (hr drvtB of lh)* tank whh h huth to tupp'd the tkrifht o| ihf miwf HnKturr: It (b4tri tlmild hr nhrt^ prruurr H iA\nhrd and the to'LS plmti it oc *Nne the boU><Q niff S. The hod lining i* ijipM after removal of all bgtn and other pro jecting oa the inside of the tank vhkh may cause injury to the had Detnird groh 8 ti Ifkpnund sheet Irad i* uviaflv adequate and a* found in me generally. ) The had dinuld he lapped nvef (he top of lie tn*r| tn preterit rrpife hri siren the tiainf and the MeH and hv sheet hod Min thnuJd be lapped mer the tnttim ihto about 4 iwfet and w-ldesf together around the entire nfrtol mV. In cry Utf vnwh, however, nr at kk(h aerating temper aturrm, k i* ad* sisahh to strap the Irad to the outer hrQ. Itutmgih a* Irad will usually conform to the tame rneral %hape M the Heel barking, it h dninbW to obtain at smooth a steel w*rface as ponihle without abrupt change* in lhape. At time* hooded lead construc tion it required foe ream*** already outlined and Mirfocrwhe due* not pmrat a pnulrm. 4* A/irr the Irad ha been in stalled jm| (rurd it n luwd with one t t'M mr*r-s rf ho* k Ifcrtrn a t(d> inf to tvrtj fi< t<*v <hyr-e r1 v id lOHiin. e rej'ui^l, minimum alkwsaMr pevin and shgrre of tliermal (intent *4 *h*k S, Furtfiermnre, step* 1/f taken to *ssd cento* t wuh wxisum inns m acirl-p*W rrmmii This ji done hv bonding iJnim paper to tlie irtd with potassium silicate solution be fore the Uk I w>ik rs insulted ,\ln a sheet if odirstos is utiltmj with resin fuv cement* similarly \Vith wl|fiui'fuH cements on adiest*>s ctihfjfe is Hot needed. 4* \ *uffi lent tfii*kne*S nf bfi* k* work h rmtalVd su*h that trmprtolures at tla* surface of the Irad will he reduced to I2> F in the caw* if bnmhd had. and fhi F in tire raw ed sheet had lh* trttqeratur* festiictkft for hckloi had is nnlv ap ptiralde where tinning has hr-*n used for preparatewi nf tfw sierl surfaces. SkibVt treatment a* rotnjdnhet! U*mJ ing without tinninv at aft. and in the method nyctnl the temperature re striction dnet not pfdy. 7* With regard t another item on the thickness of the brickwork, an attempt is made to keep a sufficient thicknes* such that mean trtnprraure* are trduerd to that with in creasing temperature the brickwork will be elongated more than the steel OMtoi OovalapmanCw. To o*M fur ther to the latest in hsd mnstruc- ion t a es, i h well w-wth nWtog the unofvl apparatus* d the tnK* n|we of nuitig steel wish hod by sprat mg' This rs doe hv sprasing a t wvtwre rf fairK drsitkd metallic had mnoj with a snlatih welting wmt at evtienu ty k*w pomiovith a high sduae nf air \SV* apfdirsi, the wetting agent rv4pvjln out in a tnattrf if minutes, hosing the metal drpouted no the surface The praying operation h reprated twice a e more has mg a deposit nf hod ap* ptminueh 11 putvli to 8T> qaarr feet if surface or to a this knot of 10 mds mrrud This trhni<(ur it aw bring used rstrrwneh in t iriout installation* tiitisjfhut thr l'. X to pmmt rocowhvs if tubing and pipe, on tie 0|> and the |I> d tanks, oil treaters, gasoline plants, fHinrfiii, sprat and nrlin? kwos ami struc tural steel wt*k sshhh are suhpet to (nsrtwion rmnunterrd tn tf<e hid For examph. had applied in this manner has hern in service in eoJinr plant cording liw*r piping a* a pfotectem ogaimt hrrhlv corrosive ceding water for rrvwe than 10 )rar* with nn signs of failure It has aho been used fog interior protection of piping for srmndorv recovery nv tems fig more than IJ year* with the same result*. In the area* nhrrr hod pip*, takes, fating* and pump