Document rBparDZodvak9jj07oYnpjnbr

114 0Q92 7 L: :.'a u j c l e c o pscsircT* eo'seey k : iV. *. Y. t - n, 15l ? f t '3 ?b Wa^iara of the Metallic Loed Predwia Pirlaleey Attached la a ecpy of a paper prepared fey the Association and presented at the 1So 9 Cor.fero.-xa of the hetlonal Association of Corrosion to*lnear*, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 11-1L. The paper ni published in the Aofust, 1?L? leroe of Ccrroelsn*, official publication of that Aiooclallntu Trie la the se paper which m amt to ocobars In Eioocraphi Ira, without llluatratlona, aa Chenleal bulletin So* 27. firtra Coplaa In quantity *agr be obtained free the load Indoatrlea Association at coat, nine canto per copy. Tery traly yowra fttcrvUry *i i L 1*0^928 m o Physical and Corrosion Characteristics of * Lead in the Chemical Industry UMrroM h tou 9 I II'M, 1 COMOBOM. MIMIL IM-IM mad M* unoHM AStocunoH os cossoao* i >. u ao mmie *oocunon Mm VA If M V N 3056.01 iljWg* LIftCq9? IfWPffff W"f WP1 <- . j Physical and Corrosion Characteristics of Lead in the Chemical Industry* tf UMTTON h . rotx ASTl'DY OF tW common divKttn tf lal rnilmil inclndmf tn cWtcttntui at m3 mU r*}nnit uilji i ptul Mo4tnt>ca i4 the nh of Wad to the rlmainl MM7 Fna in* brwtiw in tlx (In ci lie Lead l>4winn Ah x u - Ua, u>4 Uronfli the cooperation of iu nmlan who rrffnrtl Uxk tal co>Mmm of Inf. Uu paler ku been prtjarrf ta u effort to f"va-'orle da performance of Wad utf (W terrkt it rrafm to lk (kminl tndoirry tmnt of ita pkjwtl wf tta currauua ckvKtnuiKt. It it important to tW Wad mdmtnt a* k O at tW tkraiut iafutit dut awn wf (Wnliil rnn of Wad be fwltjr nan <4 aktt tWt caa aad twtoi expect front it. CWndtnl PropartWa TW Wood at* of Wad at a material fcr Wtpiaf o rtinaiti rWitinb nwjer control ta natnrat. tten it xcnWilljr reprW tW attack of to man; torvun iWnttlt Tix protection afforded bj Wad t ttkmrf n l inttancrt krf tW Itnuitn of a tWn adWwti nrfacr ilia of nofn or aaltt akrk form Wa tW Wa4 ti rtfmH to It t tkn fthn. icn^f a |ti4f(tki to tfce ntul vtuck ptti kt4 rti comwaR trul (fwinT b f* rrwttiiKr to Arvtnl **J- i< ebert Ws4 corV'ovfctr tn4 )4fUT atwk trt r>4rnMT |k#dortn ftS>4 fftl# to ft&ftltf* witiwAt in vhvk tht+t 9ft *oJit>W Fjffrtrwf *lkr.'fl tW*t it cuomffoil'y rttitiiti to c Wb k . tv^vne. t)(rTOi Kvl; tkst n in lo <atT\m*m At roio>K*l k>*W rtKt ky k%4f*kV*K *4 by4r(4vrK so4. 4 tkt t M%f)4>t4r to bring Mfrtftfljr (CfffffH bt tctlic, *4 iHfnc s c mH A)o , sttratr mH **Jwiioo% ort otffirrAteif citrwuff nfcrfrs* cirUojtf MilttKO* Cvrrmiom Itut Iimrymtka |t p* Ifl ((trtn^O (tat ft (tfp 4rm t 4 4rtffR(H4i tt *tL H ibf j^rf mrmxk c# y**r of etl' (t a o m fff iuft 4f< ifAfttf fff 4a * livt ftiWr %4 (Wa *y% tr < bf trdwfi t>ii in fk* (ia <4 b*J Wk l* Ikf (fOktlwO a to f*4|t bf*< fdfLd*i4fW9 i ik# Utit *f (Hf IftHfM fltf Tk fnflHrr) f'U r. |t# into rriAwVfllu k# f fM t tk*i W*4 w+4 to (WfOKAi t s-miAH* 4 N#f AftOUT TMt MfT*^j fftw ft fed, j.wA i W^rdridr 09 Ki Pd 1--tf Wa HMM Ann.^ ^C. fc.jpjp> fes Or ,-s .t O Cn^a-fy# i tec.* f.-y* nm- s ** Ts-o *k>i k vd<wtw4 Aq te^Vt <i"tr' ;. t&m lw ft* U wm imo 9 Ofoi I? AS***t**Ai Si 3/16-inch tkidt or more OtWr aartalt alto txf in cWmical (^ufoni aeldoen approach tW tknekaeto of Wad. It can be aero that on n tkox cate* where Wad hat a hifhef corTuatun rate than aaoeber ntetal or aUuT, it tut! conld ontlaai tW otber metal in eemer became of tbit diflrrroce ta dudtww. Doijnit| common rate acrerdmf to wcifbt laat at milligram* per tquarr decimeter per dap inetrad of rolume bat at imbet penetration pet month tt alto misleading in tbe can of Wad became Wad bat tlx kifhot fomlj rd Itf tuaomtji nted ccrroMin retittant nutmal Tbit meant that wbat might appear to be to runmi tiermtn rate rxpevated to wright but <f Wad actutlp nxld be a terjr aoai' ta) rate ul tierunna it trnot of ofime ion. W kn oenpanxxt are Ixinr made betweea vari* uo tieruwe ouiutt auiouli ft bfknet tbat an nodeetlandand appftt uinx if tbc lUnt will lend mack In the proper iirt)*rtai* of cerroaiun rate data. Effect of Concentration TW cuKffttniKict r4 ft (flCtwHic (Wiu k iI ft4 iti co-inffornct. U(h ftrr co#> >4rfftiwjM in Eroding hiKcr tr4 <ft* or cftftaot h* rr<<'fnirxfxV4 U* Ihf tk lk* (ifTiAtf. AftocCM <tf#iir4<t**ifk in Wa4` (<kftiHffr *t AUrtftil f<*xen- trftikftoi ftft illM*trAf4 ftt4 is fan mf>Uiix4 kf e**mf*r SsUsfk s<>4 n4 sitfK ft*>4 ftft M* It ** w t M know* fKl 40vit aaHs c x m4 fisfn* ft f1m <4 m%ofstW slfjtr* skKk iW(ff4 m yg iKf ps Hk * n4 tSf Wft4 ftp tk# >fKfdtri(w ot tk^ m4 iftififttW* it 4>hwJ>r* tk>% fttm *t ft m*4t tt4 fI#* tHcfrt'T f)wi*in( (kf W4 to ifKVtA*4 rvftftMffS sitk tkf m4 Y>4 tki* W*iJ m*y Ua #y4 ritk thy <>+Kth\t*ium iM %*UutK Ad *4 a * W^f a * i r>'4 *(#t4 r^ pfftfftil At lervi<*#tk#ff An ft Aw|fW tJ Ij Jw aI AfflUA I* in V*(t*f* I * Tk* Wa4 lining* in tkft fJ tk f< *4 fUnl ftftrf 4? JfAfl l4 MtIMf fcknnl AH flfflff IS tkl KM f4 *Kljr | I2k indk f*#. tn iwkst I mmm* rnrnmmm L 14 099? 