Document rBnVOxpxMzekEbp48pzRmV6ae

-r \CM Tovibt'ti*'m*9 r:v, 7/ K. F. Ham., J. K. Him., J. I.ymann and A. Wyatt ' Ovbb, K. ;C* and A. K. Omrclilll, l*WI. t'recl^- latin# afitihodkx a*MCintcd wllh MartkV H* tw. Vrf. a* : i-7. OwrsUill, A. |K., atxi P. M. Uifur*, t*A7. Ajtrnt ol >lrtk`'disease tn llw rullurc. Nalurt (I^h- , don), ilk: 5JA-.U0. Churchill, A. 'K., 1*60. Poultry Industry, |4. Pj>jKitht!ri*fr, A. W., L. C. Duiw and V. Con*, |0i0. Studir* on fowl paralytlx (newrlym|>honvatoab ^ajllnarvtm). J. Expi. M*d. 49: S.1-S*. Payot, N., and P. M. Ill*#*, 1967. fit mbit a* Martk'a disease II. f'athn#rr>e*H /. Nall. Ca*. etc Inat, SO; 2m .101. _ Schaaf, K., and W. V, iMmortm, I9JS, Controt of avian tnrfjrfiolnmyHIlhi by vaeelnallnn. Am. J. Vlt. Un. It; SJ7-9.U. tkvnUn, M, and I). M, OumlrrrUin, 1967. Avw* lym|(hom*lo*k HI. Incidence and manlfextaUo* In experimentally Infected chicken* of variou* *gf*. Avian DIkmc*, t; 97-101. Toxicity Studies on Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Chick I. TOXICITY AND SYMITOMS Hetty M, Kr-iirEU), R. D. Rradlky, Jr. and M. L. Sundk PrfvHmnili tj Fend Sdexce tnd Poultry Sdtnct, The Vnlvmlty ej Whcoutlu, Utdlton f)7Q6 (Rwtlved Cof lkxe*h 10 1970) INTRODUCTION Subsequent investigation revtaled that the POLYCHLORINATED biphenyls amine hardener was the cause and that one (PClis> are a series of inert, chemically of the components, a chlorinated biphenyl resistant blasticiters compatible with a(Aroclor 1242*), seemed to be the problem wide variety of materials, such as paints, compound. synthetic; Resins, varnishes and. waxes and levels of 100, 200, 400 and 800 p.p.m. art uxetjl jlo improve such properties as of this con\|)ouncl produced labored respira- . chemical (esistance, water resistance, ad- besivcnejts and flexibility (Monsanto, 1968). ; ' lion, abdominal fluids, hydrojrcricardium, and swollen kidneys. The mortality was severe and weight gains reducer). Since appear extensively in the en vironment (Risebrough et al., 1968) and because pi their cbchiical properties and widespread use, it appears important to study the^r potential effects on biological systems. ^ Some w[ork on the effects of PCHs on chickens fias appeared in the literature. McCuneJ irl al, (1962) observed that an epoxy-rfsip paint caused symptoms of "chick ^d^ma" when chicks were placed in the batfery before the paint had hardened. Further work by this group (Flick ft al., 1965) suggested that 400 p.p.m. were re quired to produce serious symptoms, In ad dition to the above symptoms, they ob served cream-colored pancreas, enlarged adrenal, small spleen, dermatitis and defeathering. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were reduced and blood glucose was reduced slightly. Koeman et el. (1969) reported that 2000 p.p.m. killed 5 out of 5 Japanese quail in less than 2 weeks. Andefson Cl ol. .- ~ Publ(>td with lhi approval of the Director of (he WitCotwin Agricultural Experiment Sutton CoUcrc of XjrkuKuroJ and Life Sclaneae, Madttoa. * Ri*iKfred trademark for a compound r*talning 41% chlorln*. Sold by Monsanto, Sf. Lovfe, Mo, ! j j j | j f | j SI (1969) hi ol eggs o tafned fn dustrlot a i Lake Micf ratory ani PCHs (Hr Data or PCHs in tl to determi feed. The / could coni and that | quantities. Studies could be t from trials to assess l man. Data obt is of more \ rect way.* i animal to < mentation. Diets cor were prepat 1248**), w the basal di solved in pci small portion, mixing to! throughout tl . analysed uk| Drug ^imin - contain* < - 0< Ten onc. the crossing .V S-C. White R.