Document rBqG40qZ6bMqRLX3OkvgLRNX0

FILE NAME Brakes BRK DATE 1970 DOC BRK110 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Published Report - Connection of Physical and Chemical Features of Asbestos with Their Pathogenic Effect - Translated from Russian sneer at its sytt . Prevent om eM ; ~ a ee . ey wate . SO Lok : eee we, ous aly ened ears ee os fs cee Bete ss FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIVISION THE CONNEC OFTPHIYSOICN AL AND CHEMICAL :-~ FEATSpURES OF ASBESTOS WITH THEIR PATHOGENIC EFFECTTHEIR Kogan ot hae +. iy vneehi: EXHIBIT NO 16 Betty Browning Dee ro L? we Py Approved for public releuse distribution unlimited a | 80.1 - Aeemme seme se awe RO Me | le tm mnge nas Sat me moe Sn eee . EDITED MACHINE TRANSLATION oe oo THE CONNECTION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FEATURES OF ASBESTOS WITH THEIR PATHOGENIC EFFECT By F. M. Kogan English pages 22 wo adgieg ao , Source Patogenez Pnevmokoniozov Trudy ie sii^'h 0... =) Vsesoyuznogo Simpoziuma 18-20 November ss 1968 Sverdlovsk 1970 pp 16-34 . 4 Requester PDTR co SYSTRAN - This document is a oo... tion technical R. Wallace edited for ete et age machine aided technical accuracy transla- . by 2 CL 4, ees . noe . es ete Tae : wpez *) ane, rn Sin - et CE tty Mok Ve 2 Se 2) tee oa te set oe of chen Pas! ran ye f - pale Shes oe aur i tht typ abe oh? Pay ry we or eee ab _ ASF can ee publiunlimitecd release 5. ee Approved for _ release release ete . distribution unlimited webs * Sepa ne A! Tarte ye BEE pteiw WA er . peed segs BT : we ry THIS TRANSLATION IS A RENDITION OF THE ORIGL - NAL FOREIGN TEXT WITHOUT ANY ANALYTICAL OR os SP 3PaaS S Dy R S E rn et AES.ct aa e ri ah J = , 9ARTUR Os 9 eT: . eee SS : sot ; iT EDITORIAL COMMENT STATEMENTS OR THEORIES 1 4 ADVOCATED OR IMPLIED ARE THOSE OF THE SOURCE ~ PREPARED BY-. tees AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE POSITION * OR OPINION OF THE FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DI VISION G5"; hoc ht Aer, TRANSLATION DIVISION FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIVISION AFB OHIO . erk he vet ~ OER . me : ve . W pihy * 24-147 -72 . 24-147 -72 rvs ve! 24-1477-72 FID _ Nps ar tity AT 4 7 ae a te . : * ae Seas, 4? cae at? . ares Fen y bd . ~ 1 a eet eet sas soe: woe -. Nov 72 rr on : wt . . ~ e rk ee atu 8000 8000 0862 a ne le . U * gn tT ora e gt eh tee + pte 4 , "Le . . . oe PRODUCED BY FOR ry ' -~ *q . ' . U. S. BOARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM oe a --.." vais wee wets Fae a : mh, ot ot - Q Pine : an . F . ty o's Block ., < UBLQWXmxcx 6 UBLQWXmxcx UBLQWXmxcx UBLQWXmxcx a UBLQWXmxcx UBLQWXmxcx * UBLQWXmxcx UBLQWXmxcx UBLQWXmxcx Italic A Transliteration Aa ~ --6 b B Vv >fi G B -- ---- Dd Ee .Ye ye E e K me Zh zh 33 ZZ Hu I1 8 Y UBLQ* WXmxcxa XIOC I M k et, M, m . Block Italic Transliteration PP --P , ee , C C S8 T tT T om Tt yy Yy Uu fi o Ff Xx XxX x Kh kh uo4u -- Ts ts Ys Yo Ch ch ww EE Sh sh ; * Bh ... mom 111 EE Shch shch :: tye b taae b . s . RU.N Y,Y.A2aARyER + XIOC I XIOC O XIOC N O 17 n Nn. ow. 00 PP sow 8 84 3 --fl 10 10 . --fl --fl2 E e cs Yu yu Ya ya . es: . Be, . fete. me UE at b after Bilge ange eek Tne, * initially after b ye vowels and after b e elsewhere : When written as # in Russian transliterate as ye or elsewhere The use of diacritical marks is preferred but such marks _ may . be expediency dictates when omitted _ " a . hes 24-1477-72 ee . . my e. a 4 . 8000 0863 PRODUCED BY FO THE CONNECTION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FEATURES OF ASBESTOS WITH THEIR PATHOGENIC EFFECT |a :e cs, a F. M. Kogan ety at AseeR: Institute of Industrial Hygiene+-. x. os Se and Occupational Diseases Sverdlovsk contemporary te am rete, ae ai . eras oe Jaca One of4 important tascontemporary i ft 4 of the important contemporary investigators2 on Se the ns a>; bg Ugly problem of , AE SRS asbCeasntcoesris Committeeon PEg and 80AOsTAsTbesbt,os AeRstAsboestoss and Gilson Chairman the of the 3 of theInternational theChairman International Chairmanthe theStEEhethe the fight id International of the Union on the fight er on fcc) : * > = : - a iatees against cancer has calculated 1965 thatfor the last 60 years thecomsumption of asbestos increased 1000times whilethe mace tet fe consumption of oil - this is a universally recognized condition os. ae of progress - increasedonly 50 times , Asbestos has extensive Es a mga h At the a same EM time quartzquartz MT oes ue S ae along with quartz it is hardlypossibleto ~ woe. find a mineral dust capable of so serious a pathogenic effect on forocrognsaindiesrmingworkers considerably os one Se yin3 - the of asbestos basis view years + asbestos - In recent dust 3 asbestos dust dust dust considerably considerably considerably conscionsiddereablyrablcoynsiderably there appeared a more harmful harmful in basis more harmful in weg tonite: Mar= ea organs oe 2, of its established connectionwith cae n:cer of the lungs and other ae | a established ee a gp oS < 2 " The nature of the aggressive biological effect of asbestos cannot be considered established with finality in spite of the large number of works carried out both here and abroad == .*' os 24-1477-72 FTD . a 1 - - 8000 0864 PRODUCED BY FOR ee ee ee eee Oe ar . <. - ee ce eekLE OEC SR & =A Oeeo 2 C This considerable gap in the theory impedes the solution of such major practical problems as the standardization of asbestos- preventive bearing dust the individual asbestosis medicine and therapy of - - oF * oo : For many years the special fibrous structure of asbestos was examined Cummings as the basic reason for 1931 Mottura 1939 its pathogenic effect Gardner King et al 1946 Behrens 1949 Vorwald et al 1951 and many others consider that only rigid relatively long of the lung cause its sclerosis asbestos fibers introduced in the tissue traumatization and a as consequence Seemingly testifing in favor of such hypotheses are such ooo facts as the more considerable fibrous changes during the intro- duction |:b) fy ; of long filaments 15-20 ...and the insignificant changes " +:! i during the introduction of particles of respirable fractions <7 ae 1962Klosterk^tter 4 . 