Document rBXVaObnJDyzoLqJBbjyRMnmG

FILE NAME: New York State & NY Times (NY) DATE: 1963 Aug 1 DOC#: NY078 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NY Dept of Labor Industrial Code No. 23 [As Amended] 23 N .Y . . in d u st r ia l . o r ai y COd e r u l e j u : : i - '-388 g o v e r n v a u r ;;.'VEWT3 oI s . -- (C,u d . 12 SYCRR jf^s A m ended Effective August 1, 1963 State of New York Departm ent of Labor B00160812B Section No. Subject No. 23.37 Stepladd ers ........................................................................................................ 4j (a) Length ................................................................................................ 41 (b) Bracing ................................................................................................... 4] (c) Bases .................................................................................................' 4j 23.38 (a) (b) (c) Structural runways, ramps and platform s.......................................... 4i Application - .................................................................................... Runwaysand ramps ............................................ ` 41 41 Platforms ................................................................. 42 23.39 (a) (b) (c) (d) 23.40 (a) (b) (c) (d) 23.41 if) (b) (c) <d) (O 23.42 (a (b (c. (d) (O <0 h) (h) () (j) (b> ( l) (m) (n) (P) 23.43 (a) (b) (c) (d) (O (0 (ft) 23.44 (a) (b) (c) Catch platforms and sidewalk sheds 42 Use ....................... .............................. 42 P latfo rm construction ...................... 42 Platform enclosures............................ 42 Sidewalk sheds ................................. 42 Chutes .......................... 43 Enclosure ................. 43 Construction .............. 43 Protection at openings 43 Danger signs .............. 43 Combustion devices used for temporary heating 43 Room ventilation................................................ 43 Setting ..................................................." ........... 43 Location ............................................... Tarpaulins ........................................... 43 Bottled gas ................................! . ! ! ! . ! . ............... 4433 Material handling and hoisting machinery: general requirements 44 Maintenance and operation...................... Loading .............................................' j ' ................................................ 44 Operators and signalmen ............................ 44 Signals fo r hoisting engine operation .................................. 44 Protection of operator .............................. ' ' ` j ................................... 44 Protection of moving p a r ts............... [ ............................................. 45 R efu elin g ......................................... " .................................................... 45 Engine e x h a u s t..................... .................................... 45 Machinery at r e s t ................... .................................................. 45 Tag line .................................... ! ! ! ! ! . .................................................... 45 Riding .............................. ....................................................................... 45 Hoist b r a k e s........................ ................................................................... 4455 ERleepcatirriscaalnlyd dlruibvrenicamtiaocnh.i.n...e.s..........................................."....,............................................................................ 45 Anchorage for hoisting machines ...................................... 45 Hoppers and ch u tes......................... ................................................. 45 45 rope, chains for material hoisting H oisting rope--m aterial.................... ripre rope ............................... ........ Wire rope ........................ ' ' ... ...................... Sheaves ............... ................................... Fittings ...................... ................................... Use o f chains ................................! . ! ! ! ! " Heat treating of chains.............................'.'' Material platform or bucket hoists Construction of hoist towers ......... Enclosure of hoists .......................... Entrances to hoistways..................... 46 46 46 46 46 47 W .. 47 47 47 48 [xii] Section No. (d) (e) U) tto Subject Sage .Hoist c a r s ............ Ho. Guide rails . . . . . ............................................................................................. 48 Operation of hoist . .................................................................................. 48 T h o ro u g h fare ....................... ........................................................................... 48 Protection of hoist operators .......................................... 48 in (k) 23.45 w ^ T l i pinK.c>f.1:,a!fo'm hoist5 : : 41 Riding ......... ...................................................................... 49 ....................................................................................................... 49 W o rk m e n 's e le v ato rs ....................... ft! Code Part (Rule N o.) 8 . . . . . . . . .. i i % (c) Maintenance anduse .. 49 W Hoistway enclosure 49 Sfr Hoistway doors . . . 49 S* > Car construction ...................................... 50 )?/ P 11 door o r g a t e .......... 50 (n) W iring . . . . 50 Jj) Lighting .......................... 50 >' T h o ro u g h fare ......... 50 m Enclosure o fhoisting equipm en't' i .' i i i ..................................................... 50 (n) T e s lf '"spcction and lubrication ' i ii .'i i i i i ............................ | j 23.46 (a) (b) rVn m ( J Cranes and derricks S tr e n g th ............................. ............................................................... 51 Inspection ........................................................................................................... 51 Footing ...................... ......................................................................... ... 51 ::::::::::::::::: S m dificf !ions o f cranes and d e rric k s............................ H (l) (2) )?< (4) 0) /V< fm> S' (I) (33 Booms .......................................... ............................................................... 52 Boom extensions .......................................................................... 52 B raking m echanism ..................................................................................... 53 Cast iro n .............................. ........................................................................ 53 Cranes--capacity chart ........................................................................... 53 Cranes boom angle in d ic a to r i i ! ............................................................... 53 Cranes--general operation ........... ..................................................... 53 r ,, I 'f 5 pera'?on with dem olition brill i ................................................. 53 S n sS S .........2 ::::;:;:::::::;::;;: g Finding of fact ... ............................................................... 54 k m(`-t| d `bis subdivision................................................. ^ nl Sox r ia \ m i\ OH , ip' Experience required ..................................................................... 56 E xam ining board . . . .............................................................................. 56 General exam ination . ........................................................................... 56 O perating exam ination . ..................................................................... 56 Contents of certificate . .................................................................... 56 T erm o f certificate .. . .......................................................................... 57 C arrying certificate . . . . ...................................................................... 57 Renewals . . . . ........................................................................ 57 sh E " -" " -a * z e a a ; S7 dS S S z J s ? ................................................................................................ 57 [xiiij Section No. ( 1) ( 2) (3) (q) (r) ( 1) (2) (3) 8? 23.47 (a) <b) (c) 1) 11) (0 Subject Number and spacing . Attachment ................. Anchoring ................... Derricks--breast type . . Derricks--construction . Materials ...................... Mast fittings ............... Cast iron ..................... Derricks--capacity chart Derricks--load limitation Conveyors and cableways W alk w ays ......................... T r ip p e rs............................ S p illage ............................. Overhead protection . . . . Signal system required . Riding prohibited .......... Page No. .. 57 .. 58 .. 58 . 58 . 58 . 58 . 58 .. 58 . 58 . 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 59 2S.48 (a) (M (e) (d) (e) (f) E x c a v a tin g and grading m ach ines ............................................................ 59 Footing ............................................................................................................ 59 Protection of operator .......................................................................... 59 Operation ................. 59 Power shovel operationnear power lines ............................................... 59 Trenching ............................................................................................... 59 Stopping or parking machines.............................................................. 60 23.49 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f j (g) Auto trucks ............ Brake maintenance Blocks .................. Loading ................ Backing ............... Riding .................. Dumping ............... Cab protector........ 60 m 60 60 60 i 60 60 60 60 23.50 (al (b) (c) id ) (e> Hand-propelled vehicles ......................................................................... 60 Maintenance ........................................................................... 60 Wheels and handles ................................................ 60 Buggy counterbalance ...............................................................................60 Curbing .................................................................................................... 60 Storage ....................................................................... 60 i l l23.51 Lift and fork trucks ............................... 60 U) Capacity............................................ 60 Si Loading ............................................ Brakes and load-elevating mechanisms 61 61 (d) Hand-lift handles.............................. 61 (c) Operating surfaces................................ 61 Packaged masonry units................... 61 Loose masonry units .......................... (H) Support of pallets ............................. 61 (i) Protection of operator ....................... (j) Prohibited u se.................................. 23.52 Power buggies ___ 61 (?) Definition ............. 61 r \ Assigned operator 61 'c ) Defective machines 61 [xiv] Section No. (d) ( 1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ( 6) (e) CD ( 2) (f) Subject Mechanical requirements . . , Stability ................. ................. Braking power ...................... Accidental starting ................... Warning devices ........... ............ Seats and visibility . . . . ......... Speed ..........................\ ...................... Operation ................ ............................. Parking on g ra d e s ................ ....... Prohibited operation * Special requirements for runways' etc. 23.53 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) ((hS )) (i) (j) (k) Pile drivers..................... Footing .......................... ....... Inspection ...................... ' ' ...................... Protection of operator . Qualifications of operator Handling of piles . .. ................ When not in use . .. ...................... Temporary interruption........... ............... Steam and air lin e s ............. U d d ersP,ateS' CUShions' sfriking heads . Working platforms ___........................... 23.54 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Mixing machines ............. Charging sk ip s................ Hoppers ........................ Bucket hoists .................. " Flywheels ................. Trough type mixers . . . . 23.55 (b) (c) (d) (e) Jacks .................................... Capacity marking ........... Overtravel ...................... Lubrication ......... ........ Loads ............................ Supervision ............... 23.56 (a) (b) (c) Electrical and pneumatic hand tools Power shut-off requirements .............. " Electrical and hose lines Grounding electrical tools ...' ` ` .' ' ' ' " " 23.57 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Welding and flame cutting ............ Compressed gas cylinders ................ . Hose and hose connections ......... Torches .......................... ........................ Protection for workmen . . . ...................... Fire prevention ............... ......................... Tanks or containers-explosion hazard 23.58 ia) (b) (c) Lead fumes and dust--structural steel Hot riveting or w e ld in g ................ Cleaning coated surfaces Flame cleaning or flame cutting operations 23.59 (a) (b) (c) Painting .................... Definition ...................... ....................... G eneral........ ....................................... Spraying .............. .......................................... [xv] Page No. .. 61 . . 61 .. 62 .. 62 .. 62 .. 62 .. 62 .. 62 .. 62 .. 62 .. 62 . 63 .. 63 . 63 . 63 . 63 . 63 . 64 . 64 . 64 . 64 . 64 - 64 64 64 . 64 64 64 64 64 64 65 65 65 65 ..65 65 65 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 66 . 66 . . 66 .. 67 . 67 . 67 .. 67 . 67 . 67 Section No. (d) c (f) Subject Brush work . ... Coating removal Machine sanding Page No. . 67 . 67 . 68 23.60 E x h a u s t g a se s of internal com bustion e n g i n e s ..................................... 68 / a\ Prohibited em ploym ent................................................................................ 6g (b) Presumptions ...................................................................................................... 68 Maintenance of engines .................................................................................. 68 < (d) Enclosed spaces ................................................................................... gg (e\ Exhaust piping ...................................................................................................68 (f) Special trucks ................................................................................................ gg 23.61 Explosives ................................................................ 68 Storage .................................................................. 68 Access to explosives.............................................. 68 Handling--personnel ............................................ 69 The b la ster.............................................................. 69 Smoking and open lights ....................................... 69 Marking ................................................................. 69 Prohibited explosives ............................................ 69 Destroying explosives ............................................ 69 Magazines--for explosives other than detonators 69 Magazines for detonators..................................... 69 Opening packages................................................... 69 Deepening holes ..................................................... 69 Size of holes .......................................................... 69 Removing cartridge wrappers .............................. 69 Loading--other operations ................................... 69 Loading and tamping.............................................. 69 Firing ..................................................................... 69 Connecting up detonators ..................................... 70 Blasting circuit--type ............................................ 70 Making connections .............................................. 70 Testing circuits ....................................................... 70 Firing switch ........................................................... 70 Blasting circuit--plugs ........................................... 70 Use of blasting machines....................................... 70 Warning and retreat ............................................ 70 Return to the blast area ....................................... 70 Misfires ............................................................... _ 70 Reloading h o le s...................................... 71 Blasting mat ............................................................ 71 Operations during electrical storm s..................... 71 Prohibited use of two-way communication . . . . 71 2162 Imminent danger--notice, warning and avoidance 71 23.63 Severability .......................................................... 71 [xvi] A Rule of the Board of Standards and Appeals relating to PROTECTION OF PERSONS EM PLOYED IN CONSTRUCTION AND DEM OLITION W ORK (Statutory Authority : Labor Law 27-a, 28, 29, 200, 241, 241-a and 242} title 12 of the New York State Official Compilation o f Codes Kuies and egulations, Chapter I, Subchapter A Part 23 ' ( 12 NY C R R 23) materials, the hazards associated with struction machinery the hazards o f fi / ff !lng obJects and operation o f vehicles and o f con ards of injury from th eu se o f t r d c n n l ^ T f ^ electricit>'. the haz- and materials, the hazards incidental to the h a i d l ^ 0"^ 0015' machines heavy materials and the hazards o f ex n osm i th" ldlin and movement of taminants. f ex Psure to tile elements and air con- (rule) applies ffirough^t f f i f s t t e of New York " *? W0^ This P.art may be limited by law. oldc excePt as its application (rffie)2 t e ^ s mLdn h erein F in COm ection w ith th is P a r t subsirting^reso^uhon^f^rmroval\dooted h by the board: made : "i " mpliance with a > - d o n me(nbt)o fAqdueaqliutay"te.. See subdivision \f d J'l onif scepcrttiirovnn 273"?.37 on <f/G- eneral. require- W r e s t s ln d w h ic h ^ a ^ b fs l^ ie d by led geS ^ ^ plat" Y o ik , B ard- ThC B ard f SGodards and Appeals o f the State o f New 1 (23.2) ( f ) Bricklayer's square scafjold. A scaffold the platform of which is d i a g K f b m c h f g ' SUPP rted n bUilt'UP SqUarCS SCCUred ,0 each other by Y o $ Commissioner- Th= Industrial Commissioner of the State of New sstrrr!uIcctt)iioonnC,OeerTecttibon,0 aaltierrarti'onM, rep^air, mafi.nthteenatynpcees, pPaeirnftoirnme eodr imn otvhien?coonfbuildings and structures other than buildings, whether or not such work is performed in proximate relation to a specific building or structure and in c1ear?nVbL n ahmI,`''IUStratlH" ^ n0t by-Way f ^ work of land road ad M excava lnib trenching, pipe and conduit lay- s t ^ c t i S n i u f building concreting, equipment installation and the SiuHlCi id.iis *J1Sauy lo lioXniJ O0i ffroWi 0a0ndy- psuterpelu-ec.