Document re0j0z4D9e4JEd3Z3mmGZV2e

.* 1. oepartment or health. cducatioh. ano wclfarc eusuc HtAiT jen'fiec , ctNTC* ro o<sc*tc coxTuoi - 1 . lay* August B, 1975 *TiO'iu iN'.nrurc roi* occu^ationai. |Ar*T anohcaitm **#**( s CAHC soCkviilC. masvcamo jec.t Dear Colleague: i This coammlcetion Is Intended to alert you to recently gathered lnforaa- " tlon Indicating a potential health hazard for persons exposed to asbestos during the servicing of aocor vehicle brake and cluteh asseablies. On July 21. 1972, the National Instltlte for Occupational Safety and Health convened a setting of governaent and university scientists, industry i representatives, and labor union officials to discuss the present state of t knowledge with respect to this problem. Data was presented by investigators froa the Mount Sianl School of Medicine In Kv York City Indicating that workers engaged In the aaintenance ar.d repair of autooobile and truek brake si linings are exposed to potentially hazardous levels of airborne asbestos t\ dust. Rpst^fic brake servicing operations studied included bleu tut cf autoaobile drua brake asseablies, grinding of used truck brake linings, and 11 bevelling of new truck brake linings. Average peak asbestos air concentra y tions for these three activities based on personal sasples taken vithln tan *i feet of the operator were, respectively, 10.2, 3.72, and 37.3 flbcra (>2 aicrons In length) par ml. An analysis of sasples of brake dries dust i revealed that alaost all of the asbestos fibers found were shorter than 0.4 aicrons In length. ?revlous studies of the extent of asbestos eaissions froa autoaobile brake i lining wear shoved that only a vary saall fraction of the original asbestos j content of the brake lining Is found in brake dries dust (Ref. 1-3). It vas presumed that this Is due to thermal degradation of the fibers during braking. The present findings Indicate that enough asbestos Is preserved to produce i4 significant exposures during certain brake servicing procedures. 4l The full extent of asbestos-related disease in brake servicing personnel 1 is not known at present because this particular occupational group has i not been studied systematically up to now. However, a review of the scientific literature on the association between asbestos exposure end mesothelicl tuners ef the pleura and pcritee.cus has revealed at least four eases of these rare tisors In persons who were employed In jobs Involving automobile brake servicing (Ref. 4-6). I PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT B&R-54 wl. ... Page 2 % For youi information and guidance, we ere enclosing pertinent references, estimates of the population at risk, a NIOSH interim reconssendation for brake and clutch servicing procedures, and a copy of the Department of Labor standard covering exposure to asbestos in the work place. The environmental studies of brake llaing servicing operations outlined above together with observations of nesothclial tumors in persons so employed affirms the necessity for instituting and maintaining recomended control measures in thlt industry so that the health hazards of asbestos are minimized. Eaclosures J. William Lloyd, Stf.D. Director Office of Occupational Health Surveillance and Bloacerlcs > * REFERENCES' 1. lynch, J.R.: Brake lining Decooposition Products. J Air Pollution Control Assoc, 18:824*26, 1968 2. Hickish, D.E. and Knight, K.L.: Exposure to Asbestos During Brake Maintenance. Ann Oecup Hyg, 13:17-21, 1970 3. Jacks, M.C. and DuCharse, R.T.: Brake Emissions: Emission Measure ments from Brake rnd Clutch Linings from Selected Sourcea. E?A Report 68-04-0020, 1973 6. Nevhouse, M.l. and Thompson, R.: Mesothelioma of Pleura and Peritoneum Folloving Exposure to Asbestos in the London Area. Brit J Ind Med, 22:261-69, 1965 5. McDonald, A.D. et al.: Epidemiology of Primary Malignant llesothellal Timora in Canada. Cancer, 26:914-19, 1970 6. Crecnberg, M. and lloyd Davies, T.A.: Mesothelioma