0 2 rnim: At Afcp cnrv&io* CMAMtxrrktmc* or u a * r~ LJL.L iNfrtATl0j>,| M NfTWC AOO. c 20 23 tJ M K) easternw tea fa* i' f * m Itt4 Tim Mfa W4 tmmmk rf mm m ih H muit per nunik, 14 a l<r. tr4 Hinfirtorilf re* at*u but and of all urrnjftb* p to 85 percent with tiwf<fi(rf ip to 22Ct C. (4^ F.). Tbit c a m the reaction t4 Wad nith rout corronvea tnctinhftf chfiimK acid. tulfornn* aod, pboaphonc aoo ttrp Iq X5 percent/, and other*. lh!wf ntr>c acid, on the other hand. a1o lead* with Wad t< (<irm Wad nitrate, but the *a)t in thi* ca*e t nuo adherent and tumruht! nufubte m the aod and therrhee offer* hnW protection to the metal ft>m further reaction. Concentrated nitric aod the range c4 52 to ?0 percent \>y weight ha* httW effect un Wad at room trm|<eai*>rr prctumabljr he* raw the notability (4 the nitrate decrease* with in creftg aod ceKentratnn (See Figure t.) Acetic and hrdr.J'o.eK aod* and aodium bulUic paralWI itrc aod m their reaction with Wad.1 CITect ot Temperatom of Corroaief Since chemn-al feactK*n rale* are fruenetrKaHy pn^-eiMe.al to temjMfalure. it f'4U>w* that an in crea*e in the lrmj<ratufe *4 the cert*i*f. conceit tfatwm taing maintained fon*tant, a)fTx*t invariably rncr#**e the fate The rate of m mrhe* {Mnetrituin j*er rv*nih i4 lead c*|n>*cd to a niiiwrr <4 dilute ktilfurk a *d and *bum cM.iede at rf*e*ng Un'jerature i* *tv.nn in 1 iguft 5* he g r<t~* i4 a (<' i **h f nlfalMm ranff, It i !*<<* |#dfph| Wad he u*e with a o<ff**t*e that the ien,wr*t*r* <4 the Im knrrwn and uWe* into c rrJ< 4t mtMK'K cuAiArTn^mt or l t ax > 3 Effect of Mixd aof lpm Co c t o o Iv w A* a general rW ft mj be Utr4 that to oixtim if corrmire* the ***'.'m comtiiurnia will reart i*tb Wad i they n do mb ih H u . Figure 4 ihtmt tbe curruMco J '<a4 ^ awwf al* (v k tnf kjrdfockkee toft * TV c o t t o mo no fr <fra*e* u Uo |>mrf)U(f f ibe MtUaoc ftof m Uw uxtiff tMmot uMt Wad b nofr m*Uat to du> aod lhaa it u to kyfnxkkeic. Cormier* cimumtftf tunpifitmlj amatl pee- (fitUfft <4 ocher (iAtHrii ortatMoU; c m be JrlrtmoQt in lead Of tVo, fiqt4 tt*iUmui( die nJtrd pot, partRuUrly ko tbe uut uo Iterant Kicvry S bon * ibe effect <4 oajgrn i* the oetfMO c4 Wid aubmerged to ditttllrd uater at r4B tftnjefttwt.1 Table I lUntnift ibe effect <4 aeratw* *d u*i <m Wad m a rah acetk acid anlotWei at ?**n temperature.* Tr*t* etrf raa foe a lODhoer period. 14*1 | fcr. B a W VWftMl * * Aerated # * Tr*t with pWapWev arid bare brought out Ibe lad tkat impart and r% letter rebated by Wad than ike pore aod Tbe imi'arifj to th* cw it pri marily ittlluix aod carried over (rtai tbe (iattft<o id t|et|duap)utt la ime (nfiiari tvlfvre aod plant a tnttmitf 1*^Wor at a Itmieritfif 14 Jr C f1Z5* K) Mlatittd with +tWor dw%^W and <a*ta>nr( t# tdditwtfi Vi A g for I Munc aod. 1 o g per 1 chbutn* in>) 4 1 g per I Wihn |>b i<( itKNta! Iru ft id fltpetnc ha* feta hambed in Wad frjwj'iMnl tlb ktlW <0 *m ftdftKf of (lermti* (to uw*e than Ira year*.* Fatigue and Itrre* Cort--lo* fWcati** Wad ha* a reUtufly h*gh hnear neffxietit *4 thermal rpso*u4i i ? % J(>* j-rt tWftre (, I? lo Iflff' C* ie ||'pf<it>m4Ul; three timet that rd it vndftpet fm*Wf*bl# Hwnemeot Ken Hikjolfd t* nrrere cjiU t*|*M*ti*rf change* It it thi* d*f frrential m cftpanntoc* rate* rhch largely account* for the oreaar'ic.al cracking d lead due to hackling Adequate and peiper *tra)*)Mnf nerve* pfactwrally to elncmate ce nv.nimtre thi* etfert. Other factor* *rhtcb c*cca*n*eiatty contribute tn fatigue rimditton* include %ibfat<*a autb a* that transmitted tv nearby ma chinery. iiimnj cqiH|*mmt. etc. aod *train induced a a rule by bu'Sequatr *np|et id Hanging *heet Wad. Fracturing earned be repeated bendmf it haatened