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TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE By Robert L. Virta CAM-297 Mr. Virta, a physical scientist with 15 years of U.S. Bureau of Mines experience, has been the commodity specialist for talc and pyrophyIlite since 1986. Domestic suney data were prepared by Linder Roberts, mineral data assistant; and international data tables were prepared by William Zajac, Chief, Section, International Data. D omestic production of talc and pyrophyllite increased slightly from that of 1989 to 1,267,167 metric tons. Sales of crude and processed talc decreased 4070 to 1,021,004 tons in tonnage and decreased 3% in value. Sales of pyrophyllite increased slightly. Imports for consumption decreased 17% in tonnage to 65,099 tons and decreased 9% in value to $11,056,000. Exports decreased 25% in tonnage to 238,000 tons and increased 14% in value to $32,909,000. During the past 10 years, talc and pyrophyllite production averaged 1,075,000 tons; sales, 972,000 tons; domestic consumption, 948,000 tons; exports, 242,000 tons; and imports, 49,000 tons. The major use for talc was in ceramics, which accounted for 28% of the domestic consumption, followed by paint, 18%; paper, 17%; roofing, 11 %; plastics, 6%; and other, 20%. The major use for pyrophyllite was in ceramics, followed by refractories, insecticides, paint, plastics, and rubber. DOMESTIC DATA COVERAGE Domestic production and sales data for talc and pyrophyllite are developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines from a voluntary survey of U.S. mines and mills. Survey forms were sent to 18 companies that operated 52 mines and mills. Seventeen companies that account for approximately 99% of the domestic production responded to the survey. Production data for the nonrespondent were estimated from reported prior-year production levels adjusted by trends in employment and other guidelines. ANNUAL REVIEW Legislation and Government Programs The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) extended an administrative stay on its 1986 regulation governing worker exposure to the nonasbestiform varieties of actinolite, anthophyllite, and tremolite through August 31, 1991. During the stay, OSHA continued to analyze the impact of using the asbestos standard to regulate the nonasbestiform varieties of the minerals. An exposure limit of two fibers per cubic centimeter will remain in effect during the stay. 1 The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) continued to review its proposed revisions to its air quality, chemical substances, and respiratory pro- TABLE 1 SALIENT TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE STATISTICS (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 United States: Mine production, crude: Talc 1,106 1,080 1,136 1,172 1,185 Pyrophyllite 75 83 97 81 82 Total' 1,181 1,163 1,234 1,253 1,267 Value: Talc 529,687 527,265 529,364 $27,731 $31,068 Pyrophyllite 51,540 51,607 51,820 W W Total 531,227 528,872 531,185 Sold by producers, crude and processed: Talc 971 975 940 1,065 1,021 Pyrophyllite 75 82 93 79 80 Total' 1,046 1,057 1,033 1,145 1,101 Value: Talc 5111,924 5113,394 r5115,899 5114,453 5110,585 Pyrophyllite $3,366 $3,712 $4,164 W W Total' 5115,290 5117,107 $120,063 25114,453 2$110,585 Exports3 (talc) 212 255 260 319 238 Value 516,302 $19,607 $21,391 528,949 $32,909 Imports for consumption (talc) 47 48 79 78 65 Value 58,715 $10,348 $12,268 512,128 $11,056 Apparent consumption4 1,016 956 1,054 1,012 1,054 World: Production r7,755 r7,799 r7,956 r8,271 "8,251 Estimated. r Revised. W Witbbeld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. I Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. 2Does not iru:lude value for pyrophyllite. 