^ s , masonry and other building (i) Demolition work. The work incidental to or associated with the toUd or partial dismantling or razing of a building or a structure other than e q S S im . dmg thC fem0Ving r d'smantbng of machinery or other to i i r f o ^ t S c 2 r k "o r d u ^ 0n ' * * * " d by " m e S o f f S / ' S<* SuMivision <d ) of tk 23.3 on "General require- to of qualhyA^' ^ SuWivision <d> f sectio" 23-3 on "General requirement (m ) Equivalent. See subdivision (d) of section 23 3 on " fu requirement of quality". ' n > on General n il or Mh" guides o f b r S l lengths. tW ? ^ sections d e l i n g in ,S 50 arranged it may be adjusted to varilble trestle ladder"with s i ^ f e 1??d*r consistin of a which is fastened to the top of the t t K M ^ T.aVf ' g P" *1!el sides, to various heights. P 6 ladder but which can be adjusted of qualifyTM ^ Subdivision (d) of section 23.3 on "General requirement S s & r i^ ",, s 2 "N* " C " " " d r' <luired '" " PP11 ;,, add;,ir,,, (u ) Independent pole scaffold. A scaffold supported from the bise h douWe row of uprights, independent o f support from w ills t d T ^ " P" Sh'S' '" * " * h ri " * al PS f TM t a . 2 work ,0 k ' The !l" oi " proi e a involving construction or dcmoli!inii o o S d u 1 < M Z j a C k S C a P o l d - A scaffo!d the platform of which is SlI ported by brackets or jacks attached to the side rails o f ladders. P' (x ) Ledger The horizontal scaffold member which extends from n. p lils lip s s "PP" P '"* * r -- rs visions ,,i n i u ? , rtA( " i c " ` m" d' " d "SCd !" " '(' ' > sUs P c . otfrer dutn a modera.e * & o f ,, " d ^<1 " "K , A T fl 'd ha,i."e a q i S e n f o A ' S y ? " S"M v iS " " <d > o ' " " "Genera, ^ 'hi* kih upon of ,he bui,ding ^ s L sr ss i f i s s z z z s s i ? r " 'fiie ,, tr .o "d 3 (23.2) of q u a lity ^ ' SeC Subdivision ( d > of section 23-3 "General requirement (jj) Safety belt. A safety belt provided and used in accordance with the provisions of this Part (rule). raihng' K. constructed and maintained in compli ance with the provisions of this Part (rule). H (11) Scaffold. A temporary elevated working platform. (m m ) Sectional ladder. A ladder consisting of two or more sections stoSefadder'1 ^ SeCt` nS ^ ** comb' ned end to 611(1 to function uieiU^f q S " / ' SeC subdivision ( d> of section 23.3 on "General require- (o o ) Shall. The word "shall'' is always mandatory. (pp) Single ladder. A ladder of but one section. the S ' ! ? d or S s in 'a w a H v-hlch,are f^aP old' A Platform resting on putlogs or crossbeams, s.uPPrted on ledgers secured to a single tow ^ f which are s o r t e d on a wall A self"s.uPPOrting ladder with flat steps secured to the side rails and having a hinged backsection to provide support. q i r S J t ? " 5" !"bdivis " W ) i " " 23 3 on ' W a l re- m i." of S"bdiVi!i" (d ) ! 23J 'W n .1 . S" s"MivTM " (" ) o ' **ion 23.3 oo "G om nl q m . and used primarily to carry w o r k m a n a S J n t i S y v S n| i r ^ t b a " 4 (2.3.3) J or permitted to perform work o f anv E fr " employees are suffered work shall be so constructed, equipped arrM w T nStrUC!'jn r demoiii`on as to provide reasonable and adequate protecfion a n d , conducted safety of such persons. To this end ah 1 1 1 he hves' health lnd subcontractors and other persons obligated h / l a l T 5' Wn^rs' contractors, conditions or safe places to work n . ^ w to provide safe working demolition work shall provide or ?.ed in, " ^ r u c tio n or ditions, safety devices, types o f construct on a ,the work'ng con- ZWM,d ^ methods and procedures required by this Part ^ mef S' suffer or permit an employee to work ,,nL \ ru,e)- No employer shall not in compliance with this Part (rule) condlt,ons which are by this Part (rule). e ). or to perform anv act prohibited re q u 'i W t F"r ^ of TM k teigoatedV rson S S y S a h a id e ^ a l t' of . an employee as a reasonaWe and prudent ^ ^ S-Uch only such d d >M k ed * * - * - * . JaL , d7 " >. * TM c , ,, s, are not herein specified or described^or w h lk 1S Pj rt and eitker descriptive terms such as adequate e f f e c t i v e d<rSCFlbedby general sary, proper, safe, secure substantial cliffi ' f *. eT 'lva]ent, firm, neces- be o f such kind and a"d the !ike>^ t r ^ z s z in construction and demolition work w o V k l r l ^ ^ "T * eo; di:ion: for visions of this Part ( iufe) w i d f T E TCry " "P10^ shal] observe aJl pro- shall use the s a f e t y ' X i c e T r ^ his COI>duct.He shall not tamper with or render ineffective y S S ^ e S ^ S S ^ 3 1 work or to pass that is normally eV pIVd to f S e are ret!uircd to be provided with suitable overhead nrnt* ,f hns: "]atep al r objects shall quired to work or passTut eVployees a tn' T *- Wh, 6re. no is re posed area shall beToped off o r V h / ' Wori5 ? ^ v,cini*y the ex entry. Pea tt or otbenvise guarded against inadvertent l free access is required by " a ">"*h 'eh a p a ,, ,, ,, ma,, faJ,s' f (23.3) ( j ) Drowning hazards. Where employees are exposed to hazard of falling into the water in which one may drown there shall be provided at all times during the exposure, equipment for promptly rescuing persons from the water, including a manned and properly equipped boat where necessary. (k ) Slipping hazards. No employer shall suffer or permit an employee to use a passageway, or a scaffold, platform or other elevated working surface which is in a slippery condition. Ice, snow, grease and other sub stances causing slippery footing shall be removed, sanded or covered to provide safe footing. , 0 ) Tripping and other hazards. (1 ) Passageways. All passageways shall be kept free from accumulations of dirt and debris and from other oostructions or defects which could cause tripping. Sharp projections which could cut any employee shall be removed or covered. (2) Working areas. The parts of floors, platforms and similar areas where employees must work shall be kept free from accumulations of dirt and debris and from scattered tools and materials and from sharp projections insofar as may be consistent with the work being done. (m ) Vertical passage. Stairways, ramps or runways shall be provided as the means of access to working levels above or below ground except where the nature or progress of the work prevents their installation in which case ladders or other safe means shall be provided. (n ) Control o f dusts and gases. Dusts and gases shall be controlled by ventilation or otherwise so as to prevent concentrations tending to injure health or obstruct vision. (o ) Corrosive substances. All lime, acid and other corrosive sub stances shall be so stored and used as not to endanger workmen. Protective equipment for the use of such substances shall be provided. (p ) Eye protection. Approved eye protection equipment shall be pro vided for and shall be used by workmen while employed in welding or w W h F n C T ,0n8 r flm chipp!n. f cuttin2 or grinding any material from which particles may fly, or while engaged in any other operation which may endanger the eyes. (q ) Respirators. ( 1 ) All respirators shall be approved. (2) Where these rules require respirators to be provided, the em ployer shall provide and the employee shall use a respirator approved for the type of operation for which it is to be used. The employer shall main tain such respirator m good repair and shall furnish the means for its continued efficient working condition; and he shall provide daily in spection, cleansing and sterilization of such equipment. Respirators that arc used by more than one person during a day shall be sterilized before use by each person. Such equipment, when not in use, shall be stored in closed containers. (3 ) (i) The air supply line from an air compressor to an air line respirator shall be provided with a filter which will effectively remove 6 (23.3) pipe scale, water, oil mists and noxious vapors and with a pressure reducing valve to prevent the pressure of the air supply from exceedmg 25 pounds per square inch. "There shall also be a pressure release valve between the reducing valve and the mask set to release at 25 pounds per square inch pressure or less. (ii) The air supply line from a bottled air source to an air line res pirator of the demand type shall be provided with a pressure reducing valve to prevent the pressure of the air supply to the mask from ex ceeding 125 pounds per square inch and with a pressure release valve between the reducing valve and the mask set to release at less than such pressure. (4) Air supplied to any type of air line respirator shall be taken from a source containing TM harmful contaminants. ( r) Protective apparel. (1 ) Head protection. Every employee re quired to pass or work within areas where there is danger o f being struck by falling objects or materials shall be provided with an approved safety hat. (2) Boots. Every employee required to work in water, wet con crete or other wet footing shall be provided with waterproof boots with safety insoles. (3) W aterproof clothing. Every employee required to work in rain or similar wetting conditions shall be provided with a waterproof coat and hat. (4) Corrosive substances. Every employee required to use or hanale corrosive substances shall be provided with appropriate protective apparel. (s ) Cleanliness of personal protective equipment. (1)> A ll personal protective equipment shall be kept clean and in good repair. Before being transferred from one employee to another, safety hats, foul weather hats, boots and hat or boot liners shall be washed or dry cleaned so as to be clean and sanitary. (2) Goggles, glasses and welders' shields shall be sterilized before being transferred from one employee to another. . (*) Power-driven machines-- general. Power-driven machines not here in specifically considered shall be guarded in accordance with the require ments of Part (R ule N o.) 19 o f the Industrial Code covering the "Guard ing of Dangerous Machineiy, Vats, Pans and Elevated Runways".* (u) Keys, set-screws and similar projections. All keys, set-screws, bolts or similar projections on shafts, pulleys, gears, collars, or couplings and other revolving members, where such projections are not countersunk or protected by location from accidental contact by workmen, shall be pro tected by smooth, cylindrical safety sleeves o f wood or metal surrounding1 the projection, or shall be guarded by a stationary enclosure o f sheet metal, and"pans"*langet* ^ anuary ^ 2 to "Guarding of Dangerous Machinery, Vats 7 (23.3) wire mesh, expanded metal or other suitable material. Any openings there in shall not exceed one-half inch in greatest dimension. (v ) P ow er driven sows. (1 ) All portable power-driven hand op erated saws which are not mounted with saw tables except chain saws and circular brush saws, shall be equipped with guards above the base plate which will completely protect the operator from contact with the saw blade w hen m motion and with self-adjusting guards below the base plate which w ill completely cover the saw to the depth of the teeth when the saw is removed from the cut. Notf- CtriCally dnven Prtable jM'ttion 23.56. are also subject to the requirements of (2) Every power-driven saw which is mounted with a saw table shall be cq,.,,ppcd with a guard which shall cover the saw blade to such an extent as wilt prevent contact with any part o f the teeth which are more than two inches above the saw table and which are not protected by the spreader or similar device. In operation, the guard shall automatically rise by pressure from the material or shall be so adjusted that as the saw cuts the material, the distance from the material to the underside of the guard does not exceed one-half inch. The exposed teeth of the saw blade beneath the table shall be effectively guarded. (3) {.very table circular saw used for ripping shall be provided with a spreader securely fastened m position and with an effective device to prevent the kicking back of the material. (w) Sprockets, gears and friction-disc drives. Sprockets, gears and fricon-disc drives, which are not protected by location from Accidental contact by workmen shall be completely enclosed or shall be provided with band guards which shall have side flanges extending below the roots of the (x ) Pelts, pulleys, flywheels and wire rope. (1 ) All belts exceot con veyor licits and all pulleys and flywheels which are less than seven feet above a floor or other working platform or a runway, and nonprotected jirrirs gSuaarrddedi Tby ssubsitanTtial ^enclrosurbeys Wor [bkymaesna-fsehtay11rahilaivneg whimchovwining mKchTMc.s. "J.<nlcr!losnuernes,rremquired by this ^Part (ruhleo) rmSaySbeT tecmfDooriari1l8v removed when starting the machine or for the DuruoL of A d i E ^ or TM ..,,,c,,a,,ee. but s L l be fautediutely ' It m L 'm id band " S K P " " " !heaV" " d * * * " l! ?haU fcP' >1 striking tools shall ; fJb " d mus*lrw *ued beads. Split o? lo o tool stall consist of a two inch by above the walking1? ^ ! ^ n0t, CSS ^ ^ !nches nor more ^ 42 inches at intervals of no? *?eCUr?ty supported by two inch by four inch posts mcrvals of not more than etght feet and shall include a one inch b y S 8 (23.31 inch midrail and a toeboard at least four inches high. The handrail shall be smooth and free from splinters or protruding nails. Other material or construction may be used provided the assembly assures equivalent safety, (aa) Temporary electric wiring. (1) All wiring shall be supported on proper insulators and not looped over nails or brackets. No bare wires or other unprotected current-carrying parts shall be located within eight feet of any surface where workmen may work or pass, unless completely guarded by a fence or other barrier. (2 ) Electrical systems and current carrying equipment shall be prop- ey y grounded except as provided for blasting circuits in subdivision (s^ of section 23.61. Where it is necessary to lay electric wiring on the ground, the wiring shall be of the weatherproof type and heavv enough to withstand the wear and abuse to which it may be subjected. No con ductor shall be used to carry a higher voltage than the manufacturer's rating. ' (3 ) Elevated power lines shall have a sufficient vertical clearance where they cross highways, access roads or areas traveled by trucks cranes, shovels or other similar equipment. Fuses and. other automatic cutouts shall not exceed a size that will blow at a point lower than the carrying capacity of the protected conductor or equipment. (5 ) Where two or more voltages are used on the same job all elec trical equipment and circuits shall be suitably identified. (bb) Electrical hazard. (1 ) Investigation and warning. Before work is begun the employer shall ascertain by inquiry or direct observation, or by instruments, whether any part of an electric power circuit, exposed or concealed, is so located that the performance o f the work may brine any person, tool or machine into physical or electrical contact therewith. The employer shall post and maintain proper warning signs where such a circuit exists. He shall advise his employees o f the location of such lines, the hazards involved and the protective measures to be taken. (2 ) Protection o f employees. N o employer shall suffer or permit an employee to work m such proximity to any part of an electric power circuit that he may contact die same in the course of his work unless the employee is protected against electric shock by de-energizing the circuit and grounding it or by guarding it by effective insulation or other means, in work areas where the exact location of underground electric power lines is unknown, workmen using jack-hammers, bars or other hand gbvesWhldl may C ntaCt a Hne Sha11 be Provided with insulated protective Guarding of switches, etc. If protection for the employee is sup plied by de-energizing the circuit the employer shall cause the open switch or other circuit interruption to be guarded against inadvertent closing until the employee is no longer exposed. (4 ) N otifying utility company. At least 24 hours before work is be gun m proximity to any live overhead power line or any excavation work 9 (23.3) is performed which may contact or disturb a live underground newer affected? emPlyer Sha11 the Utili* w h S T n e m'ay b e ^ i i u S S T 1^ ' Portab,e eIectric Pwer generators on the job shall Of this s 2 n S ? 'CTMmissi0" operations. None of the provisions under the ju r isd ictio n ^ L SbKc C ndUCte<1 ^ y i ^ h ^ ^ ^ T aSVfcm> f,r Safe worki"ff conditions shall , 3 * t ^ WayS " ,andngS shall knots or other defects which S c\ s rmg shakes, large or loose strength at the joints. ' ^ a d number to provide the required m fied are nom inal^ trade ffimrasffins *he 1,Umb?r d!mensions herein speci- cept as otherwise stated. except in the case of ladders and ex- | i l TM i cr, > TM K" r v ? bdn* Per- where public vehicular traffic m ? ^ a k lgkway or any other place working area shall be so barrirad ^ cau*e danffer to men at work, the pthuerptroasfefic sha l be Tsppe^ciaallllvy cco^nrtnroilrleHd bkydp'reerCstotnrsafafiucthaowraizyedfTMfomr itthoart .Jfc J'ofjHd " ^ s s ? " f r 1's' s*." >* * width colored fluorescent red o r oTM CSS " 18 lnches m length and staff. He shall be stationed not l e s s e n 200 ?I,ntcd n a S"itable hand from the area of the work . feet "or more than 300 feet instructed to stop traffic when n e c e ssa r v ^ v TM ^ !^ tri?ffic- He shaI be paddle horizontally to face the traffic and Z extendlnff the traffic flag or "agor paddle * B e r i n g the ttT t e t a r e or fall, Ilapso or wraJ.ro d o r w i n ^ r U or v t r S " " 'hat * lo " r4 - y br made equipment which may be used in comnlin, ' aPParatus> material or `i f >* " d a-- v'i r s t e . r t t ' n t S 10 (23.5) 23.5 M aintenance and housekeeping. (a) Storage of material and equipment. (1) All building material shall be stored in a safe and orderly manner and so that material piles are stable under all conditions and so located that they do not obstruct any passageway, walkway or stairway. (2) Material or equipment shall not be stored upon any floor or platform in such quantity as to exceed its safe carrying capacity nor so close to any edge of a floor or platform as to endanger persons below. (b ) Disposal o f debris. Debris shall be handled and disposed of by a method which will not endanger persons. Debris shall not be allowed to accumulate on the job so as to constitute a hazard and shall be kept suffieientlv moist to lav the dust. 23.6 Sanitation and drinking water, (a) Toilet facilities. Toilet facilities shall be provided or made available in a sufficient number to accomodate all employees on the basis of at least one unit for every 30 per sons or fraction thereof. Such facilities shall consist of water closets but chemical toilets or privies may be provided instead of water closets where water and sewer connections are not readily available. Toilet facilities shall be maintained in a sanitary condition. (b ) Accessibility o f toilets. Toilet facilies shall be readily accessible to all employees and in building construction shall be located not more than four stories above or below the place of work. (c ) Shelter. AH toilet and washing facilities shall be sheltered to pro vide privacy to the user and protection from the weather and shall be pro tected from any hazard of falling objects. (d ) Washing facilities. W ashing facilities including warm water, soap and individual towels shall be provided for all employees who are required to use or handle corrosive substances or substances containing compounds of lead, arsenic, antimony, mercury or cadmium or metal chromates on the basis of at least one wash basin with warm running water for every 10 such employees. W here running water is not available at least one pail of fresh warm water shall be supplied for every four such employees. (e ) Change houses. Where employees change their clothes on the job, change houses or other sheltered locations of sufficient size to accommodate the workmen shall be provided for the purpose o f changing clothes. ( f ) Drinking water. There shall be provided in readily accessible locations on every job, a supply o f clean, pure and cool drinking water. Such drinking water shall be running water or water in clean and covered receptacles. The use of common drinking cups or dippers is prohibited. 