Document rBZZoO8k01xq6a3e1Y5q2R847

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1931 Oct DOC#: NSC235 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of the NSC - 20th Annual Safety Congress 93 TRANSACTIONS OF THE National Safety Council Incorporated TWENTIETH ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS Chicago October 12 to October 16, 1931 The Hotel Stevens Cotyrit)'!, W32, Xational Safely Caunrii. I in 9 31 47 c. w. 63 J. 1. H x n v h \ }, K. i m ! \ h . ` 1.1 Ti i ni- 87 Kim AHI, i i ' \ S. \ :V. I .v . 123 lli.WAhl- it i s, \ J'..- ISl G. l i n , - ' . 1" n i \ i; >' i ' tv . Jol l . v Ir i t>Mi. \ u t' i 'i -,u l n .". 215 A urin x M- ioni-:, ir >.l'nvK 237 A. W. Wini'-EV, Vice 'tv-vien 253 Dit. A. WiNSiins, \ RV-l'ri Wii-i. ( iK'i'hk. Treasurer. 297 \\ li. t. s.Mfkt'N, Mana^'iiu: iHreiior and Secretar 301 333 E X E C U T IV E C O M M IT T E E (1931-1932) 365 M. s G k.xmav Jx,. l.eluyli \ alley Safety ( umici.!. 409 W m . 1 Axirfcv. Saie! y l tu `un. Milwaukee 473 G. i> A 1 si l 'a-l l'n.-'iilent 557 1. I l ss -ui Si' i -uhnu' Knyiimu 601 i-'ns -i \\ lil-. i,. l'nitoi Nah -, Kg: Ut l.- : 645 t" \ \ Hi RO.n t v , W u l m i ! t. ' . V' t il n 1.11 'O': \\ . li 1 \ ,,i ma! K A . t st Sv11; `a-! i'rt ,i K' !;*. ` sv.i . A v v i l i s:i t s ; - -, t i : 11 ~u .vi - ' 'A : . M i . ' v i - - H. I:' (, } k>--. M v i , y. ! i,/ e M. S. A< KrjM an, J r.. Kiimkrt C A mikrnos, Safety Division. Dayton Chamber of Commerce. W m . F. Arokkn. Safety Division. Milwaukee Association of Commerce Hr.nest A i m sit s, Chillieotbe Safety Council. J amks H. Bakkk. Hudson Comity Safety Council. J. I. H an ash. Consult injt Knpineer. R. C Barr. Wisxlworkiuc & l.timl*er Manufacturing Section. Kr s Ks T W . Hiu k. I 'n ite d S l a te s R u b b e r I u m p a n y . C. W. Bir.ayi i-r. Western Kleetriv Conijiany. D avi n S. iU.viK, Fiber! > Mumal Insuranee Corrijiai Dr. R. ( I l m u M u . Fastlcis Sale!' ( urteil. H F. fit. a s k . j >>nes ii Faughlm Steel <'orporatieti W. R BoVlv Jr . American i 'e.r-i-urn Institute. N'orm a s C a h . Ricnnio nd SaUty i. * \V. H C \ mfrov Nano tta! S:* i \ ( < in. Rohirt 1 i, vr i i s , Aetra 1, \ \ r : Instirui.i * i. i ni|>,tni. r. v CoI '.I'M \ St. 1 idi ts Sa H`t i ! i '-'-M i :i H vrri J >. i i n , S a n :s ! 31s ii*;ii, >yr,ii -:m * is*n; C. 3 t C Cm led S 'iitc> Stfr 1 < i ;rjj*' t*r j?. A H Ci i , il i i y M i n n r S imtn n. Dr. R i >:Ml ! i AKI',. i h:M I'll:?, .'j*c \ t'C1*i \ \ m 1 .s I'llt Ste-.CU- 1i 'i'tc!. , F l h-s. V. , . ,r: i i > ; i it: tv i .i( ... ' 1 F t 1 . ; !M V ii CV r*i 'V ci ' .-' .if'- ' F,m om ['1* fv : !m . .it- . K.r1 . . i V 1" . ; : t OR" X f A ... ' . , 1 - - h lU . : v -i . > \ K ! ', , s h . i1 " ' t : Oficers md Directors C 1C. It e n i B , Automotive A Machine Shop Section. Jam m B. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas W orks Company. Ma k o s A. Dow, Delivery, Taxicab A Bos Section. Da. Louts I. Dv u k , M etropolitan Life Insurance Company. F . L. D uggan, W estern Pennsylvania Safety Council. Fumuuc W. Easton, BMckstone Valley Safety Council Esw/ iBO R. Foont, Employees' Publication Section. H asvsv E u a n , Armour A Company. I. B. F inkelstein, Delaware Safety Council. Howass B. Fonka, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U . S. A .) Inc. Rscbasb R. F o a m , New Orleans Safety Council Sam Ganz, Kansas City Safety Council J amss Gill, Hasehon Safety Council P. H . Glatpeltee, York County Safety Council Ebnest P. GoooaicH, Consulting Engineer. W. J. Geaves, Power Press Section. J. F. Gbeen, Madison County Safety Council Hasuy Guilkkt, The Pullman Company. I saiah H als, The Atchison, Topeka A Santa Fe Railway Company. D. T. Habeington, U. S. Bureau of Mines. E. M. H einsblman, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce. G. T. Hellmuth, Chicago, N orth Shore & Milwaukee R. R. Co. Chas. E. H ill, New York Central Lines. C. L. H ungebford, Rubber Section. John S. H untkb, Marine Section. H asey D. I mmel, Pennsylvania Department of Labor & Industry. J. Bbook J ackson, General Motors Corporation. John P airs J ackson, New York Edison Company. A. B. Jennings, Newark Safety Council. Dana E Jones, Manufacturers Association of Erie. Ia V. Ketneb, Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company. Feank J. L akakan, Fort Pitt Malleable Iron Companv. F. A. L auebman, Metals Section. R. M. L ittle, New York Department of Education Da. M. G. Lloyd. ASSE-Engineering Section. J. E Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation. H. W. Lormoe, Cleveland Safety Council. H. T. Mabtin. Fisk Rubber Company. P axton Mendelssohn, Detroit. R. B. Mowley, Industrial Accident Prevention Associations. Da. T. F. Mcbphy, Statistics Section. C. E. McBejde, Fort Wayne Safety Council. M illee McC lintock. Harvard University. T. H. McKenney, Illinois Steel Company. Roy McKenzie. Chattanooga Safety Council. A. D. McW hoeter. Safety Division, Memphis Chamber cf Commerce. J ohn A. O aetel, Carnegie Steel Company. E J. O'BtiEN, Louisville Safety Council. Gbokgx C. A. Opt. The Detroit Edison Company Lew R. P al web, Equitable Life Assurance Society W. E. P attebson, Etowah County Safety Council. C. E. P ettmoke. American Mutual Liability Insurance Company. E. F_ P lace. Textile Section. J. J. Plzax, Paper and Pulp Section. John P eince. Quarry Sector-. 