1951 Szimczikiewicz ;Wicek . Lag Vorwald development predominantly Biss pinta B eae edhe New % : a: aEats eSae x re ir sft pe peas ASSES aa x Betis sage iN ate + St AOoe argument fibrosis Another isthe of t around the place of the implantation of filaments peribronchialarly ne which is explained by the mechanical trauma of tissue during ~ , fata . 6 nodes Tay +respiratory movements . Also given are such facts as the absence ae of fibrosifibrosisin lymph and the development of fibrosis under nonsilicate the a fibrous mineral of nares saath _ sa, according Vorwald serpentine which slit the rock cates " ae At the same time the particles of toVorwald al ene are capable of i down The situation ena causing fibrosistaken The comes the fact that the i n4 dustrial dusttakenfotCanadian factories gave rise to according to the headphysician of Canadian enterprises Cartier .aa e 1eaae 1949 1955alarge number of patientssick with asbestosis a Ne 8000 0865 PRODUCED BY FOI i . Le eon . meme ee tie me . ee and not the dust indifferent for the turned out to be in inhabitants of the surrounding Vorwald's experiment barely area fibrogenous Uncritically going along with the indicated authors some of our investigators asserted without proof that unlike quartz asbestos acts mainly because of its own acicular structure and traumatization of tissue Another group of researchers Beger 1935 M. M. Vilenskiy 1940 M. A. Kovnatskiy 1957 proceeded from the fact that asbestos as any other silicate is slowly dissolved upon contact with tissue juices and resorbed silicic acid causes damage to pulmonary tissue with its subsequent substitution with the connective tissue In favor of such a hypothesis such facts were S102 of advanced as the increased content 1940 in the blood of the oo wt" asbestosis patients Emdina V. A. 1940 Pleshchitser A. Ya and 1948 the appearance of extrapulmonary pathological changes ~ finally the development development of pneumoconiosisamong those working 2 ee firstdoubts legitimactyhese were awit ot doubts of aOR EE Ze Astoriea legitimacy legitimacySS atic oe ror year - oe upon eo conceived when upon routine examination those workingon recovery = particles al me of asbestos ores cases of asbestosis were revealed although recovery in the . * compositionof the suspended dust the major portionis asbestos made up of of serpentine average percentage of - asbestos oes : : filaments filaments 2 filao ments r ; could play adecisive role in thegenesisasbestosismit = appropriate intratracheal On experiment was set up introductionintroduction of pure asbestos and serpentine -was established that iz"Y disregarding its granulated structure serpentine indisputably ' exerts a fibrogenous effect During the inhalation of air with concentration on the order of 115 mfor animals that mean .. inhaled the dust of serpentine there developed an interstitial fibrosis in animalsalthough months wie at as te ue te asbestos . in the first a pore : we . ety ee eh AL NETS tty i rs ho. mot . : woe : | . bot 24-1477-7224-1477-72 PTD ... es 24-1477-72mony en anes he : w an 3 om : 8000 0866 , . ke PRODUC BYEFDO soe rem we a tee ?Tene Ore wee mee Oot oe es eer for the latter it was more expressed Here it is necessary to emphasize that we are consciously working with highly dispersed asbestos see Table 1 Table 1. Average dispersed composition of the dust of asbestos and serpentine Form of dust | 0-2 microns 2-4 4-6 microns | microns 6-10 10 microns | microns Y Asbestos 79.1 15.4 2.6 1.7 1.5 , Serpentine 78.9 12.4 3.3 2.1 3.3 * Average from 10 determinations ~ i After 3 months the average content of hydroxyproline in the lungs of serpentine animals turned out to be equal to 4400 g in asbestos - 7907.1 in control - 2750. " However in 9 months it was even higher respectively than in we ot asbestos 8408 and 6616 g es A renga vib AYE AL ae ; One of theindisputably indisputably interesting features of chrysotile : tae . asbestos is its relatively low degree of retention in the lungs . gid dust chamber concentratiocnhrysotile 115 dust According to Guyton 1947 the ratinhales on the average 75 cm oe , ee : per minute. Inthree monthsformean concetraion oncconcenetratniontrationof waviswe shuts in airequaling mg | one rat inhales234 mg asbestos after 3 monthsofinhalation was in killed rats x 3.4 3.4 mg .. . For comparisonlet thatthe being $ er dust of serpentine identicalin composition otherconditions conditionsbeing exposure respectively out chrysotile months ER equal was retained in much largerquantities mg guineaafter 5.2 20.5exposureand In experimentson chrysotileexperiments experiments asbestosTi guinea guinea pigs lungs A lungs SSO exposure the content in the to be equal to 9.9 while serpentine was almost 4 times Epaee greater - -_ : 36.7 mg Thus , the retention of dust of chrysotile is elimination oe, . insignificant which apparently is connected with better elimination 7 exposure . * of it * Wagner andSkidmore 1965 after225 hours of . ae ie ae =" ; or ; . ; . 4 gigas erate Ag SVisa A a re: pan 7 vis e. ber ef ee "nb Secale on Saeed T ew rn _ ap : ys 8000 0867 . 