cwtncctinn* and hod return bend* nf duice pi|irt ohod service in refining ptorrvse*, had hat chalked up on imjrrsMvr record. Very little ran he added therefore with resfret tn these use*, flooding technique* liiuikg to thote described j d i n > jiii-yp---ii in mm-w--1 nwnii ^'nii I Wit i iniitiii OMMsmOrt |. iiiiifiMiiiMtiariiiii'iiiiii I LIA20117 can hr itrd thr nunufKlmv nf Wad lined Itrrl p.j* and t-nl **<* rtfj o'pf*r <>h with p*d rewih*. Atide from ihr same fwid rnjutrrtTKiit*, lead i* (itt in tn In' Nitinf the pipe Another mr-tlmd mvi*h in* rrtifMC an rMtmW It a J pqic into a tuhihiy (nr|).iin| l^rl pjie with the Iral pi|v hriii^ rx^umlrd atiimt the outre ihrll lv Mram fir^ufr. Tem- prfjiurrt tihich prrmil hmliw ate thw ihijireil |.ead n^rml pipe is fabricated similarly by Utii* iim of the ratting tneth*d imoh* r*% a mold. Mfwthi Ca m Wlry. In dm rate history. there h excellent ma* /rut nn lie sequence nf esrnt* and rep* taken m iniptmlnf the service, ability id Ir.wl In pr^ew design in an jrkhaJum feac toruvd in the prndur. tiro of aluminum ufphate (alum' at well at infitnuiino on the variant other mn for lead in (hit particular area. Introductory Ifistory. Appmxi* mately II years a(n, a Nd of 12) tnm of lead Wu inslaltrd to handle rhe |KidtKii>in of lotowhf alum o* tut inn* In a bead catalyst plant where nearly two billion beadt or )0 lont r4 finished cauls* per day are prr> durrd. The ratalytt h uted in the thermnfnr catalytic cracking proems which at the time had recently come into MlmMvr ute in the production of hiyh*octane gasoline. The heads are produced m lead lined forming ywrn from gel forming solutions coomting of sodium silicate and acid* alum aluminum sulfate*. .Mum is pft*!'*rd m an aod*aium tea*, two tank fmm aluminum trihsdrate re* acted with wrlfuric acid. Prurtw. tVmivrsluni wafer is lot inirmlured to (he alum reactor lerrujin utfuric acid W ihtroi RM ft ahln) until `h* vdutiro t VI pryrrot a< id. filling the tank fo a depth '4 IH inrlio. The trmperatu** revolt tor (nen tle evab^rmic fraction it further inrni<ol he rhe addi* linn of aluminum tti-hsdrate pur*, fied ahimina' to 2W to F A*hH* tircul ahimirva it added to maintain this temperature, and the rear tim it moiinuol foe t*) to 2 h^in while continually agitated with ttram which lo-pr die aluminum sulfate above Ht tohdifvinf ternprrature nf 210 F After the reaction a com pleted. the hatch n then iMutetl to make jeumt aluminum sulfate which it kept for 4 hnura at 110 to 140 F Further dilution produce* a 20 percent alum tnlulion which fills ihe tank to ',, full and h liquid at room trmperaturr . The solution it then pumped rot of the tank into a leaddinrd solution preparation lank where it it further diluted to 10 per. cent. The airfare ten ire %4 lie re. arior h one hatch per d.n. It it readitv *ern that the combined effects nf differential of orlic heating, ron- tant agitation, ami abrasion and temperature level contribute to what is one of Iraft severest Mi Fqutpmrnt and Performance. The reaction tank it 17 fret. 7 inchi on the ID and 7 fret. 1 inches in depth, and wat lined initially with 16-pound chemical lead tuf*)*wied hy verlira) strap* 4 fret apart. I In* ptmrd VA* satisfactory after rob hie nomlif oprtaiiro and wa* consequently ripped mil. Severe phssical distortion nf tlie W-ad had miutird and tuhte* qurnt penrtatinn *4 the alum ke tr*i resulted in fejdacrttirnt of tla l*v| Irttim and tidrt to a height of 18 mr he*. Since corrector ttrpt were obvious ami were ilictatrd by the ph>*icaj fimitatiro* of lead and m>r