In tiRittliinn^t vtp^nrr to forr*Mvr nmdtUooa, that rrtwliift* * a krm d *tm riero**<m The nor mal fatigue fracture of Wad i* tntrfCTt *tallme aod in a (orrinot eui tronment fre*h crystal attrtacra c4 metall* Wad eon* urn Ijr are being c*pr>**d emit tbe full depth <4 the metal penetrated. Thu*. indicatimi ed atrea* (irrriMf* ta Wad evidenced by more or W** Ktftf lattfrryUalliM eichifcg. wonetime* to tbe pant of Iract ere tl tbe atre** itf<d>t*i* are not it - noted <e nofjWd Crack* Imm fat/^or bilrrti if Wad pipe oftea are tran%rr*e and al tbe mrftde <4 a brad There are hra approach** MaH ehminatW <4 difKiltet Wta|hl abifal by ib< abort nmfitwa: t BffMtf A* win of erm a Tw mar W ftat bf tamlrorf Be tfafmal (ra* lWtlv4 M, b SWme t* kW Utfttfftriiii eyxU m. e L<^rf Bt real mH|i*ir* i famt* 2 l( tW K*m ctat h* ifwnvri rotatvfwi fW effect W a lVv*4e tlrfiiit entpof * reWtf amt ntul by baneme w. kiwi bom babf Wad bam* ! iflif- art mrtt mb im|wrti*#r litiiftt *m. !*? ct tW Wad metbamtaS; a*d (Wmtli atth a brwk Wa* *. 4 la tWWf Wad a iihn (Wi amt Fnti|w chafKimtiift mat tart nttb different llny id Wad CbemKat Wad alUned tiiib 0 04 |uOQ5 (et'nil leMarttun t amenable t*i lei hardrfiinjt, a* effect *bb neeallf take* place during ibe *heet f'dling tperatum Tbe pei>fcly of ek bardeamf ctivpted tth the fart that thr |ee*en<e >J tetletm in < hemteal Wad act* a* a gram gnmth ra*et tbe faogne re**tafKe of lellttrtem Wad abo*c that *4 unalloyed chemical Wad Gfhink CarrnioB C<erm a***KUtcd with tbe current d a galtamc cell made ap of <hMmtlar eW<tr<-W* t dekned a* gal tame ncfrwKa Th* at*o krnti* a* **o*upW ac- (> *1 OaltaniC nefi**** generallt r* unWf*te4| to 4itnt c4 tbe tm t4al oettaNe, tihxb |ute* tbe normal c*ern*tMr that tmld k c u / *m ft metal erf>*ed aWne fdu* the additional 4wuftt dee toomtacl uiih the irvre i^d.W metal Since all metal* are eWctncabr tedtw fite. the pi***lnlity id gait ante ocfiwiia taking ptafr uhea fan ft m*ee di**ifitlat metal* t'*er>e in r<eiMt in the *ame rWtlridyttc medium * alnv*t alnay* present tlinaerrr, In * rhemKfl tatliHiUei i*mg Wad in a cer*tr fW< r.4fr, gltir unalit * id l*tW c*n*e ffiKrie ard ed*nafily |t tg***ffd The him uhwb (.on* tat Wad a* a re**lt <d e(br.*ry fhfmiral re< ti^n. tn fMwf laiitN #*. a fa a* an rWctrxal i*kUl'f Tb* t true r*pec tally tn * '<#< aetd e|w*ir. Wad ttil(*t* lrng fearttcally mat cndiwtitf mm * 4 L I 0c 93 2 wBwe.li mw mmmmmmmmmmrn mmc *t. ako or. : tiort CH ' ZunairTtK* or it ft** i 1W SVukf tnw I n-4 W * 0 f^Mt te* n-J k Aa d^i nnai are m> tnvsfed 0 Uwa M *re- m m*0 buna Tk M m I b* mi UH Sffdl(tk (VWW /^w TV (bntiKAl of Ird Vf ruupkd with rt> (unpuuiK, the *rWrtMi of tV proper grade cd kad be a chemical matallature c mM U Mi to chiiKf. )b *i a* with r k w i mh iK the prrxiKf <f wy small percentages of uVf nrtilk etret* turnt* may alter materially (k chemical UKiv k # of kad. I'UfiminfflU u) pvt kad ilUrf with iffy uivall percentage* d arene utkr metal* that iu surface rwcimif i markedly recreated by the prfKfKf rd ISr** other lartik TV* mean*, fair practical p*r}*w* that aka kad mi alloyed n rf with a t<jrriinf, it dr*elof* a MmiwM rrMUaat him m<ift rapidly tbaa port kad and al*u unr mhos* characteristic* such aa (<ik*tua and Uit re* MttaiKr may b* altered* This n petdably another m** ahy chemical kad, tSe (n4r h mm! cummufity *ed by the chemical redu*try and retaining 0 04 to 0 UK jerrenl and 0 UU2 u> QOJD pert ml ad rr* i* preferred to the purer corroding kad a* I material b*r chemical onlMKliuii, * additnre to tke fact that tSc perwnce uf suck fractional percent* j t * <d ao-calkd *impurite*" markedly recrea*** Wad'* creep and fatigue strength Any recreate ts irength naturally lower* the tendency fur movement uf the metal t rupture tSe protective kirn Higher |errefiti|i id other constituents, depending spet ik* element. mcrea*r the rate id salt formalure lo a detrimental degree ru re nee instance* alter tSe c*heN>n iik ( a Ifa**** rr**tancr id tSe him, kadmg re either ca*e to pc nhciettiure (KirKtrmui tr*d SMirtvmial * "Sard1* kad re treed In fdace *4 tkeniHil kad Ken greater mechanical strength re drrrd Anioreeoat Wad a* u*ed by tk* rhemoal industry ureaHt rm*t*t *4 <hem*a1 Wad alkoed with from 4 to Id prrrfnl antimony \S ktW it re W** mutant |o nv<( fieriairr*. M dn bam a m**e ngd tn*ta1UtM<n