3 Excludes powders-talc:um (in package), faa:, and compact. Production, plus impons, minus exports, plus adjustments in Government and industry stock. Does not include imported pyrophyllite. TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE-I990 1141 tection standards. The proposed permissible 8-hour time weighted average exposure limit is 2.S milligrams per cubic meter for talc (containing no asbestos), 3 milligrams per cubic meter for respirable soapstone, and 6 milligrams per cubic meter for total soapstone dust. The nonasbestiform varieties of tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite would be covered under the proposed respirable mine dust standard.2 MSHA issued a proposed rule that would create a hazard communication standard. Mine operators would be required to provide information to their employees concerning any hazards that chemicals, including talc, produced or used on the premises through labeling, material safety data sheets, and employee training.3 Issues The health risk posed by nonasbestiform varieties of tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite continued to be a concern for a portion of the talc industry. OSHA is evaluating whether to regulate the nonasbestiform amphiboles as asbestos, regulate nonasbestiform amphiboles under a separate standard, or not to regulate nonasbestiform amphiboles. Production 1illc.-Thirteen companies operating 22 mines in 10 States produced talc, soapstone, and steatite. These companies generally were structured to cover all aspects of talc mining, from mining to processing. Only a few companies hired custom grinders to mill the ore. The largest of the domestic producers were Cyprus Industrial Minerals Co. Inc., Dal Minerals, Gouverneur Talc Co., Montana Talc Co., and PfIZer Inc. The major producing deposits were in Montana, New York, Texas, and Vermont. Commercial talc production was from deposits that were formed through hydrothermal alteration of ultrabasic rocks and low-grade metamorphism of siliceous dolomites. They generally occur as lenses or pods in the country rock. Magnesite, quartz, chlorite, magnetite, serpentine, anthophyllite, tremolite, dolomite, and actinolite may be present as accessory minerals. Most of the domestic talc production was from open pit mining operations. Underground mining was used only 1142 when a large waste rock to ore ratio made open pit mining uneconomical. Typically, overburden was removed, and blasting was 'used to fracture the ore. The companies then used selective mining and manual or automated sorting to produce a high-grade feed for the mill. Jaw crushers were used to reduce the size of the mill feed, and ball mills or roller mills were used to produce the final product. Fluid-energy mills or pulverizing mills were used for ultrafine grinding of the talc ore. In a few instances, the ore was calcined prior to milling to increase its whiteness. Flotation processes were used when the desired product purity was not obtained by using conventional processing. The milled ore was chemically treated, passed through rougher and cleaner cells to separate the talc from the gangue material, dried in a flash dryer, and ground in a pulverizer. Ore composition, reagent type, pulp density, pH of the flotation system, and residence time in the flotation circuits determined flotation efficiency. Cyprus Industrial Minerals Co. announced that it would close its Hammondsville mine. The decision to close the underground mine, which has operated for about 40 years, was made for safety and economic reasons,4 U.S. mine production of crude talc increased slightly in tonnage and 12% in value. Mines that operated in Montana, New York, Texas, and Vermont accounted for 96070 of domestic talc production. Montana led all States in the tonnage and value of talc produced. Pyrophyllite.-Pyrophyllite was pro- duced by three companies operating four mines in two States. Production was from hydrothermally altered volcanic deposits of acidic composition. The deposits consisted of pyrophyllite with sericite, andalusite, and/or quartz as accessory minerals. After removing the overburden, the ore was either stripped using dozers and scrapers or extracted using conventional open pit mining techniques. The ore was dried, and then jaw crushers and gyratory crushers were used to reduce the size of the mill feed. Ball, pebble, or roller mills were used to produce the final product. U.S. mine production of crude pyrophyllite increased slightly in tonnage. North Carolina accounted for most of the domestic production. Consumption and Uses 7il1c.