6 Twentieth Congress--Notional Safety Council Cmas. EL R o n , Providence Safety Council. Sam uil H. Run, Electric Railway Section. H u n v A. K sxiwcu. Lehigh Portland Cement Company. Char. L. Rica, Chicago Safety Council. Da. A. l>. Kistsen, The Travelers Insurance Company. John R v s iiu , Ja^ Construction Section. G. . Sanfouh, General Electric Company. Charles L. Sawyeb, Toledo Safety Council. Hik iv G. S cK A inm , E rie Safety Council. Otto Schexk, W heeling Safety Council. Cu a iu s B. Scorr, Bureau of Safety. Zknos K. Sort, Superintendent of Public Schools, Springfield, Mass. L e a n t D. Seymour, United A ir Lines John S. Shaw, Chemical Section. C ur. John H. S u n i u u n , Massachusetts Safety Council. Da. L. A. Shovoy, Bethlehem Steel Corporation. John D. Shuabt, Springfield Safety Coum.il. Es .nf.st L. S imon os. New Haven Safety Council. Oliver T. Skellet, Safety Division, St. Pau. Association. Matthew S. Sloan, Brooklyn Safety Council. E. S. SraiNG. Lehigh Valley Transit Company. H. J. S pofjie*. Evanston Safety Council. George R. Stephens, The Safety Bureau, Buffalo- Chamber of Commerce. Ethelbebt S nw A tr. U. S. Bureau of i-abor Statistics. Lucius S. Stows, United Railways & Electric Company. W. A. S ullivan, Food Section. Alfred H. S wayne, Genera* Motors Corporation. John H. T avlob, Birmingham Safety Council. H enby D. T efft, Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section. T. R. T ennant, Hammond Safety Council. Abthi r M. Tone, Consulting Marine Engineer. Meble E. Tow neb. Baltimore Safety Council. \V. D. T ubbeville, San Antonio Safety Council. W illiam F. Veech, Rahway Safety Council. R ichard F. W agneb, Lynchburg Safety Council. V incent W akefield, Refrigeration Section. Robebt R. W allace, Worcester Safety Council. George H. W abff.l, Steam Railroad Section. Db. C. H. W atson. American Telephone & Telegraph Company. H arry M. W ebber, Illinois Bell Telephone Company. W. L. W hite, Jr, Cement Section. S. E. W hiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. A. W. W hitney, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. W. IL W inans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation. C. T. W inegar, Detroit Industrial Safety Council. Db. C.-E. A. W inslow. Vale .Medical School. J. M. Woltz, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. TWENTIETH ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL M arine Section Office 1930-31 Gemerai Chairman--John S. Hunte, The A tlantic Refining Company, Philadelphia, Pa. F ice-Choirman (In Charge o f Potters and Slides)--R o w r F. H ang, Standard Ship ping Company, New York City. Vice-Chairman (For the Pacifie Coast)-- BvnoN O. P ickard, Pacific American Steamship Association, San Francisco, Calif. Fiee-Chjirman (In Charge o f Publicity)--A arnua M. Tone. The Texas Company, New York City. Secretary ami News-Letter Editor--H arry- W. T ichenor, The Prudential Insurance Company, Newark, N. J. Chairmen Program Committee--C harles H . F lathers, Eastern Steamship Lines, Inc., Boston, Mass. Chairman Membership Committee--W. E. Stewaedson, Colombian Steamship Com pany, New York City. Chairman Research and Statistics Committee--Benjam in H. Self, Travelers In surance Company, New York City. Chairman Stevedoring Committee--Daniel J. Murphy, Murphy. Cook and Com pany, Philadelphia, Pa. Chairman Engineering Committee--F rank H. Cocan, The Delaware. Lackawanna and W estern Railroad Company, Hoboken, N. J. Executive Committee--T he O fficers and Capt. G. Bartlett, Cosmopolitan Shipping Company, Hoboken, X. J. George H. B ates, United Dry Docks, Inc., New York City. H. Beardsley, Standard Transportation Company, New York City. W m. L. Bunker. United States Lines Operations, Inc., New York City. Arthur R. Bu sh, Westfield, N. J. B. C. Edwards, Grace Line, Inc., New York City. F. P. Foisie, W aterfront Employers Association, Seattle, Wash. rank A. Fritz, T. Hogan & Sons, Inc., New York City. J ames A. Gibson, Luckenhach Steamship Company, New York City. F. C. Gregory, United States Employees' Compensation Commission, Washing ton, D. C. G. W. J ochem, American Fruit and S. S. Corp., New York City. Capt. W. P. K ain, Shipowners' Claims Bureau, New York City. W. A. K iggins, J r., A. H. Bull & Co., Inc., New York City. E llis K nowles, C. D. Mallory & Company, Inc., New York City. Capt. C. A. McAllister, American Bureau of Shipping. New York City. F. N. Melius, New York Central Railroad Company, New York City. Ewis L. S mith, Merritt-Chapman & Scott Corp., New York City. K enneth Stevens, Douglaston, Long Island, N. Y. C Story, J r., Cities Service Transportation Company. New York City. .[. W right, Export Steamship Corporation, New York City. J 141 O w A tf In tha qMpnz^apmtMaU!B aIanaandanu**sa^t^r*^yr * . L : <P **J of the subject, "Oezaiaf in the fasti only wMi send Masting methods a n famfliy wltii (he fact that some time ago, namely ____ n fato of fte National Safety Cooncfl aadwriaed the ;fll a MMriUM to toguin iato theproblem of mad blasting in the metal MWHpovcnd to inquire into tte fapoftancz of the peoMcm Wanting hazards in die Uafad Stales and the desirability of the Nations! a study of this arobtwa. In complying with tide resolution dm joint spoazonhlp of dm ftnglnsiring and HezMt Sections, a Sand MM KpK Of tlO HiHIW.fl Of! W COwIfniTOC Tha isat fasstion era tried to answer was, "Does a health hazard exist in general sand blasting opantioaar A a i saooodl "If each a hazard exists, what is the general extent of dm hazard and, if poerible, what b a rough approximation of the persons exposed to such a hazard?" Aad dm Caal question "Does tfab oommittee consider the problam of such importance that the Nations! Safety Coondi shoold engage in a study of dm problem as a whole?" This rommilt after several meetings arrived at an answer to these questions and 1 shotod Him to briedy read the opinion of tins committee to you. "It is dm committee's opinion that wherever sand blasting is conducted a potential silicosis hazard exist* and that in most cases weaker* are exposed to the inhalation of silica Asst to a greater or lesser degree depending on the duration of their exposure and the type of process which might, under certain conditions, be injurious to health." For the second question, a stody of silicosis, the committee frit that the National Safety Council was not justified in making a study of the problem of silicosis as such. In South Africa, in Australia and in this country by tiie United States