tciu*e it ka* gvrairr strength al temperature* Wlm l^ff* i (d4*% I I and nnm|iatly ka* a lower tendency t* tmy and fy at l> tem pmiarti1* Also large ^uaatitk* of urtimmd kad are used re pump*, nlm and pipe because it idm greater strength arid rmtuact to flow abraakm tkaa dorr chemical kad. Physical Praytrdu UmT performance in the chemical iafiitn both pbyweally and chemically Ka* bee* weO documented Sufficient perbemance record* are arailalde tu make pu**iW< a description cd the behavior of kad a* a cue* nnitr Handling material frum the viewpoint cd it* pfcncil a* well a* it* chemical characteristica. I'bym cal and met ban* al properties cannot be oserempha" sited re the ca*e uf kad, re many instance* they are *4 greater signt&cance to the plant engineer than chemical properties. The physical charaetrrretk* cd any metal destined b* u*e re tke chemical industry drlei mine three itnpmiflt factors: t Mm it *4 art al nrrei trejefirervi mm4 nee** mees 2 In ka* l a* tSe nail Mf W faWieaieg bre n*ino4 lo Mid Ik mnnnriii trwiitrt m X* t i l*e re**** a*wt* f m c The many nay* re Ik Ii kad4* phyrecat character* i*tc* influence it* value to the chemical industry as a material be handbag and dwindling e*rr*it*t are de*cfile<! herewith to gunk ihow wlw**e respireibilitie* iniufic specifying such maienak. rrepwhuf iJmitt leul i kefvlniu at ekvrted tein|*eri!ures is Ire- ited lefau*e of ii melting point, lead melts at JJ7* {. , tfidl* Kt It may tw used safely at tem|erature up ti> <" (4SO* f'> re tke abwnce id rtrrs* ciu- ftvsise Abuse tkt* temjufaturt. rtrYinia rei*tan<e and atfengih decrea** to a degree making piscina) u*e fjoe<The same safe urekmg limit* *|i'ly * well tellartum chetnnl kad* Ae,rov.<nal * kaid** Wad containing f |wrirrrt antim*my can I < recommended be u*e irely up to al-ret lie1 (4 (1W* h, altkregk It ha* a redtdu* at M* t tint* i At tampefaturr* higher than thT V, rMvucju. a n d com*io n rtt a ia c t i or l t a d SO p*i at 140* C (2m* F).1* Figure 7 ahem* the maxi* mum allowable fibre ctrea* fur chemWaJ and 6 per* cent aniimumal lead at various temperature*." Lead-lined math often are uaed ruder vacuum. One pftvent for recovering and concentrating sludge acid* ftucceasfully use* bock-lined sheet Wad wader vacuum a* Utw a 0.2$ inche* c4 mercury. Jb m a* under pff*ure, it ia imperative that the shell of the vessel lie sufficiently strung to resist collapse due to atmospheric prtMirt, When heat tnndrf W itn* poetant. homogeneously bonded lead should he tied /crf of Roto of Flow Because Wad ta comparatively wifi it i* taveptiblr to eruK by fatt-tawing liquid* to bquid* cu*ui*' ing abrasive*. Table II show* the effect of mere*ring the vehvity of 20 percent sulfunc acid at 2$* C (75* Fi acru the aurface of lead.* 6 pfftrtt lend KluHv H lm than (Wtiicil k4 bnai*< | wdtrna rapid)/ ud miD; camidrv oort na4l/, It puaaibW. ia mm i;|*i of rtpiipiMtt to oper* Ate m rur% uf the i U*t irmpmiam by miUiia| shielding the Wad internalls with acid-resistant brick or (ia4tn( the lead externally with water tpray*. The Wad to all Mills Tackard auHvnc acid (himhm i* kept (i*4 by water tawing down the sloping udn A tvpKai instalUti** i* *h*iwm ia Figure 1. B* wdmg Irad directly to the shell a* ta havgennw* lining* also (emiiii operation at higher tmqvratwfe range*. frrmrr / hmiit Steel and wiir* tank* (rt^imth are lined with lead to ftnwide oefiiMi resistance tbr lank* them* else* ihM be designed to main the livdrmUt* pressure <v an/ other pressure* built Dp dvr mg oper* aiNin at the rr%*rl. In deep tank*, tav*e <d the high deadly of lead (0410 lb*, per cubic inch) k>*e lining* must he strapped property to cnercivne the rlfrrt oI grarity. The ma*imvm height uf a ambemlr cf***-*ectMined h*** lead linmg supported only fr*u the tup the ledKillv 40 feet at a c**tant iem|vfatvre d 2CT 1' tret* Ft. The maiimvm height f an vnstrai'ped Wad lining at a constant lemjveature d 150*1' (JU2* Fl iWirrUitl; i If# leet In |ectwr the nptitnam height *4 a b*e Wad lined vessel without the bene* fit *4 any fr*w strapping rarely eacerds d leet. iW^ending i) the weight d Wad. When Wad )s used t handle steam or water under pernre the matimum iH<m*Me h.