1121 PRODUC BYEFD OI ~w veh, ee ee cantee ennn Reames ye IE A STV oan he teem 5 comes at a concentration of 69 mg revealed on the average in the lungs of rats 0.98 mg of chrysotile at the same time fiber- glass - 8 mg and established a three times more rapid elimination of chrysotile after the stopping of the dust Consequently chrysotile is eliminated well but the remaining comparatively small quantity by virtue of the high fibrogeneous nature of the dust is sufficient for the development for fibrosis The major portion of the dust is driven out through the bronchi The part which fell in the interstice at the . level of the alveolar bronchioles is removed by the lymph flow However the lymphatic drainage of alveoli is not able to remove the dust deposited in emplysematous vesicles formed in connection with the obliteration and obstruction of the alveolar passages mo ; an Thus the prolonged accumulationof this dust is apparently Be pe , the reason for the developing process of fibrosis- asbestos and ribererdibered *asbestos= asbestosasbestosPak Subsequently this capability of fiberedasbestos was Sh 1960Holtst. Yoshikava confirmed by Wagner 1958 onLeste.x VS Enag : als, Donna Cappa1967 fact decisiverole played The that the is not by the fibrous . hardness is dbo {Se fiberglass fiberglass hardness accor borne sg accoraacstiboenstos 2 Abas. structure and iLgemte Petre o structure structure fiberglass ace Meno hardness hardnes RE Re of ES . a ee dats ANGE out by 25 ee cot the fact that not possess se ddooees s eed not possesspossess spite Ene j ccecctseg in its fibrogenous PS Sev eos action spite ane ; aia 195mo4re zmay the Pushkin 1962 Matytska Seu 1967 elimiSnaadtikoonvskaya Matytska 1t9he6 LSERE gradual expressed any BG more more expressed gradual hao gradual eliminationeliminationelimination ee . from os from times . lungs lungs 8 more Shepers Shepers than 1962 55 lungs Shepers Pushkin 1962 ( Davis ed 1967 showed that only the few filaments are introduced inside of . cells of the alveolar epithelium afact which also does not wet? . confirm the mechanical hypothesis of the of action action action 4 asbestos 8000 0868 PRODUCED BY FO Having developed our experimental research we even could not C i confirm the hypothesis about the chemical asbestos During the analysis of the materials action of given by its supporters it is almost never possible to reveal the correlation S102 between the manifestation of asbestos fibrosis and the content in individual persons , oo .. ar Extrapulmonary changes in other organs being ascribed to the action of resorbed S102 are completely explained by the migration of the asbestos fibers detected in in Le particular parenchymatous organs _ On intraperitoneal introduction of different types of asbestos 1968 we found its filaments not only in the liver and kidneys but also in the lungs Roe and Harington 1967 upon introduction - subcutaneously of three forms of asbestos into mice found fila- ; ments and inflammatory changes and also swelling in the pericardium pleural cavity myocardium and mesenter The filaments cancan penetrate 1965 different the . Wecomparedfurther the solubilityof forms of ety. Seasbestosand asbestos dust and also serpentine and Bete eg ass : brucite Thus after 15 days of contact of the dust of chrysotile , 4 asbestos with 0.1 of Ringer's Ringer's solution theconcentration of S102 S102 solution in anthophyllite . comprised at most 3.8 3.8 mg and of 4.8 agrees the results Clark mg with 4.8 the of established This aca see appendix This the . ap endix . appendixestablished -. Clark of Clark ClaClarkrek reie and Holt of asbesto1s961 low who solubility asbestos corresepsotnadbilnigshed chrysotile- the The indexfor asbestos cement cement dust dust dust gatA dust eee fibrogenous nation of Workers overoverseyeathyeath the be fibrZoogleinousye turnedout to Z tien wer s dust which is least soluble is ie lees BISAate Eee 8000 0869 ue eee we OMT PRODUBCY EFODR + eg EL we mere eH Games MI ARO eG. 2, with respect to S102 chrysotile- and anthophyllite True chrysotile shows relatively high solubility from magnesium whose content in mineral is approximately 40 The concentration of magnesium in Ringer's solution in 12 days contact with chrysotile 12 magnesium carbonate 22 mg mg was less and sovelite than after 20 mg contact with It seemed that detecting less than magnesium carbonate or sovelite solubility with respect to magnesium chrysotile possesses the greatest tendency to fibrosis For example the hydroxyproline content in lungs of animals in which sovelite was introduced turned out to be equal to 2200 gand after the introduction of chrysotile to be virtually not - 4200 ... Magnesium fibrogenous carbonate turned out { a ae ft and tendency At the same time the dust of brucite MgOH Opossesses .* both high solubility with respect to magnesium a high to fibrosis Bo erte, 2 2 S04! vee oie oe ; _ Pn rss ec . mat . eee ke RAE we explain s Ege anes rar Thus neither a mechanical we: vee nor chemical asbestosisnashypothesis emergence of fibrosis the et apt tee at teaet with cars fats fey geePZoyz age = ony can : 3 yay features ofasbeastttoesntion mineralogical a focused We We asbestosasbestos of surface asbestos and seni the oalso t nhe+ theproperties and crystal crystal properties propmertiiesneralogical crystal of surface properties their the properties their ; a eie variety = theChrysotileChrysotileasbestosis fibrous varietyvarietoyf c|hrysotile chrysotile one er Serpentine consistsconsists almost Serpentine ores mineral mineral mineral According According According consists fy, s^o'Te % mineralAccordingalayer ys asbestos BetpemeaelyAccording consists oxygen layer of silicon asbestos BF of a almost completely almost Beter oBef ter Beter 2 at air 2 bgt teat ods ating. Sr JaeBrS etAPO S10 andalayer frompairedsheets hydroxyl formed 8 : ESwae tas 9 07 + BfrSom > 4 ate ae pairesd hhleets - tetrahedrons . of ~ iy A ions ES of . consists jy; * aJ ey aes feces Material which consists of 15 asbestos and 85 calcined dolomite -.s - TRE Tra err leew oe PRODUCBYEFDO e | neh . . Se ee ee ON Penne . 