-Talc was used in a wide variety of products because of its softness (1 on the Mohs scale), purity, fragrance retention, whiteness, luster, moisture content, oil and grease adsorption, chemical inertness, low electrical conductivity, high dielectric strength, and high thermal conductivity. These properties were not universal to all talcose materials because of differences in their mineralogical composition and particle shape. Mineral content was extremely important because it determined the end use for the material. Generally, onlytwo or three of these properties were critical for anyone application. Talc was used as a filler in polypropylene compounds. It served to improve the modulus and impact strengths of the product, improve the stability of the TABLE 2 CRUDE TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES, BY STATE (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) State 1989 Quantity Value Quantity Georgia (talc) 26 W W Montana (talc) 454 12,717 474 Texas (talc) Other I 2 Total 2 3 242 - -5281,253 4,564 10,338 27,731 250 - -5431,267 W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in "Other." 'Includes Alabama, Arkansas, California, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Vermont, and Virginia. 2 Does not include value for pyrophyllite. 3 Data may not add to totals because of independent rounding. 1990 Value W 18,883 4,844 7,342 31,068 TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE-I990 product under ultraviolet light, and reduce the price of the fmal product. Products had higher modulus and impact strengths, higher deflection temperatures under load, and lower coefficient of thermal expansion when finely ground talc was used with high crystallinity polypropylene.S Domestic producers reported that overall sales (including direct exports) declined 4070 in tonnage to 1,021,004 tons and 3% in value to $110,584,808 in 1990. The major consumer of talc was the construction industry, with applications in ceramic tiles and sanitary- ware, joint compounds, paint, plastics, and roofing. The end-use distribution was ceramics, 28%; paint, 18%; paper, 16%; roofing, 11 %; plastics, 6%; cosmetics, 4%; and insecticides, refractories, rubber, and other, 17%. The greatest decrease in demand was in ceramics, cosmetics, and plastics applications. Some decline was expected due to a sluggish US. economy, but it is doubtful that the entire decrease can be attributed to a sluggish economy. It is likely that some sales to the ceramic, cosmetic, and plastic industries were reported under the "Other" category, which increased in 1990. More than 90% of the companies responded to the end-use portion of the 1990 annual survey, representing approximately 95% of the data in table 3. Pyrophyllite.-Pyrophyllite, being different in composition from talc, did not have the same applications as talc. Properties such as softness (1 to 2 on the Mohs. scale), whiteness, chemical inertness, high melting point, low electrical conductivity, and high dielectric strength made pyrophyllitic materials useful for ceramics and refractories. US. consumption of pyrophyUite increased slightly in tonnage in 1989. The largest portion of domestically pro- duced ground pyrophyUite was used in ceramics, followed by refractories, insecticides, paint, plastics, and rubber. The end-use distribution did not change significantly from previous years. Markets and Prices Talc prices varied depending on the quality and on the degree and method of processing. The unit value of crude talc was $25 per ton. The average unit value of processed talc was $108 per ton. The average unit values of crude TABLE 3 END USES FOR GROUND TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE (Thousand metric tons) 1989 i990 Use Talc Pyrophyllite Total' Talc Pyrophyllite Total' Ceramics 308 70 377 235 W 235 Cosmetics2 50 50 36 