*.prf fiber stress t4 chemical and tellurium Wad i* 2lO |>*i at riven lemteralwre 120*1' |r**F|i; the masimvm allow- al*W Me* *trr** at IVT (' |JK12* F) t M) |w 1v i4 Wad under pressure at higher tem|vratvre* i* Dot recommended ** Intimontal Wad <h percent), being stronger than a*di Wad. ha* a maatmum allow aide M*er *trt*a rd 400 |** at riven temperstare, but t*au*r it hat a h'*ef mrlting |ant the allowable Mar Irraa la indy Vrlei? d > Acm** U4 9 HJmm. 14 V m tlM The rate* appear to fall with imtul iurmv in if Veiti, but morale miknlli at a itieity of Ann Wet per minute. The m>w *4 Wad p|e may le retarded by de%ifnmg the *y*tem to reduce taw rate fnet mu a* much a* pntibir, eg. eliminate *harp head*. ue larger p(e, <e t*h t^ead pipe ia especially u*eful wheu a high rate ii fttrw t* dewred because it c m be cuned and assembled without extra lump, and because extruded Wad ufler* a minimum *J surface Inctitu. The relative vuriate uwi(Knru *4 Wad pipe according to the ~Chemical Engineer** Handbi*A," ** cUoiM in the same category a* gia** ** Fabrtcatiou aad Kqulpmant Arwuhef %efy impurtant phyWal characlerit*c cf a metal destined f<* anti*<vTi*ire wc t* it* unm* biluy to urMti iMthd* *4 fal^Katnm. Here lead enj'*y* a rather unique j**wt>v insofar a* one of it* chief advantage* mer other metal* h predicated <4 the nvmlvr and variety 4 way* in which it may he falvnated. Sheet Wad may le welded *0 "burned" In form a conltnuou* lining, it may he Umded b rectly to aniuher metal; it may h* ra4. d*e ca1 *o pressure n*4<Wd; it may be evtrwded mto pi|w and a tarieti >4 shajifs; and it may l-e fastened hy weld ing. Hanging. I4tmg nr wihWfing (Mce HiialWd, Wad chen.val equipment I* easily repaired with a welding t<*ch and require* no annealing <g *u>*equenl heat treatment*. S<44rrim0 ooJ M'lddiug In chrmval aiqdnatUM*. at Wad where Corfu*** U a factirf. ftoJdrnng I* *4 bttW talue Iwcause d the rrtatur rase with *h*h the bn Wad rated* ka at larked, plus the fact that tin aubalauttafty Wrwve* Wad * melting |>nnt l^ad welding, nunmonly cniWd L I A CC`Cy3A mmvHP mm 6 rnwiCAL AID ci**n*tn* cn AiACTt t i*m% or u a t Wad "burning," i a aimpter and much more *atitactory method of joining lead to Wad without intro* doting any foreign metal*. The ea*e with which thi* r U accomplished when an eaperienced lead welder w*ed ha* contributed much to the wide*f*td *e cd Wad lrftga. Lead welding permit* the fat/Txatu** of coeitinooua impervMu* lining* ifl vemeU dfl- atnKtcd td meuU alfongrr than lead but without it* coercion reviiarxe Figure $ ahow* Wad welder* wurkr.g on a typical sheet lead installation. Mane chemical plant* iq-craiing with con*iderabW lead equipment train and maintain their own lead welder* he making minor repair*. When installing ur bntid ing new equij**et. they jmcfaJljr bring in met n* prnmcrd trad welding contractor* who are tfmnabaa. Sheri Lewd IjmimQt Sheet lead Ire lining all type*, ahape* and **m cd chemical equipment usually Cut*** in roll* ranging from h to 12 feet wide attd up to fO feet long, depend' ng on the thKkne** d the *heet. Twenty feel i geo* en!l; a standard roJL Thkitoe** ranee from l/H> inch to 2 me he*. ur fneawted in the |arbnce peculiar to the lead iwJuitrr--fi lb, to 120-tb. lead. A* an atieoximitt rule of thumb, one square foot cd Wad I 1A inch thick neigh* abuwt one pound and t* called l ib. lead; Vi inch Wad i called 16-lb; etc. Hod __..___ ^_______ f+m* a wi+*e n* |MU l a Wn TV* mm at n*u n ** rw<wN ii mw I * h--4 fSmm i ii 0! I i i i f i ! i I; *heet Wad u ordered cut to the sue that will be tied ultimately by the consumer. In mw special applica tion*, *wch a* in the wall* of Milli-PtrUrd sulfuric aod xcham}<T*, a single sheet stay be rolled with snml different ibfcknewac*.* Frwn the cumtrtcDua viewpoint, the mat fewptrtant a*jt cd effective *heet Wad lining t* the l<iniMua id adequate and pc^-ef auppurl. usually by >lfa|>t'ing. Specification* be Wad linings depend uw ftoch fa*te a* sue id equipment. *ue or weight and grade of Wad. temperature, curnmie eieiditum*. type <U >K< 11 <W(a*1 t* steel), tij* and U*ati>>n <4 *Uup jung, and other*. IVtailed di*co***un <d wrh feoftu Imw i warrant* a qeoal pajef cd it* own Geaeratly shaking. sufficient *tra|*pmg *hcwild be w*ed in the right place* to tn*ore reasonable rn-ue pee* fiemancc and minimum itrrw ccen>%Hin a*wrmng cd course, that the Wad i* known to l<e re*t*tant to the r>.