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Toxicological Summary PFOS Dietary Chronic Definitive Reproductive Study: Mallard Test Substance: Perfluorooctancsulfonate (POS) Structure: 1-Octanesulfonic acid, 1,1,2.2,3,3,44,5,5.6,6,1,7,8.8.8-heptadecafluoro, potassium salt. CAS# 2795-39-3. Test Remarks: The test substance known as FC-95. is a The white sample powder (3M Lot was stored under #217), and is also ambicnt conditions and purity was determined to be 86.9% by LC/MS, "H-NMR, and elemental analysis techniques. METHODS Method: OECD 206, FIFRA Subdivision E., Section 71-4, and ASTM Standard E1062- 86 Type: Dietary Reproduction Year: 2001 in-life phase, 2002-2003 analytical phase, Final report in 2003 Species: Mallard (Anasplatyrhynchos) Experimental Design: Adult of0, 10, 50, or 150 ppm in mallards were the dict over a exposed period to of PFOS at nominal approximately 21 concentrations weeks. Each 4treeaxttmreantpaiarnsd ocfontmraolllagrrdosupwecroentmaaiinnetdai1n6epdaipresroftrmeaaltlmaerndts,aondneupsacidrpfeorr pbelno.odIcnoaldldeicttiioonn, dnoutriunsgetdhetotesats.seTshsermeaprloldaurcdtipoani.rs Dthuaet wteoreoveurstedsifgornsbloofodtocxoilclietcytinoontedduraitngthtehe1t5es0t pweprme treatment treatment group group by Week was then 3, the weatment level terminated at Week 5. was reduced to 20 ppm. The 50 ppm treatment The 150/20 ppm was terminated at sWiegenskof7,taolxsicoidtyueortaobonvoerrmtasligbneshoavfitoorx.iciBtoy.dy AwleligahdtusltwmearlelamredassuwreerdeaotbWseerevkesd2d,a4i,ly6,fo8r, `and at from study termination. the extra pair of Feed adult consumption mallards ot was measured weekly. five-week intervals. At Blood the was time collected of adult termination, blood analysis, excluding sampies mallards were from collected the 150/20 from ppm all surviving mallards for chemical treatment groups. All mallards, except for those from gross necropsy the at 50 and 150/20 ppm study termination. tArteatthmeenttimgerooufpsth,ewneerceroepustyh,antiizsseudesanwderseubcjoelclteecdtetdo for histopathological examination and analyses. `Adult Once mallards were egg production brought into reproductive was initiated, eggs were phase by photostimulation at weekly placed into sets for Week 11. incubation. Eggs were candied and developmental stage and abnormalities were recorded for cach 1 COLE seemt.bryRoevpiraobdiluictty,ivheatechnadbpioliinyt,saenvdalhuaattcehldindgurhienalgththaendstsuurdvyivailn.clAudfetde:r hactgcgh_ipnrgo,dumcatliloanr,d wcheirceksdewteerremifneedd.unPtrrieoartetdo diet for 14 cuthanasia days. of the At last tghreouepndofofoftfhseprsitnugdy(,LocthiJc),k body blood weights samples were collected from chemical analysis. 10 In chicks from both addition, tissues the control were also and 10 ppm treatment collected from these groups chicks for for histopathological examination all necropsicd mallards, and and the chemical analysis. liver samples were Liver weights ware recorded for collected for chemical analysis. a`Sdaimppolseestwisesruee,aalnsod tBaukresnaoofftFhaebrliivceiru,sbfroarinh,isktiodpnaetyh,olgoogniacda,l perxoavmeinntaritciuolnusf,rogamlladbullatddaenrd, offspring mallards. , Test Bird Age: Adult mallards were 24 weeksof age at