5 Ree One ee tet Fig 1. The crystal structure of chrysotile according to A. V. Fedoseev L. F. Grigor'yeva T. A. Makarova 1966 oto saint aeeAR aE xcrystal ofchrysotile Fig 1 The closeness between @ Sie lamellarand fibrous serpentine is connected with their common between o geological origin However in chrysotile | in connection _ a Piiaks eee silicon of the and in dimensions of & with the difference brusitelayers bendibnegnding plate sf there the whichacquireacquire is of brusite pS layers layers layers there there the bending ofof capillary tubular form structure therefore a | M.M. They therefore 1968 close alline I. Loshnes and an internal internalare close are Te stat acquire <ie Ce Te Spe capillary capillary afar structure allinaelline capillasrytructusrteructure structure alline F18, in the arrangement | themagnesium degreehodlegredeegrehhool labso the on . a aie, x. Bayan eS as Distinctly | structure magnification tubular ay 3p 2000. ~ According ;toi I. M Loshnev ohms ot 1968 PRODUCED BY FC Ae Ne Ce nee Ow heme ome Fe Oe ae ., Specially studying the surface and colloidal properties of ; chrysotile Pundsack 1955 established that it behaves in this respect much like brucite : If in fibrogenesis the crystal structure and surface condi- tions are important then it was possible to assume that brucite . and chrysotile should have similar fibrogenic ability ". i Our experiments showed that soft fibrous brucite not containing S102 minerails not in its fibrogenic nature And inferior to this is not chrysotile only for intratracheal but also for intraperitoneal introduction see Figs 3 and 4 : eyid { ht x ot re oF seep x Eee 4 . wst we + Jake kaye rail eb or : Fibrotic in the lungs upon the introduction about 5 magnification Term 5 9 Term monthS semagnification magnification ui Tecra ge Ss objectfeiy ve 2am . . . ae Figure 4. Fibrotic changes in the mesenter node after the' months . introduction of brucite Term i enw se objective 40 ie" : eee S s e Er SR ee magnification about 5 wai, a 9 gee PS ee {Prefer The value of crystalline bonds in the mechanisomf the action of asbestos we have also shown in another experiment During 1K aie op 9 8000 8872 PRODUCBYEF D calcination 800 of chrysotile it loses water of crystallization and in its crystallographic constants it approaches olivine Our investigations showed that in this case the fibrogenic nature of chrysotile decreases Subsequently this was confirmed in the experiments of Szymczykiewicz et 1962 erroneously examining calcined chrysotile as amorphous and noncalcined - as crystal In 1966 they showed that , crystalline chrysotile added to a tissue culture of the isolated asbestos lungs absorbs or fiberglass considerably more oxygen than amorphous The significance of intracrystalline structures is indicated by the different fibrogenic nature of the individual forms of | s _ _ asbestos Thus it is widely acknowledged that the highest fibro- genicity is possessed by chrysotile and less by asbestos of the group of amphibole in particular anthophyllite Meanwhile the basic distinction between them is in the fact that in the particles of amphibole the atoms of metal are connected with @ S104 ... weak a by double bonds and in chrysotilebyonebond .which wmhich akes - these bonds less stable Furthermore the lateral forces ie) b; etween the layers of theequally charged hydrohxyl ydroxyl ions in the | adjacent crystals of chrysotile facilitate the best uncouelepmenltariy ng chrysolite increase HS uncoupling Fbiunnadllleys ooff Finally ehseeparate Finally Finally Finaly ininttoo Finally separate crystals and SAS to an eee: chrysotile what lSI elmemeelemntary nnlemntary tltemaeanrtayrry ydy representation is ccording Saath LG Lat oF is an Inorganicpolymerthe confirmed Bee: primarycell of which is ortho- metasilicate of magnesi confirmed : s B.Davydov 2. T. Ivanov 1961 * In practice this is confirmed yond question inorganic fibrous by the creation of synthetic oar teenyet slaty - oe BE eee ee ee PRODUC BYEFDC ee ey ree ee ee ee OL Ti eels polymers of asbestos A. D. Fedoseev et al 1966 Asbestos swells easily in water and alkaline solution in consequence of which its total surface area is increased As has been shown earlier chrysotile possesses a tubular structure which determines the high specific surface area and a number of colloidal properties among which we attribute special importance to adsorptive properties Having compared the capability for adsorption of chrysotile- asbestos serpentine calcined chrysotile anthophyllite tremolite actinolite and arfvedsonite we established a { {@ pet that the greatest capability for adsorption of molecular substances and also albumin of the blood serum is possessed & by chrysotile brucite and anthophyllite Thus after 3 days a charge of chrysotile in 100 mg adsorbs 20-30 mg of albumin The surface area of specific Asbestos easily adsorbs sree m be the greatest - 20 m g ees te amino acids etc. Holzapfel 1952 0 this dust turned out to carbohydrates "Th, A K. Adamchik 1952 a es eh $ areetew|aAceording contemporary contemporary ade contemporary ideasgeeysesSes Le or tg Ale ated oe para a ie Benson According tocontemporary ideas at ate occurs Castle1958 McFee s! 1964 upon fragmentation and = swelling silicatesthere occurs arupture | ofinternal ionicbonds and on ,. et nonsaturatedions will appear.Theappear.The same non- 2, the rupture surface B28 saturated TS SY ionic quantity charge charge charge 5 | quantity to Soa chargeis equatlo The TheS = total of 2 proportional equal to the quantity ? proportional ne destroyed proportional fergie ote alconallconoxygen oxygen particle allcon 7 bonds andis partica lpaerticn le adnd als he rOaEr OF ery and Sare is SA se, proportional roe 2 totoxaygenl possesses relatirveelaltaiyvlelly con specific bonds which ti Sabre chemical larger surface Geet per unit:ofsurracere ae ls. larger area Lee > possesses rterlaaotitvueleyss particu- consequence fs formed consequenccoensequence and as a nonsaturated of number specific and a number specific surface nonsaturated surface nonsaturated and and 4, bonds , physico and in will higher dust biological activity relationship its will adsorptive activity of ze be ceil ts will higher . activity suchsuch such such +O,bviously there i relationship vee 8000 0874 . 