> * II Uk U4 nd Mt -* tt'1 W m twna 9*4 MW Urn w*a * H *ei< < * *t Ha* an a n>>ij vict waW mm*** * wU f Wa ten! *#*- wi r to wi I ** I mw nae Wi>m t*# Ma baa a towaaad *4 w<? 0 e*M 2 Ha I aWi na TW n*NH H wn m I teat t aw* ***. PtlYalCJU. -t*t> CUMHWtoK Ctt A* ACttlUTlfl Of UfcU> 7 r lining For high temperature wereice <up to WO* C. (dS'Crr F J) Wad i* bonded directly to the Heel; at lower temperatures tbe lead may be Joined to tbe at^ei w nh the aid of a tbin lead-tin anldef Him. While this method of lining with Wad ia more expensive. tbe extra cos] is usually more than compensated foe by a substantial increase in tbe life of the equipment. Hum.gmeows Wad being* always should be cm* pl.isfd f4 jacketed vessel* where beat transfer t important because any air aj^ace between the Wad f- lining and the shell of the trsw! result* in a reduc* lion in the efficiency of heat conduction. Many bot tom-jacketed reartK4i tanka are Wad 4used on tbe aide* and Umded on tbe buttoms, i j ffin II A m--In iiw tm mi rrfn ilit*il|W ta m4m Im) ptmt AM ** H ***** w* m4i >><>) ar ww*k * bad. infriiwK under (be s mk cuuliiioot of coActtlrtltott, tem|<raturc and agitation to be encountered in that particular service. Figure* 9 And 10 %how an rumple of good *tr*pi*ng practice. The lop stripping in Figure 10 which moU support ibe weight ut the sheet t4 U |>UfH at <U**cr intervals than ibe but* Uwn Mraiqnng which simply huldi tbc trad in place, il* weight bctn( supported by the steel beU of tbe tank. A uy on record illustrate* tbe impirtancc ut adr* quatt strapping Tbe jxe* i* an especially severe one be a lead lining; fbc manufacture ut alum by reacting sulfur* acid with alumina in a steam agi* tated lead-lined steel tank Ity rcrmntng tbe reiginal 16-lb lead lining which was vertically strapped every four feet and installing 22 lb. lead with the distance between strap* reduced to two feet tbe service life ut tbe rcse! was tripled*1 Ibeuontal strapping m lieu ut vertical strapping seldom i* used, particularly when under-Hand weld* ng is miolvrd. (Wcasionally in tank* mec than 10 feet deep one re to b*eif**ita! strap* are used In {injunction w itk tbe usual vertical strapping to Kelp *up(rt tbe weight of lrwiM /.iiiajU Oder sriftf lrm|rrtvrt (inlitiini, |i*nKvl*rly when wi*W fluctual*m atr necessarily u*ed ioer a b*rt perwrff *4 t>m* such as in batch pri<e*s.ng and sarvm* s y < lc rcntuns. two different meth'd* may la ad^iH to |rtui'l vixlw *h'4lenng *4 the Wad * norm*) *rfnf life Ibe method m>*t oflrn used and f>ne which has |erformed very well in servur I* to bed the lead to Ibe *leel ikrll id the equiimirM, forming what is termed a b*4t>ogene<ms)y W*eded Arid-Brick jimimffi A second mrtbd <4 protecting Wad lined ve**ela from temperatures close to Wad'* anftenmg range or fn*m eroswet effect* ia to cover tbe Wad with an inner lining of special acid-resistant brick. A natural qufs* twin tt: If the brick* are a<id-fe*i*unw why use a Wad lining ? I'nlirtunately practically all brick* wU ajsalt nr crack after repeated beating and tooling and eventually, even after operation at continuous tem perature, liny cracks wU develop in tbe brick lining permitting tbe corrosiie* to seep through to tbe out* aide. Hock* al*o wilt pa!l whew they absorb satu rated solutions which crystalline uo tooling At a matter of fact, uo cemented conglomerate lack a* brick can be aa impervious to liquid* a* a metal With nothing to protect il, tbe supporting shell of tbe ve**el will be attacked by tbe seeping corroaitr* and eventually require expensive repair* and prob ably replacement Tbe Wad act* a* insurance agamst this occurrence. Any seepage wiQ be retained by the Wad until tbe brick hnmf can be repaired. A large bytodoct sulfuric acid plant bat been omg a brickdining over Wad ia it* humidifying (h*mt*r fur ban !';fg <'4t -m\c sulfur dioxide and sulfur trvixtde at 2tJ0Q C- (5M* F.). Tbe lining* con* *i*t of 2Mb Wad uitb three course* of brick oo tbe boti<4it giving a total thickness of 9 ioebe* and a single 12-mcb c<>ur*e over 10-fb. Wad oo tbe lower side* thinning to a V-inch course above. The thicker 12 in<h lining is simply to provide extra support hie the brick above. Tbn equipment has been ia u*e he eleven year*.* /.