test initiation aNnudmbfeemraloef pReerplpiecna.tesI:nTahdedriteiowna,s41p6aiprasirooffmaadlullatrdmsalwlaerrdes mpaeirnttraeiantemdenpterwittrheaotnmeenmtalase partof a blood monitoring study. Feed study and Water: to both adult Food and water were mallards and offspring. prFoeveiddecdonsaudmpltiibiotnumwadsurmienagsualrledphoanscees of the aweek ona per pen basis Analytical Sera, and cMogngitcoormipnogn:enCotnscenwterraetiodnesteorfmiPnFeOdS biyn feed, red blood cells, reverse-phase HPLC liver and tissue mass Spectrometry. Egg components were separated using a method characterized by Bemardt `and Cook (1960) and Stifani ef a. (1990). Statistical Methods: Upon was performed to evaluate completion of the study, an analysis of significant differences between treatment variance groups. (ANOVA) Dunnett's `multiple controls comparison procedure (Dunnett, 1955; 1964). was The used to sample ucnoimtpsawreerePFthOeSintdrievaitdmueanlt groups with the pens within cach btirreda.tmSetnattigsrtiocuapl,aenxacleypstesfoorfabdoudlty bwoeidgyhtwseiwgehrtes cwohnedruecttehed ssaepmaprlaeteulnyitfowramsaltheeainnddifveimdaualle bobwhite quails. method following Percentage data (reproduction data) were examined using Dunnett's arcsine square root transformation. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using Software package Avian Reproduction developed by Wildlife Data System (ARDS) Intemational, Lid. Software, a validated Average basis and Daily Intake did not take (ADI) of PFOS for each treatment group into account potential differences between was male estimated on and females a pen within etxhepopseun.re dFuereadticoononsfumthpetisotnudaynadndadtuhlet AmDalIlawradsbcoadlycuwlaetiegdhtasdfaotlalwowesre averaged over the ADI ((mgke.mh bodybody weighigh t day)+609) =AAeverrage"FFAoovooedrdaCgCoeonBnssouudnmpyptlwiieooingnhgg{BEfeEeddvBi)rdE_+2d5a9y)) ay ((popomm prPOS 2 601s Tweasst uDsieedt fPorrepwaereaktliyonp:reTphareattiesotndoifctsthweefrienalprdeipeat.reHdobmyogmeinxeiintgyPoFfOtSheinttesotasupbrsetmainxcethiant the diet was evaluated throughout the study. RESULTS: Measured Concentrations of PFOS treatment, feed samples PFOS in the were collected Diet: and To verify analyzed. the concentrations in the The means and standard dPeFvOiaStiwoanss ostfabtlhee atensdt ddiidetnsoatrdeeggirvaedne (dTuarbilneg t1h).e sAtnudayl.yses of the diet also confirmed that "Table 1. Mean and standard deviation concentrations of PROS in the mallard diet. Nominal PFOS Measured PFOS Coefficient Percentofthe Concentration (ppm) Concentration of Variation Nominal ppm) (%) Concentration Control (0) 10 <L0Q 10240553 544 102 20 50 2082214 103 5094204 401 104 102 TRT iG150meoce16b1m4e1s5m6 mmv9.6e6 rve10m8 h L0Q indicates mit ofquantitation (LOG 2.00 pp) Mortalities and in the control or Clinical 10 ppm Observations: No treatment groups. reament related No clinical signs mortalities were were observed at observed 10 ppm, owbistehrvtahteioenxscewpetrieondeotferfmoiotneldestioonbse atnredatomcecnats-iroenlaatledl.ameTnheess.appHeoawreavnecer,anndonbeehoavfitohresoef adult mallards of both sexes throughout the test were normal. Within the first 7 mortalities occurred weeks of the stuly, in the 50 ppm treatment