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330 NOTES TO PAGES 185-87 42. Lickint first uses the term "Passivrauchen" in his 1936 Tabakgenuss und Gesundheit, p. 26, though his 1935 article in the Miinchener medizinische Wochenschrift notes that three of the seven women in his lung cancer series had lived in "smoke-saturated rooms" fouled by their smoking husbands ("Der Bronchialkrebs der Raucher," vol. 82, pp. 1233-34). Tobacco critics prior to this time had spoken about the dangers of "Aufenthalt in rauchigen Raumen" (e.g., Bejach, Die tabakgegnerische Bewegung, p. 11), and Frederick Hoffman in 1931 had speculated that female cancer of the lung might well stem from exposure to "air pollution" caused by "almost universal smoking habits"; see his "Can cer and Smoking Habits," p. 67. Lickint himself identified passive smoking with Julius Fink's concept of Nicotinismus innocentium; see Tabak und Organismus, p. 269. 43. Lickint, Tabakgenuss und Gesundheit, p. 85. Angel H. Roffo used Lickint's notion of cancers lining the Rauchstrasse in his "Krebserzeugende Tabakwirkung," Monatsschrift fur Krebsbekdmpfung 8 (1940): 97. 44. Fritz Lickint, Nazi party membership records. National Archives. In March of 1935 Lickint had had to resign as chairman of the Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner; he was replaced by Georg Boehncke; see "Bundes-Umschau," Deutscher Tabakgegner 17 (1935): 20. Lickint continued to write for the journal, however. 45. "Volksgesundheit und Genussgifte," Deutsches Arzteblatt 69 (1939): 196. 46. Georg Boehncke, Die gesetzlichen Grundlagen der Bekampfung des Tabakmissbrauches in Deutschland (Berlin: Wacht-Verlag, 1937), p. 12. 47. Heinrich Lottig, "Uber den Einfluss von Alkohol, Nikotin und Schlafmangel auf die Hdhenfestigkeit," Luftfahrtmedizinische Abhandlungen 13 (1938): 218-33. Otto Schmidt, director of the Danzig Academy's Gerichtsarztliches Institut, found elevated levels of carbon monoxide in the blood of smokers many hours after they had last smoked; see his "Der Kohlenoxydgehalt des Blutes bei Rauchem," Reichs-Gesundheitsblatt 4 (1940): 53-58. Schmidt also worried about indoor air pollution from other sources--the carbon monoxide threat to housewives from gas ovens, for example, and the similar threat posed by gas heaters; see his "Uber den Kohlenoxydgehalt des Blutes bei chronischer Kohlenoxydvergiftung," Volksgesundheit im Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreussen 1 (1939/40): 323-30. 48. "Berlin: Control of the Use of Alcohol and Tobacco," JAMA 113 (1939): 2163-64. 49. Rudolf Friedrich, "Deis Nicotin in der Atiologie und in der postoperativen Nachbehandlung der Ulcuskrankheit," Archiv Jur klinische Chirurgie 179 (1934): 9-28. 50. Karl E. Westphal and Hans Weselmann, "liber Nikotinschadigungen des Magens," Die Genussgifte 36 (1940): 1-12; also their Magenerkrankungen durch Tabakmissbrauch (Berlin: Reichsgesundheitsverlag, 1940). Compare Franz Reichert's opinion that deaths from stomach perforation (ulcer) were three times more common in men than in women owing to "the alarming increase of cigarette smoking"; see his Uber die Hdufigkeit von Krankheiten: Tuberkulose, Ulkuskrankheit und Krebs (Leipzig: Georg Thieme, 1941), p. 26. 