23.7 D em olition, (a) General method of demolition. All demolition operations shall be conducted in accordance with subdivisions (b ) through (r ) of this section inclusive, except that operations performed by the 11 (23.7) mechanical method of demolition shall be subject only to subdivisions (b) and (c) m addition to the requirements of subdivision(s). P reParaiions- Before starting demolition all glass in exterior open ' ug nSu i f removed- AI1 g" . electric, water, steam and other supply lines shall be shut off and capped. In each case the service company in volved shall be notified in advance. Where it is necessary to maintain any power, water, gas or electric lines during demolition, such lines shall be so relocated or protected with substantial coverings as to protect them from injury and to afford safety to the workmen. (c) Protection of adjacent structures. During the demolition o f any structure, the employer performing such demolition shall examine the walls ot all structures adjacent to the structure which is to be demolished. Such examination shall include a determination of the thickness and method of support of the walls of all such adjacent structures. Where there is reason to believe that an adjacent structure is unsafe or will become unsafe be cause of demolition operations, no demolition shall be performed at this point until there has been provided sheet-piling, shoring, bracing or other such means as may be necessary to insure the stability of the adjacent structure and to prevent such structure or other property from collapsing. (d ) Demolition of walls, partitions, etc. (1 ) Demolition o f walls and partitions shall proceed in a systematic manner and all work above each iseimpaindr beamS sha 1 ** comPIeted before the safety of its supports (2) Masonry shall neither be loosened nor permitted to fall in such masses as to endanger the structural stability of any floor or structural support. bereft ,m t a,!l^cbinlneu r stTMcture or Pai* of a structure shall be left unguarded in such condition that it may fall, collapse or weaken due to wind pressure or vibration. of ^ w a lf0 empl0yer sha11 suffer or PeTM* any employee to work on top In t|bf,^ fnK^ltl0.n, by band of exterior walls, safe footing for the orkmen shall be provided m the form of sound flooring or scaffolds. n ih l .Partitions which are to be demolished by hand shall T StV high above npermost floor "*c " u lW 6-Bach walls or partitions shall be removed of hs t o S a fe a ^ f openm^s in such floor exceed 25 per cent (e) Inspection During demolition, continuing inspections shall be made as die work progresses to detect any hazard! to workmen resulting from weakened or deteriorated floors or walls or loosened materialWn 2 ? ployee shall be suffered or permitted to work unless they are corrected by shoring, bracing, or other effective meanT ( f ) Boarding of wall openings. Windows and other exterior wall openings m build,ngs more than 25 feet in height and which S e w h h b S 12 ( 2 3 .7) f ning `!Scd ` . remove debr>s from floors above shall be solidly boarded up during demolition operation. De r e m o i e d ^ ^ 0^ f p e r a t i n - D ebris- bricks and other material shall be (1) by means of chutes constructed in compliance with section 23 40 (2) by means of buckets or hoists ; or witf{h,3)sub*driv0iUs?iohnsT(kr),, ?(1,) a`nndtb(em )flooofrtshiosfsetchteionb.uilding in compliance In Access( t0 flors- There shall be provided at all times safe access to and egress from every building in the course of demolition by m eans of entrances, hallways, sta.nvays or ladder runs so protected as to safcgc rd the persons using them from falling material. (l) Protection in other areas. Every floor area within the building that is subject to the hazard o f material falling from above shall be bofrded up to preventpassage or shall be fenced off by a substantial rail p la c S h e a ^ n r ^ - 20 " `i ' T 1116 fl? r PenlnS or shall be provided with over head protection m the form of tight planking to eliminate such hazard. dJ^o)r c W02,/ , " J StL lV Ural steeL AU steel construction shall be demolished column length by column length and tier by tier. Every struck "5al "?ember whldl 1S bng dismembered shall not be under any stress nlar r m 311 ItS fWn wei?ht 311(1,such member shall be chained or lashed in place to Prevent any uncontrolled swinging or dropping. Large structural members shall not be thrown or dropped from the building, but shall be ^ 0Wf re,d- W 116^ 3 derrick is used in the demolition o f buildings skeleton steel construction, the floor on which the derrick rests shs'll be completely planked over. Where other methods are used, the workman engaged m the dismantling of steel shall be protected by solidly planked flooring or sound floor arches not more than two stories M o w and directly under that portion of any tier o f beams where such men are at (k ) Demolition of floor arches. Before demolishing any floor arch alia" " L r T r ^ r T ' l !* TM " " d f"" * * * "* i tk l , PIanks not less than two inches by nine inches in cross section, full size undressed, shall be provided for and sh allb e used beamsC S u c h ^ a n K ST \ \ br,eakm2 down floor ar<-'hes between thT ? pTM sba11 be 50 located as to provide a safe support for the workmen should the arch between the beams collapse. The open spac- between planks shall not exceed 16 inches. P P FJ r Penin9 s permissible area. The aggregate area o f openings exxcceSedd 4245poeerr^cemnnti off ttlhye total areathoe f fslouocrh bfleoionr. demolished shall i t th ^ r e m o il ^ n^ - r e q u i r e d protection. (1 ) Evety opening used for ex ceo t^ h rn n f odebr,SpPn 6n ery fioor which 5s not c5osed to access, from f w toPi - r WO ing ? r' shaI1 be provided with an enclosure trom floor to ceiling equivalent to that afforded by planking not less 13 ( 23.7) than two inches in thickness, full size undressed. The enclosure shall be solid except for portions openable for loosening blocked debris. Alternatively, the opening shall be so barricaded that no person shall have access to within a horizontal distance of 20 feet from any opening above through which debris is being dropped. Every opening not used for the removal of debris in any floor to which access is permitted shall be protected by a solid enclosure as herein prescribed or by a safety railing and toeboard or shall be solidly planked over. (2) Openings in the top or working floor more than 16 inches in least dimension shall be protected on all sides, except the side at which debris is depqsited, by a safety railing and toeboard, or the sides of the opening shall he. roped off at a distance of not less than two feet from the edge of the opening by not less than one-half inch diameter rope securely tied to provide a guard of a height equivalent to that provided by the safety railing. That portion of any floor opening adjacent to and immediately below a point where men are employed in any work on a wall shall be provided with a solid flooring not less than five feet wide measured from the inside face of the walk (n) Storage o f material--general. (1) Material shall not be stored on catch platforms, scaffold platforms, floor or stairways of the building being demolished, except that the floor of a building may be used for the temporary storage of material when such floor is of such strength as to support safely the load to be superimposed. (2) Storage spaces shall not interfere with access to any stairway or passageway and suitable barricades shall be provided so as 'o pre vent material from sliding or rebounding into any space used by the workmen or the public. All material shall be safely piled in such loca tions as will not interfere with any operations nor present a hazard to those at, or frequenting, the demolition site. (o) Storage o f debris in cellar. When debris is piled in the cellar it shall not be piled above the top of the foundation wall. The person in charge of demolition operations shall provide sheet-piling, shoring, brac ing or such other means as may be necessary to insure the stability of the walls and to prevent any wall from collapsing due to the pressure of the accumulated material. (p) Safe footing required. No employer shall suffer or permit an employee working above the first floor level to use accumulated debris or piled material as a footing for the performance of his work, iivery employee shall be provided with safe footing in the form of sound plank ing or flooring. (q ) Catch platform s. During the demolition of an exterior masonry wall or a roof from a point more than 75 feet above the adjoining ground level, if persons below are exposed to falling objects, catch platforms in compliance with section 23.39 shall be provided and maintained at a level not more than 2 0 feet below the working level except in the case of chimney demolition and except where an exterior built-up scaffold pro vides equivalent protection. 14 (23.7) (r) Barricades. (1) Along every sidewalk or thoroughfare bordering demolition operations there shall be erected a substantial barricade to prevent unauthorized persons from entering the site of such operations, except that where a sidewalk shed in compliance with section 23.39 is erected, such barricade may be omitted. (2 ) Such barricade shall be a fence not less than six feet in height. It shall be built solid for its entire height and length except for such openings provided with solid doors as may be necessary for the proper prosecution of the work. (3) Where the distance from the face of the building to be de molished to the inside edge of a sidewalk or thoroughfare is more than one half the height o f the building and the height of the building is not more than 25 feet, a substantial railing not less than 36 inches high and provided with an intermediate rail, may be constructed at the inside edge of such sidewalk or thoroughfare in lieu of a solid barri cade or sidewalk shed. ( s ) Mechanical method of demolition. The use o f a swinging weight, clamshell bucket, power shovel, bulldozer or other mechanical contrivance for the purpose o f demolishing walls shall be in accordance with the following requirements : (1) The building or structure or remaining portion thereof shall be: not more than 80 feet in height. (2) (i) W here a swinging weight is used, a zone of demolition at least one and one-half times the height of the structure or portion thereof being so demolished shall be maintained around the points of impact. (ii) W here a clamshell bucket is being used, a zone o f demolition shall be maintained within 25 feet of the line of travel o f the bucket. (iii) W here other mechanical contrivances are being used to effec tuate total or partial collapse, there shall be maintained in the area, into which the affected portion may fall a zone of demolition at least one and one-half times the height of the structure or remaining portion thereof. (3) No person other than workmen essential to the operation o f the equipment shall be suffered or permitted to enter a zone of demolition (4) Substantial barricades as set forth in subdivision ( r ) of this section shall be erected wherever there is likelihood of persons other than essential workmen entering the zone of demolition. (5) The controls of mechanical devices used in such method of demolition shall be located and operated a safe and reasonable distance from the point o f demolition. (6) Where a swinging weight is used the supporting cables shall be of such length or shall be so restrained that it is not possible for the weight to swing against any structure other than the structure being demolished. 15 (23.8) 23.8 Excavation, (a) Stability o f structures. Where there is anv question of stability of structures adjoining or over areas to he ^ 7 ? " " * " shall be supported w L Y r / 4 " ^ Pe'"'E' Sh n"S' bra" e r > P TM , # l General requirements. (1) No employee shall be permitted to enter any excavated area unless sheet piling, shoring or other safe guard that may be necessary for his protection is provided. f S } ] y W W r any employee in an excavation is exposed to the hazard h l h S or. ?I,dfme .mater`al from any bank or side more than five feet ag$n?hC ?deC|Ua-e plhnS and bracing shall be provided agam^t she bank oi side to eliminate such hazard. The excavation shall be checked after every ram storm or other hazard-increasing occur necessary^ pr0teCtbn against slides and cave-ins in c rL e d if (3) Temporary sheet piling installed to permit constr-urnTM , iull'MrenJh Sh>" " * b,! " n,oved unlil "" *" h a developed its p n iv 7 d iS b S a r t TM 5 S rt ,h' Verh" EinE *" >b' m p l a S f S S u S ' rib ic r fd,omth,he S ? f 7 p0Md ' * * 7*11 be S S iS S iS L be" piled" rellmed f 4 6i i k K i . t nM or other h!d- TM ?e \h ?K ^ e fd r r X ie T a rS r ^ " * * " may be Y i."'* * " 1 " Permitted to work where he dislodged b y * Z S 3 " | ' " aV*, 'n* " *>=*101 ( 1 ) - Planks used shcet piling shall < % a n d ^ a h Y o T l^ o lil^ l6.85,1311 bci f fdequate dimensions for stiffness SteZFJEZ*" K * * * 3M , f *1 L s 'r s ^ accessible. er and in such locations as to be readily 16 TABLE ( 2 3 .8) Minimum Sizes o f Bracing and Sheet-Piling for Narrow Trenches T renches--not m ore th an fo u r ieet in width D epth o f trench (feet) Sheet -Piling H o ri Size zontal (in.) spacing Stringers Size (in.) ) Verti cal i spacing Cross B racing Size H ori zontal (in-) spacing 5-- 30 ............ 2x6 30-- 15 ............ 2x6 M ore th an IS . 2x6 S-- 10 ............ 2x6 10-- 15 ............ 2x6 M ore th an 15 . 2x6 6 feet 4 feet tight (b) 3 feet 2 feet tight ( a ) H a rd and solid soil 2x6 6 feet 2x6 6 feet 4x8 4 feet 4x8 Soil likely to crack or crumble 2x6 2x6 4 x i0 5 feet 2x6 4 feet , 2x6 4 feel 4xlU 6 feet 4 feet 6 feet 5 feet 4 feet 0 feet 5-- 10 ............ 2x6 10-- 15 ............ 2x6 M ore th an 15 . 2x6 (c ) S o ft, sandy filled-in o r loose soil tight tight tight 4x6 4x6 4x12 6 feet 5 feet 4 feet 4x6 4x6 4x12 6 feet 6 feet 6 feet T o 10 .............. M o re th an 10 . 3x6 (d ) W h ere hydrostatic pressure exists tight 6x8 6x10 6^8 4 feet 1 6x10 I 1 6 feet Steel sheet-piling and bracing of equivalent strength may be substituted f o r wood sheet-piling and tim ber bracing. TA B LE II Minimum Sizes of Bracing and Sheet-Piling fo r W ide Trenches T renches--not m o re th an eight feet in width D epth of trench (feet) Sheet-Piling Size (in.) H ori zontal spacing Stringers Size (in.) V erti cal spacing Cross B racing H ori Size zontal (in.) spacing 5-- 10 ............ 2x6 10--2 0 ............ M o re than 20 . 2x6 ( a ) H a rd and solid soil 6 feet 4x6 4 feet 4x6 tight 6x8 4 feet 6x8 6 feet 6 feet 5-- 10 ............ 2x6 1 0 - 2 0 ........ .. 2x6 M ore than 20 . 2x6 5-- 10 ............ 2x6 1 0 - 2 0 ............ 2x6 M ore than 20 . 2x6 (b ) Soil likely to crack o r crumble 3 feet 4x6 4 feet 4x6 tight 6x6 4 feet 6x6 tight 6x8 4 feet 6x8 (c ) S o ft, sandy filled-in o r loose soil tight 4x6 4 feet 4x6 tight 6x6 4 feet 6x6 tight 6x8 4 feet 6x8 6 feet 6 feet 6 feet 6 feet 6 feet 6 feet T o 10 .............. 2x6 M o re th a n 10 . 3x6 (d ) W here hydrostatic pressure exists tight tight 6cx8 6x10 4 feet 4 feet 6x8 6x10 6 feet 6 feet Steel sheet-piling and bracing of equivalent strength m ay be substituted f o r wood sheet-piling and tim ber bracing. 17 (23.8) (e ) Trench excavations. (1 ) Piling, shoring and bracing used in a trench excavation to protect employees against falling or sliding mate rial shall be at least equivalent in strength to that specified in Tables I and II. (2) W here trenching more than five feet in depth is done by a mechanical digger the protection required by paragraph (1) above shall follow the boom as closely as possible. (3) Supports shall be held in place by cross braces cleated and, where necessary, wedged in place, or by screw jacks properly secured in place. W here required by the width of the trench, the lower end of cross braces may bear against footings at the bottom of the trench and shall be secured against kicking out. (4) Cleats shall be spiked or bolted to join cross braces to stringers so as to prevent their being displaced. (5) W here the trench depth requires two lengths of sheet piling, one above the other, the lower piling shall be set inside the bottom stringers o r wales of the upper piling and shall be driven down and braced as the excavation continues. 23.9 Structural steel assembly. j (a ) Placing o f structural members. (1 ) During the final placing of ; structural members, the load shall not be released from the hoisting rope until the members are securely fasted in place. Structural members p j j shall not be forced into place by the hoisting machine while any em- 1 ployee is stationed where he may be injured thereby. : (2 ) Open web steel joists that are hoisted singly shall be transferred : from their place of storage directly to their permanent location and : secured against dislodgment. The load shall not be released from the hoisting rope until it is so secured. Bundles o f such joists shall be placed to prevent accidental dislodgment. Immediately upon releasing the ties or straps from bundles, the joists shall be distributed to and placed in their permanent positions and secured against accidental dislodgment. (3 ) N o load shall be placed on open web steel joists until they are permanently located and secured. (b ) H oling or cutting of structural members. N o load bearing struc tural member shall be materially weakened by cutting, holing or other means except in accordance with the advice of the designer thereof or a licensed professional engineer. (c) Tag lines. While panels or structural members are being hoisted, tag lines shall be used to prevent uncontrolled movement. (d ) Erection o f lintels. Where exterior metal lintels are erected on steel or concrete frame buildings after the permanent floors have been installed,^ a suitable scaffold shall be used unless each worker engaged in the erection o f such lintels wears a safety belt. 18 (23.10) 23.10 Concrete work, (a ) General requirements. Forms and re shores shall be structurally safe and shall be properly braced or tied together so as to maintain position and shape. (b) inspection. Designated persons shall continuously inspect the forms including the shores, braces and other supports during the placing of concrete. Reshores shall be similarly inspected. Any unsafe condition shall be remedied immediately. (c ) Beams, floors and roofs. (1 ) Horizontal and diagonal bracing shall be provided in both longitudinal and transverse directions, as may be necessary to provide structural stability. Shores shall be prop erly seated top and bottom, and shall be secured in place. (2) Where shores rest upon the ground, mud sills or other bases shall be provided. (3) Where the sum of the dead, live, and impact loads on the forms may exceed 150 pounds per square foot, the design of the forms includ ing shores and reshores shall be as specified by a licensed professional engineer. His specification shall be in writing, it shall be signed by him and it shall be kept on the job for use by' the commissioner. Ai form work shall be constructed in accordance therewith. (d ) Stripping. Stripped forms shall be removed or stock-piled promptly after stripping, in all areas in which persons are required to work or pass. Protruding nails, wire ties and other form accessories not necessary'' to subsequent work shall be pulled, cut or otherwise made safe. (e ) Reshoring. (1 ) Reshoring shall be provided when necessary to safely support slabs and beams after stripping, or where such members are subjected to superimposed loads due to construction above. (2 ) The requirements of paragraphs (1 ) and (2 ) of subdivision (c) o f this section also apply to reshores. 