-^n diets cc " PCHs. All e **ObtalrttU OSW 029335 I STLCOPCB4013297 Toxicity of I'oi.yi'iiwhunatko Hii'iifnywi 1091 have rc|virU'(l op She IVIt content TAMte !.Urt of eggs of pelicans mpl rormun.nl s ob tained in remote arras jns wall an m'nr in* duslriol area*. Fat extracted from fish in Lake Michigan was cxahpncd in this labo ratory unci contained lup to 120 p.p.m. ITUs (Bradley, 1970). Pntn on the effect of various levels of PCBs in the diet of the (chick rotdd be used to determine safe levels <)f I*CBs in chick Cinmmt yellow corn V'lienl mklcllin^s Alfalfa mral (220 I.U. A/gm) Aleut scrap (.VF/,', protein) fcr.vl.oaii meal (4-1% protdrt) Fish mral (M)% trrolcin) Iodised salt Chick size nyater ahell firmnlit grit (m./klln* Ifrm 525 IifO 50 JOO .Vi 5 10 10 feed. The possibility rxislj* that ingredients could contain significapt levels of PCBs mg./kifogram and that poultry could jingest significant quantities. Studies on PCB tonicity in the chick could be used in compilation with data from trials on other experimental animals AlnSO, Vitamin Bn (.152 mg*./gm.) Rilroflavln (44.5 mps./gm,) Penicillin (45.5 mgs./gm.) Vitamin A (t00OO/gm.) ViUmln D, (RMO/gm.) HA M 5,1 V9 221 (K> to assess the potential hazard of PCH to man. Data obtained by dipecjl experimentation . electrically heated batteries with raised Is of more value than that, obtained in indi wire floors. Feed and water were provided rect ways and the youfip chick is an easy ad libitum. Chicks were wclphed weekly, animal to control for (his type of experi deaths and toxicity symptoms were re mentation. , corded daily. Seven birds that died on PCH KXPKKlMf^TAL Diets containing various levels of PCBs ' were prepared by addipg a 1*011 (Aroclor 1Z48M), which contains |48% chlorine, to the basal diet In Table 1. PCHs were dis solved in petroleum elhfr and mixed into a small portion of the ba*ja\ diet prior to final mixinp to facilitate cVcn distribution ihrouphout the mixture. Yhc basal diet was analyzed usinp the mell)0(l of the Food and Drup Administration (^9jS8) and found to diets wtre examined by the Wisconsin Stale Animal Health Laboratory in Madison for pross pathology and indications of toxicity. The investlpators also autopsied many of the dead birds. Some of the birds were killed, their livers removed, weighed and reported as a percentage of body weight. . Experiments were terminated at 4} to S weeks. In reporting the results, some of the data were combined and are Indicated in the Results and Discussion section. contain < 1 p.p.m. o( tjompounds which RKSUI.TS AND DISCUSSION show on the chromatogt'aph to be similar to PCBs. Ten one-day-old chlpks, resultinp from Survivors and average weights of groups of 10 chicks each fed dicis containing 0, 10, SO, 100, and ISO p.p.m. PCBs were plotted ' the crossing of Niw Hampshire males and in Figure 1. A depressed growth rate wns S.C. While Lephorn females, were placed observed with dietary levels of SO p.p.m.' on diets containinp vjsr ous amounts of. PCBs anti greater. When 100 p.p.m. and PCBs, All experiments were conducted In ISO p.p.m. PCBs were added to the diet, toxicity did not increase proportionately. Obtained from Monsanto, 5t< Loote, Mo. This has also been reported in rats by 1092 II. hi, RniI'M,ii, R. L. IUaih.kv, Ja, anii M. L, Konhk would nflVct growth, symptoms and toxicity in the chick. Average weights of chicks fed diets containing levels of PCBs from 10 50 p.p.m. are shown in Figure 2. Three ex periments have been averaged together in this figure. In one of the three experiments the 20 and 40 p.p.m. groups were not in cluded in the cx|>orimcntal design. Growth depression rrsulled from PCBs even at lev els where no deaths occurred. There was considerable variation in how individual birds react on the same diet. Two birds on the diet containing 30 p.p.m. PCBs each weighed 208 g. at 3 weeks of age. At 4 weeks of age one had gained 14 g. and the other 105 g. 