11 PRODUCBYEFDO a eo t,o eee to emee em oe bonding to the biosubstratum in particular the adsorption and of albumin on active centers Benson Castle 1958 The major value of the surface conditions and its activity can be judged from the results of several series of our experiments with asbestos dust The asbestos content in them varied from 20 to 60 They all however were distinguished by the fact . that the surface area of the fiber was more or less covered by any bonding agent polycondensed Bakelite vulcanized rubber . ~- hydrated cement magnesia and calcium carbonate Such powders are formed during the machining of asbestos asbestos asbestos and sovelite articles All these powders revealed a very moderate fibrogenic nature i* n spite them and Theds The of the increased hardness and acicular the increased solubility of others * cette Now 3 . bee hydroxyproline hydroxyproline content in animalsinto form of some of : + se ,. oawiderey whichthe dust of - a ete sovelite was introduced 2200 ug is substantially less than in * carbonate those receiving a mechanical mixture of 85 magnesium ts : and calcium and 15 chrysotile1.e.1.e. in the same pro- portion as in sovelite asbozurite p me echmechaanical nmeichacniacall mixturemixturemixture of of 15 Theintroduction of asbozurite 8 diatomitediatomite pera mechanical increase diatomite m eS oe ana par the mixtureofasbestos andmagnesia sovelite 4.5mgmg ) waswas wasLa ofthtehe fibrogenic action oftheseartificialmixturesconfirm Ionichypothesishypothesisab esde a5, pLAnsesoteyeeshonsatureaetsedhonsaturated Ray mes contains 60 anthophyllite and as a bonding agent phenol- . es eee en et ee ee PRODUCED BY FO L weet We Mme we . formaldehyde resin The histological studies of lungs of experi- mental animals showed an extremely small fibrogenicity of faolite in comparison with anthophyllite Nine months after the introduc- tion of dust the average content of hydroxyproline turned out to be equal for faolite animals to 3284 for anthophyllite 5763 for the controls 2375 g differences with controls are statis- tically reliable The average content of hydroxyproline for 1 mg. - of faolite dust was in this case 5 times less than for 1 mg of anthophyllite dust bos 2 + +. a Thus the covering of the active sections of the surface by the bonding agent sharply decreases the fibrogenic potential not only of chrysotile but also of anthophyllite - \'@ , ; mo ae 7 As is known many silicates possess a fibrogenic ability a The especially increased fibrogenicity of chrysotile is - 1 caused by its high specific surface area and weakness of the vo ..,: intracrystalline bonds which determine the formation of many topo- pon, ; chemical features largely a i cai chemical centers which actively affect the biosubstratum In | theindicated . ofasbestos arecaused by ; aocords Ibrogenicity Ibrogenicity Ibrogenicity Long We traumatizingtraumatizianbilgity ability buts= Vn best retentioninthe lungs TimbrellSkidmore estee elativeparticles exijex ne rs a E moahte whit beens areFoe though though mag Foes ae > 8 mg are 12 of the total number of particles in the lungs Lo of those who died from asbestosis their surface comprises more Landwehr the wt + than 50 of the total surface of all particles ... , eerie rk Bruckmann 1962 Thus better retention in the lungs and <&an relatively larger active specific surface area determine the ve higher fibrogenic ability of longer fibers ba " zt | 13 8000 0876 ee mn: | emer SEEN Gen mee eens 'cement PRODUBCYEFD OR rm rr, + 8 en ee ra wae Cc 7 The next major question in the mechanism of the action of asbestos dust is its interaction with the cells of the organism It has been established that even the long asbestos particles are absorbed by 1964 In this one or several macrophages Vigliani Pernis case the authors did not reveal substantial changes in the macrophages According to our observations in conjunction with A. A. * Gerasimenko 1966 during the introduction of chrysotile- , asbestos into the peritoneum of white mice the number of morpho- logically certain 2 changed and probably denatured macrophages times higher than during the introduction of is for coal dust There is reason to believe that the damage of macrophages can " trigger a complex chain of immuniological reactions Both our works F. M. Kogan A. A. Gerasimenko G. I. Bunimovich 1967 and observations of Z. S. Repnitskaya 1967 N. T. Butkin and M. V. 4s:: May Medeka 1960 Gambini 1961 etc. testify to this However sae _ in problem - only focus eeatstention Jak. on this article we do not analyze the immunological aspects of the action of asbestos but our | ar oe the fate of macrophages of the | the ae conjunction In with In A. P.Darinovskaya showing chrysotile of that under the effect and to in oe Fas entsdegree A serpentinseerpentine serpentine serpentine somewhat degree a lesser serpentine in twentyhours the gee growth culture migration of growth of cells andtheir in the organ theom of : eT Toe as Ce 2 th Vigliani Vigliani and 2 oe Vigliani a Later Vigliani andPernis chrysotile possesses thddamagaiengmdamaginag daguisdusntt egreyofrry ocycthrysotaile arsbeostosuasbnestos dfilaments hemolytic aci tivitayctivity aiccie and there Served and Davis = and youngfibroblasts 1964 accumulation Davis of is inclined to of zi phase mifibroblae sts bigs of evolution of the mac- these fibroblasts examine 7 Paar rophagerophage as a : : - rophage ~Inthisconnection we must give special attention - el BY se het ice les les 1964 *, cytotoxic to the