23.11 Special requirements for building construction. (a ) Permahent flooring--skeleton steel construction in tiered buildings. The permanent floors shall be installed as the erection of structural mem bers progresses and there shall be not more than eight stories between, the erection floor and the uppermost permanent floor. (b ) Temporary flooring--skeleton steel construction in tiered build ings. (1 ) (i) The derrick or erection floor shall be solidly planked over its entire surface except for access openings. Planking shall be of proper thickness to carry the working load but shall be not less than two inches thick full size undressed, and shall be laid tight and secured to prevent movement. (ii) Except as the Labor Law may otherwise provide, there shall also be a tight and substantial floor within two stories or 30 feet, whichever is less, below and directly under the portion o f each tier of beams on which bolting, riveting, welding or painting is being done. 19 ;23.n) f 2 \ Except as the Labor Law may otherwise provide, where erec ^ j foeing done by means of a crane operating on the ground, a tight 1 (| sU()stantial floor shall be maintained within two stories or 30 feet, whichever is less, below and directly under that portion of each tier nf beams on which bolting, riveting, welding or painting is being done. / flo o rin g -- other construction. (1) In the erection of a building havine double wood floor construction the rough flooring shall be completed as the building progresses including the tier below the one on which floor joists are being installed. (2 ) For single wood flooring or other flooring systems the floor immediately below the story where the floor joists are being installed shall be kept planked over. / (] ^ protection of workmen in shafts--general. (1) Persons required to perform work in or at shafts shall be provided with the following protection. To provide protection from falling material, a tight cover ing of two inch planks or three-quarters inch plywood or equivalent, shall be installed so as to cover the entire cross-sectional area of the shaft at a point not more than two stories above the level where men arc working. In addition, to minimize injuries from falls, a tight wooden platform of two inch planks, three-quarters inch plywood or equivalent, or a life net shall be installed not more than one story below the level where men are working. ( 2) In buildings where stair halls, stairwells or other similar shafts are to be constructed of masonry, floor slab forms or planking shall be installed as the work progresses, and shall be not more than two stories !>elow the story on which any brickwork or masonry is being erected. N ote: Work in elevator shafts is covered in subdivision (e) below. (c ) Protection of workmen in elevator shafts. (1) During the instal lation or replacement of elevators a tight platform of two inch planks, three-quarters inch plywood or the equivalent, shall be installed one story above the level at which the car or buffer installation or replace ment work is being done so as to provide protection against falling material. Such platform shall cover the entire cross-sectional area of the shaft except that spaces not exceeding 12 inches may be left for mil clearance between the edge of the platform and the boundary of the shaft. ( 2 ) A similar platform shall also be installed level with the top landing of each hoistway so as to prevent any person from falling into the hoistway. In addition, when elevators are being replaced, a solid or w ire mesh partition shall be provided where necessary to prevent contact with an adjacent elevator or counterweight. (3 ) Where men are required to work at intermediate levels, over head protection not less than 27 inches wide above the area where a man is working shall be provided if there is danger from falling ob jects, and either a life net shall be installed not more than three stories below the place of work or, in lieu of such net, safety belts shall be provided for and used by the workmen. 20 ( 23.11) (4 ) During repair work in existing elevator shafts, all shaft coors shall be kept closed except that while a door must be kept open to per form the work, a barricade shall be erected or a person shall be sta tioned at the open door to prevent unauthorized entrance. ( f ) Catch platform required. ( 1) During the construction of exterior masonry walls except those o f chimneys, from a floor ot scaffold which is more than 35 feet above the adjoining ground level, and where such floor or scaffold is located inside the building or structure there shall be provided along the exterior face of such wall a catdi platform l at *n beu tbe ^ence specified in subdivision ( c ) o f section Z3.39 there may be provided a two inch by nine inch plank on edge on all open sides and except that a two inch space may be left between the inner edge of the platform and the face of the building. (2 ) Such catch platform shall be maintained not more than 20 feet below the floor or scaffold platform from which the work is being performed. 23.12 General provisions for all scaffolds, (a) Scope. The pro visions of this section shall not be construed or applied in contravention ot the special provisions hereinafter set forth. , /,b), footin gs--anchorage. The footings or anchorage for every scaf fold shall be sound, rigid, capable of carrying the maximum load without settling or deformation and shall be secure against movement in any direction Unstable supports such as barrels, boxes, loose hrick or loose stone shall not be used. (c ) Scaffold structure. A ll scaffolding shall be so constructed as to bear four tames the maximum weight required to be dependent therefrom or placed thereon when in use (Labor Law, 240, subd. 3 ). Such scaf folding shall be provided with all horizontal and diagonal bracing that may be necessary to prevent lateral movement. { ) Loading. (1 ) Light duty scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of 25 pounds per square foot. (2 ) Medium duty scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of 50 pounds per square foot. per squ^reafiMtdUty SCaff lds sbail not be loaded in exc s o f 75 pounds , A 4? -A SCa? oId al be loaded in excess of the maximum load for which it is intended. -No load shall be concentrated so as to cause excessive stress. <-ause (e) Planking. (1 ) Except on needle beam scaffolds, planks shall overhang their end supports not less than six inches nor more n l 8 inches or they shall be fastened m place. Planks shall be laid tight and inclined planking shall be fastened in place. ,J u pCnnf ib'e working load for turn inch planking sha 1 be as follows: (heavy duty) 75 pounds per square foot for SDanf f o r ^ n f mdudinV X fe<tt; (medium duty) 50 pounds per square Pfoot spans over six feet and up to and including eight feet ; (light duty) 21 (23.13) 23.13 Special provisions for pole scaffolds, (a ) Poles. The foot end of poles shall rest on firm footing and shall be secured against lateral movement by nailing, cleats or any other effective means. Where wooden poles are spliced the ends shall be square and the upper section shall rest squarely on the lower section. Wood splicing pieces shall be provided on at least two adjacent sides and shall be not less than three feet in length. They shall overlap the abutting ends equally and shall have a combined cross-sectional area not less than 50 per cent of the cross-sectional area of the pole. (b) Putlogs. Every wooden putlog shall be reinforced with a substan tial steel strip secured to its lower edge throughout its entire length. (c) tracing. Pole scaffolds shall be braced or attached fn the building to prevent movement away from the building. Diagonal bracing shall be provided to prevent the poles from moving in a direction parallel to the wall. Diagonal bracing shall be so installed that every spliced section of every pole is connected with the adjacent poles. (d ) Connections. The ends of all horizontal wooden supporting mem bers and o f all braces shall overlap the nailed fastening a sufficient amount to prevent splitting the ends of the member. Where bearers rest on a building wall, the length o f bearing surface on the wall shall be at least four inches and they shall rest on a firm and level surface. Where ledgers lap each other, bearing blocks or other effective means attached to the pole shall be provided to support the ledger. Ledgers shall not be spliced between poles but shadl be continuous from pole to pole. (e ) Planking. Where planking is lapped each plank shall lap its end supports at least 12 inches. Where the ends of planks abut each other to form a flush floor the butt joint shall be at the center line of a pole. The abutted ends shall rest on separate bearers. Intermediate beams shall be provided where necessary to prevent dislodgment of planks due to deflec tion and the ends shall be nailed or cleated to prevent their dislodgment. ( 0 Erection and removal. When a new working level is desired the existing platform shall be left undisturbed until the new working level is framed. As the platform level is abandoned with the progress o f the W ' , Ja l SUpp0rting members shall be left intact. Upon removal of a scaffold the sequence o f removal o f members shall be the reverse o f that used in erection. (g ) .Specification requirements. AH pole scaffolds over 80 feet in hfeigbt ,shal1 be designed by a licensed professional engineer and con- aCl 0rn l nCf Wlth Slf h desi`?TS' A cPy o f the drawings and specifications shaH be kept on the job for use by the commissioner Such scaffolds shall be constructed of metal or of wood treated to make it o S w " f matf 1131 deiin0ed in Part ( RuJe N o.) 7 o f the Industrial 9 * '; Wo.oden P?3e scaffolds 80 feet or less in height shall conform with the following tables N os. I l l , IV, V , V I, V II and V III 23 (23.U ) TABLE III Minimum Nominal Size in Inches and Maximum Spacing of Members of Single Pole Scaffolds Light Duty Scaffolds TYPE OF U SE LIGHT DUTY Uniformly distributed load LTifrimum height of scaffold Not to exceed 25 lbs. per sq. ft. 20' 80" pnlpi* or uprights pTiTi^spac.ing (longitudinal) vfTTrnuTn width of scaffold H irers To 3'-0" width Putlogs (min) ToS'-O" width 2x4 4x4 6'-0" lO'-O" S'-O" i 2x4 on edge I ) 3x4 or 2x6 on edge Ledgers with 6'-0" pole space with 1(1-0" pole space 114x4 on edge \% x 9 on edge Vertical spacing of horizontal members 7 -0 " Bracing, horizontal and diagonal 1x4 Tie-ins Planking not more than 6' span not more than 10' span Toeboards Guard rail 1x4 1)4x9 2x9 S" high 2x4 TABLE IV Minimum Nominal Size in Inches and Maximum Spacing of Members of Single Pole Scaffolds Medium Duty Scaffolds TYPE OF U SE Uniformly distributed load Maximum height of scaffold Poles or uprights Pole spacing (longitudinal) Maximum width of scaffold Bearers or putlogs apacin# o f bearers or putlogs Ledgers Vertical spacing of horizontal Bracing, horizontal Bracing, diagonal 1 ic-ins Blanking Toeboards Guard rail members MEDIUM DUTY Not to exceed SO lbs. per sa. ft. y 8<y Top 60' Lower Sec. 4x4 4x4 4x6 8'-0" 5'-4>" 8'-0" 3x4 on edge 3x5 or 2x9 on edge y-4* 6'-0" 2x9 on edge 9'-0" 1x6 or H4x4 1x4 1x4 2x9 2x9 on edge 2x4 24 T A BL V ( 23.13) 14 j Minimum Nominal Size in Inches and M axim um Spacing of Members of Single Pole Scaffolds ger Heavy D uty Scaffolds the -- ------------------------------------------------------------- )m TYPE O F USE HEAVY DUTY an U niform ly distributed load M aximum height of scaffold Not to exceed 75 lbs. per sq. ft. 60' I 80' he 7'op 6(f L o w e r S e c . ;i^ \ Poles or uprights Pole spacing (longitudinal) M axim um width of scaffold B earers or putlogs 4x4 | 5'-0" 3x5 or 2x9 on edge 4x4 6 '-0 " 4x6 CC nt 8 - 0" 3x6 or 2x9 on edge ^ Spacing of beareiS 61 putlogs Ledgers 6 ' C" . .. 2x9 on edge V ertical spacing of horizontal m em bers 6 '-6 ' -e Bracing, horizontal and diagonal 2x4 lt T ie-in s 1x4 Planking 2x9 Toeboards 2x9 on edge ^ G uard rail 2x4 e * 1% TABLE VI Minimum Nominal Size in Inches and M axim um Spacing of Members o f Independent Pole Scaffolds Light D uty Scaffolds TYPE OF USE U niform ly distributed load M axim um height of scaffold Poles or uprights P o le spacing (longitudinal) P o le spacing (transverse) L ed g ers V ertical spacing of horizontal m em bers B e are rs to 3'-0" span to 106-0* span Bracing, horizontal and diagonal T ie -in s P la n k in g T o eb o ard s G uard rail L IG H T DUTY N ot to exceed 25 lbs. p e r sq. ft. 20" 8<y 2x4 4x4 '-O" lO '-O " 6r- 0 " KY-O" W ith 6'-0" pole spacing I% x 4 o n edge W ith lO'-C* p ole spacing I % x 9 o n e d g e r - o" 2x4 on edge 154*9 on edge 1x4 1x4 N o t m o re th a n 6'- 0 " s p a n lk x 9 N o t m o re th a n lO'-O" sp a n 2 x 9 5" high 2x4 25 ( 23.13) TA BLE VII Minimum Nominal Size in Inches and M axim um Spacing of Members of Independent Pole Scaffolds Medium Duty Scaffolds TYPE OF USE Uniformly distributed load Maximum height of scaffold Poles or uprights Pole spacing (longitudinal) Pole spacing (transverse) Ledgers Vertical spacing of horizontal Spacing of bearers Bearers Bracing, horizontal Bracing, diagonal Tie-ins Planking Toeboards Guard rail members MEDIUM DUTY Not to exceed 50 lbs. i>er sa. ft. NT 8CT Top 60* Lower See. 4x4 4x4 4x6 B'-0" lO'-O" 2x9 on edge O-0" 6'-0" 2x9 on edge 1x6 or 1i/4x4 1x4 1x4 2x9 2x9 on edge 2x4 TABLE VIII Minimum Nominal Size in Inches and Maximum Spacing of Members of Independent Pole Scaffolds Heavy Duty Scaffolds TYPE OF USE Uniformly distributed load Maximum height of scaffold Poles or uprights Pole spacing (longitudinal) Pole spacing (transverse) Ledgers Vertical spacing of horizontal members Bearers Bracing, horizontal and diagonal Tie-ins Planking Toeboards Guard rail HEAVY DUTY Not to exceed 75 lbs. per sa. ft 60' 80' Top 60' Lower Sec. 4x4 4x4 4x6 6'-0" lO'-O" 2x9 on edge 4'-6" 2x9 on edge 2x4 1x4 2x9 2x9 on edge 2x4 26 (23.14.! 23.14 Special provisions for outrigger scaffolds, (a) O u '^non hen,ns. Outrigger beams shall extend not more than six feet bevond tie tace of the building. The inboard end of outrigger beams measured from the fulcrum point to the extreme point of support, shall be not less than one and one-half times the outboard end in length. The beams shall rest on edge, the sides shall be plumb, and the edges shall be horizontal The fulcrum point of the beam shall rest on a secure bearing at least six inches in each horizontal dimension. The beam shall be secured in place against movement and shall be securely braced at the fulcrum point against tipping. ^ " (b ) Inboard supports. T he inboard ends of outrigger beams shall be securely supported either by means of struts bearing against sills in con- a^t " t.c`ke`fc-. beams o. ceiling or by means of tension members secured to the floor joists underfoot or by both if necessary. The inboard ends of outrigger beams shall be secured against tipping and the entire supporting structure shall be securely braced in both directions to prevent any horizontal movement. (c) Design and construction. (1 ) Unless outrigger scaffolds are de signed by a licensed professional engineer the minimum size of the members shall be as follow s: TA B LE IX LIGHT DUTY SCAFFOLDS M axim um load 25 lbs. per sq. ft. Outrigger size ............................. M aximum outrigger spacing .. Planking ....................................... G u ard r a i l ................. G uard rail uprights . . . . T oeboards ............. 2"xl0" lOt-O" 2"x9" 2"x4" 2"x4" I "^4" M EDIUM DUTY SCAFFOLDS Mlaximum load 50 lbs. per sq. ft. rxio" 6'- 0 " 2"x9" 2"x4'' 2"x4" 2"x9" i Outrigger scaffolds designed by a licensed professional engineer shall be constructed according to the design. A copy of the detail! n n T gS, and sPef lfic.at'ons showing the sizes and spacing o f members shall be kept on the job for the use of the commissioner. (d) Planking. Planking shall be laid tight and shall extend to within ^"triggerstS f ^ buJdlng: wa,L Plaj!kinS shall be nailed or bolted to \AE n d SUre' 'V' ? ere tkere is danger of material falling from the Sard ^ ^ lh" ,n lP }A SUi eru t^ iCtU,reSd S"PPorts for superstructures placed on outrigger naflid^ or S h e ^ P CCd a 1-6011? V% 1116 outri^ er bcam and shalfbe r ? 1rei m PJace- Such structures shall not exceed six feet m height and shall otherwise conform with this Part (rule) but in no case shall horses be used as supports for such superstructures. 27 ( 23.15) 23 15 Special provisions for all suspended scaffolds, scaffold ancTlhe "supporis " r * r , h . "s K * !>arts f ^ " every scaffold shad b e ln 'c h a r ^ o f Tnd31131) 011 ur o f P sition ol person designated by the empbyer. d ^ dlreCt supervisi<:>n of a " 'I ^ -S e lo & e T p ^ scaffolds shad ffiTapprovedf *^ H 1Stlng: macillnes used on suspended J r(2o)^ dAt ,lheeaset,,fdouorf t,uhrensroopfe wt hirme rone chali at ,n * i or near any work 'm v o lv L g ^ h tu s e ^ ir n ^ ^ T Pl ShaI1 not be USed for rope be used as supports exceeding subs.taaces nor shall fibre shall fibre rope be used on hoistin| drams " b,ocks nor means therefor sh atfb ^ provided6 be used for that purpose. j the building or structure and wlndow deaners' " <*ors shall not inches nor more t h ^ ^ i n c h e s fromthS be p,aced not less than six (h ) Planh'*t m , 6 ends of the Phtform planks. secured agains/displacem ent^W h^e na`Ied J" place r otherwise without any intermediate sunimrtm % P ank rest directly upon stirrups by means of cleats nailed tolh e ,,nH tbey sbaP be secured together feet. Cleats or other tm lla lS tt Z ' t ",i 'n" rva,! " e e e d ln |f o u , ends of the planks , rom sl;pptag off" ^ p " '" l e d to prevent the H" " " * ? P TM * scaffolds. r t aII he not less than 20*lndies nor^rn'o' S.nSpeiann scaif!d platforms T^n PJ aifon ,` shall be of sufficient w i d t h S 3" 3r m^ eS wide over-alL shall be securely fastened thereto bv IT holt prop<:r,y fit ^ e hangers and and no,,ed ,,,, tig K by 0, ^ e K t a " S f 8 aronnd the hangers rest on hangups of steeU H ro n 1E a c h ^ m ! TM susP?nsion scaffolds shall an eye to receive the tackle hrok and^ S hanger shaI1 be provided with the guard rail and midrail d P r e(lmvalerit means to receive ir o n a n c fs h illT securely a n c L ^ ^ h e u t f mild Steel or wrought o f at east three-quarters inch S t y sha" ** pTM ided with tiebaiks a t right angles to the face of th^b!filH?Pe SSui?Stal,ed that the tension is d0es "<* directly ensgasge the rrooootf iirroonn, Xthe -connect^ion Ushpaplelrbbelomckadhe^bky 28 ( 23. 