it* tpmhc frvotaore to the c**rmse, a new tank lining wat installed ami |ml into senee. It* hmotn and udo were lined with 22-pound tWIurmro-chrmiral lead, and the dighlly crose* mp. with 12-pound cheruicai Irad. The aiMitiroal ttrapt rroustin* of half-otal <trr| cotrted by 16-pound Irllurium cle-mM al Irad 7 inches wide were installed to (tie *upfMt every 21 win ici the title wall in contrast with the original IS-inch tpacinf. Tie hrMinm wat secured hy parallrl ttrapt *leathrd with 16-pntwd tcllufium-chriuiraJ Irad 16 In |A inche* a(tart and ) iochet wide bolted thrmi(h die steel tank to tuppnrting tterf | hrarm beneath. Repairt of this linrnf were not fecr**ary until 16 month* later when tpnradk potrhinf hreame increav inyly fretjuent. Alt repairs were made with chemical lead rod*. Thr waits showed the lra*t amotint of bulpn| or saotirtf between I he strap*, and required the Irast repairs. Corrosion was trait in the lower third of the vessel wall but ahose that, the wait area was exposed to hot corrosive 1 i Ml j* .u -; I'yw HiWfilrniiwi rri awH*i*a LI*20118 Uw lW to Cwhol Rfinry Cofroiion .. . (nim M p*r*r*ue 4lf, tfnj lw*d uUi |Ja< e iJim| i}h ef (Ki UWn) Unm^ On (W fctfUxft, i*k* iiwi pnfmjUtfH Ltd (nmtdniUtf trouble, U*1 brltfrik l)w Mii{ipin| Kj i| klfni in wane rn m hgh a* S irkhn fthr^e (hr link bntfcwu. TnHiMf with the kninf mrff bMHtf <Sr pmKK| formed it aluminum iwlfatr which terp* though occur (mg (uir nirki ioio the r^ky MtWr a Sad hgl^, hiltflf U, m4 Utrr thm thr if* Arirn (fitn Flattening ef the bulge* prnnrird therefore im) thr bulge IlH la hr rut opm, And (hr solidified dununuia luUitr rrnunrd. Lrjkt wrfe tictrctod bv 4^p hnS*; I Sr prrtrni r at AJ, SO, >, hrmc anted by iSr AjjprAUtxr f tuUdiKt TKn difficulty at thr brutnm wax (Kr pnftu/ih to thr ip^rviivf at knc rrark wipe rot to thr fcfVW rjum. na tbr rMis > w jJpmi In rkK Itroi rjifct irfMjn, nr ikrif emit rt thr hul*ex, A imu j 3) piftkwa* iiunl ncrurirncr.* An Attempt tn made la erverret (Sr tiiiuim Sy u*ing a hrirk lmin< to provide uniform wippnrt at the lining and abo to irmiUte ifiimi thr extreme* at Irtnfriilurf and IhKtiM* ti> <h thrmf ||*rnnff, thr cement ing rampowndi urd did am with- it and attack fay **r tthtioa and nmtiuIS tSr hrirk* lr*mrtf and pfoimlni fn iwwl umiAd iuiufp to thr trad Stung for wm* branr and to (Sr agitating tijuip* prtil a wr#. Thr reactor a later re fiord tilth a hrirk-Sad mrrohranr lining u*ing a wiuhlf (rtnroi Thh tiU! imiJU* t after a few initial Sakaget ff* luiartj in trrvicr practically tmulfr- (tff lot ht yriit fn fart, fadin'* after h year* of thn t>pr at *rr* ire were expected. Thr only tral <ti(Ti* cuhy ptnoitd at the timv tui not dur to thr repair* ircreiutnl but rather to (Sr difficulty mrnunirrrd in finding thr Irak*. The weep Sofa* were to no avail and the brick lining prevented (Sc exact location of the Irak*. Attempt* made in repairing the fining re*uhed in a great wattage of man hour* and externrve, unnecrv ary tearing up cf different pait* of the fining. In thnrt, tot method* at the time wrve irmiffirimt to copr witfa the problrm of locating a Irak wndrf Uik Umg i|UkU> fn 'm**t t* (Sr u<4j(ii I of 5 year* ago, *uff * i^nt udurttwiuai ku brrn fr|nitd in thr btrtiture m p#rviud> iWifnl which pmlmin thr pmikiilit) >f miming a uiur* aI4r SadUwk lining foe n mt at *o IIm irnilv adequate text nnSili or Irthnwjur* foe drimnimng die kxa- tif*> at flaw* ne Irak*. Taking advantage of the tech nique* made pw*dfr by (hr advance of nuclear wiener, Irak drtrtikuo in Sad-acid bntk