Bureau of Mines at Jopim, Missouri, and by dm United States Public Health Sen-ice at other places, considerable data has been accumulated on the production of silicosis and fibrosis from silica dust and it was the feeling of that committee that the National Safety Council would not be justified in studying this problem of silicosis again. Bui tiw couuuittci did fed that the problem of sand Wasting was of very g reat importance mid that it was justified in recommending to the National Safety Council that a study of sand blasting as a hazard in the crated States be made. Then, as a ra n k of that recommendation, a rather large committee was formed tor the study of sand blasting as a hazard in the Crated States but I won t hire you with a fa t of its members but 1 would like to point out the agencies represented There were three men tram unrverstries. several industrial physicians, several safety own, tu n representatives of insurance interests, three representatives of government agencies, twu representatives of the state departments of labor and of health, three representatives of health and medical organizations. two representatives of mdu>ir>. I't'iii i ' t " from each of four large organizations making sand blasting equip ment. ene represemature of fan nod Mower compand*, representatives from three -raitr organizations and three additional representatives from the National Salt's Ci Canned niT 1n g from the Metals Sect:, the Foundry Sect, and the Steam Railroad Section. .few. a was *hought that this large ceanmittee might do fUstice to ail of those pen a na interested in sand biasing and every effort was made to get their .v- i-h she sufeect and get a contrUmtioa iram them in the way i niormatsor. which m-.-/ .t help the .citimusmn!' tit its ark. The got its funds frost the National Safety (.otjrwil if forget 142 Twentieth Congress--Nattoned Safety CotmcU modi w u set tide but I think H w u either five or *ix thowand dollart, I am not dear on that at the momoat). There was no one svsilabe to conduct die research at that time so the United States Public Health Service generously donated the services at Mr. Bloomfield, one of the sanitary engineers who has had many yean of eageritnca in the actual work in die field. Thus the United States Public Health Service ami the National Safety Council were able to cooperate in the making of the study. The object of the study. I briefly stated, was to make a survey of the sand Masting operation* in this country and I will show you just how we attemjned to identify the various kinds of epspneut with the makers and locate equipment around the country in an effort to get a reliable sample or cross-section of the industry as a whole. The purpose was to make a study of the sand blasting equipment, comparing the amount of dust m the air with die proper known standards affording health protec tion. We have these standards from die South African experience, the Australian experience, the Bureau of Mines at Joplin, Missouri, and from the experiences of the United States Public Health Service. There was no necessity of having any further investigation to get knowledge as to how much dust should be permitted in the atmosphere of a workroom. The important thing to determine was just what any given industry' disclosed in the way of atmospheric pollution. Wc first studied equipment such as rooms, barrels, cabinets and certain special types. We studied sand as an abrasive and also other m aterials such as a shot and steel grit. A rather uniform phut of study was followed, making a sanitary survey of every plant visited. For example, if this were the room in which there were two pieces of sand blasting equipment, we would make sketches of the room and all the equipment. We studied the ventilation provided in the room and the construction of the ventilation equipment and then we gathered data on the equipment itself--go ing so far as to get the size and the number and the maker's name and the age of the installation and its up-keep and all of that. Finally, we made dust counts of the amount of dust in the atmosphere either inside equipment or in the general work room outside. For instance, if we were dealing with an ordinary sand blast room, we would make tests of the amount of dust in the room and then tve would make tests of the amount of dust in the room in which the particular piece of equipment was housed to get an idea as to the possible effect of this equipment on the health of the workers in the room. To evaluate the harmfulness of some of these dusts, wc took samples and made petrographical analyses of the dust which we obtained in tht work room. We also made occupational analyses of the workers with a history of the exposure and a com plete history of their occupations. And, lastly, we obtained as many X-ray pictures as we thought might be pertinent to the particular piece of equipment under study. We were primarily interested in studying silicosis but you can see that some of these X-ray pictures might lead to something of great importance. For example, we found a man who was working around blasting equipment in att atmosphere con taminated to a lesser extent than some of the acceptable standards and that man had been working there for a Itoge number of years and his chest was entirely negative to silicosis. This might he considered as partial proof at least that he was not suffering because of his occupation and that would serve as a check on the standards to which wc had compared his occupation. Of course, such an X-ray picture would he of comparatively little value if a man were working in a very dusty atmosphere and had a had chest because we know that such atmospheres do produce these chests in practically all cases. Another very important portion of the study was protective devices. We made a survey o f the literature on this subject and there is practically nothing available that is of any