16) steel wire rope of required strength but not less than one-half inch in diameter. (d) Ratlings and toeboards. A handrail consisting of a two inch by three inch wooden rail or the equivalent placed not less than 34 inches nor more than 42 inches above the platform shall be provided and securely fastened in place at intervals of not more than 10 feet In addi tion there shall be provided a midrail between the handrail and platform A toeboard not less than four inches high shall be provided on the outside edge of every platform. Where the condition of the scaffold is such that a person may fall from the inside edge of the platform, a handrail as above required shall be provided. (e) Use. Two or more such scaffolds shall not be combined into one by bridging- the distance between them. Workmen shall not pass from one such scaffold to another. Not more than two men shall be permitted to work on any such scaffold at one time. ( f ) Fibre rope. A ll fibre rope shall be at least equivalent in strength to three-quarters inch first quality manila rope. & (? ) Types o f platform s. The platform of every swinging scaffold shall be one of the following types: (1 ) Type 1. L adder type platform s, (i) The side stringers o f the horizontal supportmg ladder shall be of clear spruce or other material equivalent in strength and durability. The rungs shall be of straight grained oak, ash or hickory not less than one and one-eighth inches m diameter with seven-eighths inch tenons mortised into the side stringers at least seven eighths o f an inch. The stringers shall be tied together with tie rods not less than one-quarter inch in diameter passmg through the stringers and riveted up tight against washers at both ends. Hangers shall be made fast to platforms at the second rung from either end by means o f U-bolts at both ends of bottom of T a b t e X ) pSSSing ver the oi the platform. (See also (ii) The flooring strips shall be spaced not more than five eighths o f an inch apart except at the side rails where the space may be one inch The ladder type platform shall be constructed in accord- p"atforms"he SChedule lisied in Table X >"Schedule for Ladder Type 2\ ^!ankt tyP- Bt Platf rm s- type platforms shall be composed of planks of uniform thickness and such planks shall be not TK lni el , n uthuCkneSS ^ d ht indleS in width TM11 d i n 1R ^ J he. planl? f a11 extend not less than six inches nor more Irrncc ft!"0 i S(rbey rld SUpp? rtlng hangers and a bar shall be nailed across the platform on the underside at each end to prevent the plat- r t r0m A r ^ Of? thi hanger- Where two on more planks are bvsixW K li t t0^ thef by d * s not less than one inch fL r fJ? p? ? nn the underside at intervals of not more than four feet Planks shall not be spliced. The clear span of the platform planks between supports shall not exceed 10 feet. " 29 ( 23. 16) TABLE X Schedule for Ladder Type Platform s Side Stringers Minimum rross section (finished sizes) (n) at ends (inches) ( b) at middle (inches) Reinforcing si rip (minimum) Rungs 1ic rods (a) number (minimum) (b) diameter . .. flooring Length of Platform --feet 12 I4& 16 20 22 & 2-1 28 & 30 1Kx2K mx2-K 1-Hx3-X 1-Mx3 1)4x4 1-Mx3 ])4x4'4 l-Yt^Y 144 x4V, A Vg x% steel reinforcing strip or its equivalent shall be attached to the underside, full length Rungs shall be l|/8 inches minimum diam eter with at least % inch diam eter tenons, and the m axim um spacing shall be 18 inches center to renter 3 4 4 5 6 J he diameter shall be inch (m inim um) T he minimum finished size of flooring shall be Yi x 2 ^ '. (3) Type 3. Beam platforms. Beam platforms shall have side s ringers of straight grained lumber not less than two inches by six inches set on edge. The stringers shall be supported on the hangers and the clear span between hangers shall not exceed 16 feet. The ends of the stringers shall extend beyond the hangers not less than six inches nor more than 18 inches and shall be bolted to the hangers by U-bolts passing around the hangers and the stringers. The platform shall be supported on two inch by six inch cross beams laid flat and let into the upper edge of the stringers with a snug fit at intervals of not more fee securely tnailed place. The platform shall be f n ^ T 1 f ,mat^na] "ot lef s than one inch by six inches nailed tight K lJ if the outside faee o the stringers. The ends of securelytha-etoardS Sha ^ " the Cr SS beams and sha11 be nailed r \ n . C,a Provisions for multiple-point suspension scaffolds, imrl E^Ck SCafi oId Including all its supports and fasten- th f t^ fr ibd de?,gned hJ a hcensed professional engineer. A copy of De kkeSpt oonn thheT TjohbPf,o3r11(u1sealLbySPtlhCe'ficcoamti0mn.issssioignneerd. by the designer shall weight be designed to bear four times the maximum ,, * ,thLerefrom or placed thereon when in ron eih aiT h ^ ; f Subf V but tbe factor of ^ fety o f hoisting The m L f l ! eSr tha" S'u u l nCW and rePlacement installations. Sm eTer Tor roPe, shaI1 be1fn?t [ s than five-sixteenths inch scaffnHc ! ght dUuy one-half inch diameter for medium duty ""lich K"d* weake" 30 ( 23.17) (3 ) Outrigger beams and platform bearers shall be of structural metal. (4 ) Platform supports shall be designed to provide sufficient head room for easy passage throughout the length of the scaffold. (5 ) Effective means shall he provided where necessary to prevent rope supports from slipping- off the ends of outrigger beams. (b ) Installation. (1 ) Each scaffold shall be installed in accordance with the required drawings and by persons designated by the owner of the scaffold. Relocation of scaffolds shall be under the direct super vision of such persons. ( 2 ) The overhang of outrigger beams shall at no time exceed that specified nn the reauired drawing. (3 ) Outrigger beams shall be properly anchored and braced to pro vide rigidity and to prevent tipping. (4 ) Supporting points for outrigger beams shall be level, smooth and ot sufficient area to provide a firm seat. (5 ) Wire rope connections shall be as specified elsewhere in this Part (rule) and at least four turns shall at all times remain on the hoisting drum. (6 ) The hoisting rope shall be maintained properly lubricated. (c ) Platform. The platform shall be at least equivalent in strength to two-inch planking, full size undressed. S (d ) Railing and toeboard. A safety railing shall be provided along the outer edges of the scaffold except that its supports shah be spaced not to w h e s h h Th Center center the A board shall be at leas" five S S f hl| h` Th^ sPa9e between the guard rail and the toeboard shall be Sffiva7eni m ^ns 18 ^ Wire SCreen o r * * other (e ) Overhead protection O verhead protection when required shall .sXtrenn^gthh. fITttP saht?aullnKbe laid tight, shall exintecnhdesththeicfkullorwoidfthmaotfertihael owforekqiunagl platform and shall be placed not over 10 feet above same. g f J P - S [ aifA0 r m - planking shall be a t least two inches thick full size undressed. Planking shall be laid tight and shall be fastened in place or cleated to prevent dislodgment. ed m (g ) Dismantling. Unless the scaffold platform is lowered intact to the ground or other safe surface for dismantling, life belts shall be used S employees performing such operation. y 23.18 Special provisions for needle beam scaffolds. (a ) Use. Needle beam scaffolds shall be used only for the support of nTMot tb\et 0umsSedAr7for tuhge' sptloarSategreinof- mPaaitnetriina?l. and other similar work and s h S 31 (23.18) i Platform supports. The needle beams, if of wood, shall be not ess than four inches by six inches in size with the greater dimension vertical and shall be of one length. They shall not be spliced and shall be ProV! a , n Wi 'th intermediate supports or hangers so that the span shall not euCn u ^ I* metal beams are used for needle platform supports, they shall be at least equal in strength to four inch by six inch wood beams. (c ) Rope. Rope used for the support of needle beams shall be of first grade manila fibre and not less than one inch in diameter. The rope shall be attached to the needle beams by a "square hitch" which shall be so tied on rectangular beams as to prevent the needle beam from rolling or other wise becoming displaced. Mechanical stops such as cleats or pins shall be used to prevent the rope from slipping off the end of the beam. i o \ P latf orm- (1 ) Where the span between the needle beams is It) feet or less the platform planks shall be not less than two inches in thickness full size undressed and shall be increased in thickness as the span is increased. The overhang of each end of the platform planks shall be not less than one foot nor more than 18 inches. (2 ) Platforms shall be not less than four planks in width or more than six feet wide. (3 ) When needle beam scaffolds are used with one beam higher than the other or where the planks are not level, the platform shall be secured against slipping. (e ) Containers for tools. Suitable containers for tools, bolts and sim ilar articles shah be provided and securely attached to the scaffold. 23.19 Special provisions for horse scaffolds. (a ) Limitation o f height. Horse scaffolds shall not be constructed with more than two tiers of horses and shall not exceed 10 feet in height. (b) Installation. The footings for horses shall be level and secure against accidental movement in any direction. Where horse scaffolds are superimposed upon other types o f scaffolds the horses shall be placed directly over supporting beams. All horse scaffolds shall be secured against tipping. (c ) Construction o f horses. The minimum sizes of members for light duty use shall be two inches by four inches for the back or bearer id one inch by four inches for the legs and horizontal braces. For medium or heavy duty the minimum sizes shall be three inches by four inches for the back or bearer and one and one-quarter inches by four and onequarter inches for the legs and horizontal braces except that for medium duty scaffolds tire back or bearer may be one and one-quarter inches by nine indies. The bearer shall m eveiy case rest on gusset braces at least one inch thick. The span of two inch by four inch bearers shall not exceed four feet and the span o f three inch by four inch bearers shall not exceed six feet. Sufficient diagonal and horizontal bracing shall be provided to assure rigidity. 32 (23.19) (d) Spacing. H orses used in construction o f scaffolds designed for loads up to 25 pounds per square foot shall be spaced not t f exceed 0 feet center to center. When used in scaffolds designed for loads up o 50 pounds per square foot the spacing shall not exceed eight feet center to center. When used in scaffolds designed fo r loads up to 75 pounds per square toot it shall not exceed six feet center to center. ? 2 3 .20 Special provisions for carpenter's portable bracket scaffolds, (a ) Construction o f brackets. Each supporting bracket shall consisr of a triangular portable frame made of lumber not less than two inches mmeemrSb,ers Tshalli lb'e" pCrorpSeSrl,SyeCifi'ttend arndof semceutraellyofjoeiqnuediv.alent streng^th The t J pb l BmCkeC f stal i(\tw n- Eacii bracket shall be attached to the struc- hah 7 fmeanfn \ b u " c iff? than e i g h t h s inch in diameter which the en -" a l|lr0u^ tbe fjuildlng wall and shall be secured to develop required strength. Brackets shall be spaced not to exceed 10 feet. fer'^K L af ng- m0re than two persons shall occupy any carpen- addHiVtiobrnaCt'oe thnSeCoafcrc0u,dpaanttsansyhallnebet,mplaec-eNd othleoraedone.xceeding 75 Ppounds in 23 21 Special provisions for bricklayer's square scaffolds, as h L y Z ^ T c ^ o L r ' S^Uare SCaffolds ^ a ll not be used ih ? <f n S ! r:cC tion J f s n a re s. (1 ) The squares shall not be larger W K Wr anc five, feet hieh and the minimum size of mem bers shall be not less than those specified in the following Table XI. TABLE XI .*. -`v Members Bearers or horizontal m em bers......... Legs ..................................................... Braces at co rn e rs.......................... Braces diagonally from center frame D im ensions 2"x 6" 2"x6* l "x6" 3"x8" J h2U he t qy are? sha][ be reinforced on both sides of each corner 1 h one inch by six inch gusset pieces cut in the form of a trianHe member or ootthheerrwwiissee aarrrraanng^eHd ttno secure equivalen"t r-igUidX,itLyfl'e adJacent *h*11 " " < hotf, L front 5 7 TM i i d ? 7 f S e l a f f " d ,Sq" ' ' 33  (23.21) (d ) Platform. Platform planks shall be not less than two inches in thickness, full size undressed. The ends of the planks shall overlap on the backs of the squares and each plank shall be supported by not less than three squares. Planks shall overlap the squares by not less than six nor more than 18 inches. (e ) M ultiple tiers. Bricklayer's square scaffolds shall not be constructed with more than three tiers. When built up in tiers, they shall be so con structed that the squares shall be directly one above the other. The upper tiers shall stand on continuous rows of planks laid across the next lower tier and be nailed down or otherwise secured so as to prevent displace ment. T he scaffold shall be set up on a level and firm foundation equiva lent to that afforded by two inch by nine inch planking. 23.22 Special provisions for lean-to scaffolds. (a ) Lim ited use. Lean-to scaffolds shall not be used or erected more than eight feet high and shall be used for light duty only. (b ) Construction. The spread between the foot of the legs shall be at least one half of the height. The minimum sizes of members o f scaffold supports shall be as specified in Table X II below. TABLE XII Members Dimensions Horizontal bearer .................................................. .............................. 2"x6" Legs ........................................................................... Braces between legs .............................................. .............................. I"x6" Gusset brace at top o f l e g s .................................. .............................. H alf diagonal braces ............................................ .............................. I"x6" I"x6n Maximum span of planking ................................................................. 10'for2"x9'"s Maximum span of p lan k in g................................ ...................................6' for 1J4"x9'"s 2 3 .2 3 Special provisions for trestle and extension trestle ladder scaffolds. ( a ) Permissible height. Trestle ladders or combinations of trestle lad ders and extensions shall not exceed a total height of 30 feet. (b ) Bracing. W here trestle ladders are used as a component part of a scaffold additional'bracing shall be provided where necessary to prevent tipping. ( c ) Platform s. W orking platforms between trestles shall be at least 12 inches wide. (d ) Limitations o f use. Trestle and extension trestle ladder scaffolds shall be used only for interior painting, decorating or maintenance. They shall not be used for exterior work, nor for work in which the equipment used or supplies o f material may hamper or endanger the user. 34 (23.24.' 23.24 Special provisions for ladder jack scaffolds. Only approvec ladder jacks shall be used. Ladder jack scaffolds shall be used as light auiy scaffolds only and shall not exceed a height of 20 feet above the toot of the ladder. T he ladders used shall be designed, constructed and maintained m accordance with the provisions o f this Part (rule) per- t0 ^a<^ ? rs' The ladders shall be so placed, fastened or held, or shall be so equipped with approved devices as to prevent slipping. Platlorm planks shall be not less than two inches in thickness and shall overlap the bearing surface by not less than 12 inches. The span between supports shall not exceed eight feet. Not more than two persons shall occupy any ladder jack scaffold at any one time. 3 '2 f, Manually propelled m obile scaffolds, (a) Existing equipment. Manually propelled mobile scaffolds which were in use prior to November L lyby shall be constructed and used in accordance with the following provisions: (1 ) Work platforms shall be tightly planked for the full width of the scaffold except for necessary entrance openings. Planks shall be secured m place. ( 2 ) Platforms shall have a guard railing. ( 3 ) Where a ladder is used to approach a platform, the ladder shall be affixed to the scaffold. (4 ) Proper handholds shall be provided for safe passage from the ladder to the platform. ( o ) in free-standing scaffolds the ratio of the platform height to the least base dimension shall assure stability when in use but in no case shall such height be more than four times the least base dimension ( 6 ) Provision shall be made to prevent the scaffold from falling during movement from one location to another. 6 i i rWh-ile the scaffold is m use by any person it shall rest upon a stable footing and shall stand plumb. The casters or wheels shall be locked m position. ( 8 ) No person shall be suffered or permitted to ride on the scaffold while it is being moved. (b ) N ew equipment. Manually propelled mobile scaffolds which were not m use prior to November 1, 1959 shall be approved and, subject to the provisions of the resolution of approval, shall be constructed and used as above provided. 2 3 2 6 ,.Sf ecial ,scaffolds-- apProval required. Scaffolds not nam ed or described m this Part (rule) shall not be used unless approved. 35 (23.27) 23.27 W indow jacks. All window jacks shall be approved and shall be used only for the purpose of working at the window opening through which the jack is placed. Window jacks shall be constructed and installed to conform with section 23.12 and not more than one person shall occupy a window jack at any one time. Window jacks shall not be used as the supporting element o f scaffolds or other devices and the plac ing of planks between one window jack and the jack o f an .adjacent window is prohibited. Window jacks shall be limited to light duty use. 23.28 Boatswain's chairs, (a) Strength. Boatswain's chairs and their supports shall be capable of sustaining four times the maximum weight that may be placed thereon. (h) Chair. The chair shall be suspended from its four com ers by means of rope slings. It shall have a seat not less than 24 inches long by 10 inches in width and two inches in thickness (or one and one-eighth inches if of hard wood). It shall be reinforced across the full width by cleats securely fastened to each end. (c) Tackle. The tackle shall consist of rope at least equivalent in strength to five-eighths inch rope of first grade manila through proper size ball bearing or bushed blocks and attached thereto by a thimble and splice. Only safety hooks shall be used. (d) Anchorage. The object to which the tackle is anchored shall be rigid and of ample strength and, where necessary, the rope shall be pro tected against chafing. (e) Seat guard or safety belt. A rope or strap guard across the front and rear and 18 inches above the seat or an approved safety belt attached to the lower tackle hook or other fixed support shall be provided. 