fact that the same Vigliani and Pernis denying | 4. the action of asbestos established that in the culture =~ ar of fibroblasts which contacted with asbestos the collagen ." content in albumin is 2 times higher than in controls. . . ~ . nak . why ; . . . e 8000 0877 . a of . ee ee nee ree ee a eee 5 me wee me PRODUC BYEFD OI . ee ere ery ee et . ' nrenn Ti. ed wee Once recently the same authors 1968 again confirmed non- conformity between the cytotoxic hemolytic and fibrogenic proper- ties of different types of asbestos Klosterkotter 1968 also established that the decrease of lactic acid in the tissue culture which contacted with different samples of asbestos does not correspond to the fibrogenic ability of the latter Unlike Vigliani and Pernis 1968 Schlipkotter established that the hemolytic activity of four forms of asbestos is identical Polyvinylpyridine- oxide PVN retards the hemolytic activity of aphibolic asbestos however it does Vigliani and Pernis 1968 not affect the activity of showed that PVN and EDTA fibrosis turned out . to be incapabloef protecting the macrophage from cytoxic action , ; of asbestos . ter feat le hn . er : . ps etieee ' a On the other hand the experiments of Klosterkotter 1968 oh a certain decrease in fibrosis is achieved on subcutaneous introduction of PVN keith waspki 4 =SreyJe. . . le io eny In the carefullypresentedworkofRoe and Harington 1968 8 z (edgedwtiishthsaunftfiiscsiueenitn erveveaemosiatnetlehmdeonrtthhserafter actcoirrveesplonyds Pog enzyme the aid ofhistochemical | and chrysotile damaging as exerts pe that fo and than crocidolite crocidolite crocidolite ido crocidolite quartz amosite amosite amosite and subcutaneous capability amosite not capability capability methods it was shown ie BE more action a s the macrophages time ther . time the macrophages macrophagesmacrophages macrophages ., ,a ot a asbestos eos it Meroe EM say subcutaneous introductiontheycan EST YNCZ: showed intake Wozniak thatthe degree isolated oxygen 1966 _ corresponds culture lungs of the of theisolated ., dry fibroge ANG . toe degree toe culture ot . ee. . Cause oe the aS | - fibroge ed par 4, 72 . degree . 5 Cay ait 3 a ? noncalcined abbestol of of data ages: Thus, =f elas iit: oor ey Sat4sigh aotees contradictions chats. = Thus in spite of the in the the various it is possible to draw the conclusion that authors -* macrophages asbestos exerts a definitedamaging action on by of ar a nka changing their exchange andcchanghing cahanngginig ng the rate increase in . as xe ty p: o . and nature of the development of these cells . tte . ; ; . vas t . Aa 15 8000 0878 PRODUBC Y E FOD RI . oe - er Oe a oe C . ae Closely connected to the physicochemical features of asbestos and its action on a cell is obviously its malignant effect An enormous number of publications in the last two decades leaves no doubt of the fact that among those who were subjected to the action of asbestos dust one can observe considerably higher indices of mortality from the cancer of the lungs mesothelioma of the pleura or from cancer cance of this question for of other organs all industrially The social signifi- developed countries is borne out by the fact that the International Union Against Cancer U.I.C.C. created the Committee Asbestos and Cancer The problem is found among those which interest the World Health Organization In our work in conjunction with S. Yu Troitskiy and M. of the R. Gulevskaya it was established lungs for 10 years among workers that mortality from cancer in enriching factories was 3.6 times higher than among other populations with standardization of sex and age Among the patients with asbestosis cancer of the lungs was the reason for death in % oo and cancer other than that of the lungs in31 of the cases Toe, ou 1960 Kiviluoto Finland .., Scotland Maitr et al al 1968 YuAR Wagner et al . . 1968 were FRG Bohlig FRG CSR Navratil etcetc. .teBnagsse Rp Re Intraple IS IntrapleintroducedHarington dependence carcinogenciearcinogenice asbestosand form and R. Graham showed 19681P96i7eSe. the the thethe and Harington1967 1967 : thethe ee = Re introducaeldal 1968 isshown Smith et al d< osoef Jee the possibility for the development of cancer La of psyosstseimbility lungs Se cee OOvPal ceare the ovary upon intraperitoneal introduction ofasbestos | The . aang for migration of filaments on throughthelymphaticOE and the formations of metastases in the are shown | Toy o anaes 2 i V8 : Re rr eke. .e : DT ' , Tee 8000 0879 PRODUCED BY FOR tne SOE ee Oe tee It is especially interesting that with supplementary administration to recognize that we still do not induction of cancer is increased of stilbestrol It is necessary know the basic reason for the malignant action of asbestos At the same time based on the known physicochemical features of asbestos we shall put forth a number of hypotheses which deserve as it seems to us a check Many lation of that only malignant abradants authors ascribe the carcinogenic action to chronic stimu- bronchial tissue by rigid fibers However a small percentage of traumas is created by it is known stimulus to growth relatively more solid powders of fiberglass or do not possess such carcinogenic properties i 1 i@ tear 7 "+ Scar itself can hardly be the basic reason for malignency indeed with silicosis where the fibrosis is more considerable a considerable increase in the frequency of complications of of the lungs is us the chronic observed not observed - At the same time as pneumonia andthe metaplasia of bronchial cancer oa . by .:eee they indirectl gid asbestos effect ma, Sk teen! epithelium that appear under theeffect of asbestos make the ee eee wselimination and indirectl indirectlindirectl indirectl thereby es sagt aon lengthen its oe tissue et fibroblastsandathickened presencce of N. 1967 capsule within whichyoung Shabad poly- saccharides ollagen metachromatic eepe Collagen indicatesindicatesindicates immature immature =k increasingly , fibroblasts within thecapsule leadstheappearanceof increasingly less differentiated atypical cell Co ia on prolonged | ee yoke # In accordance with the hypothesis of Prof. L. M.Shabad 1967 , 5 these multiplying and infiltrated through the capsule fibroblasts ... - precede sarcoma It is possible also that during the polymer effect of asbestos asbestos which is an inorganic er) . there is a e.