Register 19671968. Brit J Ind. Med, 31:91-104, 1974 i' ' it i <A f'i * ____i ESTE1ATKS OF THE VOr.KJORCE POTENTIALLY EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS IN THE MANUFACTURING AND SERV1C1NC OF BrvAXI UNINCS AND CLUTCHES Auto Mechanics Garate Workers Manufacture (original and rebuilding) TOTAL 633,535 67,679 6.657 907,671 SOURCE: Adapted frea 1972 Census of Manufacturers, 1972 County Business Patterns, and Census of Population: 1970 Occupation by Industry (all are Departaenc of Coraerce, Census Bureau publications) 1 ! i t 1 depart!c:rr nr iIEalTii, educatio::, atj \m.r,\rx cdc, :nosu Minutes of Oceimatlonal Exposures ta Asbestos Duse frea Brahe Lininjs Meeting July 21, 1972 Attendee* See Attacked Procceefnr i Dr, John T. "inkle*, Director of tTlOSil, wlcoatJ the att.-.n-ees. Ue stated that the rurroscs of t!ie otretinj arerc (1) to consider 'relininary data on asbestos eanesure ar.onc brake lini.'.n workers anJ (2) :: iisecs.s a future course of action based an this orelixir.arv lnforantioo. ,/r. "inklea then turned the r.eetin.a over to ir. Irvins Selikcff el .louuc Sinai for presentation of sane of his work on this rroblen. Dr. ScliV.off described the back;rcuTvi far our current erneera. The health effects of aabestas are veil knst.ai. korever, the hnnltit '..n-.irJ assoclatct! with asbestos in brake li.-.tnc; j..tll reee.-.tl" has rtcci'e! little attention, le *-as ehouskt that tiia intense heat generated Inr. braking nod if led the asbestos and that brake lini:;- .ust centaiucd insignificant .mount* of anbentoa fiber a. hr. Mancuso ir. lv`3 did describe asbestos-related health ' eif cats la the ajaufiaturi:.; .<f asbestos for brake lining but isr-arer.tly thin caused little concur::. In 1973, a ease of acsothclioaa trar renorted in a brake repair orker. This stlnulateJ a re-e?:.inf nation of the problem. .`it. Sellki:.' ecintit*.' 'ith Mr. Meyers of '.7/.', r. Cefalo of LA! nr.d the Tori kot.-r Jounsay a:..* tlie ;rouo at "t. Sin.ai initiated a stud;* to ictnmtne if br-.kc li.alaj workers were c.nosed ta significant levels of asbuntos. Dr. ScliV.off fnrro.htecJ .'r. Laager of .`t. Sina* rko reviert: : .c ccnroaition of brake linings nr..` the br..akj.vc; produce.* .hnmhi to ccc.iv frut* lint "n:rate-.' hiring braking. Prevlo i*. filiu-: .iiu t demonstrate anbes t > fibers i:i th.o a:.:.<'i:i*.j or ri'Vaic-ee is iaiienc. I b.' the current ntin'i^s it '.t. Sinai !.? raceat st.idi-.-a it -t. Si.i...' ' di-p.inr.tr'.toil tynitai aVrvsatiic .asV:-'? f.'.'one with -a vi..v of other fornr. .if ervr.tallir.c .a :.i f'kroia material;;. !le ..-p.i vs 1 :cl tut t!ie eo-sriosit [or. of brake Ua!::.g; or'> 1 If for, /nr .a:ti'le, brake in the r.S. a;><l <:.*oat Lritaia ash pro-met' !cre in rl.e ,.S. "iv .i.:vk undergone mi* eh-inpc* over the yr.ire., Thi a is particularly imp-art.,..c aJnee rrei-ne data .;hos: that k. of th': .w e.ar :rki-i k; inir u:> o. tiic.sc lr.norts. esrtbcr raucurcli i* lit--led tn e!ear-ao:.'rir.e th-- ' ^ .. T. ''X content of past and present dunt exposures. It should uc rtergnited also that the health effects of other .-.-ttcrUl* In hrn.'.e dust .iavc" .tut been studied. Hr. T.ohl from Nt. Sinai reported on studies of asbestos dust expo sure-in sutor.obile repair shops in Wev York Ciev. Penh exposure' fro-: 5-8 minutes duration were measured. fiber cmines, using the OSib". method, <-cre fron 4 to 31/nl at 3-5 feet fro-, broke drums cleaned visit eonnressed air. At 5-lh feet, eour.tn ranged from 2 to 4 ru; at H-20 feet *).4 to i.3/nl. krun.* cleaned with brush generated less airborne asbestos, 1.3-3.f fibcrs/nl in the ncratarn breathian vnt. Eig.it;.* to 99X of the fibers as obscrvcJ by electron '-leroscen-r verc lsnn txan j.4 cierons in length, indicating a ouch higher exposure to esbastos fibers than indicated by unties! necroscopy. Workers engaged in grinding onerstions to rone*..* brake linings were einascd to 2-7 entic.-iHv vi*,l;i* fibers/nl. Those bcvellinp, linings had high exoosurcs ranging fro . 