'the 40 p.p.m. growth curve was almost identical with the 30 p.p.m. curve. One bird on the diet containing 50 p.p.m. PCBs lost 52 g. between J and 4 weeks of age (206-154), One bird on this Tucker ijnd Crabtree (1970). Mortality was as ft|:vjcre with 50 p.p.m. as with 3 limes as iWiich PCBs in the diet. Yhe survi vors are shpwn directly on Figure 1. All 10 survived unless indicated. Flick cl at. (1965) rp|>rted no deaths when 24 Single Comb W)iite Leghorn cockerels were fed diets containing 200 p.p.m. PCBs (Aroclor 1242) artd. only 4 deaths in 24 chicks on a diet contglplng 400 p.p.m. PCBs. Aroclor 1242 is B PCIt which contains 6% less chlorine (h^n Aroclcr 1248 and presumably this accounts for somewhat lower toxicity. Total mortality with Japanese quail was observed between 6 and 55 days after feed ing a diet j>f 2,000 p.p.m. i*CBs (Koeman vt el., 196y). The 10 p.p.m. level resulted in small Insignificant increase In weight gain especially during the last \ week. > The next experiment was designed to as certain hoy levels below 50 p.pjn. PCBs Km. 2. Averaxe weight* of rhkks ltd various kvets of PCBs. (JO chkks started la each |twj' except for the 20 sod 40 p.p.m. whet* sal/ A> thicks werestarled.) diet gxinc gained 79 Sixteen < p.p.m, PCI out of 20 v out of 30 s levels of m growth depr and continui the experirm Mortality, with 50 p p i 3. At 34 d)' on the diet cmortality cu' 15 days but j the birds incj General ed diets contain edema was so developed be! the wattles in of age (Figui been fed dietp.p.m. PCBs the report h Health Labo generalised edi ( (c j r C u c 0 tl nw hio. J. 5uni. DSW 029337 STLCOPCB4013299 Toxicity ok I'oiiYCmmikinatkii lltruKNYb* 109.1 diet gained 10 g. (213-223) and one gained 79 g. (208-2R7). Sixteen o|it of 80 chick* died when SO p.p.m, I'Chty wore feel, yet only 4 dcnlhx out of 20 (xiurred nl 40 p.p.m. nnd 1 death out of 80 n( 80 p.p.m, to S week* of age. l.evol* of UK>rc than 10 p.p.m. resulied in a growth depression starting at 1 week of age and continuing through the fifth week when the experiment wax terminated. , Mortality results if S separate studies with SO Pjp.pi. r-CnJ arc shown in Figure 8. At 34 da^s, SOr/o of the chicks had died on the diet containing 50 p.p.m. PCJls. The mortality furve was near normal the first Fio. 4. Typical swelling In chick* with PCB induced edema. Note: the swelling below tht beak and adjacent to the wattle*. IS days b|u t losses became more severe as the birds Increased in' age. General erjema was observed in bird* fed diets containing > 20 p.p.m. PCBs. The edema wa<i Severe enough so that swelling .effusion into the pericardial sacs, muscles, subcutaneous tissues and abdominal cavity were observed. Apjiarently, the permeabil ity of chick tissues increases in the pres dcvclojxd (below the beaks and adjacent to ence of PCBs. Others have observed edema the wattles Ip most chicks at 2j to 3 weeks due to feeding PCHs hut not the double of age (Figure 4). When chicks which had been fed cjicU containing 50, 100 and 150 p.p.m. PCjB^ were examined postmortem, the report from the Wisconsin Animal Health Laboratory indicated extensive generalised; ejdema. Large amounts of serous chin effect shown here. McCune et at, (1962) and Flick et at. (1965) reported that edema was observed in chicks fed 400 p.p.m. PClls in the diet, however, ' ederpa was virtually absent from 24 chicks fed 200 p.p.m. PCB*. Species, sex and 6% Pm. l. {Survival of chkk* on dieu containing SO p.p.m. PCB>. (54 chick* started in 5 studies) DSW 029338 '^rs^r5*x l IO<M It. M. Kkih'ki.d, K. B. Hnaiu.kv, Ja, and M, l,, Spndk Fkj. S, Hydrot*ric*''diuin In chick fed a diet leonUlning SO ppm. PCBs. lower Chlorine content of PCBs used In their experiments might account for no or slight ederna at 