lining* might hr facih- taid by the me of km lr\r| ratim- activr tr* et.wfvrtil nirlhnd* *Ki(k mid depend u|m tSr amplifying rffrit that a trad torndnanr *ould Kavr no a gamma radiation>induced wgnal frivn a (Sin I uurrr brfund the lining ILi oukl hr artnmpltdird fay introfui a mM4r radioactive etrmmt into min which xmkj iSm br pcimfrd Inupfu the Sad nra* faranr and vewl SrlL Scintillation counter* iicikj hr uni |it naeutnC the invide Hufan of the met in oedre to cStrct any intmutKAtica that wwjhi br indicative of a Irak. A/trr or brfir rffrcttng repair* in Ihi* manner, detergent cSanwng or (hrlatino could Sc empkned to re move mtgn at the tracer iml fufthrr ae of uach technique* mav h- had ith mpnt to hnewJrd Ehwf J- MafUikrr m to tiy| fiintoi <4 L/m) iMlaun ,Wca> Imn, New York, wkrr* k |ittol nd lofftWi v<labk ik Iimj I fom*tK) itwit all pkuri at lead **.*. |a d*ttfam, hr (iurnuMO thn iafnmcio-41 to that ft w Q be mrfal m ffmrrfwnrat aad iadwtry. ad vitl mat had mmi m tke k 4. tmii id to Kaw *| pntf w mvdvat Irad. Ha alto tmntiuifi irttf l^aink toifkt hr armury or **H*. Sir, and ararr*Ur tuptovix* tork toiranb. MHlUckry m a er*dw4e f .Nrw York lonmiljr krrr kr cncrd i B.V. dr*rr* a tolilltHiwiI meiArarma |<r *m fonnrrfy with lhr Artoa biitfua, Amtnru ftsarb Anna (aryoniwa Sal bnmgv ne n* dee* Sad <* agr 11Mnliwtan ami with * mtU* nut hru k In |Sh caw, thr vrvd wnuld br fit fa d with tlir fluid m-u i< r anti thr taiiri mifan tiMOiiimJ to ddnt in(rnuftf4(iei <f ugnah nfuch vmuld hr mda alive of imnunrnl fad* uir. Ilimnrf, calihratioQ wucJr* would be retjuirrd and rvimwe Q toraurr* may br nrmuty b llr cave of faciei tmrr* ri fetranr tracr* at the radinactivT (otHtiU/nt *hm it prevent* a pcd4rm. Even mnocSring fimita- tinm, U>e adv antagr* of thr af<er- mtirnd tn hnajur-* are indrrd pro- vceaiive. Audr fria* thr wettability at vaikm* Ini nirlhnd*, invta^latmrw cmiLiMo thr nor uiuVr omiiVf ei in give up to |} year*' vrrvur In ifael, Sad lined ahim dgnton muallv pet- Sm w t D fnwn * t It yean hrfore tlir farvt Sak occur* with llw* etund often onvtrinf between Iff and I) yraiv. To wm up thr viiuatmn at (Sr brad catalwt plant, thr trad forming tower* lined with *|-itwh chemical Sad wpimtof hv a ungS trrl vtiap at thr |np air vtiU urulfectrd bv coe* n*i fnun (Sr dilute acid and alu minum tulfjir vnhitinet. 5 pvTcmt lf,SO*. S prrernt Al, SO,'*, ^1 per- O o rent drniinrraliard water at room trmprrature, after |3 year* mirt. Lead Unrd vtotage tank* contain ing acid-alura vnlution* diKitrd to 20 prrernt vtiryvfth, and wdutwm* fur ther dihilrd for inlroflurtinei *o thr brad forming tower*, are tiQ giving good trrvire to date after 13 year* A large pnprHtinn of tie* piping in Out imtalUtinn M Sad which Ha* farm extended S>mJ Ihr cS-cign ttre** Svrh without rvmtful failure and it ttill in g*mi vhi{ir attnting to the dorahiUty if Sad in dm a|pfSa* tion. I<rad pifie, vahr* and fatting* in pump rnnnrelinm and Sad return brncU of duice pipe* uncW homing tower* are ad Owning excellent mage. UTtklTt ll CTTU> * c i i I-m n.a as, W to4 v ihri Ar*J m4 u. lea. * Uttot "V Wm m* toy r. * L " -<-U ( W. HI, JU"-'N.v--aWto^. fwv. oIwC L^wc" CA*m W ImC Cm to/toj #w JCitoU., 0. 'vrtrtv oto.i d I4I.M4IU4. . ,10. II/*. *Up>Mto. *-*> * Uto W . ! *.to V F . - A-wipt* kwto U l#C t ! i ... . avwr itoc s+w (v in m fcinw.f /vs ir>\. i m. l I w iw mt <w*--w favuw *#*.i l c--*h r-- to W C*W. Fan ). ii<-i /vw. if twiw to, m'h (Fan t pmrn Kw. Stock, leai. dm ..... -- f!.l ---? W-MM '! *' m >, toWMMabmiiim III Unatiiia* A> i n tiiWnwto / MM