three group. incidental and Within the fist ten treatment-related S weeks of the study, efxopuriritnrgeamtamlelnatr-drseleaxtheidbimtoerdtaolvietritessiogcncsourfrteodxicinittyhperi1or50t/o2d0eapthp.m Dtureeattometnhtesegrtoruepa.tmeTnhte- related Week effects, all remaining mallards in the 150720 ppm 5, and surviving mallards in the SO ppm treatment treatment were euthanized were euthanized at Week at 8. cSoiogrndsinoaftitoonx,icdietpyreatsstihoens,ethdionseasppienacrlaundceed, rleadcurciemdatiroena,ctcioonnvusltismiuolnis,, wlionwgerdrloiompb, rliogisdsitoyf, ruffled appearance, lower limb weakness, lethargy, and spasms. (BaNsOeAdEoCn)clwiansicadletseirgnmsinaenddtmoorbteal1it0y,ppthme wNhoilOebstehrevLaobwleesAtdvOebrsseervaEfbfleectACdovnecresnetrEaftfieocnt Concentration (LOAEC) was determined 50 pp. 3 Goa Adult effects Body Weight: Compared on body weight in the 10 tpopmconttrreoaltsm,entthergerowuepr(eTanboleap2p).areHnotwterveeart,mesntta-rrteilnagteatd Weck 2, mallards there was in the 50 marked and and 150/20 statistically significant ppm treatment groups. rBedauscetdioonninthbeosedyefwfeecitgshtonamboondgy. weight, the LOAEC was determined to be 50 ppm while the NOAEC was determined to be 10 ppm. mFaeleldarCdosnsinumtphteio1n0:orTh5e0repwpemretrneoattmreenattsmewnth-ernelactoemdpeafrfeedctstoonthfeeecdonctoronlssum(pTtaibolne for 2). wHaowseovbesre,rvsetadrtiinngmailnlaWredes kfsro1m atnhed 12,50a/2t0repaptmmenttr-eraetlmaetnetd. reduction in By Week 3, feed consumption some recovery in feed consumption consumption being was noted observed with a in the 150/20 ppm statistically significant inrease infeed treatment group. This recovery was likely due to result, the reduction of PFOS concentrations in the the LOAEC for feed consumption was feed 150 (from ppm 150 ppm to while the 20 ppm). NOAEC Asa was determined to be 50 ppm. Liver Weight: When were noted in the 10 compared to controls, no treatment ppm treatment group for either male related cffects on and female adult liver birds weight (Table 2). Based on these results, the NOAEC was determined to be 10 ppm. Table 2. Feed consumption, body and liver weight, and average daily intake (ADI) for adult mallards at study termination. * Treament ADI" "Average Feed Consumption ~~ Sex Body weight Liver weight (pm) Control (maheday) <LOQ (3 feedbirdday) 20553 M 11642600 29425386 FoOlSS+134 416541051 10 1480.19 193238 MFool14142s72112085 30604463 42211027 50 6364105 12245 MFoO798116%44714090 NAD 150 2094724 1940473 MFM__8181006*++7856 NA Vwailtuhesconrterovleannd51s0epapnmatnrdeaStmaenntdsasadmepvlieadtiatonWse_cokdy2a0.ndwhTivleertwheig5h0ts3rnds 1t5e0r72i0]pmpemstrrecmameenntt.s cWoenrteroSlaamnpdl1e0d patpmWegerkoup7saanndd W5,eereksp7ecatnivdelSy.for S0_Faencdd c1o5n0s2u0mppipomn, r(eFsCpe)ctdiavtealy.was for week 20 for ALD0IQfoavedireatgaerydaPlRyOSintcaoknece(nmteratPioFns wOasb2o.d0y0wpepimght per dy). + ANstAeriNsoktiapnpldicaibalec:siagnnotifsieacmasnptledirfefpeorretnedc.e from the control treatmentat p< 0.01 GrrcoatsmsePnatthreollaotgeyd:efNfeecctrsopisnythreesu1l0tspfpomr atllresautrmveinvtinggrofuempawlehsenincdoicmaptaerdetdhattotthheerecownetrroelsn.o However, incidence for males from the 10 ppm treatment, of