100 PCBs. . An Enlarged heart sac is a characteristic symptom of PCB toxicity (McCune ef of., 1962; Fjick et ai, 1965; Koeman cf of., 1969). A typical example is shown in Fig ure 5. jin postmortem examination of five 5- week birds on a diet containing SO p.p.m. PCBs we removed 10 ml. of fluid from 3 l^eart sacs, 2 ml. from one, while on the last the heart sac appeared normal. Flick el. (1965) found only I ml. (aver age) vfhfn 400 p.p.m. were fed for 3 weeks. A gasping condition was also observed with high levels of PCBs in the diet. This could jb< the mult of an enlarged heart sac exerting pressure which prevents normal hesrt action. This would reduce dardiQvas- cular capacity. Moreover, normal lung functiorj would bt Impaired by the serous fluid $n|l hemorrhages which were observed in podtrportem examination. A ijoiiceable decrease In the development of cobnp and wattles was observed with chick* fed diets containing 40 and 50 p,|MH. Wits. l^'is ih'jirrsslim of srrotalary twkwil rlmriHinl-ilh'H wiih ntm-rynl at .M) anil no ihi n-nsr wits oli scrvi-d when rhlika wi re frd 10 and 20 IMUii. PCBs. This rfhrl has nol Ihsii re (Dried |vvlou:i|y for (`liirki'ii*. RNiJirmi/d) </ !. (I06g) has rejatrled that 1'f`lls in- jocted intramuscularly in pigeons mulled In an increase in estradiol mclal>olltc* In the liver 7 days after Injection. DDT which is structurally similar to PCBs exhibited hormonal degradation in studies using tes tosterone and progesterone (Peakall, 1967). Degradation of steroid hormones by hepatic eniymes which were Induced by PCBs could account for the depression of secondary sexual characteristics which were observed. In some birds fed a diet containing 50, 100 or 150 p.p.m. PCBs, a postmortem ex amination revealed that the proventriculus was atypically solid and firm to the touch. Full and distended crops were observed in some birds fed SO p.p.m. PCBs In the diet. In one experimental group, 6 out of 10 birds had abnormalty distended crops at 24 weeks of age. This condition lasted only 2 or 3 days and was not observed at the lower levels of dietary PCBs. This indi cates a temporary stasis of the digestive tract, . Three deaths which the investigators ob served were preceded by a convulsion, Other chlorinated hydrocarlxms are known to interfere with the nervous system. DDT attacks the nervous system of animals and disrupts the Ion-transport mechanism (Matsumura, 1969). This disruption can result in respiratory failure or secondary poisoning by neurotoxins produced In the emimal during DDT poisoning. Liver as a percentage of body weight in- creased as PCBs In the diet increased (Ta- ble 2). This increase in liver as percentage of body weight was also observed when diets contained chick edema factor (CEF) ; t t . ! t i , were fed I man, 1066 that a* hi* affrslrd, 'I by the wrl I'rtslmi.r muscular which had or 150 p j rous fluid hearts s) Bleeding 1 many chic periments Many < as edema, integrity utiliutior mins. Symptr. are simiii containing dude: 1 edema, 3 cell wall j liver as j stituent r contain (Yartsoff fiarity to tion of c one migh tion Is sir Other Taslk 2.- PCBs ad. to diei p.p.m. 0 0 JO 150 150 ISO OSW 029339 STLCOPCB4013301 Toxicity or Polyciilokinatkd Biphenyls 1095 were fed to chick* (Campbell and Fried man, 1966). Th? data do show, however, that actual liver weights )>cr bird are not affected, The percentage change b caused by the weight fttjlucikm. " '' Postmortem : examinations Indicated muscular hen)o{rhnglng in ?mc bir<1* which had diccj 911 diets containing 50, 100 or 150 p.p.m, PCBs. Lungs contained se rous fluid and( ^ome hemorrhaging. Some hearts showed petechia) hemorrhages. Bleeding from the mouth was observed in many chicks wjhigh had died during the ex periments