value. Our first study along this line was made at a well known plant in Bridgeport about siv or seven years ago. At that time all the available literature V I M l ; United id d , one * nctm) N ational ibject of itions in mm kinds an effort tring the 1 yrotecn stn lia n of any em itted ost what i special shot and y survey were two d all the action of self--go age of ts of the al work- aid make ; amount to get an niters in md made W e also d a cornpictures r study, some of mple, we icre conhat man , entirely t he was k on the in X-ray t a very heres do ; made a table that >wn plant literature Mtkds StctioH 143 had faded to reveal anything at all in the way of actual studies on protective value of hehneta, respirators and masks. A t the beginning of this study we again went over all the literature that we had and failed to find anything of note and so we included, with our other work, a rather detailed study of some of this equipment, and, finally, we have had the litera ture of this whole subject under scrutiny for some time and will be prepared to discuss die findings with die other investigators in this country and abroad. I should like to repeat that there are four general types of equipment, including rooms, barrels, tables and cabinets. In the case of tables, cabinets and barrets the worker usually is outside of the piece of equipment. He may shovel a lot of smalt castings into a barrel and close the door of the barrel and then be in the general room atmosphere but outside of the equipment. In the case of the sand blasting room, of course, the worker actually is inside of the room where the blasting is being done and in this latter case it is absolutely essential that he be provided with some kind of protective device. The very first thing we did at the beginning of this study was to find out what kind of safety blasting equipment was in use. We wrote practically all the manu facturers and they kindly sent us lists of all of the equipment they made. From this we computed that approximately 28 per cent of the equipment was in the form of sand blasting rooms, about 44 per cent was in the form of barrels and about 21 per cent in cabinets and about 9 per cent in tables. There is some variation, of course, those figures are rather rough but, in general, those figures express the types of equipment that are being used in the sand blasting industry. Another important question that came up was "In what kind of industries is this type of equipment to be found?" W e found that 65 per cent was in foundries of various kinds including 22 per cent in forges and heat treating shops and about 13 per cent spread over many miscellaneous kinds of jobs. After we had found this we decided to canvass these manufacturers as to what they considered their best equipment, in order to study certain pieces of the best equipment available. We tried to get approximately 28 per cent of rooms to study and 44 per cent of barrels and about 20 per cent of cabinets, and so on. We tried to see that the work was spread out among the foundries, as a rule, to the extent of about 60 or 70 per cent and to forge and heat-treating shops to the extent of 20 per cent--in other words, we wanted to get a real sample of industry as a whole. Then we made it our business to study several of the best pieces of equipment of each manufacturer. Now, the objection may be raised that by doing this we avoided the study of the old equipment, but that isn't so at ali, for we studied all equipment that came along by a selection which I will explain afterwards but we made it our business to get the whole of this equipment. One of our committee members raised the question that in certain states the operation might be on a higher and better plane than in others because of labor laws and for that reason we spread our study over some eight states including the state of Wisconsin, which is supposed to be on a very high plane from the point of view of labor supervision, and other leaders. Now, I am going to pass around a survey form which we used and by means <n which we attempted to get all information that might be of any importance in each one of the plants, without overlooking any of them. We planned to make these sanitary surveys, get all the information and all the data pertaining to the equipment and its operation and, finally, close by getting our dust-count and computing it (and this was done in some laboratory, either at the one at the plant or at some nearby plant--the City Health Department or some place of that type) and then, after wards, to compile our results. To go back to the study of the question of silicosis, I want to point out that there are really four factors which enter into the production of this pulmonary di ease. One of these is the composition of dust and it is now fairly clearly established teat I VVr 144 Tmttiirtk Congru* Sf*ty Ctimttt dart* vkkk am W0I1 io doom ceoOoat a io oaata eoatm t Tht m ood ia tot m ht of f o iild of toe natotr of farticlaa of doat by tot of a M b | haa bo* daodofod by d o Bmom of Minn annd to t M Bl c H*alfc'Sf*iot. Wo anad hi* standard tyt* of procednre ia all of oar analysoa. tt ika tfheet sIame as tbat wad by the Pobiic Health Scnkt and Baretn of Mines. hi addition to dad wo stadbd tho portkk size. You see usually, too large poctides of dost do not sabs entrance to toe haws and for that reason the determinhn* of the portkk she of these dnsts are excmtiagly important We did that by a special twhniqne and we had photo micrographs of toot nude to preset with our fiual report Lastly, me have the factor of duratom of exposure. If a uun works five years he will inhale twice as much dust relatively speaking, as a uun who hoe washed two and ooe-half years will inhale. As I say, toe type of equipment wae approximately toe same as that we found from the study of the records presented to us by the equipment manufacturers. Our abrasive studies