- at : . .- ve ps ee ' od ow 17 8000 0880 PRODUBCY EFD OI C so ' disorganization of the intermediate substance development of a- typical collagen and differentiation of fibroblasts 1.e. processes lying at the principle of the growth Furthermore in the cells surrounded deterioration in the by growing conditions fibrous tissue in connection for existence these can be a with selection and accumulation of more stable cell versions forming the initial tumoral rudiment Warburg 1956 The results of microscope investigations Davis 1963 1968 make it possible to think about the damage by filaments of mitochondrie and intact cells change cation the and endoplasmic reticulum it is possible that acquire a capability for atypical multipli- It is possible also to think that chrysotile inter- 7 j .-*' 7 acting with the protein of a microphage adsorbs and joins those proteins which play a significantrole in the regulation of growth It is possible that as an answer antibodies which destroy the 4 f zs | aoe wet |- cells corresponding 3 : ad regulating GreenIn AT ae re regulating OMe are formed As a result cells proteins proteins are are accumulatedTe Asaccuma ulated ( result i io proteinsare accumulatedG. lacking growth- ss aex e the experi- mn a Dorinovskoy ho the conjunction cultures ; ments carried out in with A P. we focused attention on the fact that in -1965 enti eee: Dorinovskoy tissues * of *% tissues <"*of the pulmonary embryo which was subjected to the action of etig that aasbestos dust number of shTahered cells reliablysatin 78was ahcreated created 7 that Rage higher higherthan in controls 46 The impressionwas created that oes When asbestos increases the activity of : mitosis ththee phase rhe: establishedestablished When tha calculated we established coefficientwas established i? wes cells cels previous mitosisprophase ee previous phases of cells which are in the previpoushases phases of of S i prophase prophase nod ayck Pa is later phases with asbestphases and mitophase to the number of inits anaphase telophase cells turned | agd ge 7 Paes to and equal ep 7.1 while culture inthe in the te control x incontrol while Impression 22.8 toto be equalto is Bek created that under the effect of asbestos the division of part of - vang the cellsis detained at of theprevious phase mitosis Should Ge Fyne . ee, Jor od 2 a Ree nd of . - - = . a 8000 0881 PRODUCED BY FOR ee eee ten en not one search here for the solution of the first stages of the process which was completed by the carcinogenase If during the action of quartz dust the death of macrophages is almost universally recognized then during the action of asbestos their damage takes place giving rise to an initially atypical and then a malignant increase Be ee L. S. Salyamon assumes that the carcinogenic agents lower the ability to react to the subsequent damaging action In connection with this atypical slow interstitial inflammation develops against the background of such an inflammation growths can develop i 7 _ wo .s Ppt It is not possible to exclude the fact that in connection _ with its adsorptive properties on the dust the concentration of some metabolites - endogenic carcinogens - is increased Such . metabolites can be substances of the type of steroids either of ace blastomogenic derivatives metabolites of tryptophane Boyland 1960 or contained in urine A. Kh Kogan the Finallythe adsorptive adsorptiveadsorptivaedsorptive propertiesr4epropertiess prioperties adsorptive the properties of sorptionof ee Ss, oe ent s . hen fe ape of asbestos can condition sh xg ati Eminent i : Theworks Sve 1964 benzopyrineofAfrican Chrysotile KolesnichenkMooreov(e1r9t64h19e64show of sida ifr. sorbing andholding in the organism withofutor aprolonged prolonged periodthe ye PRODUCED BY FOR wee tee west A RS A OURO ee imi, tee ee oan eek oo . ) C Appendix 1 Physicochemical and fibrogenic properties of asbestos s and asbestos dust 2 a . funger 12-15arter funger 12-15arter ... Name | | or cm Specific pare oe Specific Specific 8/24 eo sae es in in 8/24 || Specific 8/24 se. Com funger 12-15arter | funger 12-15arter funger 12-15arter funger 12-15arter funger 12-15arter 1. aCshbreysstootsile- 2,5 20 Practi- 3,8 Aikeer jolubilit In on jolubilt SS jolubilit jolubilit 12,0 Pibrogenic Pibrogenic fore | | abthy control | abthy |] | abthy | | abthy Absorption Absorption Absorption Absorption Absorption With med exam experi- experi- 75 7,5 +++ 4444 , - :. aide. '. Anth.o 3. Tremolite | 2,28 3,12 oa. 4. Magnezia- Svedson- 5. Actinolite . 2,7 [7 2,76 none none 11,7 = | |- |3 - - 1 229 | 229 1,9 | 2,8 1,92 1,0 Rien 3,5 1,52 | 98 7 100 eae 59,7 ; ' - 6. Faolite 7. Astozurite 1,68 2,24 8. Vulcanite ) Sovelite _ 2,45 2,6 10. Brucite 2,1 chrysobile- 11. 2,7 asbestos 139 139 139 1,2 18,0 10,120,2 1050 1050 1050 1050 | ; 3.23 1.0 9,0 0.8 3,0 3 - 8.0 6.5 20,0 1. 1,0 . 