repo^t^d here. . Many of tty ^ymptoms of toxicity such as edema, hemorrhaging and lack of tissue integrity suggest that PCBs interfere with utiliiation or atyjorption of fat soluble vita mins. Symptoms observed In chicks fed PCBs are similar to tjtbse reported when, diets containing CEF were fed. Symptoms in clude: 1) depressed body weight, 2) edema, 3) pericardial fluid, 4) increased cell wall permeability and 5) an increase Id liver as percentage body weight. The con stituent responsible for CEF is known to contain a high proportion of chlorine (Yarttoff ct a(.f 1961). Because of the sim ilarity to symptoms and the high propor tion of chloride jin both PCBs and CEF, one might postulate that *Jteir mode of ac tion is similar. Other workers (McCune cl al., 1962; Table 2.--Liter at % My ittirhl tw loxk hull tj PCPi IpUk 2| vuk-M chichi PCBs added Weight to diet or bjrdi p.p.m. 0 0 i 1218 19,5 ' 50 170 150 il06 150 Il39 150 1151 Weight Liver as of liver % body art. 1 5.8 2.7 6.7 3.7 5.8 3.4 4.8 4.5 6.2 4.5 6.8 4.5 Flick ct al., 1965) with chickens and Tucker and Crabtree (1970) with ducks reported that higher levels are required for toxic symptom* to develop than were needed bi these experiments. Generally, the other workers have not worked with levels below 100 p.p.m. This could account for the differences in the results. The best possibility it this time lor the differ ences is the relative toxicity of PCBs based on the chlorine content. Only the com pound containing 48% chlorine was. tested in these experiments but chickens certainly are affected by relatively Jow levels of this compound. SUMMARY Maximum tolerance of polychlorinated biphenyls containing 48% chlorine in the chick is approximately 50 p.p.m. Symptoms observed in the chick fed polychlorinated biphenyls included 1) depressed weight gain, 2) edema, 3) gasping for breath, 4) hyperpericardial fluid, 5) internal hemor rhaging, 6) depression of secondary sexual characteristics and 7) an increase in liver as percentage of body weight. Several of these symptoms were present when levels of more than 20 p.p.m. of PCBs were fed. REFERENCES . Anderson, D. W., J. J. Hickey, R. W. RisebroURh, D. F. Hughes and R. E. Christensen, 1969. Sig nificance of chlorinated hydrocarbon residue* to breeding pelickns and cormorants. Can. Field Halur, : 91-112. Bradley, R, L., Jr., 1970, Personal communica tion . Campbell, T. C., and L. Friedman, 1966. Chick edema factor: Some tissue distribution data and toxicologic effects in the ral and chick. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 121: 1288-1287. Flick, D. F., R. G. ODett and V. A. Childs, 1965. Studies of the chick edema disease, J. Similar ity of symptoms produced by feeding chlori- ( nated biphenyl. Poultry Scf. *5: 1460-1465. Food and Drug Administration, H. E. W., 1968, Pesticide Analytical Manual. 1. Methods Which Detect Multiple Residues. Washington, D.C. ti DSW 029340 i m ft. M. RK.llfKI.lt, R, ft. ftHADl.KY, Jk, AND M. ft. fiuNdK, Knt-mxn, J, H,( M, C. Trn Korvrr Dr lirHitx nnrt K. H. Ik Vivs, I090. Chlnrlnntrd biphenyl* In fish, mmo-h |m(t blob (mm llir diver Klilnr m1 ihr NrlhfMjihfh n/m Nxlirre, fit! IIIlf JIM. Mllonmii*. J'., (-OfT III t'l) * `II flit Ihmili mu It* id p.iiMmlng Vnlr Jvl. Mmh.| NoV, 1<J,,9, |). 6 0, Mrt'imc, M. J,.,J. J!, Seva/tc and II. ft. O'Doll, tool. llyilro|tcrit(tr<lium nrnl ascllcx in chlrki fed ft chlnrlm>jc<| hydrocurlron, 1'ouhry Set. 4t j lo.S-ioo. i Mnnumlo, 1968. ^roclor Plillclxm. Ttch. Hull. 0/rft^06. Mjmbinlo Organic Chemistry Divi sion, St. Louis, Mo. I'eukall, I). !>., 106). f*m(lrl<Ir-Jrxltier*J rniymt hnrnkibtwfi nf Herald* In bird*. Nslfire, lift! Am too. Kl'iltiiHtrh, I' W,l' It in l/i, U It h'.l ill/ h It llniiiii/ mill `4 It I'll nhi I1'"1 I'l/I'll;l'ill #.