<W and /uWVia/d ftp* l^ad i extruded readily inti? varum* shape* and large quantity* of extruded Wad pn>e are a*ed by the cbemKat mdwstty Sue* are bmitrd only by extru*iotl fsjvij*meni and may include a large number of ctwu* InnatNm* t4 wall tbKkne** and owtode diameter a* well a* %h*j<* of cfo* *ectH4i An advantsgr *4 Wad |*i|>e i* that it i* readdy lm to cre>fem t intmate drsign ftprcthfaiMm* figure 11 illustrate* a nunplex and *Ut *y*trm m*W up enurtly -if Wad IW t*u*e of Wad * weight, it i* frequently advisable to Hptrt M ntl-er by *trap hanger* ur conttnuou* up |*rt sixh a* Uymg it in *tecl rhannet* This W why W*d br>ed *trrl or rat ir<w pij*f frequently I* used hen tbe c o m mo* fe**starue t4 Wad I* demanded. i . U i U)HW)!" L It 0 9936 rnr*K*i. a n p utmmK ritAtAmKurto or ix a o r VMa PU>t-K^Otl# I tkOko-;t*coa*.# pamUPW4 IwrbMa*. , mf ! <r+- -I-M--- ->rO--h . j H8 1 1I I i] i" i ii * | |AM ! s 11f*1#l i< i | l#ra I li ih 1 ;# n in no 1*1* p+X LUmff. *r. ci m sS m t 11 Vrv *vvc&& *t? -f*~4 wr-- NMf II Iim fee* 4 C t) M ni W r>A -^f d ida et'-r** r<4 48 It#* C I7'i` h Tb*4 ^nTi<4 H ,-f ? *-2 fct nH n fc#* & cW*$4 ** * -- w*k mtm m4m M *mo 4 > #* C#a*f w&m * p*e#*4 * * lha #* * mi m * unliNl TW dad ?-** ! MMdf Md *d c>--dd M ^ ad M, but bn tk* tempertar* n kick u>4 tk* rfK id tupparting tk* pip* it l|ii*niutt. Slffl ar ttxm pipe* mth Wad lining* inwit irr wik by * of ton mrtkudt: **trd*d Wad pip* kydriulicilly expanded intade a* iron or alrel pip*, komugenrunl; kadtd to it /.end f/u/iag Cril l4 |a| tn found oid* tttffUnn It* ** * keating nr ctading rule Figure 12 dum the Wad tram cull tried ft* beating a Urc* brick-lined teaeei wnk a rounded bottom Nut* lb* can Wad ficm need lu auppirfi tk* cuk Maximum attain ptraaot* and (lemptnding trmperatufc limtl* ft* difltrml pif* wm ar* akown in TakW 111. Copper cult cuttrtd with bunded Wad hat* b*ea dcrioted fi* (rrairr thermal cooductnity and airmail) at higher at*am prtaaum tritkoul tacrike* in( runiMoa rrxatanc*. Swh cull arc operattd p to I V) pound* attam prraaor*. C>nr of tk* latot dreelupmenlt illmatratrd in Fig* area |] and If coomtt of name tno Wad pipe*. on* within Ik* othrr. molting a di>ut>W action beat ing and coultnf beat exchanger. Tk* inaid* pip* tt catrndrd nith ita eruavaectK* ia tk* akap* of a aia puinird atar mtb a round tint* ia tk* ctnlrr. In tbia manner tk* mulMul am of tk* apac* Imatra the two p<p*a mi mrir n)uh tk* Croat arctirmal am of tk* ineidr id Ik* inner pip*. Tk* punla of tk* atar aha arnc to keep tk* two pipe* concentric With thie amngcmmt it ia puaaiblc to permit coon* tcrcurrcnt beating ta on* pipe wkiW coding ia ike otbef. Kibked and fcnned Wad pip* ar* aaed in atany tvaItmi requiring grralcr asrfact area. l*rad abeathed cWeiric beating dcticrx lure been need aocceualully ia {dace id ateam hralrd cult ia aoen* inalalUtioaa nker* raiting atram ta difTituH or katarduoa o* nbere electricity It itetjeaiiie. I i Cariiapi and I'after larfr ijotntiriea id lead are traed lie ik* rkemieal mdinirjr m ike Item id crating*. Ordinary chemical nr~r '! LJ t ^*I**| af IMnl>i yrnad l flutk > %m fit Tw 4**m *m* Mil 43 % Mik*f (d 14 L I A 0c337 mm i i ci --- - . . AM' L"f -iSfjfc CTliUUCTHtmCl Of LAAO 9 CcoAecok Aiptttt TV economic i*pect* <4 maintenance And replace ment hinge oo both the metal* phyftka) chancierUtr And it* aa1vage valee. !^id suffer* very link from <h*t g* in weight or structure due to rorrutkm; thin it ran be maintained At low coal or Salvaged At t bigh value, Fi1nauo coat* a it low ia the ea*e of lead. Pre*rrl price* aKo w that the pig lend or nv materia! ifj'ffenti 3J mwh aa HO percent <4 the rwt (4 (abet* ca?c` sheet and pipe.** ^crep lead t* easily rrmelied And fffnfd 1*4 ec'rr^e lattes sakr molt cnrruaive cooditKm* are no *1 ;;ht that At a revolt lead ha* an nuaUj high salvage value which may run a* high aa 73 percent of the original ccat of new sheet and |*pe, depending p<m market conditioea. ;c\ f i L. a Wad, ovnatly tuo toil km thia porpnae, rt ilUH with wnim percentage* of antimony Uftd hardened t* Ik)* miftnct i ca*t into pump* and a* well a* many *pecut thape* and fitting* A typical 4 ca*t Wad cVimcai e*jipmcnt 4w4rn m Kigwre 15 h a ii rv|4rfti* km concentrating titanium utfale It * m*d entirely <4 iejaf1f casting* <4 * prrcent antirvw'mal Wad Ulted together into on# ml mraivrmg 4# Wet in diameter and 7 feet high Mwt 35,000 p*und* 4 metal were required to make the tailing* ** Kara