small testes size (7 of 16 birds) when there was compared a to marked controls increase (2 of 16 in the birds) 4 Gadi that was treatment related. All other findings were considered incidental and not related to treatment. bHuirsstaopoafthFoalbroigcyi:usNwoereeffceocntssiidnertehde tlriveeart,meknitd-nreeyl,atberdaiinn, epirtohveerntardiuclutluosr,oaffdsipproisnegtmisaslulea,rdosr fforuorm ttrheeat1e0dp(4potfrea7t)mebnitr.ds Ienxhmiablietemdaldleacrrdesawsietdh sspmearlmlatteosgteesn,esoinse cchoanrtarcolte(r1izoefd 2b)yanad reduction tubules. Tinhteheotnhuemrbceorrtorrolabasnedncoenoeftmraetautredinbgi/rmdateuxrheibsipteerdmadteogzenoearaitnet/haetrsoepmhiynioffertohues sinemtihneifneurmobusertuobfulceeltlhaltaywearss cohfargaecrtmeirniazledebpiythaenliaubms.encIen oofthmeartubriredsspweirtmh arnedduacdeedcrteesatsies size, that spermatogenesis PFOS may have was normal accelerated as compared 10 control birds. post-reproductive regression, a These results suggest normal physiological process. Based on these effects, the LOAEC was determined to be 10 ppm. Reproduction: When significant differences incoanmypaorfetdhe1r0eptrhoeducctointvreolpargarmoeutpe,rsthfeorremawllearredsnion statistically the 10 ppm treatment. Based on these effects, the NOAEC was determined to be 10 ppm. oOfffhsaptrcihlnignGgsroowrt1h4:-dTahyeroeldwoefrfespnroinsgtastuisrtviicvaollrys siingntihfeic1a0ntpdpimffetrreenactemsenitn the body weight when compared to the controls. There were also no treatment-related effects on the mean liver weights of offspring from curl, weakened ctohnedi1t0iopn,pmfotorvelaetgmelenstiognrso,upa.nd sWlhuiglgeischlniensiscawleorbeseorbvsaetrivoends isnutchhe a1s0 npepcmk. treatment group, these isolated nature of the observations were not effects in both control acnodnsitdreeraetdmenttregartomuepnst.-relBataesdedduoen to the these. result, the NOAEC in offspring was determined to be 10 ppm. Concentrations of chemical analysis of PFOS blood in and Blood and Liver of liver samples showed Adult Mallards: that adult mallards Results in the of the 10 ppm treatment group termination, liver aacncdumsuclrautmedPFPOFSOScondceunrtirnagtiothnes isntumday.les fFurrotmhetrhmeor1e0, paptm tthreeatsmteundty swearmeeatprperaotxmiemnatteglryoutpim(Teasblgere3a)t.er tWhhainlethethmeeraeswuraesdacosnecxe-nstpreactiifoicnsdiinfffeermeanlcees ifnrotimsstuhee concentrations, the ratio of PFOS was similar, approximately 1.5 in for blood both serum sexes. to that in liver (S:L ratio) for both Since concentrations of PFOS sexes were measured only in mallards from the control and 10 ppm treatment, a quantitative relationship between PFOS exposure and liver or serum concentrations was not developed. 5 Couns Table 3. Liver and scrum PFOS concentrations in adult mallards at study termination * Treatment Tiver Cone Serum Conc. (ppm) Control Sex wg) M <LOQ" (g/ml) 0192039 10 F <L0Q M 609195 0.06% 0.04 8734123 Ory comralend 0 F ppm samples 108845 were analyzed fom Is dy. 166120 Allvalues sie Br1ep0orQ=tedoLniamiwtoetfwqeuaingthittabtaiosns;fo liver twas 0.02 - 00502 g/g while for serum twas 004-010 4g sMteuadsyuriendmiecnattedofthPatFOPSFOcSoncaecncturmautiloantsedininblmoaoldlacrodlsleicntebdotthhraoutgihmoeutantdheserexp-rdoedpuecntdieonnt `manner (Table 4). Table 4. Serum PFOS concentrations (g/mL) in adult mallards at various time points during the study. * Treatment Week (ppm) Sex 5 10 is Control M F <<QL0"Q t<oL0gQ <0<Q L0Q 10 MM Fo 935+265 769155 1252206 85.1392 138 18.0 930+3.10 Weeks Week 7 0 M 388 643 F 305 633 5CLo0mQe=nLrimoitnofwqeuapnteantieodn: LmOQewaasan0d.0a1 njdgamlr.deat. cBoyncWenetcrkati1o0n,sseixn-spmeaclifeicmdailflfaerrdesnceweirnesesriugmnifPiFcaOnStlycongcreenattreartitohnanbecthaomsee nootbasbeler.vedThien females. PFOS from Week 10 concentrations concentrations in to serum week of 15. femTahlees ddeeccrreeasaesedinbysearpupmrocxoinmcaetnetlryat8io5n%s cmoailnlcairddesdwweirtehptahretitoinosneitngofPFthOeSegignt-olacygignsg dpuhraisneg itnhethreepsrtoudduyctainvdelyinadcitciavteespthhaastefoefmatlhee Study. In contrast, concentration by Weck male serum 10 and did not concentrations reached statistically differ for the an apparent saturation remainder of the study. cCoolnlceecntterdaattioenaschosfamPpFliOnSg twiemree(Taalbsloe 3m)e. asured in red blood cells of blood samples 6 60x Table 5. Red blood cell PFOS concentrations (g/mL) in adult mallards at various time points during the study. * Treatment (ppm) Sex 5 Week 10 is Control TMM <T0Q <10Q <10Q F <L0Q <L0Q <10Q 10 MFo 2154788 1415490 210885 396%251 58.6443 3804394 Week 5 Week 7 _ 30 MF 601s6 274 an TFLFOQS coLnicmeinttorfaqtuiaonntsitaaetiroenp;oLneOdQ3wamsea0.n0s1amndgw.end devon . Overall, the measured in concentration of PFOS in red blood cells. However, serum was the relative greater than concentrations of PFOS volumes of serum and red blood cells in whole PFOS in blood blood were could not not given in the analytical be conducted and the report. As partitioning a result, a mass balance of of PFOS between sera and RbeBtCweewnassenroutm eavnadluraetdedb.looFdurctelhlerPmForOeS, ctohnecreentrwaetrieonss.ex-AstpeWceifeikc d5i,fmfearleencseesruombsePrFvOeSd concentrations were approximately 5fold greater than red blood cell concentrations while for females this difference was approximately 1.9-fold "The trend observed in for PFOS concentration red scrum concentrations. blood cells throughout the Sex-specific differences study in red was similar blood cell to that PFOS concentrations were than those measured apparent by Week 15 with in female from the same the concentrations in treatment group. By males Week being greater 15, male red blood cell PFOS concentrations were approximately 15-fold greater than those measured in females. This trend agreed with serum PFOS concentrations measured in these mallards. CaonndcleinvterrastaimopnlsesoffrPoFmOjSuveinnilBelomoadllaarndds LiinvdiecraotfedJutvhaetniPlFeOMSalwlaasrdprse:seAnntaliynsitsheobfirsdesru1m2 wpepemkstrpeoasttm-heanttchg.roTuhpeoPveFrOSthactonmceeantsruarteidonisn in both liver the control and serum group, but increased were less in the 10 than the concentrations measured in adult mallards from the same treatments (Table 6). Unlike adult mallards, no sex specific differences were observed in either liver or serum PFOS concentrations. 7 COLI Tmaalbllaerds6.