( | huibi iijt- lii Hu-' gM/d mi y tun hi III)*, l/'l: IlflU um. TtP'krr, It, K., *tnl It, (|. ('rnliluT, I 'I/O. 11mul bonk of Toxicity t>( I'rsliiidra to WiliKift. U. S. Drill. n( Interior, llurruu nf Sport Flslieriet and Wildlife Resource* Publlcnlion No. IM. Ysrltnff, A., I). Firestone, D. Hanes, W. Horwlii, ft. Friedman and S. Ncsbeim, 1961. Studies of the chick edema (sclor. H. Isolation of toxic substance. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soe. II: 60-61. Fymigation and Reuse of Broiler Litter* ; Ernest Ross and Allen Y. Miyaiiaha* Pepafhptnt ej Animal Solenets, University o{ Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96SU (RcctNcd (or publicMlon J>trn!>cf II, 1970) THE periodic scarcity of conventional thyl bYomldc, In a controlled laboratory litter materials 1$ a matter of Increas study and under "semi-field conditions" ing concent to $roi!er producers in matnhyey rejrorted that methyl bromide killed parts of the country. In areas where the Aspergillus jumigalus on agar, Ascaridia problem has jtefcn especially acute some ' galls eggs and Eimcna Icitcllo oocysts in a poullrymcn haVe resorted to reusing the lit small amount of water when used at the ter for 2 or mo(e jaroods. rate of 1 cc. per quart of space or 1 pound Although Kennard and Chamberlin per 100 square feet of floor space, (19-17, 1948a, j), 1949, 1951) have demon Klcpscr cl al. (1962) fumigated two strated the effieciivcncss of built-up litter broiler houses under field conditions at the pathologists arid. poullrymcn are still con rate of 1/2 and 1 Jb. of methyl bromide |>cr cerned about ttye possibility of perpetuating 100 square feel of floor space. Test dishes disease organtynjs to succeeding broods. , distributed in the litter showed good con- The use of a sqil fumigant, methyl bro trol of E. uccatrix and variable results tvilh mide, by Andrews el al, (194J) and Boncy A scat Is sunns ova. They also retried no (1948) for con|r<j>l of coccidia and interme significant mortality among chicks placed diate hosts of jtojne internal parasites sug on the fumigated litter within a few hours gested to Edgaf and King (1955) (he pos following termination of the fumigation jx** sibility of sterilisjng poultry litter with mc riod. Their preliminary report, however, did not contain dnta on the subsequent per- ' Journal Scrim, h)o. Il>8 of the Hawaii Agri formance of these chicks, cultural l`,x(>crtmrfU Station. \' The pur|>osc of this study, therefore, 'State Depart,nc|il of Agriculture, Honolulu, . to determine the effect of methyl brontlile Hawaii 96AI4. Present addreM: Department o( Animal Science*, ynlverrtty of Hawaii, Honolulu, fumigation of reused litter on chick growih, Hawaii 90811, feed conversion and mortality. . j , j i ; j | * < ? : ;t ' ' ; ` MAtim,! Irlftft ,, 1 fi'iil-i. Him nth I lull' fllim i,| A )>ii limiiMfy 11 wood shaving, |,| week, in order I reuse. The reuse,.! was being used /! each succeeding i| use. Thus, the nl the sixth trial ha>| It* 7th use) and || addition, received | Tens were ramhf to each treatment I The pens assigned I of necessity, remail the experiment, wht |>ens were reassign,! One hundred ,{ chicks were started l' trials, they were p| mi top of the litter I aluminum or card! inches high. In th<| were placed direct)! sturt of each trial, | term and one chic? w-ed |r pen. After I were expanded and I "lie iiulomatic water llriKuling was done vl l-roiKlers, at the rail pen, . f \ll chicks used w,| f-ied broiler chicks obi1 rte, led commercial if "'eiv<(| regular broil Nirnd commercial ftl *') "Me (rial all chick! ftti hiry and all rcc,| -'<ui.d feed, Trial, !".uion; trial, 4 0I1, ?<n the chicks were '' I t, when they were . * i DSU 029341 STLCOPCB4013303