larger ca*t Wad *%*; **(<* Mi Wvl to eight fret in diameter are quite (imnon ('( 0W>4 plate and frame Mire prn*e* And <al Wad r**ary ikvuin hlier* iff bo<ll in ill *irv 1^*4 >aU*% frequently A I# with plug* And *eat* made t4 ahr*****n rr**tant materia'* k h Incite. (lakehtr, 1la*ttUojr and otVr*. tbo* edix Wg tW ft HA |lM4 part* A study of the toctewfd performance c4 lead tq%H\xnm\ ia the chemical todmtry show* that such pcrb*m*nce h intimately inotiAted with lead** phy**ca1 chararten*tKA a* well aa it* chemical or dirriMuo cHaracteristk*. btt >4 rbrmkala with cunmentt And data de%crilnnf their reaction with lead, *ch aa Appeared ia the December, 1^46 kite of Oeamo*, are available." ta^ad cwpiaici and (ah rkatura and the l^ead Indaitrve* Amk ia imo may he tueisltri Inaamoch Aa ad*we ran At heat be only A prediction ha*ed oo put peH<emance, the moat prac* tictl peucedore i> to tot a tample of the lead ander ctindiiion* aa clone aa pnnhW to ar*wal tenict. No *et mle can he stated governing the readkm <4 lead with all carroum Cnwprtive corronion rate data Ved on vcJome *m weight k can be muleading in the ra*e of lead inw4ar a* it U tkKkcr and wee dcn*e than other rterman mount mate- rialv GeneralIr, the (ternuMi rate mcreaaea with increase in trmferature. The effet! f coKentralioo varie* with the ccermive. Chemical* rrmtaining 4>a> died cm*gen tnualW lowrr lead * remtance. hatigwe accienpanied by romnk pneiw>te* itrea* Cofr<*Mn, a cueditHin whkh may V rueitrdled bt removing the toerte of itrei or counteracting it* effect GalvamC conrakiii in the cate of lead i* *eldr*m encountered becaaic an tn*Uting rmting normally develop* which prevent* or mmtmtre* cowple action. While lead ha* certain physical b*mlatx*> a* A ((ntrctkJ*) material, they amatly can V overcome by proper intaUatioi. TV man^em allowable kbet lire** |<e cVmKal lead i* 2lJfl p* at r<a*n lem|wfA* tore . antirmeiial lead, being *troegrf, ka A piatimom albrwable hbrr *tre* of 4flf> pw at the same terw- jerainrr (Tiemkal lead** oeUl*ft* at high tern* (etitam i* limited to al^nit 2.V>* ( |1V^ F ) wkik Antimkmial Wad (k% Shi, became 4 it* lower meH* ing punt, i* limited to al*nM 1*n" t* (J4A* F.) The rfiAKa <4 Wad by f**t *m at-fawvt tiqmda may V retar*Wd by |r**$wf de*ig l-rad can V fabricated *aly i<> meet *j*al c*m d>tion* Sheet Wad lined *r*wU o mmU; are *o(|"Wte4 by vertical ^trapping, the type and bvation c4 whkk l very tm|wiani t ondition* wl a* tempera twtf 5 to WmuL arr CKSrietok cratac-t? iitin e taan ioctnatkm, high pcraaura or vaeoom, or heat tranalef c m be met with bamoffencciw* Units** or, except ing Wot trana/er, by t brick lining ovrt the lead. Lead pipe, heating coilt, coxing* and valve* con be made to co[-e with a variety ct tpeelal eondttiona. Urcaaae ut th* manner In which Wait eorrodea coupled with ita amelting characlrnatica lead In atl forma can W reclaimed and aoid aa aalvage at a high return. Then fur*. U Irad'a mechanical and phyalcal prop* mm art fee canned id making inaialiatietts, it la widely bicnd aa a materia) id cWnira) cmaatnacItem became cbrmkaly it ia little aflected by ao many corroairoa. t ft. I Me It WonUfiai. *Cwd-- Welkin m4 /MWv* Awt. CW fcx* p JUi m <|J4). HmU4 Cr^w X. V. I *UW| lu<oH Ml ft A*u IW." /M i jwfch eWaod <4 fM L**4 UWtnct AwxifttMa, X T, 1 X* I (tU) X *4 CwmnfttM DiU,* Jf. md tft| CW, *4 X* 14 ltn-4 Oct. 4 W & CtW. | C aW N F- WWtuW. *CarMti T*t* m4 l Crawtreft-- M Otrwitil l**i (.rein. Amfiiii,' M<nrrt{4 A*-' UZJ). U VaKo*(rftM A&* X V i X y ft*/-**. fr/f Jr#lra TVe* W, W* 14 4 <I*X), Ort I H U < Wwe<k, lUWr DWwit Vtf--i (jftt* CiwVrf M, N * (IWl. ; It K l> i *t m* .Vm X Y ^ M (IXI), J WXr 4 ic M *>na3*~ AcU Vrraftft U*<s CWwrf * *4 X* 4 7I44N (IMfl). ASTW. Sf-rcii InIMA 14 C O Htetv *Cdr-->in-IddrtUKt 14*4 F^MpHMWt." /-* a * 14 II CW *U M* /*#, 44 X* I. US (Htt). %m U / M IWi. "(Wil Hmw CWA.* Fmm< rrH^di 1 wWt, 14 4 4 ill I l^l), U(V|'Hil Rw4 Ca , X. ), 14 Irt^l 4 Ifn4>difcuft hf by IftkWi AmmiMHX X Y. X* n. )*h. )U4 |4 C O Htrn, 'laonUMf cI Ij 4 ft*4 bl AEf H Cumw* A5U HufWifc. 1*44 |1 ftffMl t4 lmn*t(Mnia U terU IftWnM ^MftrtftBO, X Y. .v* 14 A**4 t**7, 14 *Cm1 I TfmmtU* (o# Tftll -- E^lftll WHMj" /dW. ft |u<uiw y l^y Wtmn AiwuiMh, X S', 4 X* 4 17. Ammm Mr* IW J, *+ It !**4 IftWfM AttdMit, "Ow mx I C^i mi mi y t**4* (WdM, 4 X* 4 JU U+t R*