36 Insecticides 11 11 6 W 6 Paint 143 143 155 W 155 Paper 138 5 143 143 143 Plastics 97 98 48 W 48 Refractories 1 21 21 3 W 3 Roofing Rubber 97 20 e) 97 94 21 20 W 94 20 Other 4 Total' -100 953 10 5117 109 51,070 109 849 W 5100 109 5849 W Withheld to avoid discIosiDa company proprietary data. I Data may DOt add to totals shown because of independent roundill8. ZIncomplete data. Some cosmetic talc known to be included in ''Other." ll.ess than 112 unit. Includes art sculpt....., asphalt riller and coatill8S, _ s , floor tile, foundry facill8S, rice polisbiDa, stucco, and other uses not spcclrlCd. $ Includes imported pyrophyllite. and processed pyrophyllite were higher in 1990 than in 1989. Unit values for imported crude and ground talc ranged from $33 per ton to $410 per ton for quantities greater than 100 tons. The average unit value for all imported talc was $170 per ton. Unit values for ex- ported talc ranged from $16 per ton to $1,576 per ton for quantities greater than 100 tons and averaged $138 per ton for all exports. Prices, quoted by the American Paint & Coatings Journal, December 26, 1990, in US. dollars per metric ton for paintgrade talc in carload lots ranged from $99 to $243. Approximate equivalents, in dollars per metric ton, of price ranges quoted in Industrial Minerals (London), December 1990, for talc, c.i.f. main European ports, ranged from $165 to $336. Foreign liade Talc exports decreased 25% in tonnage and increased 14% in value. Mexico remained the largest importer of talc, followed by Canada, Japan, and Belgium-Luxembourg. Talc imports decreased 17% in tonnage and 9070 in value. Australia and Canada provided 82% of all talc i~ports. World Review The United States remained the world's largest talc producer, and Japan remained the largest pyrophyllite producer. China, Japan, and the United States accounted for 43% of the world's talc and pyrophyllite production. The production and consumption of TABLE 4 PRICE OF TALC (U.S. dollars per metric tons) Canada: Fine micron, Hegman No. 6 Montana: Ultrafme grind, Hegman No. 6 New York: Nonfibrous, bags, mill: 98'10 through 325 mesh 99.607. through 325 mesh 1\-ace retained on 325 mesh Norwegian: Ground (ex store) Micronized (ex store) French, fme-ground Italian, cosmetic-grade ChineSe, normal (ex store): UK 200 mesh Uk. 325 mesh New York, paint, minimum 2O-ton lot 226 243 99 115 182 168-185 221-309 212-336 309 254 265 165 Souroes: American Paint &: Coatill8S Journal, Dec 26, 1990, Industrial Mincrals (London), Dec. 1990. TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE-I990 1143 TABLE 5 U.S. EXPORTS OF TALC 1 (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) BelgiumYear Luxembourg Canada2 Quantity Value Quantity Value 1986 14 1,273 54 4,411 1987 27 2,482 55 5,000 1988 27 3,942 62 5,079 1989 30 4,766 81 5,614 1990 45 6,109 43 6,995 e Estimated. I EXcludes powders-talcum (in package), face, and compact. 2Probably includes shipments in transit through Canadian ports. 3Inc1udes S9 countries in 199f)' 4 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. Source: Bureau of the Census. Japan Quantity 20 24 30 35 31 Value 1,707 2,405 3,849 4,710 4,233 Mexico Quantity 102 101 97 107 82 Value 4,464 4,182 3,225 6,601 "8,006 Other 3 Quantity 24 47 44 65 37 Value 4,447 5,538 5,296 7,258 7,566 Total 4 Quantity 212 255 260 319 238 Value 16,302 19,607 21,391 28,949 32,909 TABLE 6 U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF TALC, BY COUNTRY Country Not crushed or powdered Quantity (metric tons) Value (thousands) Crushed or powdered Quantity (metric tons) Value (thousands) 1988: 31,988 $2,617 46,221 $7,679 1989: Australia 6,999 500 6,001 540 Brazil 228 40 Canada 116 35 46,559 6,808 China 5,080 366 576 157 Italy 2,647 630 Korea, Republic of 137 26 1,233 209 Other 2 Total! 4,084 16,416 - 5-33 1,460 2,871 60,115 881 9,265 1990: Australia 5,449 554 7,014 373 Brazil 37 17 190 30 Canada 76 12 39,665 5,880 China 6,364 486 58 7 Italy 2,625 677 7 6 Korea, Republic of 527 122 Other 3 102 19 1,141 1,015 Total! 