3272 fibcrs/nl. 2r. George Wright pointed cut that earlier studied s.iuve. that 1 to 37. of Irak* dust Is fibrous aabc*.toa. Sir. Loriner of "it. Sinai reported on nodical txanination of *3 brake repair vorkers with P-4 2 years of exnosure. A substantial numbe;were reported to imvc 2I-r*y and ventilator*' function ubii.iranlitirsi. Further studies need te be done in tills area before ir concnnlusia.-.^ on health' effects cnn.be dravu. K***cvar, it as eoJ***<' nut tut at icuc four cases of mesothelioma Stave been rsnert*1 nationally among auto mobile repair orkers end this Janis urgency to the problea. Dr. Fln'elta asked for coonents end recoaoeruiations for addressle; the problea. ?!r. SScyers suggested t'.iat several practical control censures are feasible not*. Indeed, th.nse nensurrs have been ins11 tutu1 in several shoos. His union alerted its ncnler*. via it* nc'**ictt-r an.i .uvnlopc. mooters to alert workers to the problem. :ir. .'ievers oinhnciafcd :...it c.ic eioiovert vitii '.firm !i vorkvd wre must eoooorntJvv. .'inl.-oers vcve enenurap.cd to use vacuum cleaninp. of brake drux* m.!, vli.-rc noec-.s.jry, mask* to reduce exposure. Ills union ha* cade armr.frni-p.ts tvr cunt: mud no.Jieal evaluation of its nerhurs. Sic sap'i.as<icd the inoorta.ee wf union representative* ivnvinp. ueeeas to workplaces for ohaarvjtiu.'. cf sanitary ornciietis. hr. George Wright, an industrial consultant, m-h.i/.i*C.I t..nt :v:\i- f.ieturcrr. !mv a rirrn;:.*:ihi"i:v t. a-u:. rrtin !::: .iao-v.-is ;< t.ulr pruduuti; aftor !>cijt" noid :> <'thers. Thin pr.i'-l rv-r u diili- u*s in.hr: tr > U.- it.: ii- rverv nor r.ibl.* way. 1 C'tn liv lOirt-ri -.c: !>; t ic ; i l: c r ! t-f that oou niy'it S'lbS* : ic 't'.y i i'.ieou'itcr the full -.tu'ctr.im of .vile'.c.'R-r,.'.-.Ccd din* me .r..i....i....c. i';:.- >r. Wright ettoresnod enr.ecr'.i that >:i*u.!iti.i: rup.ht U.- nu':'..' 1 *I II I exposure* higher .non; tone smaller buninesnea. Jr. 'fright c.auciu.-.eJ that the Influence of fiber sire should be cm-. IdercJ nnu c.i ic uny extrapolation to the ccncr;,l mfilnclnn be Hale I'icli caution, lie urge, that any subsequent investigations utilize tho UICC clarification ami trw Inclusion of relative controls, be. Wright cautioned against cvrinterpreting the occurrence of four ncsotkcliona cases. Mr. Saruels of IUT5 urge-J that MIOS": -- liotlfy the Department of Labor about this problem; -- 'lake ninute* of this fleeting available to nubile clone vlth a suitable prenn release; -- Hotlfy other ir.vcived aniens; -- Institute an appropriate national sarnlin* prog.r.an; -- Institute a program of surveillance and Intervention. Other unions involved Include: -- United Auto Workers -- Tcaraecrs -- American rederatlnn of Government Suplevces -- Allied Industrial Worker? -- Laborers International -- International Association of i!achini.cs -- American Post.il Workers Union -- United Aubber Workers -- Amalgamated Transit lalou -- Transport Workors Union of America -- inltod Tsansnnrt.scinn Union Ur. S.vunls <if IU') urp.ei! that iv.-vrir U* tn'rrvl nf i-.la; L.: c.s-.ilv a-irlie.-.Iilo eor.trjJ nctsarci. '-r. ..ey, ra rj.. .i.;v iv i.- iso control- technology he Ihj 111 u-,o i their aj'esti's safety bulletin. 'r. Angrlri kef.alo "( lA'I ..Iscii.at..! the to in.'or: :ffeei-^! local.4 .mj j,alon rvnhcrs In a:, orderly ins il.'ii, lr. Oefa'..- -tate.l t->..t 4 the needed research orogran should be Planned .tnd fundtui. lie offered hit assistance in obtaining any necled support for t ils progra*. . Dr. ilancuso of the Inlvcraitv of Pittsburgh at the rcoueac of the Iater-ution.il Association of Machinists conducted a pilot andy of Joat.t records and identified in 1;73 a aesothclio-ta case (prove:: by aitrr of a garage mechanic and another ease of pleural rvot.iLlie -j in a nillrlght vho was blowing out avhentas, friction-tync el'itchc. t/ith cot-nrossed air at a pantr c^noaay. 5r. 