23.29 Work on steep roofs. (a) Roofing brackets. (1 ) Required use. Roofing brackets shall be used on roofs having a slope steeper than 3 to 12 unless the use of crawling boards or safety belts is necessary. (2) Construction. Roofing brackets shall be constructed to fit the pitch of the roof and when in use shall provide a level working plat form. (3) Installation. Roofing brackets shall be secured in place by nail ing, pointed metal projections attached to the underside of the bracket and securely driven into the roof or by first grade three-quarter inch rope passed over the ridge pole and tied. (b) Crawling boards. (1) Construction. Crawling boards shall be not less than 10, inches wide and one inch thick and shall have cleats at least one inch thick by one and one-half inches wide, spaced at equal intervals across the full width of the board and firmly nailed. Cleat nails shall be driven through and clinched. Such board shall extend from the ridge pole to the eaves when used in connection with roof construction, repair or maintenance. 36 (23.29) (2 ) Crawling board life line. A firmly fastened life line of at least three-quarters inch rope shall be strung beside each crawling board. _ (3 ) Installation. Crawling boards shall be secured to the roof by ridge hooks or equally effective means. ( O H igh roofs. (1 ) N ew roofs. Where sheathing or surfacing work is being performed in building new roofs which (i) have a slope greater than 3 in 12, (ii) have no parapet, and (iii) are higher th in 20 feet at the eaves, a substantial scaffold shall be installed below the working area and not more than two feet below the eaves. The scaffold shall be of sufficient width to extend outward at least two feet beyond the projection of the eaves and shall be provided with a safety railing. In addition, there shall be provided protection against sliding, consisting o f roofing brackets cr crawling beards. This provision shall not applv w here every employee engaged in work upon such roofs is protected by a safety belt. ( 2 ) Repair or maintenance. Where repair or maintenance work is being performed on such roofs, there shall be provided protection against sliding consisting or roofing brackets or crawling boards. This provision shall not apply where every employee engaged in work upon such roofs is protected by a safety belt. 2 3 .3 0 Safety belts, (a) A pproval required. Safety belts and all special devices for the attachment of life lines shall be approved. ( b ) Attachm ent required. Every safety belt provided or furnished to an employee for his personal protection shall be used by the employee in th e performance of his work, and at all times during use shall be attached to a life line which is securely attached to a sufficient anchorage and is no longer than is required to permit the employee to perform his w ork. T he life line shall in all cases be so arranged that if the user should fall the line will suspend from a point not lower than the level o f th e working position. ( c ) Specifications fo r life lines. The life line attached to a safety belt shall be at least the equivalent in strength and durability o f five-eighths inch first grade manila hemp rope. ( d ) Instruction in use. Every employee who is provided with a safety belt shall be instructed in the proper method of wearing and using i1, and in the proper method of attaching the life line. ( e ) Protection of life lines. Padding, wrapping or similar means shall be provided to protect every life line from contact with edges or objects w h ich may cut or severely abrade it. ( f ) Inspection-- defective belts or lines. Every safety belt and ever)' life line shall be inspected by a designated person before each use by an em ployee. No employer shall suffer or permit an employee to use a safety belt o r life line which shows any indication o f mildew or broken fabric or fibre, or which has sustained any wear, damage or deterioration raa- 37 ( 23.30) .e m % ffec.ing i,, s.rcgrt,, ,, d ,,,, such bdl or line ihl]1 bj kep( m s h s l t b ! m ^ ' o " " rst o i a l i t f m a t i S l i i `i " i'" ''""'.',"'"' E v ,'r-v M i net of fibre cordaee wire nr u 7 / f 13. throughout. The net shall be made ing four inches T h e n ^ fab? Cand sha11 have a mesh not exceed- c l o V l e m d S e e i i 'S ' I - l " * i 1" be fMnforced S proper size, padded thimbles Cclccts' ^ .shal1 be eli u,PPed with to supports and anchorages. ' * 1 equivalent means of attachment Z T & % T ^ Z i atT t io ^ o n S hm ent, E v e ry life net o r corabina- Ployee for whose protection h - c 1 ^ 3? d stren^ h to catch *ny em- cover the area o f S f a V r i F * ,? ^ be ^ " * ages or supports outside nf and h " a attached t0 sufficient anchor shall be s u ^ r t e d at a L i i t s?,fflry i dp ^ of Possible fall>and * or object beneath when cushioning The f i u * ^ ^ 0 " y SUrfaCe stor a g fa fd *shall f e scored in ^ d ^ *? use. sha11 be thoroughly dried before da-nage t r m m echanicannjn ry, l u T S k S ^ v e T u S e S " " 1 " s M >* inspected by a mildew, wear dam aie or f f mSialIatl0n- No life net which shows of any portion shall be installed" matenaIIy affecting the strength men are ernpfoVed* at a n f l e v a / f m brldge construction. Where water and a f ^ v L l bn { more than 50 feet above land or or scaffolds shall be providedunderf work of placing structural m f f h l * r }-lic nCtS Sha11 be USed k lo" tlons excPt where the use o f such safeguards members r assemblies interferes with the 23.33 Stairways. h* installed at least one stairway tion of reinforced concrete n,rf,rmS working floor in the construc- uppermost working floor in the **!? t0 ^ h "1 two floors of the ** !,ru ctu ra ' Th' by ten inch^lank ^ haT b ^n o^les^ th trCa.ds of, not less than two inch be substantially constructed ^ d ? ln width and shall five feet in w M A ^ S n be f 7 ^ CC<L .Stairway a more than Stairways with steel treads a L l Cj * Wltb ,an mtermediate stringer, filled in with concreL o f other t e ^ dm&l ? h,ch are to b afterwlrd temporary wooden treads ca refu llf f i f t ^ 0'1^ ' shalI, be Provided with edge of the metal n ofifr 7 fitl ed Jn Place and extending to the landings. nSmg and 0ver the fnll width of the trefds and 38 (23.33) t o ' s ; n L z T ' ha" " oodcn ,,eads not " ss ,tan n i ^ f TM , f 1V s rary stairs s ta " ha"e " onbTMk" ' an^ f rotechve railings. The stairwells of temporary wooden stairw ay b T T ,, M HhiCh l i ' 'V - d r a i f h a T n S O n e n rSLc f f P r i d e d on all open sides with a safety railine not less than 30Sin rh T yS ^ lan^ln?s.nsha11 be Provided with handrail? from mCaSUred VertiCa!1" 2 3 34 General requirements For ladders and ladderways. scribed i i eCWl ! adf e rs~ - aPPr v a l re q u ir e d . L adders not nam ed or de scribed herein shall not be used unless approved. in a n y t T f t \ , i r dtderSiSha!! ^ Capabk f SUStainin& without failure thereon.P f Ur S the maximum load allowed to be placed d e r iih \fb T L J > CZ ,S/ntCi{0n, W d US6d in the construction o f lad- im p H " dTM " ; s s s ^ ls " f r o ' ^ i % S ; a s ast' p ,hat (3 ) A leaning ladder shall be rigid enough p r e v e n t excessive sag J S TM " o,T,,Krka 1 ed" ,,V L0dmd " h V T ? fe 1""" " " " 1 I I stationed at the foot thereof u n le s/th ' ^ he d *? P3ace by a Person against side s l f ^ " q u i t S " " " f " curi,W ,he W " d performed therefrom ? nSt S'de shp whiie work being 39 ( 2 3 .34) s h ill be p r o S T a t i n t e ^ i " 110? ? ns of ladders' rest ^ `forms equipped with safetv hart S "J0 ^reateT tJian 35 feet unless ladders are m s e r i^ J d th e dfnar r r equ,valent Where ladders are used o r so located as to I ' l i fahnf mJatenaI exists they shall be staggered as t0 Pr0V]de overhead protection for the ladder beneath. Sd strin g tenons All trJL P E u"d TM P stall ta not less than one a,sd ,a l r nP 5l,a" be ' l" ' 1, nc ba^ 655 tban seven-eighths inch diameter S a s a k i ? ! a i t . a,is,hear Ion, .h e ^ ? So" dr * ,V ,e?,,0 " ;,,Sr red P " " 'i`h " center t ^ S t S " *** ^ ** Unif rm ^ ShaI1 not exceed 14 inches except t i a f S r t e n s b i dDieSr Sha]l " k be ,Spliced *> crease their length holds 08100 plCCes may be sPhced to the upper end for hand s h i i n i i S T i'V iv energized electric p o w e/lm es^ LadderS made wifh metal side rails they may COme into contact with trestle k d d e i i h a l l ^ e S n l i i sPrea4ing bases such as step and in open position. ** PPC Wltb sPreaders to hold bases rigid when o f '(d < L f ^ e ? s 'unIeTs^t f Z ' ^ dders,sha11 <* be placed in front locked, or otherwise effectively^guarded^gakist swinging0^ " ' ^ "d Iadders consistin* b e t h r e f ^ u a r t e r s ^ c h ' b v ^ r ^ ^ h Tb5, rnini.muin size of cleats shall sh a ll be i T a S J he minimum ,size o f side rails lad d ers up to and including 19 feet I o n i a n ^ fivf ' | )ghtbs inches for b y five and five-eighths inch i j ,^ and one and five-eighths inches b e le t into side rads S e - h i f i i ^ ladi erS over } 9 feet long. Cleats shall b y filler blocks between c S s L u m i? 1 " j * \ T t y sha11 be braced la d d e rs shall be in according w ^ u b d ^ $ T s S i o n ^ ^ " S o " 8" ? ^ la,d,i" 8- <*> U "<l,h & ex c eed 55 feel in length when fully extended W " ct," " d shal1 " 40 (23.36) Adjustment. The adjustment guides shall be so attached to the rai s as to prevent the upper section from tipping or falling out while bv oy tt wZ o arut,doumnant?ic ^ldocJkuss.tment. The upper section shall he locked in place r (c ) Sectional ladders. N o sectional ladder shall be used which has a fully assembled length greater than 30 feet, unless approved. t St,epIaddeyS-, (a) Length. Stepladders exceeding 20 feet in length of side rails shall not be used. 6 (b ) ^Bracing. Such bracing as may be necessary for stiffness shall be S T e ' s p r f j r ' Z i T mS "" ^ *" " P " (c ) Bases. Standing stepladders shall be used only on firm level bases ^ " ddel r !r 7 \ 10 f" * " ^ "> h i f f l h t be steadled by a Person stationed at the foot thereof or shall be secured against sway by mechanical means. Structural runways, ramps and platforms, (a) Application This section does not apply to earth ramps. > ' s t a n t i a l ( 1) ^ TMnways antl ramps shall be substanhally constructed and securely braced and supported. Runways aa wwiiddthT oo'ff nnoott TlessUSt,hl a0nt 1i o20tfreert ^and shralhl ebaevieprrovvAidieddeswisthhaltlimhabveer sseec^urreedd ttoo, Tthhe esiidde1se`ogffhtt.h,lencrhuenswayeoirhrtaimncph. esT phleacfelodorpianrgalslehlaltlo,beanodf not less than three inch planking, full size undressed. S fh 2),sRUT ayS and/a m p s for the use of workmen shall be not less inch full size'undressed R anking, sha11 ^ laid dose rUPWays for tbe use o{ workmen and locatedmore sides w ith*! t T T ih e-,fl0 r % gr und sha11 be Provided on the open ccaarrttss oZr huaJnda ftrufCclkys srhua"l,lnib-e nRotunlewsas ytshaunse3d6 ifnocrhews hienelwbiadrtrho.ws, hand (4 ) Ramps shall have a slope not exceeding one in four and the 14 1ngchwtanar iandSha11 be pTMvided with cleats spaced not more than ho!H P * se<:ure,y fastened to the planking to afford a foot deals may be pr^ f" L o fS , Which a/ located at or extend to a height of more than 41 ( 23.38) loadin^orwhcelbatrrws11'h w ] ^SCd, aS wm'kin areas, or for the un not less than two inch nl ' p' n?CrS r cartS' sbab have a floor of ' k> l" an lrc,.f,,ch "TM L k T n l'" mO,0r ,nKl" * * p lifcn n m orl ?h,iTo S ii, 0 ) ot section 2112 every provided with a safe v L v b VC he F 0Und or abovc a floor shaI1 he for the loading or onloTrl ^ T * ` tbat thc sidcs of a Platform used timber curb nru leL rfei d'"L-f VLeh,<des may be protected only by a or heLier vehicle, nr f ^ ^ ci^ht "ches for motor trucks and hand tracks * mches by f Ur inches for wheelbarrows f o S f l h a K " b ? usedrifor *h f ds- W C.re. Catch plat- or walkways d * t age of material or as working platforms wideband shaTMbe^ndimvl0" P'atfrm shall be at least five feet than the inner edge If theS a tbe 0l!ter edge is six inches higher at least two inches by ^0 inche?fn " T * of utri^ ers they shall be than 10 feet apart u n Zu ` Set ?n edge and sPaced not more Plank shall l a p f J g , shal be at Ieast two ncfies thick; each close together and shall b e E e d dovim^ ^ mCheS; P'anks Sha11 be laid ope(n } sides^oTcatch/ o la t^ planking o r o f T n ^ S ? S thenvise herein Permitted, the P^ vided with a * o f 'tight closure shall i at leas f18 wire screen- The edge with no m onlno k * ncbes blk from the platform to the upper e X s u e sh a ll' b e a t f e a s ? ^ - T ' V " 8 PlatfoTM- SuPPrts f o r ^ e * * h. spacS - i k, of r * y AM * foot, Md if materia i s t n Z ^ ^ 150 Punds Per square sustain a load o f not less than 3 f dJ h%e0n '* sha11 be constructed t0 walk shed shall be so ereSed n?t P und? ,Per s(?uare The side- net less than e i ^ V * S ^ k ^ t ^ f -uL2),,,.Tbe, 0utside ,e%e and the ends of the deck of every sidewalk or of S . , " . T o " . " * an<1 " -half inch TM h' noi w ,, i ,c i e \ f t t r ' u i i Sh` l! S ' " d of P'" 1 the face of the structure In c u CSS SUcb de?^ ls bui,t S0,|dly against on the sidewalk the side a manner that no material can fall 42 ( 23.39) (4 ) Steel or other materials of equivalent strength and suitability may be used in lieu of wood in the construction o f sidewalk sheds. (5 ) Sidewalk sheds shall be provided with sufficient light to insure safe movement of traffic through them. 23.40 Chutes, (a) Enclosure. W ooden or metal chutes provided tor the removal of materials and which are at an angle of more than 45 deg rees with the horizontal, shall be entirely enclosed on all sides, except openings used for the receiving or discharging of material. Such openings shall not exceed 48 inches in height, measured along the wall ot the chute, and all openings, except the top opening, shall be closed when not in use. Chutes at an angle o f 45 degrees or less with the horiZOIKCLI may np#n on thf* iipp^r side. (b) Construction. Every chute more than 24 inches in maximum inside dimension shall be constructed of not less than two-inch planking or of not less than three-sixteenths inch sheet metal. It shall have a metal bottom where the material strikes the chute and shall be rigidly supported throughout its height. A strong gate shall be constructed at the lower end of every loading chute to control the loading o f material into trucks and to close the chute at all other times. Splash-boards or baffles shall be erected to prevent materials from rebounding into the street or under the sidewalk shed. (c) Protection at openings. A bumper or curb not less than four inches by four inches in section shall be provided at each chute opening where such opening is level with or below the floor or platform. Every space etween the chute and the edge of the opening in the floor or platform shall be solidly planked. Danger signs. Danger signs shall be placed in a conspicuous posi tion at the discharge end of every chute to warn the workmen and public. 2?.;41. Combustion devices used for temporary heating, (a) Room ventilation Where workmen are required to work in a room or space which is heated by combustion devices which may emit carbon monoxide 'u u k room, [ space to an extent tending to injure health, ventilation snail be provided to prevent the accumulation of dangerous concentrations. , Setting. Combustion devices shall be insulated from any com- bustibte floormg upon which they rest. For salamanders the insulation snail extend at least two feet beyond all sides. (c ) Location. Combustion devices shall be located at least three feet horizontally from any combustible construction unless effective insulation is interposed. The overhead clearance shall be at least five feet. ., (A) Tarpaulins. N o tarpaulin or canvas covering shall be located less c u u feet , a combustin heating device. Tarpaulins or canvas shad be securely fastened to prevent contact with such a device. (e ) Bottled gas. Bottled combustible gas shall not be used as a tempo rary heating medium unless it contains an agent to give it a distinctive 43 (23.41) hc*v.aS1`^ ' e^-ec':a.^ e ,oclr>r and sufficient ventilation to assure p ro p er com- rpa,'h?iIS TMam ta,ned- ^ m s or areas in which gas is used shall have a thp a *' " O i M r r n SI? aF'xcd at tbe entrance. Such sign shall bear t r Z Z t Da N G L R -F L A M M A B L E G A S." All connections shall ` C n *1( m eta^ P'Pe or flexible hose approved for the r aT Sha bayc,mctal screw connectors which shall be maintained r rU n t i anCrs sb? 1 bc secured against accidental upsetting o r displace ment and when not m use shall be stored outside the building. 23.42 Material handling and hoisting machinery: general require- ! a2 Maintenance and operation. (1) All material handling and hoistg equipment shall at all times be maintained in good r e p a i r and in fhoper operating condition and sufficient inspections for such main- nee shall be made. All defects shall be immediately corrected upon r very. l. c`^ er by necessary repairs or by replacement. All equipment shall be operated in a safe manner. ft, ^ Operators of such equipment shall remain at the controls while the load is suspended. L ad\ng- Material handling equipment shall not be loaded in ex- factnrrr 11^ ^- w^lcb was designed as specified by the manu- t . ere tbere is any hazard to persons all loads shall be properly S ^ ! ,, ^ . PT r^ V thc disl,od&ment of any part during transit. Sus atrrte> scepcf in mostisokna-.H be securely slung- and properly balanced before they onira^o^ifo-ct-0TM signalmen. Only trained, designated operators shall n n en shall b e^ S I^ matena handJm machinery. Operators and signalS -o p e r ly b ^ C comPrehend s'gnals readily and to execute them - r h0tin9 en9ine operation. (1 ) Hoisting engines shall or rmrrT reSp0nlS,e to manual signals, telephone communications Sr f T " o r r ^ i S i . bl,! sifnal code- Any f th" e ** clear^ Fe used onty where the signalman has a on?ratnrdh,c . ,rU ed T'CW ? f the hois.tinS operation and th e hoist not mon t+ia on un<ybstru<-ted view of the signalman and is not more than 80 feet below the signalman. adiaernt^ C de, sbaF be Psted in a conspicuous place used in connect`n IS -it? ntyols- AH wires, cords or other devices authorized nr ,, l- 0, W1.(F Sl,na sy stems shall be protected against un au honzed or unintentional use, breakage or interference. similar hoists': sl^nals may 1)e used for platform, bucket and l h 1,1 i or 1!e ht) --to stop ? be s (r light)--to raise a u , ( r 1,Eht)--to lower 4 bells (or light)--to lower slowly 44 1 1 ( 23.42) (e) Protection of operator. (1) Where an overhead hazard exists, the operator of material handling machinery other than a hoisting engine shall be provided with overhead protection against such hazard. (2 ) Where an overhead hazard exists, the operator of a hoisting engine shall be provided with overhead protection equivalent to tight planking not less than two inches thick, supported to develop its full strength. (3 ) The area occupied by the hoisting engine and its operator shall be protected from the elements and shall be heated in cold weather. ( f ) Protection of moving parts. Gears, belts, sprockets, drums, sheaves, and points of contact between moving parts of power driven machines when not guarded by location shall be covered with substantial guards or railed off. (S ) Refueling. Open lights, flames or spark producing devices shall be kept at a safe distance while refueling internal combustion engines and no person shall smoke or carry lighted smoking material in the im mediate area. The engine shall be stopped during refueling. . (h ) Engine exhaust. Steam or exhaust gases from engines shall be discharged into the outer air at a point where they will not contaminate the air in a working zone. .