16,652 1,765 48,602 7,432 NA Not available. I Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. 2Includes 19 countries. 3 Includes 24 countries. Source: Bureau of the Census. Cut and sawed Quantity (metric tons) Value (thousands) 1,182 $880 116 57 133 112 748 540 188 1,185 35 895 706 695 1,404 25 857 446 208 1,844 531 1,859 Talc n.s.p.f. Value (thousands) $1,090 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Total unmanufactured! Quantity (metric tons) Value (thousands) 79,391 $12,268 13,000 344 46,808 6,404 2,647 1,370 7,143 77,716 1,040 97 6,964 1,063 630 235 2,109 12,128 12,463 262 40,636 7,128 2,632 527 1,451 65,099 927 72 6,750 939 683 122 1,564 11,056 1144 TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE-I990 talc in Australia and East Asia was reviewed. The paper focussed on highquality deposits in Australia, China, and the Republic of Korea, whose producers account for approximately onethird of the world's talc production. The region possesses large reserves, high-quality deposits, and a good location with regard to growing markets, although technological deficiencies and supply reliability are weaknesses of the industry.6 Capacity.-The data in table 6 are annual rated capacity for mines and refineries as of December 31, 1990. Rated capacity is defined as the maximum quantity of product that can be produced in a period of time on a normally sustainable long-term operating rate, based on the physical equipment of the plant, and given acceptable routine operating procedures involving labor, energy, materials, and maintenance. Capacity includes both operating plants and plants temporarily closed that, in the judgment of the author, can be brought into production within a short period of time with minimum capital expenditure. Australia.-South Australia supplied most of the talc for Australia's domestic demands despite accounting for only 9% of Australia's total production. Production comes primarily from the Mount Fitton deposit, 470 miles north of Adelaide. The Mount Fitton deposit was formed through the hydrothermal alteration of dolomite and marble rocks. It is 10 to 15 meters wide, 20 meters high, and several hundred meters long. Conventional open pit methods are used to mine the deposit. Approximately 700/0 of production is used in pharmaceutical and paint products.' lreland.-Ivernia West PLC acquired a major shareholding in Talc Technology Ltd., owner of the Westport talc deposit. The talc deposit is composed of 50% talc, 33% breunerite, 10% antigorite, 2% dolomite; and 5% magnesite and contains approximately 5.5 million tons of talc. If development permits are approved, the mine production initially will be 40,000 tons per year.8 Sweden.-Handols Taljstens AB, now under private ownership, produces approximately 20,000 tons of talc- TABLE 7 WORLD TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE ANNUAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY, DECEMBER 31, 1990 (Thousand metric tons) Country Rated capacity I North America: Canada 299 United States 1,361 Total 1,660 Latin America: Argentina 45 Brazil 454 Mexico 36 Other 36 Total 571 Europe: Austria 136 Finland 363 France 363 Italy 163 Norway 136 U.S.S.R. 544 Other 236 Total 1,941 Africa: Egypt South Africa, Republic of 13 18 Other 1 Total 32 Asia: China 1,179 India 454 Iran 32 Japan 1,633 Korea, North Korea, Republic of 998 Other 82 Total 4,378 Oceania: Australia 227 World total 8,809 Iinciudes capacities of operating plants as ...,11 as plants on standby basis. chlorite for animal feed, roofing, plastics, and fertilizers. Research is being conducted to separate talc from chlorite through flotation processing. The processed talc will be suitable for paper applications. Primary tests indicate that the talc can be upgraded from 60% talc to 97% talc with a brightness of 92% to 93%.9 Venezuela.