resulted approximately as follows: In IS per cent of toe equipment sand was used as the abrasive; in 45 per cent steel os some kind or other was used as toe abrasive (as shot or io broken fragments of some kind); and in approximately 4 per cent steel end sand mixed were need. So far as personal protection is concerned, in forty-one per cent of the cases, positive-pressure helmets of some kind were provided. In twenty-six per cent of the cases, respirators were provided and in approximately thirty-three per cent of the cases no protective equipment was provided. So far as the dust was concerned, we found the picture to be about as follows: When sted grit or steel shot is used we found toe silica content in the dust of the air very low--usually less than S per cent When a m ixture of sand and steel is used, the silica content may vary from 25 to SO or 60 per cent And, finally, when sand alone is used, the silica content is usually around 80 or 95 or 100 per cent. It becomes obvious from this that the use of steel shot or steel g rit is certainly to be advocated over the use of sand--all other things being equal. Relative to size of dust particles, our studies showed that practically all of the dust in the air as caught by our sampling apparatus was of a dangerous size. Practically 100 per cent of it was less than five microns in size and that is a size that can easily get into the lung tissue. The most frequent size of all the dust particles was around one and one-half microns. In general, it can be said that sand blasting, is accompanied by the production of certain amounts of dusts which may be high in free silica (whether sand or steel grit or steel shot is used) and is hazardous to a greater or lesser degree. I have a few slides which will summarize some of the results which we have ob tained. (Slide So. 1) This slide shows the result of our dust determinations (in all we have two hundred fifty-five counts on the various types of equipment). These are selected samples, the others having been taken out because they represent certain special conditions and in the final report they will, of course, all be presented. We have twenty samples here in which the man was protected by positive-pressure hel mets and respirators taken in rooms, in some cases the minimum amount of dust was one-tenth of a million articles per cubic foot of air. lit is well to have in mind the figure of ten million particles which is approximately the standard which might be used in this industry (on this point the committee has rot voiced its final opinion and I only say tliat with reservations). At any rate, in certain cases the worker is protected in that he is only subjected to the inhalation of one-tenth of a million particles but in other cases he gets approximately five miltion and in some cases he gets twenty-five million particles but only approximately live million where positive pressure helmets and re-piritors ace used. Curiously enough, the worker under those 'ill conditions is only getting five million particles but in the types of equipment which 4a fire year* >Im m M r e a t of the Had or a I M ) ; and of die cases, e cent of (he r caat of (be it as follows: e dast of die I aad sted is finally, when 100 per cent, t is certainly til of the dust e. Practically bat can easily s was around i accompanied in free silica a greater or we have ob its (in all we lent). These resent certain resented. We pressure heltount of dust have in mind which might final opinion s the worlter of a million otm cases he /here positive r under those ipment which MtUds Siction 145 ordinarily have been considered as safe, namely, barrels and tables, the worker ts exposed to a greater amount of dust, for example the worker gets almost twice as much dost as in die case of barrels and six times as much in the case of sand blast tables. We are convinced, as a result of this study that m many cases the use of sand blast barrels and tables is far more injurious than the use of sand blast rooms where die worker is provided with a positive-pressure helmet of a satisfactory type. Now cabinets are widely used bn this industry but they form a smaller part of the equipment and, as a general rule, are used more interm ittently than the other types but in certain cases, even with cabinets, th e is an exposure of nearly eleven million particles of dust per cubic foot of air. (Slid* No. 2) This picture shows the technique which we employed in studying die value of some of the masks and respirators. Our apparatus is so arranged that if we can do three things at one time. W e have a control device for sampling the dust and this other one is the device which samples the dust of the blasting room itself and with the device (c ) here we take a sample of the air from under the helmet and sample it in the apparatus marked "A". W hile the worker is sand blasting materials, therefore, we have been able to measure die dust concentration in the sand blasting room and at the same time test the air tinder the helmet with which he is provided, and, finally, by the use of this apparatus marked "B" we have been able to measure the actual amount of air which he breathes--the outdoor air with which the helmet is supplied. I would like to show you the results of this special study which we made on the provision of fresh air to helmets and its effect on the dust concentration under the helmet. (Slide No. 3) This shows one such study made in the sand blasting room. The blasting caused five hundred million particles per cubic foot. The worker was pro vided with a helmet to which the air was supplied. This air contained three-tenths of a million particles per cubic foot, that is, about three hundred thousand particles per cubic foot were going to the helmet itself. Now then, under those conditions, by varying the amount of air going to the helmet, we tried to find the relationship between the amount of air going