*Liver and serum PFOS concentration in 2 week old juvenile Treatment Tiver Conc. Serum Con. Co(nptprmo)l SeTMMx <(Lng0/Qg) 0.0(6u8g/%ml0).057 F <LOQ <L0Q 10 M 3174130 44140931 F 361126 4972112 C1on0ce0mraliesosntshaonslmimeiat oafnqduaSnaintdautridondfeovriaitivonrs.(5D0ansggaen/dnsgserw)uemr w(10e0 ng) TchelomwalteheseLrOuQm a(v1-e2r)a.ge (v3)was calculated sing the LOQ where samples were `The ratio of PFOS concentrations in serum to that in liver in both male and female juvenile mallards averaged 1.40. This value was similar to that observed in adult mallards. Concentrations of PFOS in Egg Components: Concentrations of PFOS in egg yolk were measured in eggs collected from the control and 10 ppm treatments. Eggs were tserleeacttmeedntfgrroomup.WeeYoklsk 19, 20, (whole) and 21 and yolks were separated and composited composites were then analyzed for PFOS (Table 7). by In addition, to better understand the distribution of PFOS in the egg yolk, yolk composites from the 10 ppm treatment were also fractionated into 3 components, Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), phosvitin, and lipovitellin. PFOS concentrations were then determined in cach yolk faction (Table 7). `Table 7. Egg yolk and yolk component PFOS concentrations (g/g) in mallard eggs collected during Weeks 19-21 of the study. Treatment PFOS Concentration (ppm) Yolk Fraction g/m) Control Yolk-Whole <LOQ 10 Yolk-Whole 5284058 Yolk- VLDL, 422050 Yolk-Lipoprotein 8870057 `Yolk-Phosvitin 3.590014 "Rowpurelcissiovn eofnthaespmreeapanrsatnidon saannddainradlydseivsioaftdiuopnlsiocnastesweftorwtehieghstambaeviu.niTqhuee sSaamnpdlaer,dadncevgiactoimonpoesxpirteesses B Thelimitofquantaton (LOQ)was 10 pg/ml Results indicated that at 10 ppm, there was a significant accumulation of PFOS into gg yolks from the adult hens as compared to controls. No PFOS was quantified in control gineadyuolltksf.emTahleesraattiowoefekthe21cowncaesnt3r.a1t.ionTohfe PFOS ratio in the egg egg yolk t yolk to adult that in female blood liver serum PFOS. concentrations at weck 21 was approximately 4.8. The greatest concentration of PFOS in 8 Coats the yolk was associated with the VLDL fraction (approximately 77%) followed by lipovitellin and phosvitin. (CONCLUSIONS: 1M0a.l2l1arwdesekwse.re eDxupeosteodstiognPsFoOfSoavterdtiettoaxriycictoyn,ceandturltatmioanlslaorfd0s,in10t,h5e05a0ndan1d5015p0p/m20foprpump treatments were terminated at the end of7 and 5 weeks, respectively. When compared to ocobnsterrovlse,d wnohenPFOaSdu-lrtelmaatleldardesffewcetrse ofnedad1u0ltppbmodyin wteheigfhetedor(Tafbelede consumption were 8). In adult males, there was an increase in the incilence of small testes size and decreased spermatogenesis at 10 ppm (Table 8). Thus, while carly post-reproductive phase regression is a normal physiological phenomenon in birds, PFOS may have accelerated this process when compared to untreated birds. Finally, there were no treatment-related reductions in fertility, hatchability or offspring health or survival in the 10 ppm treatment. Based on mthaelslearcdfsfeactnsd, othfefspNroingObwsaersvadbelteerAmdivneerdseto Ebfefec1t0Copnpcmentwrhaitlieonth(e NLOoAwEesCt) for female Observable Adverse Effect Concentration (LOAEC) for male mallards was determined to be 10 ppm (Table 8). PFOS concentrations associated with