1,6 1,6 172287 172287 172287 172287 20,6 45,45,66 5,6 2,8 1.1 Poel C egaks egaks egaks egaks egaks | ial 3 +++ +++ ++ stu ++ ++ - ate Renee ++ , Notdied stu- + + + t ++ + + +t+t. . Aieaa4 t+ x, aan * there are no working contingentisn the USSR . -- men eee hypothetical Moreover Naturally our judgements are we . va given futurein the have not up hope that in the nearfuture Rerea fd uture the USSR . thethe studies will seg a . in a to have greatest asbestosproducingproducing retgreatest greatest asbestosenabling producing producing car0e.nabling enabling .us hypothes nation nationsubstantiate inthewwoorldrldstudies substantsiuabtsteasnubtstaintaiatteetthheseese willbe Bibliography Bibliography ap -- --, -- 1-- 3--, 2---5-- --" ---- --erp --O--a-- -- -- ----- -- -- 1. A KA K x 1 1952 PAROCK 2. Byr 299-3204.9109H-3104.1M 0 29a 9-304M.1.0 PAROCK 1957 B-- . ------- -----e -- g---- ---- ----- --" ----N--S-- : 3. GeTex anT. - Manepasox Tocreo 1950 4. -- --,---- -- -- .----"--.-,--,, --, 24, ae -- --, -- --------,-- -- ---- --,, ----, -- -- --,------ ---- ---- -- Mcaria 7. Kosuauxuh M. - Cankar 8. KoranKoranKoran A. X. -----------,---------- ---- --...-- 1957 = $7 -- ----,----... Sey 215" vee . -- --M--.,P--....-- -- 1pon--" 2.-- .-- -- --------/ .-- -- -- --,----....---- --.--"-- -- ----,--...-- -- -- ----, -- --, - -- --,----,----, ---- 3 11965 965 34-39 M. : 10. Koran M. " ruena i 8 C. 1O Tyne--ckas 25 33 1'11- 1960 25 33 cantapur ae : hod MOStSae es on anes pg | os , 24-1477-72 23 oo . 7 - pete 8 pesememnenne see 8000 0883 P.Q PRODUCED BY FO ae ee ee mee he me. eee fe SR ne : . a i , : . cae ov, . . 4&4 11. -- -- ---- "--. ---- ----,---- --"---- -- ---- ----,----,----,---- -- -- --"--,--,, --,-- ----,--,----,-- -- --,-- -- ---- 12. -- ---- --, --- -- -- -- ---- ----- 1--94--7 --, ---- ----- ----.--19--54-- ----,--,, --"-- ------,---- --,------ --,----,------,-- -- ---- ---- ----,--,, 13. -- -- ---- ----- ------ --.-- ------.,- --,, -- -- -- -- ----, -- -- ---- ----,----,----,----,-- -- -- ---- --"--------,,----,--"----, ---------- ----,--"---- --... -- -------- --" -- --,---- ----...-- - --,-- ---- -- --,-- ------ -- ------ --"---- ---- --------"----"--------- .1962 14. -- -- ------,3. - --"---- -- -- -- ------, ----- --" -------- --------"--, -- ----- ----, ---- ---- -- --> -- -- ---- -- --" ----,-----,, --,------ ---- -- ----, ------ -- --,, -- --... - ------ ----1--96--5 --" 15. ---- ----"-- ----. -- --.- "---- --,-- ----,---- -- ----1 --1-059 Tur 16. ---- -- -- --...-- .- -- p ^-- /npo1962 6 28 --/-- ---- -- -- . -- --. --,---- - -- -- ---- --"----,--,----,----"-- -- -- -- -- - -ka 1966J 18. --/ -- ------". -- -- --"----",---- -- -------- --...--- 1952 ------ -- ---- --- -- -- --,-- -- -- -- -- ---- --- 19. -->--...----,------ . - -------,-- --, ----,---- ----,---- -- ---- -- ----- ------ -- J. Gewerbe Beger 1 1940 69 75 Beger R. J. Arch Gew Pathologie und 20. 8 Hugiene 1935 21. Behrens W. Schweiz Z. Pathol 14 273 1951 22.Benson 7 p 840 840 23. Boyland .Symp R. E. Castle G. E Journ Plys chem v 62 1958 Boyland E. Aromatische Amine als endogene Fragen der Carcinogenese Berl 1960 Carcinogenes Carcinogenes 24. Cartier P. Arch de maladies professionnelles 1949 10 6 508 Health 1955 11 3 204 208 Arch ClarkClark G. Holt P. F. Ann occup Hyg v 3. N , 22-29 1961 25. Hyg et al Samil Ref Dresden Intern Konfer ^...ber die biolog Cooper Wirk des Asbestes 1968 27. Donna Cappa 28. Davis J. M. La Med del Lavoro v 58 N 1. pp 1 211967 Brit Journ Exp Path 1963 v 44 N 4. 6. Sami Ref biolog Dresden II Intern Konfer ^...berdie des Asbestes 1968 Wirk 29. Gambini Med lav 1961. v 52 N 185 190 3 D. Journ of Industr peter ae XIII 2 GardnerL.1931 Cummings Hyg 30. 1931 v XIII 3 97 1931 Environ ient 70 71 32. Am Physiol Guyton . Journ 150 1 33. Harington et al Arch of Env Health v N 3 453 8. 1961 1964 34. Holt et al Journ Path Bact BI 1964 KingKing et al Thorax v 1 N 3 1946 188 198 Dresden Konfer 18 198 ^...berdieShs) Ref Kiviluoto et al Saml Wirk des Asbestes 1968Saml Konfer Ref Dresden Klosterk^tterSami ^...ber Wirk des Asbestes 1968 Intern yee tae II Intern 459 . eng: aie Pe ste die die Landwehr Landwehr Bruckman Staub 22 6 Hyg 1900In1t9e1r1n91 1941K91o49n6f4er biolog Ref , Hyg Mair et al DresdDeresnden Intern des Asbestes 1968lekarstvi MedekMedek Pracovni lekarstvi 4 RelDresdenJourIn nternKonier^...ber 41. Mcfee et al Am Ind Hyg Assoc Journ 219 Konfer 2129762<~s biolog ps die , Be wall F 25 ^...ber: : die HnleInrtIneIrn Konfer biolog Wirk Sami Saml ^...ber Schma1SLchmaS1cLhma1LSchlipk^tter blolog Wirk DRreesdleDnresden Konfer^...ber 45. Schma1L J. 628-633 Schlipk^ter II Intern : 280-288 ai Roe 46. Schlipk^tter Wirk Harington Asbestes 1968 Int rie die hy biolog 1955 die Ind Health Ref 280-288 Asbestes . ae , 280-288 48. Shepers Arch sibaitoylog die G. 48. Selfcoff et al Sami Ref Dresden 11 Intern Konfer ^...ber . . des biolog . Wirk des Asbestes 1968 t Smith Samil Ref Dresden II Intern 1 Konfer ^...berdie Wirk Wirk Th 7%: ted d Smith 11908 908 Saml Dresden Wirk ablolog Ref Konfer^...ber des Asbestes Shabad Leinweber Shabad M. Carcinoge Carcinoge ete Intern We, Intern Experimental Some Experimental ExperimenD tal age HK Experimental Dage sage ablolog Plastics Carcinoge an and its importance 1967 Springer Berlin possible Verlag M. Heidel Shabad I. * portance depositFioyn lev carcinogenes Shabad Shabad - clinic and, prophylaxis of cancer Fylev L. N. Kolesnichenko T. S. Im- for Cancer Induction in Lung Tis- 2 -, sue National Institute of Health 1961. U.S.A. ~ 63. Samay E. Ochrona pracy 1959 143 : ; : 24-1477-72 21 . a ala * - PRODUCED BY FOR ae a ra | -- Ce a te Ce re C . . 1966 Szymczykiewicz K. Wozniak II Med pracy N 3 185 189 55. Szymczykiewicz K. Wicek E. Med pracy. 1962 2 85-97 .. 56. Timbrel Skidmore . E.DresdeDrnesden 11 InterInntern KKoonfnefrer ^...ber die biolog Wirk des Asbestes1968 57. Wagner Skidmore Ann N. Y. Acad Sciences 1947 132 N , 77-86 Discuss 121 127 58. Wagner Staublungenerkrankungen Bd 3 9. 566-569 1938 59.59. Westlake et al Lab investig 1065 14. N 11 2024 Warburg O. Science 1956 v 123 p . 2033 Hyg 61. Vorwald et al Arch Ind 62. Vigliani Pernis Sanil RelRel die biolog Wirk des Asbestes 1908 63. Yoshikava Journ of Science of 3. ( 1 431951 Dresden II Intern Konier Labour 30 1960 182 ^...ber ^...ber PRODUCED BY FOR