'ia..cu*o felt the nature vf tv.death record* was aueh that other ease* of acne thelites aay exist but are unrecognized. l!c sooice of the need to use tills onroriuaity to develop an affective Industrial escdicnl surveillance system. Herb itorthrep cf ford ashed that any alert bulletin place this problem in petspeetivt -- pointing oat other recognized e:oosjre< t; asses to*. U C| John iiaent of MfSCI presented nrclirinary data free. a :7I0?H .-;tj shoving neck et"o*ures of u" to 5 flbera/.-.l -uring brake -.nn bin*.-in Re el*o showed peak lead levels ef unnrouinately i.5 rg/:i3 duri binding operations. *il05H clectrenmicroscanie atudiaj of broke -dm dust also sho'-ed a nreicninance of sa.all asbeate* fiber* wit., o.-s: fibers being less than l nicroti.-.t-ar in lur.gth. `.t a slant rcr.o-.-i.:;lined brake jhne*, exposures of 2> fiacrs/v.1 (during .rrln.Unr) and pc -.its of uo to 11 fibcrs/ul during enstyinn of a drum cnutJiai.v; eld iinir.g.a verc observed. I>r. Weaver of `.PI offered to coerrjnieate lrith gasoline etocivnn and he supported further atudiea of tiie probler. and aa-iusinsd cna .luel to use annroprlate controls of '.ICC file reading twchr.lruas. Zi Alnaugh of International iiarvester urged -t.cnaration of i Joint Telcar.e. Pul Toth of Ford offorod to he.'.n with suggestions or. euntrsl technology and In diascnlnnting inform.* do.: froa i.TjSi. on tain v-td.r tu appropriate Turd iocor Company dealer rniatious persona*.!. John Moran of CTA pointed out that di.se hrakca roloose a.-re asbestos Into cite general environment titan choc brakes, lie it itu.i tha. the r?A esnreasvay roadside scud*- could iooh at asbestos Ic.-cis a'o.-p a gradient ava- frra tiie expressway. Mr. Sellhoff point.-i .ut braking, Itself, nnv be inrort.nnt .u-i that roa.iai.id stiidie.-- sit :-.-.ld consider the effect of braking. nr. ''.-aeu io an a*Ucd to cn-i-.ent on n.'rh-d he .1 tit at *.ilea, he- surrest.-d an ct-iiieniolor.y acudv of the jvircjllt - c'/ u'i i-::ee > > of nn,.oni,'.i-.I -nrkerr. a:id chelr f.aniJte ;. l!u *v--nico-! ,i.t' f`-r .ettr-/.' e.ire in the ev>cr `nc-m.il design. Mi* i.ho-ig it naeii a :.t.-il - *' for other cinrers i.-ti! .-.eiit'atinn.il r.--i r.itrrv if r. r.-.r *" asho-itaa-r-dati-d 'tnnr.'.ar*. -3 It vts enphasited that workers i/cre c'.no.icd to retain, dusts (body shons), solve.its and conic ~.iscs like eirbon ivsiMiaJc. i.j, 't.ineuso recnmcn.W elinle.il studies l.i thv s.i'ie population o;- ..0l-|;er-> Ho especially requested evaluation of so-cillcd "nuise-;ec dusts" --.lieh he' claim nav be norc ivcrnful tli.m now realised. he uashusleud uteJ tu look at workers who lwfc the industry .14 well as those iio arc -till eaployed. - Vr. Toth stressed the need to ascertain the role -if tobsceo sricki.ir in any studies. Others asreed with hir.. It. 'ane,n0 cook u:eepciun to the undue csiphasis on the snoxinc asoeets, to the eucluiirr. of iro-u.r recognition of the rutgnltude of inherent health risks due to c.u. chcr.icals In dusts of the working enviror.nc.it. Dr. Selikoff sup.ccsted seven areas for urgent stuJy: -- Analysis of brake rtateriale utilised since 1?m'i uuinj literature survey and laboratory analysis (EPA/bThSh). -- Broad based national industrial hjrjienu survey cu assess exposures for various oceun.icior.al casks <lflOSi>/hSTl\>. -- Enidcrioloy.ie studies of rwrf'Hty cn-erience jf u;:--osc. workers iron several sources (UlOir/.). be su^jssti t.:it receive the highest priority. -- Eurther cliniesi studies of 1,500 iorkers incluain: suitable controls ("Z05h). -- Autopsy surve" of lung anVeitos burden of csrosoi worktr.i in auto nalntenancu industry OU^Si!). -- Industrial hygiene nessurcs to hector control e:;rosurc (Joint effort of unions, industry and iriOSh). \ -- Education of torkers to harard .1.1J to use control uearurc: (dol/::icsk) . Dr. Selikoff suggested that there be no delay l:> get tiny ``hi* nrojv.i*. underlay. Ur. Joe 'li^ener of hinsi! pwncrr.lly 5U"rwirt..'J the JlsensM. d in wu.i propr.in. ilc nvikniiiud >>'o.! for cirt-ful ch-irictorl * U ion .f .