the No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) and juvenile tissues aLroewsesutmmaOrbsiezrevdabinleTabAldeve9.rse Effect Level (LOAEL) in both adult and `iTnaablcehr8o.nMiceasstuurdeymweintth emnadlploairndstsaannddthaesisrocoiffastperdindgi.et*ary NOAEC and LOAEC values for PFOS Endpoint Dietary NmOAEC Dietary Lm)OAEC ADULT Mortality 10 50 Body weight 10 50 Feed consumption 50 150 Liver weight 10 Gross pathology Male<s 10 Males = 10 Females = 10 Females = 50 Histopathology 10 Reproductive: 10 OFFSPRING 14-day survivability 10 Hatchling/juvenile body weight 10 TJOuvAeEnCilwealsivbearsewdeainghetrased Terence ofsmall 1c 3nd1d0ecreased spermiogenesis adil les rom he w1e0tpwpemigthrteabtamsenst: both atribute to carly post reproductive phase regression. All concentrations reported on a 9 GOAN cTharbolneic9.diNcOtaAryEsLtuadnydwLitOhAPEFLOSv.alues in various matrices in adult and offspring mallards in a Measures of PFOS Exposure * NOAEL _LOAEL ADULT MALES Dose (ppm) 0 ADI (mg PFOS/kg body weighteday)over 21-weck period 1.49 Serum (jg PFOS/mL) at study termination (21-weeks) 873 Liver (ug PFOS/g) at study termination (21-wecks) 09 ADULT FEMALES DAoDsIe((mpgpmP)FOS/kg body weighteday) over 21-week period 11409 SSeerruumm ((iigg PPFFOOSS//mmLL)) aatt psrteu-dryetperromdiuncattiivoenp(h2a1s-ew(e5e-kwse)eks) 716696 Liver (ug PFOS/g) at study termination (21-weeks) 108 OFFSPRING Yolk (ug PFOS/mL) 7 LSievreurm((uuggPPFFOOSS//gm)L)' 43.6399 TCoOnRceEnLirwaatisonbsasreepdoorntecdarolny powsetsrweepirgohdtucbiavseiphase regression nau male from te 10 py treatment AT N"omeaasnudreLdowiesfsfueecvavlauelsu.e fo dict nd ADI ar based on dietary concentration. Serum and live effect values ae Offspring iver and serum LOAEL values ar averagesoffemale andmale concentrations. DATA QUALITY: Reliability: Klimish ranking = | REFERNCES: Bemardt and Cook. 1960. BBA 44: 86-96. Decker, ER, Flaherty, JM. 2003. Analysisofperfluorooctane sulfonate in mallard and quail ege yolk. Exyeen Report No. 023-070. Dunnett, C.W. 1955. A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control. JAmer. Stas. Assoc. 50: 1096-1121 4Du8n2n-e4t9t1, C.W. 1964. New tables for multiple comparisons witha control. Biometrics 20: Gsatluldaygwhiert,h mSaPll,arVdsa.n HFionvaelnr,epRorLt., WBiealvdeirfse, IJn.tBe,rnaJtaiboenra,l,M.Li2.0,03P.rojPecFtOSNo:.A45r4e-p1r0o9d.uction 10 Cots Gallagher, S. 2003. Extraction of Potassium Perfluoroocatnesulfonate from Red Blood Cells and Serum for Analysis using HPLC-Electrospray/Mass Spectrometry. Exygen Research, Exygen Study Number 023-066. Reagen, WK. 2002. Analysis of Perfluorooctanesulfonate in Mallard and Quail Egg. Yolk. Exygen Research. Exygen Report No. 023-070. Stevenson, L.A. 2003. Analytical phase report for PFOS: A reproduction study with the mallard. 3M Environmental Laboratory Study No. EO1-1256. Stifani, S., Nimpt, J, Schneider, W.J. 1990. Vitellogenesis in Xenopus laevis and chicken ~ cognate ligands and oocyte receptors-the lipovitellin-L. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 882-888. binding site for vitellogenin is located on Wildlife Intemational, Ltd. 1994. Avian Reproductive Data System (ARDS), Version 2. OTHER Last changed: 5/05/04 n GOABHE