( i) Machinery at rest. Material handling machines shall not be left with the load or blade suspended. The load shall be brought to rest on blocks or shall be lowered to the ground or to the extreme lower end o f its travel. ( j ) Tag line. Loads which have a tendency to swing or turn freely during hoisting shall be controlled by a tag line. (k ) Riding. Riding on the loads, buckets, slings or hooks of hoisting, material-handling or excavating machinery is prohibited. (l) H oist brakes. Where hoist brakes are provided they shall be capable o f stopping and holding 150 per cent of the rated hoisting capac ity. In addition, a ratchet and pawl shall be provided on the drum to hold the load. Each electric motor driven hoist shall he provided with a mechanical automatic motor brake or an electrical or mechanical device to hold the load automatically in case o f power failure. (m ) Electrically driven machines. A ll electrically driven material han dling machinery shall be serviced and maintained by or under the direct supervision of a designated person. (n ) R epairs and lubrication. No repairing, cleaning and lubricating of machinery shall be done unless the machinery is at rest. (o ) Anchorage fo r hoisting machines. Hoisting machines shall be so constructed and so secured in position as to prevent tipping or dislodgment. ( p ) H oppers and chutes. Every chute and hopper shall be barricaded where necessary to prevent persons from being struck by material or from falling into the chute or hopper. 45 ( 23.4 3 ) 23.43 Rigging, rope, chains for material hoisting, (a) Hoisting rope--material. Only wire rope shall be used with power driven hoisting machinery, except winchheads or capstan hoists. (b ) Fibre rope. (1 ) Fibre rope shall be of first quality manila hemp. Means to prevent chafing shall be provided where necessary. Proper size blocks to accommodate the rope shall be used. Fibre rope shall be protected where acid or any other harmful or corrosive agent is used. Rope shall be stored dry and in a dry place. (2) Rope that is unsound in any way or that shows the effects of severe wear or abrasion shall not be used. Frozen rope shall be thawed before being used. (c ) Wire rope. (1 ) Wire rope shall be so handled and stored as to prevent kinks and shall be maintained lubricated to prevent corrosion. No rope that is kinked shall be used for the purpose of raising or lowering men or materials, nor (i) when more than 10 p>er cent o f the total wires are broken in any lay, a rope lay being that distance meas ured along the rope in which one strand makes a complete revolution around the rope axis, nor (ii) when the wires on the crown o f the strands are worn down to less than 60 per cent of their original cross sectional area, nor (iii) when by visual inspection, the rope shows marked signs of corrosion, nor (iv ) when any combination of broken wires and abrasion have reduced the original strength of the rope to 80 per cent or less. The end shall be securely attached to the hoist drum and at least four turns shall remain on the drum at all times. (2 ) Wire rope fastenings shall consist of zinc-filled sockets, wedge sockets with at least one rope clip above the socket, eye splices with pear-shaped thimbles to fit the rope, proper size thimbles with rope clips or other fastenings approved by the board. (3) Where clips are used as rope fastenings, they shall conform with the following: . ( ' ) a* least two clips for rope to and including one-half inch diameter; . (I') af least three clips for rope to and including three-quarters inch diameter; (iii) at least four clips for rope to and including one inch diam eter; (iv) at least five clips for rope to and including one and onequarter inch diameter; (v) at least six clips for rope to and including three inch diameter. _ ( ^ ) Cl'P sPacing' shall be at least six times the diameter of the rope. The U-bolt of clips shall be placed over the short end of the rope. . ,(5) Means shall be provided to prevent accidental contact with or injury to hoisting rope. Such means shall consist of substantial cover ing, fencing or location beyond reach. (d) Sheaves. Load-bearing sheaves for wire rope shall be o f proper diam eter and grooving to accommodate the rope but in no case shall the 46 (23.43) diameter be ess than 20 times that o f the rope. Sheaves and rope shall be maintained properly lubricated. Sheaves and blocks that are so badly worn, injured or otherwise defective as to cause failure of equipment or injury to the rope shall not be used. Sheaves intended for use with fibre rope shall not be used with wire rope. (e ) Fittings. All hooks, shackles and other fittings subject to tension or shear shall be drop-forged. No deformed hooks, shackles, chains or other fittings shall be used. ( f ) Use of chains. (1 ) Chains shall not be used as slings in hoisting operations. (2 ) Chains shall not be knotted nor shall they be shortened or spliced by the use of r.ai'.s or bolts. (3 ) Defective chains shall not be used. . (g ) H eat treating of chains. Annealing or normalizing of chains shall be done by the manufacturer or his agent. 23.44 Material platform or bucket hoists. (a ) Construction o f hoist towers. (1 ) Material hoist towers shall be constructed of strong sound timber, structural steel, steel pipe, wrought iron or other structural metal. They shall be supported by a firm foundation of such dimensions as to adequately distribute the load and so as not to exceed the safe bearing capacity of the ground upon which they stand. Hoist towers shall be plumb, and shall be securely braced to insure stability and rigidity. All timber hoist towers more than 70 feet high and four-pole timber hoist towers more than SO feet in height shall have bolted connections throughout. Towers shall be anchored to the building at intervals of not more than 25 feet or shall be prop erly guyed by means of wire rope not less than one-half inch in diameter securely fastened to adequate anchorages. Hoist towers shall be erected and dismantled only under the direct supervision of desig nated persons. Hoist towers shall be erected only to a height necessary for immediate needs and extended in height only when construction work has progressed sufficiently to provide for the anchorage and bracing heretofore required. (2 ) There shall be at least four feet of clearance between the cat head sheave and the hoisting rope fastening on the car or bucket when the conveyance is at the uppermost terminal or landing. (b) Enclosure of hoists. Exterior hoist towers shall be enclosed on all sides except entrance openings. Interior hoistways shall be enclosed at all floors to a height of at least eight feet except at entrance openings. Enclosures shall be by means of wire mesh or slatted partition adequately supported, braced and secured so as to provide a substantial enclosure. W ire mesh shall not be less than No. 18 guage with openings not exceed ing one-half inch. Wood slats shall be not less than three-quarters inch in thickness installed horizontally and spaced not more than two inches apart. 47 <23.44) (c ) Entrances to hoistways. (1 ) AH entrances to hoistways shall be protected by substantial gates or bars which, when closed, shall guard the full width of the landing entrance. (2 ) Gates, when used, shall be not less than 66 inches in height and located not more than four inches from the hoistway line and may have an underclearance of not more than two inches. Gates o f grille, lattice or other open work shall have openings of not more than two inches. (3 ) Where bars are used, they shall be not less than two inch by four inch wooden hinged bars or equivalent, located two feet from the hoistway line. Hinged bars shall be located not less than 36 inches nor more than 42 inches above the floor. (4 ) When hinged bars are installed on interior hoistways, the hoist way enclosure shall be extended to two feet beyond the hoistway line. Every hoistway gate or bar shall be kept closed except when the en trance is in use. (d ) Hoist cars. (1 ) The platform of hoist cars shall be enclosed from floor to crosshead with a solid enclosure on all sides not being used for loading and unloading. At the crosshead a solid protective covering of two-inch planks or other material affording substantially equivalent protection, shall be provided to protect workmen from falling material. (2 ) Enclosures of not less than No. 9 guage expanded metal with one and one-half inch mesh securely fastened in place and equipped with four-inch toe-boards may be substituted for solid enclosures. (3 ) Blocks and cleats shall be securely fastened to the floors o f hoist cars to prevent accidental rolling of wheelbarrows or the shifting of other equipment. (e ) Guide rails. The guide rails of hoists shall be of steel or sound, Tiard wood securely fastened at intervals so as not to deflect more than one-quarter inch under normal operation. ( f ) Operation o f hoist. Hoists shall be operated only by designated persons. The operation of every hoist shall be controlled by an electrically o r mechanically operated bell system with an experienced signalman at D o th loading and unloading points. Manual signals may be used where t h e engineman or operator is in a position to see the signalman, but where m e n are loading or unloading at more than one level or where the signal m a n cannot be readily seen, the electrically or mechanically operated bell sy stem shall be provided and used. Such bell signals shall be as provided i n subdivision (d) of section 23.42 "Signals." Intercommunication or telephone systems shall be provided in addition to manually operated electrical or mechanical bell signal systems where necessary for safe operation of the hoist. Weatherproof electrical connections and fittings s h a ll be used for electrically operated signal or communication systems o n hoist towers that are exposed to the weather. (0 Thoroughfare. There shall be no thoroughfare through any hoistvvay. There shall be no thoroughfare under any hoistway except when 48 ( 2 3 .44) the hoisting unit has been made inoperative by disconnecting: the sus pension rope. 6 (h ) Protection o f hoist operators. Where the operator of hoisting machinery is exposed to dust or other airborne material in such quantities as to interfere with the safe operation of the hoist, the operator shall be provided with proper goggles for the purpose or a wooden or canvas screen shall be erected to minimize the exposure. (i) Loading and roping o f platform hoists. The maximum safe capac ity of each platform hoist shall be determined by using a factor of safety ot eight and shall be conspicuously posted on the crosshead or side memDers and so maintained. In no case shall the load on any hoist be such as to cause the platform to drop more than two inches below the loading level or rise more than two inches above the floor level when unloading. ( j ) W arning device. A ll hoistway entrance barriers and gates shall tie painted to provide the distinctive warning device of diagonal black and yellow stripes. J }} Lon a material platform hoist is prohibited and a sign to that effect shall be conspicuously posted on both sides of the cross head or the side members. w e lf Vat0.rS' , (a) levators Industrial Code Part (R u le N o.) 8. Workmen s elevators within a building, which are to stn?rtnHertea ` FerTManent use after completion of the job, shall be con structed and equipped as requ.red in Part (Rule N o.) 8 of the Industrial Lode except that hoistway enclosure, hoistway doors, car enclosure, door and gate locking devices, initial inspection and lubrication, and tests shall coniorm with the requirements of this section. (b ) A pproval required Elevators other than those set forth in sub division (a ) above shall be approved. (<) Maintenance and use. Elevators shall be maintained in proper and ricated^am av i? nd,t,on` Thf y shaf ** Periodically inspected and lub ricated as may be necessary for such maintenance. Necessary repairs or kin^eexxcceess^ ooft the load for wbi,ench it is densi?gandeed- . No elevator shall be loaded (d ) H oistw ay enclosure. ( I ) Every hoistway shall be enclosed on all sides to a height of at least 10 feet above the lowest landing level and o u t I ts ^ " .facinf f f ar entrances or the building or structure, through out its height except entrance openings. l e a l ? ' cnc'osure sha'j be made of expanded metal o f at S;r f agt r 0ther ^combustible material equivalent in r I f n ng'dlty When Properly installed. Openwork metal en- cosu res shaU reject a one and one-half inch diameter ball The en- ofToo r i 3 S mstal,ed ^ reinforced that a horizontal pressure or.^1b ^ ^ UndSJ P in^ *** P01"* Wl11 not " ose a deflection greater than one inch nor reduce the running clearance below the required minimum 49 (23.45) (e ) Hoistway doors. (1) Every entrance opening in the hoistway enclosure shall be provided with a solid door which shall extend across the full width of the opening and which shall be provided with a vision panel securely covered with wire mesh. It shall be provided with a lock or latch which shall be openable from the hoistway side only and inaccessible from the landing side. Such door shall be at least 78 inches high and shall have an underclearance of not more than one-half inch. Exception: The door at the lowest landing shall be provided with means accessible only to designated persons to unlock it from the landing side. (2 ) In normal service every hoistway door shall be latched or locked shut except when in use for passage to or from the car and no person except the car attendant shall open such door. (3 ) Doors shall be securely reinforced and hung to provide adequate durability. ( f ) Car construction. All sides except landing sides shall be provided with substantial and tight enclosures at least six feet high. The top of the car shall be covered with tight material equivalent in strength to two inch planking and shall have an opening with a hinged hatch cover not less than 18 inches in its smallest dimension and not less than 400 square inches in area. ( g ) Car door or gate. (1) Each landing side of the car shall be pro vided with a door or gate at least six feet high and of construction equivalent in strength to that of the car enclosure. (2 ) Every opening in the door or gate shall be of such size and shape as to reject a three-inch ball at any point. (3 ) The car shall be equipped with an approved electrical contact so arranged that the car cannot be operated unless each door or gate is shut. (h ) Wiring. Wiring and other electrical equipment shall be of proper quality and properly installed. Installations in accordance with the Na tional Electrical Code may be presumed to comply herewith. Hoistway wiring may consist of heavy duty rubber-covered traveling cable. All wiring and other electrical equipment which may be exposed to the weather shall be weatherproof. ( i) Lighting. Inside the car and at each landing, means for artificial lighting shall be provided. The inside of the car, all landings and the space occupied by hoisting machines shall at all times be properly lighted. ( j ) Thoroughfare. There shall be no thoroughfare through or under any hoistway. (k ) Enclosure of hoisting eguipment. The top of the hoistway shall have a weathertight enclosure. The space occupied by the hoisting ma chine shall be similarly enclosed and where the operator is stationed at the hoisting machine the enclosure shall be heated in cold weather. SO (23.45) I t ( l) Car attendant. No car shall be operated in service unless it is jtl the charge of a designated person stationed in the car as its attendant N o person other than the car attendant shall cause the car to move or open any car or hoistway door or gate. The attendant shall not cause the car to move unless lie is satisfied that the load is prepared for move ment. N o person under 18 years of age shall be designated as an at tendant (m ) Initial inspection and lubrication. Before each installation o f a workmen's elevator it shall be thoroughly inspected and subjected to trial runs by a designated person experienced in the installation of such equip ment. The inspection shall include but not be limited to an examination o f the entire length of each guide rope and hoisting rope, all rope con nections, sheaves and their supports, and trial of the governor, the linkage of the car safeties and the limit stops. Initial lubrication o f running parts and all linkage shall be done during such inspection and under the direct supervision o f the designated person. (n ) Tests. A fter erection and before use, every elevator shall be tested. The test shall be made by a designated person and shall be performed as follows: (1) The car shall be loaded to maximum carrying capacity and run at least twice to both limits o f travel to test the action of the speed I % governor, the operation of the upper automatic limit devices and the operation o f the hoisting machine brake at various levels of the hoist way. (2) With such load in place, the car safeties shall be made to actuate with the car traveling downward at a speed slightly greater than that for which the elevator is designed. (3) Such test shall be repeated at least once every month while the elevator is in use on the job. (4) A complete written report of every test including the date, the test loads and speeds involved and the test results shall be kept on the job for use by the commissioner. The report shall be signed by the person making the test. * * 23.46 Cranes and derricks, (a) Strength. Cranes and derricks shall be so constructed, placed and operated as to be stable. No part of any such machine shall be stressed beyond the capacity determined for it by the manufacturer or builder. (b) Inspection. Every crane and derrick, including all blocks, shackles, sheaves, wire rope, connectors and the various devices on the mast and boom shall be thoroughly inspected by a designated person. Such in spections shall be at intervals not exceeding three months. Cranes and derricks shall also be inspected before being first erected or operated on each job. Inspection and repair of crane booms shall be made only when the boom is lowered and adequately supported. A written, dated and signed record by a designated person of the most recent inspection ot SI (23.46) each crane and derrick shall be made on a form provided by the commissioncr and shall be kept on the job for his use. (c) Fooling. Firm and uniform footing shall be provided for cranes and derricks.' Where such a footing is not otherwise supplied, it shall be provided by substantial timbers, cribbing or other structural members sufficient to distribute the load so as not to exceed safe bearing capacity of the underlying material. (d ) Hoisting mechanism brakes and locking devices. Every power operated crane and derrick shall be provided with hoisting mechanism brakes capable of sustaining at rest one and one-half times the maximum rated load on a single part line. Hand or foot-operated brakes shall be provided with a substantial locking device to lock the brake in engage ment. Electrically driven cranes or derricks shall be provided witn a device to hold the load automatically in case of power failure. (e ) Attachment of loads. (1 ) On concrete work the hoisting rope shall be provided with a safety hook or a closed shackle. Where a sling is employed to hoist long-length material, a spreader bar shall be used to space the sling legs for proper balance. (2 ) Reinforcing rods, conduit and lumber, when of uneven lengths, column clamps and similar items which cannot be easily