51. Theodor Deneke of Hamburg claimed that 75 percent of all early-onset NOTES TO PAGES 187-92 331 angina, and half of all late-onset angina, could be attributed to tobacco; see his "Tabak und Angina pectoris," Zeitschriftfurarztliche Fortbildung 33 (1936): 57376; H. Reindell and R. Winterer, "Untersuchungsergebnisse fiber die Wirkung des Rauchens auf den Kreislauf," Die Tabakfrage 24 (1942): 84-88. 52. Walther Kittel, "Hygiene des Rauchens," in Wehrhygiene, ed. Siegfried Handloser and Wilhelm Hoffmann (Berlin: Springer, 1944), p. 242; Paul Laurentius, "Uber Herzschaden durch Tabakmissbrauch bei Wehrmachtangehorigen," Der Deutsche Militararzt 11 (1941): 633-40. 53. Alfred Goedel, "Kriegspathologische Beitrage," in Kriegschirurgie, ed. Arnold Zimmer (Vienna: Franz Deuticke, 1944), 1:45 and 51-52. The volume was part of the series Wehrmedizin: Kriegserfahrungen 1939-1943, edited by Zimmer. 54. Boehncke, Die gesetzlichen Grundlagen, p. 6. 55. Werner Htittig, "Der Einfluss der Genussgifte auf das Erbgut und seine Entwicklung (Alkohol, Nikotin)," Offentlicher Gesundheitsdienst 1 (1935): 171. 56. Paul Bernhard, "Uber die Ursachen der Sterilitat der Frau," Zentralblatt fiir Gynakologie 67 (1943): 793; also his Der Einfluss der Tabakgifte auf die Gesund heit und die Fruchtbarkeit der Frau (Jena: G. Fischer, 1943). 57. Agnes Bluhm, Die rassenhygienischen Aufgaben des weiblichen Arztes (Ber lin: A. Metzner, 1936). 58. Kitzing, Erziehung, pp. 225-26; the proposal was by D(esire?) Demeaux. 59. Boehncke, "Tabak und Volksgesundheit," p. 627. 60. George Boehncke in 1939 asserted that "there is no doubt that a large proportion of both smokers and chewers of tobacco should be regarded as addicted (tabaksuchtig)"; see his Die Bedeutung der Tabakfrage fur das deutsche Volk (Berlin: Reichsausschuss ftir Volksgesundheitsdienst, 1939), p. 14. Leo nardo Conti in 1939 affirmed that alcohol and nicotine, like morphine and opium, cause "a chronic addiction"; see his Zur Griindung der Reichsstelle gegen die Alkohol- und Tabakgefahren (Berlin: Reichsgesundheitsverlag, 1939), p. 3. Nicotine addiction (Nikotinsucht) in at least one case was blamed for the com mission of a murder; see "Aus dem Gerichtssaal," Reine Luft 20 (1938): 48. 61. Irmgard Hanselmann, Zigaretten, Arzteschaft und Sucht im Spannungsfeld von Politik und Krieg (1900-1950) (Tfibingen: Med. diss., 1991), pp. 49-118. 62. Boehncke, Die gesetzlichen Grundlagen, p. 4. 63. "Kleine Mitteilungen," Vertrauensarzt 9 (1941): 128. The office in ques tion was the Reichsmeldestelle ftir Suchtgiftbekampfung. 64. Kittel, "Hygiene des Rauchens," p. 243. 65. Cited in William B. McAllister, A Limited Enterprise: The History of Inter national Efforts to Control Drugs in the Twentieth Century (Ph.D. diss.. University of Virginia, 1996), p. 214. 66. Angel H. Roffo, "Dutch Tabak beim Kaninchen entwickeltes Cardnom," Zeitschrift fur Krebsforschung 33 (1931): 321-32; also his "Der Tabak als Krebserzeugendes Agens," Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift 63 (1937): 1267-71, and his "Krebserzeugende Tabakwirkung," pp. 97-102. T. Chikamatsu, about the same time as Roffo, demonstrated the carcinogenic agency of tobacco tars in experimental animals; see his "Ktinstliche Erzeugung des Krebses durch Tabakteer bei Kaninchen und Maus," Transactions of the Japanese Pathology Society