-A talc deposit was discovered on Margarita Island, off the coast of Venezuela. Further investigations are being carried on the commercial viability of the deposit. Venezuela currently does not produce talc. JO Current Research The flotation process can be better controlled with the use of on-line monitoring. On-line processing enables the operator to immediately detect changes in the operation and make the necessary adjustments to ensure a constant product quality. X-ray fluoresence is used to determine elemental compositions of the flotation slurry at various stages in the flotation process. Greater control is obtained when coupled with on-line brightness determinations. 1I The use of column flotation to process industrial minerals was reviewed. The paper discussed the processing of andalusite, chromite ore, fluorite, graphite, manganese. oxide ore, phosphate ore, potash, and talc. A talc ore composed of 50% talc and ground to 80% less than 45 micrometers was upgraded to 73% talc by using two stages of column flotation. This result is a 6% improvement over conventional flotation using five stages. A Korean talc ore composed of 73% talc and ground to less than 45 micrometers was upgraded to 83% by using a single stage of column flotation. Recovery of the same ore using three stages of conventional flotation was 45% to 65%.12 OUTWOK The average annual growth in domestic demand for talc and pyrophyllite was 1.2% between 1981 and 1990. Demand averaged between 900,000 and 1,000,000 tons per year for this period. Relative increases and decreases in demand have been the result of minor market fluctuations rather than longterm trends. Demand for talc and pyrophyllite is expected to continue to fluctuate around 1 million tons per year in the near future. Ceramics will continue to be the major domestic end use for talc, followed by consumption in paint, paper, plastics, roofing, and cosmetics, in de- TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE-l990 i145 scending order. For pyrophyllite, the major domestic end uses will continue to be in ceramics and refractories. TABLE 8 TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY AND PRODUCT! I Federal Register. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Occupational Exposure to Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite. V. 55, No. 237, Dec. 10, 1990, pp. 50685-50687. 2 - - . Mine Safety and Health Administration. Air Quality, Chemical Substances, and Respiratory Protection Standards. V. 54, No. 166, Aug. 29, 1989, pp. 35766-35852. 3 - - . Mine Safety and Health Administration. Hazard Communication. V. 55, No. 213, Nov. 2, 1991, pp. 46400-46441. 4Carroll, R. Talc Mine to Close. Valley News (West Lebanon), Nov. 16, 1990. 'Modern Plastics. Developments in PP Compounds, Blends Increase Application Potential. V. 67, No.4, Apr. 1990, pp. 128-129. 6 Mulryan, H. East Asia and Australia-Dynamic Factions in World Talc Business. Paper in proceedings of 9th "Industrial Minerals" International Congress (Sydney, Australia, 1990, Mar. 25-28, 1990). Metal Bulletin PLC, 1990, pp. 192-201. 7 Keeling, J., A. Pain, and J. Valentine. Industrial Minerals in South Australia-Current Operations and Future Trends. Paper in proceedings of 9th "Industrial Minerals" International Congress (Sydney, Australia, 1990, Mar. 25-28, 1990). Metal Bulletin PLC, 1990, pp. 30-46. 8 McMichael, B. Industrial Minerals of Eire. Ind. Miner. (London), No. 274, July 1990, pp. 33-53. Russell, A. The Swedish Minerals Industry. Ind. Miner. (London), No. 271, Apr. 1990, pp. 35-55. 10 Industrial Minerals (London). Talc Discovery in Venezuela. No. 270, Mar. 1990, p. 145. II Virtanen, P. On-line Analysis of Talc and Apatite at Concentrators. Ind. Miner. (London), No. 270, Mar. 1990, pp. 85-92. 12 Hall, S. The Treatment of Industrial Minerals by Column Flotation. Paper in Industrial Minerals Processing Supplement, Ind. Miner. (London), No. 271, Apr. 1990, pp. 30-36. orDER SOURCES OF INFORMATION Bureau of Mines Publications Talc and Pyrophyllite. Ch. in Mineral Facts and Problems, 1985. Talc and Pyrophyllite. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual. Talc and Pyrophyllite. Ch. in Minerals Yearbook, annual. Talc and Pyrophyllite. Ch. in Mineral Industry Surveys, annual. Information Circular 9220, 1989. Other Sources Company annual reports. Industrial Minerals (London). Engineering and Mining Journal. Mining Engineering. Mining Journal (London). Country 2 Argentina: Pyrophyllite Steatite" Talc Australia: Pyrophyllite Talc Austria: Steatite Brazil: 3 Agalmatolite Pyrophyllite Talc Burma: Steatite Canada (shipments): Pyrophyllite, soapstone, talc Chile: Talc China: Unspecified" Colombia: Pyrophyllite, soapstone, talc Egypt: Pyropyllite, talc, soapstone, steatite Finland: Talc France: Talc Germany, Federal Republic of: Western states: Talc (marketable) Greece: Steatite Hungary: Talc India: Pyrophyllite Steatite Iran: Talc" Italy: Steatite and talc Japan: Pyrophyllite Talc Korea, North: Unspecified Korea, Republic of: Pyrophyllite Talc Mexico: Talc Nepal: Talc s Norway: Talc Pakistan: Pyrophyllite Paraguay: Unspecified Peru: Pyrophyllite Talc Philippines: Talc See fOOlnot.. at end of table. (Metric tons) 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990" 2,812 300 22,353 1,260 300 27,103 671 250 r26,108 r 1,310 250 r26,658 1,300 250 26,000 8,588 179,467 133,319 6,036 206,865 129,959 5,750 199,631 132,974 "5,000 "195,000 r 133,078 5,000 200,000 130,000 131,036 87,250 r349,528 56 104,536 51,114 425,513 22 r 122,531 r60,070 r378,463 25 123,037 2,257 1,000,000 r 136,418 980 1,000,000 r 146,489 1,070 1,000,000 9,013 11,927 12,800 8,800 284,179 r324,660 6,600 319,000 "328,800 7,268 379,000 r"320,000 "120,000 r 162,000 r433,OOO r"20 r 146,000 r835 1,000,000 r9,196 r7,146 "380,000 r329,96O 120,000 170,000 430,000 20 146,000 1,000 1,000,000 10,000 7,000 380,000 330,000 21,884 17,310 16,000 19,785 1,507 15,000 r 19,500 " 1,600 13,000 r13,OOO r 10,518 12,000 15,000 10,000 12,000 r58,884 r378~683 31,000 151,206 51,724 359,448 31,000 )50,718 r64,923 r417,493 31,000 158,722 r97,264 r414,268 30,000 rl46,OOO 95,000 416,000 30,000 145,000 1,270,112 63,851 170,000 1,241,069 55,899 170,000 1,244,491 r 49,797 170,000 r 1,233,600 r55,665 170,000 41,231,195 461,550 170,000 587,049 210,631 24,301 8,780 100,000 23,021 130 690,819 161,052 17,469 r3,359 100,000 23,278 180 673,776 146,478 r 13,645 4,430 100,000 37,429 150 r770,298 r 162,098 r 13,908 r6,728 100,000 r38,29O 200 750,000 160,000 13,800 6,500 100,000 40,000 200 7,354 1,754 1,000 705 1,447 " 1,000 1,500 r27 750 1,250 750 1,300 1146 TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE-l990 TABLE 8-Continued TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY -COUNTRY AND PRODUCT 1 (Metric tons) Country2 Portugal: Talc 1986 '5,908 1987 7,292 1988 7,187 1989 '8,063 1990 e 47,926 Romania: Talc" 65,000 65,000 65,000 60,000 55,000 South Africa, Republic of: Pyrophyllite 4,606 3,467 3,162 '3,942 42,759 Talc 8,641 8,005 10,111 ' 11,596 411,179 Spain: Steatite '73,914 75,307 '68,979 '"75,000 75,000 Sweden: Talc and steatite 11,233 16,981 "16,000 "16,000 16,000 Taiwan: Talc 21,552 22,102 21,603 '22,559 22,000 Thailand: Pyrophyllite 36,165 37,749 37,285 '39,799 39,000 Talc 2,886 4,101 4,843 '7,242 7,200 U.S.S.R.: Talc" 520,000 530,000 530,000 530,000 500,000 United Kingdom: Talc 12,352 12,529 14,182 ' 15,413 15,000 United States: Pyrophyllite 75,000 83,000 97,000 81,301 482,025 Talc 1,106,000 1,080,000 ' 1,136,347 1,171,871 41,185,142 Uruguay: Talc 1,255 1,648 "1,600 "1,600 16,000 Zambia: Talc 266 258 73 '114 200 Zimbabwe: Talc 797 516 976 '1,513 1,500 Total '7,755,180 '7,798,847 '7,956,409 '8,271,303 8,250,796 Of which: Pyrophyllite 2,160,841 2,190,221 2,225,557 2,433,554 2,417,029 Steatite 603,582 566,543 621,321 633,134 631,270 Talc 3,386,302 3,444,723 3,475,571 3,590,073 3,588,297 Unspecified 1,604,455 1,597,360 1,633,960 1,614,542 1,614,200 Estimated. 'Revised. I 18ble includes data available through May 14, 1991. 'In addition to the countries listed, Czechoslovakia and Thrkey produce talc, but information is inadequate to make reliable estimates of output levels. 3Total of beneficiated production, salable direct shipping production, and that consumed by producers. Reported fisure. 'Data based on Nepalese flSClll year beginning mid-July of year stated. TALC AND PVROPHYLLITE-I990 1147