to the helmet, (which, as I said, varied from two to six cubic feet,) and the amount of dust under the helmet. Our results were ex tremely erratic. We wondered why that was until we realized and took into account the fact that this helmet was provided with a metal screen in front of the eyes of the worker. This screen was open and, of course, at six cubic feet, a good deal of air would be blown out through that double screen in the front part of the helmet. However, at other times the worker might direct the stream of sand in such a way that it might hit one of the castings and bounce back and strike the double screen in front of his helmet and actually some of the dust would enter the front part of the helmet. We tested this theory out arid found that that was the case and I am going to show you the results of the second series of observations made when the double screen eye-shield was replaced by a suitable piece of glass. (Slide No. 4) Here we have the double screen replaced by a glass eye-shield in the helmet with approximately six hundred sixty-five million particles of dust per cubic foot of air and where the air pumped into the helmet contained three hundied thousand particles of dust. Under these conditions a very orderly arrangement re sulted between the amount of dust under the helmet and the amount of dust in the air supply (you will notice that the air supply was six cubic feet of air). It would seem from such observations that it would be reasonable to conclude that the amount of air that should be supplied to one of those positive-pressure helmets is approxi mately six cubic feet. Now that particular helmet was an ordinary heavy canvastype without any fancy fittings of any kind and I think the explanation is simple enough--that when you supply approximately that much air, it can only come out through the bottom of the helmet--around the base where it fits to the man's neck and shoulders and there is very little opportunity for any dust to infiltrate in this manner. ................................. l i f e 146 Twentieth Congress--National Safety ComeU (Stidt No. 5 ) O ar next cafcm or was to st vrhrthor the a m u rt of air ' tw and Mart room would hove any ia to ia n oo i t i w i n of dart ta le r Che h d a tt. W e atam taieed the a ir supply to the heluwt cousturthr a t e k cubic faat and the a ir eom iac iato the hefaurt rtintahad three handrad thsm ond particles again and das date, bjr irterforbw with the eandiatioa hi the aaod Mart room, we enaaagod to increase Ac number of particle* to nearly four billion particle of dust per oabic foot and under the helmet a t that time we pot about throe Million particle, fact abort 2,970,000--well below any rcaaotmUe tandaid eo H a certainly anfe to aay th a t with a helmet of this type, even with the amount of dart in the end Mast room fa r above anything that ordinarily would be found, the air under the helmet m ild be very low in actual dust count (Stido No. 6) This curve (on the chart) shows graphically the results of our experiments and shows that with die same small amount of air supplied to the helmet yon get a normally high court--between forty and sixty million--and when you have six cubic feet of air supplied to the helmet die dust count is pntteaily as kra as yon can reasonably hope to get i t Finally, one more word about maintenance. As a result of our study we certainly have arrived at the opinion that most sand blasting equipment is rather poorly main tained for general practice. Most of the protective devices are very poorly maintained and certainly die adequacy of any of these protective devices and the adequacy of any of the equipment, particularly barrels and tables, which are important factors in the prevention of general atmospheric pollution should be given more attention than our view discloses has been given up to this time. A word in closing. We have not had a meeting of the committee on sand Mast ing hazards for some time. We have not had a meeting since we have collected all this material and the next step in our plan is simply to draft a tentative report to the committee and to have all their changes noted and made and finally to get a report out with which everybody will be satisfied and contented and then, perhaps, present it to the Council for approval. C hairman Bennett: Dr. Greenburg, we thank you very much for this excellent, definite and clean-cut paper on this important subject relating to our industry. We have a little time now for discussion. Mr. S hannon (Fort Pitt Malleable Iron Co., Pittsburgh, P a . ) : I would like to know the opinion of Dr. Greenburg on how long a man could work at sand blasting with an air-quipped helmet--how long could you safely keep a man on that ;lass of work ? Dr. Grf.enbcrc: It is clear enough that if a man has a good piece of protective equipment which you know to be in good condition and he is supplied with sufficient amount of air, I think he could work indefinitely. The best thing to do would be to look him over every six months with X-ray pictures. With some means like that you can actually see whether he is in good health. With a good supply of air, he should be able to work indefinitely in my opinion. That is what the result of our study would indicate. C. W. W agner (U. S. F. & G. Insurance Company) : Dr. Greenburg, what, do you think of the possibility of silicosis to the operators on sand Masting operations on buildings? They don't have any helmets. Dr. Greenburg: I think they should be given helmets. 