-unoaui. .: to .if.r:it* acker thin :slvstn: un'. the- n-u.'. to is--urv ch'.t ii .dt... rcsc.sreh fundi .ire used to answer sor.o of our uajor ruiMlitiiv- uei>.itii mini t ion li.-out *hc of fret*- .5 e.n-':;:ir.` to r* l.itfvc 1* lew !*-,vV >-t short aubcsc.v: fiber.".. '.'flli.m Best rf ikil offi-svi hli .1: :t ;ti.`C.. n. .sskoJ whether or r.ot a e.i no-cunt re 1 study rd-hc i-w of po-io in. ip. Mute Edvard Mp3ur.li EJi.'anl J. Saier Otto A. Sosaey, US. wiiUa-M 3cst, run. Hector Blejcr, 'US. Kenneth Sriluord, Jae'<: Sutler, Angelo Cefalo John `I. toer.t John F. rlnhlea, ",.0. Arthur Langer, U.B. Vlllleu toriner, '!,3. Trvona* F. 'laneuto, 'US, Sanuel .ieyert John Moran Herb Merthrop, US, Arthur r.ohl, MUD. Sheldon Secucls Irvlnp J. Selihoff, Paul !U Toth Josenh '.lep.oner, S.J. IIyg fieill '..'eaver, Ccorge W. '..'right, IUR. ATTr.:::T.r.s Affilln^n- International llar/citcr Conna.-.y lansn lit. Slnnl national Canecr Institute MX OSH :nos mosn International Aaaociaciun oi .lathi tllOSIl K10SH Kt. Slml ::t, sinj; Univern.1 tv of Pitt*..ur/h total ID.', l.Vl EPA Ford tJot or lonnany lit. Slml ITD/ATl-CIO lit. Siiv.i Fori' Uotcr Jatnnny 'nocu Anerieai Pctrnlc-xa In.:t'tutu Jo^inj-Uanville s/ 1910.1001 ASBESTOS A. Definitions 1. Asbestos - includes chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite, actinolite. 2. Asbestos Fibers - Longer than 5 ji B. Permissible Exposure to Airborne Concentrations 1. July 7, 1S72 - 5 fibers/ce 8 hour TWA 2. July 1, 1976 - 2 fibers/cc 8 hour TWA 3. Ceiling Concentration - 10 fibers/ce C. Methods of Compliance 1. Engineering Methods a. Engineering Controls - isolation, enclosure, exhaust ventilation, dust collection. b. Local Exhaust Ventilation - ANSI 29.2-1971 c. Particular Tools - All hand-operated and poweroperated tools shall be provided with local exhaust ventilation systems. 2. Work Practices a. Wet Methods - use when feasible b. Particular Products and Operations - No asbestos cement, mortar, etc., shall be removed from containers without being either vetted, enclosed or ventilated to prevent release of fibers above standards. c. Spraying* Demolition or Removal - Employees ; involved in these processes shall be provided with respiratory equipment and with special clothing. D. Personal Protective Equipment 1. Compliance may not be achieved by the use of respirators or shift rotation of employees, except: (Personal Protec- Equipment Contd.) Page 2 a. During time period installing engineering controls and to institute the work practices required. b. Where work practices are not technically feasible or feasible to an extent insufficient to reduce the airborne concentration below the limits. c. In emergencies. d. Where the above three are allowed person rotation shall be used before respirators. 2. Respirators shall be NIOSH/MESA Approved. a. Air purifying respirators - use when levels are no more than 10 times limits. b. Powered air purifying respirators - 10 times 100 times limits. c. Type C supplied-air respirators - 100 times limits. d. Establishment of a respirator program 1. ANSI 288.2-1969 1910.134 2. Where to get ANSI 3. No assignment if physician determines employee cannot function normally wearing a respirator or health impaired must rotate him to another job. 3. Special Clothing - shall provide and require use of special clothing (coveralls, head coverings, gloves and foot coverings) to employee which exceed ceiling level. 4. Change Rooms a. At any fixed place of employment exposed in excess of limits, the employer shall provide change rooms for employees working regularly at the place. b. Clothes Lockers - shall provide two seperate lockers or containers for each employee seperated to prevent contamination of work and street clothes. e. Laundering 1. Shall be done so as to prevent release of fibers in excess of limits. 2. Shall inform the laundress of asbestos presence and limits. (Personal Proteew*e Equipment Contd.) Page 3 3. Contaminated clothes transported in sealed bags or containers and labeled. E. Method of Measurement - All determinations shall be made by the membrane filter method at 400-450X (magnification) * (4 millimeter objective) with phase contrast illumination. F. Monitoring 1. Initial Determinations - Every employer shall cause every place of employment where asbestos fibers are released to be monitored in such a way to determine whether every employee's exposure is below the limits. 2. Personal Monitoring a. Breathing zone samples on membrane filters of 0.8 u mounted in an open face filter holder. Determine 8 hour TWA and ceiling values. b. Sampling frequency and patterns - In no case shall sampling be done at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposure may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the limits. 3. Environmental Monitoring a. Areas representing exposure which may reach employees. b. 6 months limits 4. Employee Observation of Monitoring shall be allowed to observe monitoring and records. G. Caution Signs and Labels 1. Caution Signs a. Posting - Provided and displayed in area where concentration may be in excess of limits. Must give employee time to protect himself. Signs * shall be'posted at all approaches to areas containing excessive exposure. b. Sign Specifications - Shall conform to the require ments of 20" x 14" vertical format signs 1910.145(d)(4) 2. Caution Labels a. Labeling - Caution labels shall be affixed to all raw materials, wastes, etc., containing asbestos fibers not bonded. (Caution Signs a abels Contd.) Page 4 b. Label Specifications. H. Housekeeping 1. Cleaning - All external surfaces shall be maintained ' free of accumulations of asbestos fibers. 2. Waste Disposal - Asbestos waste consigned for disposal which may produce through handling concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of exposure limits, shall be collected and disposed of in sealed impermeable bags or containers. 1. Recordkeeping 1. Exposure Records - Every employer shall maintain records of monitoring for at least 3 years. Available to OSKA, NIOSH. 2. Employee Access - Employee shall have reasonable access to records. 3. Employee notification - any employee found to have been exposed at any time to asbestos above the limits shall be notified in writing of the exposure not later than 5 days of the finding. Also, notified of the corrective action being taken. J. Medical Examinations 1. General - Employer shall provide medical examinations relative to exposure to asbestos. 2. Preplacement - Employer shall provide to each of his employees within 30 days following his first employment in an occupation exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical examination which shall include, as a minimum, a chest roentgenogram (post-ant 14" x 17"), a history of respiratory diseases, and pulmonary function tests to include force vital capacity and'forced expiratory volume at 1 sec. % 3. Annual Examinations - Annually, every employer shall provide or make available comprehensive medical examinations to each of his employees engaged.in occupations exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers. Shall include the minimum of a chest roentgenogram (14* x 17") , history of respiratory ' diseases and pulmonary function tests to include force vital capacity and forced expiratory volume at 1 see. (Medical Examine,,__..* Contd.) Page 5 4. Termination of Employment - within 30 days before or after termination of employment shall have the same minimum tests as above. 5. Recent Examinations - No medical exam is required of any employee if adequate records show that the employee has been examined within the past 1-year period. 6. Medical Records a. Maintenance - maintain complete and accurate records of all medical examinations. Records shall be retained by employers for at least 20 years. b. Access - records shall be made available to OSHA and NIOSH.