1 think they have a real exposure. M r. W agner: But they would laugh it anyone who suggested that tiny wear a helmet. I)k. Greenburg: I won't say exactly but 1 don't think there i> any argmmnt there. C hairman Bennett: Of course you utv' stand that Dr. Greenburg is relating scientific facts from scientific findings and it is up to us to use them as diplomatically as we can to bring about the use of protective devices. w'tfc* tea. te fact afe to gr H M tM B met m old t e 1 oar tffefi iMfaMt i yam k n e as low as e certainly aLtaiaed tenancy of a t factors : attention and hlaste collected tive report r to get a i, perhaps, excellent, try. rid like to d blasting at class of protective 1 sufficient ould be to > like that of air, he ult of our tat do you rations on ave a real ty wear a sent there, is relating omatically Metals Section 147 I d n d d H a to faring to your attention one of the important statements mads lar Dr. Crawlorg t tfae ckae of fate reaaarfes on the im tesap of pwteetivw 4ewiees. lt te similar to Dm gp fastp of yonr first-aid devices. Forte yonr plent te complrtrly agafppad far* in ate months time you ere not--or perhaps von in six days. Saratov* W. Don** (Pratt fa Letchworth Co, Buffalo* New York): Dr. Greta* bnrg. in taking tfaoaa teats showing the relative values of the room against the band mid the tabk type of send blast, are those results of teste taken over a period of time or at one pertienter time? For instaace, in the barrel type, were they taken white Hie barrel eras being dumped, and isn't it a fact that most of the dust would be accumulated at that particular time? Da. Greenburg: Those tests were taken for all the time that the piece of equip ment was in operation. 1 didn't explain die slide that goes to show this sampling apparatus and I judge that you got yonr ideas from the one picture. In general, we fasten the apparatus around the worker's neck and let him wear it while he filled the barrel and while he dumped it and during the entire time while the barrel was turning. In other words, we tried to approximate as closely as possible the actual exposure. Mr. Dorax : I don't believe it is customary for die barrel operator to wear any protection except a respirator. Da. Greenburg: It isn't customary to wear any protective equipment. That is what made the study so interesting from a preventive point of view. It shows that we have been thinking that these people have been well taken care of while, in many cases, they have not. I think the answer is simple enough. It means that the manufacturer of this equipment should look at these barrels in a more critical way and make them so dust tight that no dust can get out of them. Mr. Doran : That is the point I wanted to bring out. Could we use air-tight equipment in barrel operations ? D r. Greenburg: I think it can be developed. Dr. A. S. Gray (State Dept, of Health, Conn.) : I would like to say in connection with the study of maintenance that I have seen this study made in Connecticut and many splendid pieces of equipment were lending hazards to situations because they were not properly maintained. And these, too, had been used for heaven knew how long! Good helmets, because they were not in good repair, were subjecting individuals to definite hazards and so far as sand blasting was concerned, most of the barrel hazards that we found were due to the fact that the barrels were not properly main tained. Most of the ventilation lines were in bad condition and good equipment, just because it had not been kept in good condition, was adding hazards in many instances. Dr. J. P. Leake (United States Public Health Service): I should like to ask Dr. Greenburg if there is any hope of getting away from using silica for this purpose? Dr. Greenburg: I think not completely. At least, not at the present time. I was very much interested and gratified to meet one of the executives of a plant where I was temporarily engaged and he explained to me how they had been using steel grit instead of sand and 1 think that in the future probably a great deal more of the steel will be used and, from the point of view of safety, it is a very satisfactory solution of the problem. M r. Doran : Dr. Greenburg, in connection with that last question, I would like to say that, so far, we have not discovered anything that will make a mould like sand and I guess we can't get away from that entirely. Dr. Greenburg: That is an interesting point. When we began this study we in tended to go into the different castings like dean castings and dirty castings but, unfortunately, some of the other factors so far overshadowed the amount of sand on the castings that we didn't have any clear results along those lines. Now, in spite of that, I think that a dirty casting, that is a casting with a good deal of sand adhedng to the casting, does pollute the atmosphere to some extent but 1 think the use 1 148 Twantiatk Congress--National Safety Council l t d i t o or Mod grit iaotcod of sand b rally a Mg Mag in the tolutioo 4 the A. C Schultz (Bncyra Erie Company, So. tiihnmkM, Wfau): I would like to give jron an outline of what we arc doing to protect our and Mom man at oar giant We have about fifteen or twenty and blast man and they are on the job and off the job for about two week*. At the end of each two week*. X-ray picture* are taken of them and before they go on the job they are examined and after they come off die job they are examined again. Cbaimcam Bennett: Do you mean that your men are examined at the end of every two week*? Ml Schultz : Yes, every time they go off the sand blasting job. I have also been wondering if there is any real good way of checking up on sand blasting? Da. GnxNBuac: W ell, certainly X-ray pictures are an excellent way of checking up on the conditions Under which the men work. There is no question about the study of the amount of dust in the atmosphere and the use of good equipment being a good protective check. That is probably the best thing to do and also to use the best equipment you can get. Mb. Schultz: W e do use the best equipment we can get. Da. Gbeknbuxg: If you do that and then check up the workers by means of the pictures every four or six months you are playing pretty safe. C haibman Bennett: Dr. Winslow, would you care to make some comment on this paper? Da. C.-E. A. W inslow (Yale Medical School, New Haven. C onn.): I am enor mously pleased to hear this paper. I have been, for some years now, the Vice Presi dent for Health of the Council and have had to bear some of the reactions from earlier studies and it is a particular pleasure to meet with this one. It is a pleasure to me to see that these investigations of sand blasting operations are not only sound and scientific but seem to yield results which will be highly satisfactory. It seems to point the way to controlling one of the most serious problems in industry. I think the Section and the Council and the other Sections concerned can be very proud of this investigation. C hairman Bennett: It has been the custom in the Metals Section to show pictures of some recent changes in mechanical equipment and safe practices in our industry. Mr. Oartel. who has always looked after this feature, has kindly consented to show us a film relating to the foundry industry. Developments of Safety In Foundries By JO H N A. OARTEL Chief of Safety Bureau, C arnegie Steel Company, P ittsburgh, Fa. (The following list of slides showing safety devices was produced by Mr. Oartel, with, in some cases, a brief description.--Ed.) A m erican Steel Foundries, Chicago, Illinois 1. Results of poorly designed and defective trunnions on early type of steel flasks. This shows an accident due to defective trunnions. 2. Poorly constructed and unsafe flask 'runnions. This shows defects in the construction of the trunnions. 3. Carrying large grab bucket with improper kind of chain which did not have a hook. The entire weight of load is depend, t on the small gagger iron, which broke causing bucket to fall on workman. Proper diains were available blit .'hanimell neglected to make change. mm Steam Railroad Section Gtntral Chairman--Gurnet. H . W a iih , Untoti Pacific System, Omaha, Kefir. Pice-Choirman--W . A. Booth, Canadian National Railway. Montreal, Que, Canada. Secretary--J. L. W alsh, M issouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad Gx, Dallas, Tex. Chairman Poster Committee-- L . G. Bentley, The Chesapeake and Ohio Radway Co., Richmond, Va. Chairman Program Committee--C. E. H ill, New York Central Lines, New York Chairman Committee on Prevention o f Highway Crossing Accidents--E. G. Evans. Louisville ft Nashville Railroad, Louisville, Ky. Chairman Membership Committee--W. H. F ailing, Central Railroad of New Jer *ey. Jersey City, N. J. Chairman Publicity Committee--F rank E. Strouse, Pennsylvania Railroad. Chicago, III. Chairmen Public Relations Committee-- J. F lanigan, Chicago, Milwaukee. Si Paul & Pacific Railroad Co., Chicago, lii W . A. Booth, Canadian National Railway*, Montreal, Q ue. Canada. Chairman Engineering Committee--A. E. W illaka.n, Kansas City Southern Rail way Co., Kansas City, Mo. Chairman Committee on Present and fu tu re Activities--J. E. 1-onc. The Delaware & Hudson Corp-, Albany, N. Y. Chairman Committee on Accident Causes and Remedies--T. H Carrow, The Penn sylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, Pa. Chairman Safety Contest Committee-- A. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Mis;abe attd North ern Railway Co., Duluth, Minn. Chairman Healt' Committee--Da. J. \V. G hormlev, The Delaware an.) Hud so:: Corp., Albany, N. Y, Executive Committee--T he O pfickrs and C. F. L abson, Missouri Pacific Railroad Co., St. Louis, Mo. D. G. P hillips, Wabash Railroad, St. Louis, Mo. F. M. Metcalfe, Northern Pacific Railway, St. Paul, Minn Tuesday Morning Session October 13, 1931 GEORGE H. W A RFEL, Chairman Union Pacific System, Omaha. Neb The first session of the Steam Railroad Section convened wit' George H. Warfel presiding. C hairman W arfel: Gentlemen, the annual c.imciition <u : TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Safety Section, A.R.A.-Steam Railroad Section, N.S.C. Section Officers 1931-32 Chairman--C. T. Bailey, Chief Safety Agent, Oregon Short Line Railroad. First Vice-Chairman--C. E. H ill, General Safety Agent, New York Central Lines. Second Vice-Chairman--C. L. LaFountaine, General Safety Supervisor, Great Northern Railway. Secretary--J. C. Caviston. (N OT E: The following pages contain a condensed abstract of the records of the sessions of the Safety Section, A R A --Steam Railroad Section, NSC, as published in full by the American Railway Association in a booklet entitled, "Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting of the Safety Section, Washington, D. C., October 4 to 6,1932") TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 4, 1932 The sessions of the Safety Section, American Railway Association--Steam Railroad Section, National Safety Council, convened in the Hotel Washington with Chairman C. T. Bailey, Chief Safety Agent. Oregon Short Line Railroad, Salt Lake City, Utah, presiding. The invocation was given by L. G. Bentley, Chesapeake & Ohio Railway. Report of Committee on Relations with National Safety Council By ROBERT SCOTT D irector, Insurance and Safety, A tlantic C oast Line Railroad Mr. Scott said in p art: Your committee finds pleasure in reporting that much satisfactory progress has been made in the direction of co-ordinating the work of both sections with the view of avoiding duplication of effort and expense and to the end that the cause of safety might be advanced. The first annual meeting of the Steam Railroad Section. National Safety Council, was held in Philadelphia in October, 1915, while the Safety Section of the American Railway Association held its first special session in Boston in September, 1921. Both of these sections have been functioning properly and well ever since they came into existence, and have been a powerful force in the i eduction of avoidable accidents. On September 2, 1931, a meeting was held in Chicago at which there were present members of the committee on relations and officers of both sections. At this meeting 405