secured to form a safe draft or load shall be hoisted in a box. The box shall be sub stantially constructed and supported from its four corners by individual lengths of wire rope having spliced or clipped loops for attachment to the load line. Its construction and suspension shall be capable of holding at least four times the load for which it is intended. (3) In steel erection, when a load is suspended at two or more points with slings, the eyes of the lifting legs of the slings shall be shackled together, and this shackle or the eyes of the shackled slings shall be placed on the hook. Alternatively, the eyes of the lifting legs may be shackled directly to the hoisting block, ball or balance beam. The eyes may be placed on the lifting hook without shackles if the hook is of the safely type. (! ) Limitations on modifications of cranes and derricks. N o load bearing part of any crane or power-driven derrick shall be replaced by another part, and no such machine shall be modified by the addition thereto or removal therefrom of any load-bearing part unless the replacement or modification shall be as certified by either the manufacturer or the builder of the machine or a qualified licensed professional engineer. (g ) Cranes--outriggers and counterweights. Outriggers and counter weights shall be provided and used as specified by the manufacturer of the crane or by a qualified licensed professional engineer. Counterweights shall be properly placed and secured. Leveling jacks shall be provided and used with outriggers of truckmounted mobile cranes. (h ) Cranes--construction. (1 ) Booms. The boom of every crane shall be of suitable steel. The crane shall be capable of lifting its boom by its own power when the outer end is at the level of the surface on 52 (23.46) which the crane rests, without placing undue strain on either the boom or the tackle. Boom stops shall be provided to prevent overtopping. (2 ) Boom extensions. Any boom extension not provided by the manufaturer of the machine shall be designed by a qualified licensed professional engineer. A copy o f such design shall be kept on the job for inspection by the commissioner. Where boom extensions are used, reductions in the capacity chart ratings shall be posted. (3 ) Braking mechanism. In addition to the hoisting mechanism brakes above required every crane shall be provided w ith: (i) an adequate braking mechanism for the boom hoist; (ii) a swing lock or swing brake capable of preventing rotation; (iii) a brake or other device adequate to bring the crane to a stop from any travel for which it is designed, together with a means of locking the crane so as to hold it stationary. (4 ) Cast iron. Cast iron shall not be used for members or parts subject to tension or torsion. ( i) Cranes-- capacity chart. (1 ) A capacity chart shall be provided for every crane. Such chart shall be posted and maintained in a place clearly visible to the operator and shall set forth the safe loads for various lengths o f boom at various boom angles and radial distances. Where outriggers are provided, such loads shall be set forth with and without the use of outriggers. The chart shall also indicate whether or not load handling accessories such as hooks, blocks and slings are included. (2 ) Unless furnished by the manufacturer or builder of the crane, a capacity chart shall be prepared and certified by a qualified licensed professional engineer and a copy thereof submitted, on request, to the commissioner. (3 ) No load shall be lifted by any crane that exceeds the relevant maximum specified by its capacity chart. ( j ) Cranes-- boom angle indicator. A crane having either a boom exceeding 40 feet in length or a maximum rated capacity exceeding 15 tons shall be provided with an approved boom angle indicator which shall make the boom angle in degrees clearly visible to the operator at all times and give a warning signal when the angle is unsafe. (k ) Cranes--general operation. (1 ) Before hoisting any load at a new job site the boom shall be test operated to its maximum height. Crane loads are to be raised vertically so as to avoid swinging during hoisting, except as such operation is allowed for by the capacity charts. (2 ) Cranes must not be traveled with a suspended load except upon a safe runway. During travel without load, crane falls shall be secured or placed so as to prevent accident or damage by swinging. (3 ) Crane cabs shall be locked when the operator is not present and no unauthorized person shall enter the cab or remain immediately 53 (23.46) adjacent to any crane in operation. Ignition locks, a locking bar or other equivalent devices shall be provided to prevent unauthorized operation. (4 ) In concrete building construction, loads lifted by cranes to levels higher than ISO feet may only be discharged to a hopper or other appro priate facility so located as to permit operation o f the boom at a mini mum load radius. ' (!) Cranes-- operation with demolition ball. In addition to the general requirements for mechanical demolition o f subdivision (s) of section 23.7, the operation o f cranes with a demolition ball shall be subject to the fol lowing requirements: (1 ) The weight of the demolition ball shall not exceed 50 per cent of the safe load capacity of the hnnm length used at its maximum angle of operation. (2 ) During operation with a demolition ball, the swing o f the boom shall not exceed 30 degrees from the center line, front to back, of the crane mounting. (3 ) Crane cab windows shall be of shatterproof glass or protected by adequate metal screens. (4 ) The load line and the attachment o f the demolition ball to the load line shall be checked at least twice daily. (5 ) Truck cranes without outriggers shall not be used to swing a demolition ball. (m ) Cranes--operation near power lines. (1 ) I f a crane is operated in such a location that any part of the crane or o f its load in any position of boom or swing may come within 10 feet o f a live power lin e : (i) the power line shall be de-energized, or (ii) the power line shall be effectively insulated or isolated, or (iii) the crane shall be effectively grounded as hereinafter pro vided. (a) The crane shall be provided w ith a permanent clamp or other means for convenient and effective attachment of a grounding conductor. T he cable connecting the clamp to the ground shall be equivalent to a N o. 2 AW G or larger single conductor, superfiexibie, rope-stranded copper, composed of not less than 1,600 individual wires, with 600 volt covering for mechanical protection and with terminal parts that insure a good connection with hand-type screw clamps. ( b) An effective ground shall be one having a resistance of 25 ohms or less, which shall be measured, or a connection to a con tinuous underground metallic water piping system. (2 ) The provisions of this subdivision shall not apply to operations conducted under the jurisdiction of the Public Service Commission. (n ) Cranes-- operators. (1 ) Finding of foot. The board finds that the trade or occupation o f operating cranes of the type below described in 54 (23.4) construction and demolition work involves such elements of danger t the lives, health and safety of persons employed in such w ork as t require special regulations for their protection and the protection o f other employees and the public in that such cranes may fall over collapse, or contact electric power lines, or dislodge material and cau^ it to fall, or fail to support intended loads and convey them safely un less operated by persons of proper ability, judgment and diligence' " (2 ) Lim ited application of this subdivision. This subdivision applies only to cranes having a manufacturer's maximum rated capacity exceed ing five tons, operated in construction or demolition work, and o f the following type: that type of crane which consists of a mobile carrier- mounted, power-operated hoisting machine utilizing hoisting rope and a power-operated boom moveable laterally by rotation of the machine on the carrier. The word "crane" as used in this subdivision refers oniy to a crane to which this subdivision applies. ' (3 ) Certificate o f competence required, (i) N o person, whether the owner or otherwise, shall operate a crane in the State unless he is a certified crane operator by reason o f the the fact that: (a) he holds a valid certificate of competence, issued by the commissioner, to operate a crane; or ( b) he is at least 21 years of age and holds a valid license issued by the federal government, a State government, or by any political subdivision of this or any other State, and such license has been accepted in writing by the commissioner as equivalent to a certificate of competence issued by him. (ii) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions: (a) a person who is at least 21 years o f age and who is em ployed by the federal government, the State or a political sub division, agency or authority o f the State may operate a crane owned or leased by the federal government, the State or such political sub division, agency or authority if his assigned duties include operation o f a crane ; ( b) a person who is at least 21 years o f age and who is em ployed only to test or repair a crane may operate it for such purpose while under direct supervision of a certified crane operator; or under direct supervision of a person, employed by the federal government, the State, or a political subdivision, agency or authority of the State, whose assigned duties include the operation of a crane ; (c ) an apprentice or learner who is at least 18 years of age and who has the permission of the owner or lessee of a crane to take instruction in its operation may operate such crane under the direct supervision o f a certified crane operator; or under direct supervision o f a person, employed by the federal government, the State, or a political subdivision, agency or authority of the State, whose assigned duties include the operation of a crane. 55 (23.46) (4 ) Application forms, and photographs. Application for a certifi cate of competence or for a renewal thereof shall be made on forms provided by the commissioner. Upon notice from the commissioner to an applicant that a certificate of competence or a renewal will be issued to him, the applicant must forward photographs o f himself in such numbers and sizes as the commissioner shall prescribe, and such photo graphs must have been taken within 30 days of the request for such photographs. (5 ) Physical condition. No person suffering from a physical handi cap or illness, such as epilepsy, heart disease, or an uncorrected defect in vision or hearing, that might diminish his competence, shall be certified by the commissioner. (6 ) Experience required. A n applicant for a certificate must be at least 21 years of age and must have had practical experience in the operation of cranes for at least three years and in addition have a practical knowledge o f crane maintenance. (7 ) Examining board. The commissioner may appoint an examin ing board which shall consist of at least three members, at least one of whom shall be a crane operator who holds a valid certificate of com petence, issued by the commissioner, and at least one of whom shall be a representative of crane owners. The members of the examining board shall serve at the pleasure of the commissioner and their duties will include: (i) the examination of applicants and their qualifications, and the making o f recommendations to the commissioner with respect to the experience and competence of the applicants ; (ii) the holding of hearings regarding appeals following denials of certificates; (iii) the holding o f hearings prior to determinations o f the com missioner to suspend or revoke certificates, or to refuse to issue re newals of certificates ; and (iv ) the reporting of findings and recommendations to the com missioner with respect to such hearings. The acts and proceedings of the examining board shall be in accordance with regulations issued by the commissioner. (8 ) General examination. Each applicant for a certificate will, and each applicant for a renewal may, be required by the commissioner to pass an appropriate general examination. (9 ) Operating examination. An applicant who passes the general examination will also be required to pass a practical examination in crane operation, except that the commissioner may waive this require ment with respect to an applicant for the renewal of a certificate of competence. 56 (23.-44S-) (10) Contents o f certificate. Each certificate issued shall in c lu d e the name and address of the certified crane operator, a brief d e s c r ip tio n o f him for the purpose of identification, and his photograph. (11) Term o f certificate. Each certificate or renewal shall be v a l i 3 for three years from the date issued, unless its term is extended by fch'e commissioner or unless it is sooner suspended or revoked. The c o m missioner may extend the term of any certificate as he may find n e c e s sary to relieve a certified operator of unnecessary hardship. (1 2 ) Carrying certificate. Each certified operator shall carry h i certificate on his person when operating a crane, and failure to p r o d u c e the certificate upon request by a Department o f Labor inspector will t><; presumptive evidence that the operator is not certified. (1 3 ) Renewals. An application for removal o f a crane o p e r a to r 's certificate shall be made within one year from the expiration date o f the certificate sought to be renewed, except that the commissioner m a /y extend the time to make such application to prevent undue h a r d s h ip to a certified operator. (14) Suspension, revocation, refusal to renew, denial of certificates , hearings. (i) The commissioner may, upon notice to the interested p a rties, and after a hearing before the examining board, suspend or revoke a certificate upon finding that the certified operator has failed to c o m p ly with an order of the commissioner; or that the certified operator i s not a person o f proper competence, judgment, or ability; or for o t h e r good cause shown. (ii) Prior to a determination by the commissioner not to renew a certificate of competence the commissioner shall require a h e a r in g before the examining board, upon notice to the interested parties. (iii) (a ) A n applicant whose application for a certificate h a s been denied by the commissioner may, upon his written request m a d e to the commissioner within 30 days after the mailing or p e r s o n a l delivery to him of a notice o f such denial, have a hearing before t h e examining board. (b) Such hearing shall be held by the examining board, w h i c h shall make its recommendations to the commissioner within t h r e e days after the hearing has been concluded. A written notice of t h e commissioner's decision, containing the reasons therefor, shall fce promptly given to the certified operator or applicant, as the case m a y be, and to any interested parties who appeared at the hearing. E v e r ] ' hearing shall be held in accordance with such regulations as t h e commissioner may establish. ( o ) Derricks-- bracing of foot blocks. The foot blocks of derricks s h a l l be securely supported and firmly anchored against movement in a n y direction. (p ) Derricks-- guys. (1) Number and spacing. The top of a guy d e r rick mast more than 25 feet in height shall be steadied by not less t h a n 57 (23.46) six wire rope g u y s so spaced as to make the angles between adjacent guys ap p ro x im a tely equal. (2 ) A tta c h m e n t. W ire rope guys shall be secured by either weldless steel sockets, t h im b le and splice connection, thimbles with proper size and number o f r o p e clips, or cast steel guy plates having grooved bear ing surfaces o f t h e same shape and size as the wire rope thimbles, using a spliced or w ir e r o p e clip attachment. (3) A n c h o rin g . Guys shall be attached to strong permanent construc tion or to s u b s ta n tia l "dead men" securely anchored in the ground. (q ) Derricks-- b r e a s t type. Breast derricks shall be guyed from both the front and th e r e a r o f the derricks. Where a front guy is not possible because of the u s e t o which the derrick is put, provision shall be made to prevent the d e r r i c k from tipping over backward. Breast derricks which are operated by h a n d power shall have hand grips securely and positively fastened to the s h a f t and a ratchet and pawl shall be provided which will hold the load. (r) Derricks-- construction. (1 ) Materials. The mast, boom, frame and similar p a r t s o f a derrick shall be of suitable steel or o f selected wood of proper str e n g th and durability. (2 ) Mast f i t t i n g s . On derricks which have a boom longer than the mast, the g u d g e o n pin, mast top and gooseneck shall be securely fastened to the top o f t h e m a st to prevent the pulling out of these parts when the boom is r a is e d . (3 ) Cast i r o n . C ast iron shall not be used for members or parts sub ject to tension o r torsion. (s ) Derricks-- c a p a c ity chart. A capacity chart shall be provided for every derrick. S u c h charts shall be kept on the job site. Unless furnished by the m a n u factu rer or builder o f the derrick, the capacity chart shall be prepared and c e r tifie d by a qualified licensed professional engineer and a copy thereof s h a l l b e submitted, on request, to the commissioner. (t) Derricks-- lo a d limitation. N o load shall be lifted by any derrick that exceeds the r e le v a n t maximum specified by its capacity chart. 23.47 C o n v e y o r s and cableways, (a) Walkways. W alkways along conveyor belts s h a ll b e kept free of materials and, where three feet or more above the ground, s h a ll be provided with a safety railing. (b ) Trippers. W h e r e trippers are used to control discharge, a device for throwing th e b e l t drive into neutral shall be installed at each end of the runway. (c ) Spillage. W h e r e conveyor belts cross any traveled way, trays shall be installed to c a tc h spillage. (d ) O verhead p ro te c tio n . When men work or pass directly below any conveyor, overhead protection shall be provided. (e ) Signal s y s t e m required. A signal system shall be used for starting and stopping and r a is in g or lowering of loads. 58 (23.47 > ( f ) Riding prohibited. No person shall ride any conveyor belt or tin s bucket or load being handled by any cableway. 23.48 E xcavating and grading machines, (a) Footing. E x c a v a tin g machines as herein defined shall not be used where an unstable condition er slope o f the ground may cause a dangerous tilt of the machine. T o prevent such unstable condition, mats of timber or equivalent means t o afford stable footing shall be provided. (b ) Protection o f operator. Where the operator may be exposed to a n overhead hazard a cab or equivalent cover affording protection agains-t such hazard shall be provided. (c ) Operation. Excavating machines and grading machines shall b e operated only by designated persons. N o person except the operating crew shall be permitted on an excavating or a grading machine while it is i n motion or operation. N o person other than the pitman and excavating crew shall be permitted to stand within range of the back of a power shovel ox w ithin range o f the swing o f the dipper while the shovel is in operation.. W hen the machine is not in use, the blade or dipper shall rest on the ground. The operator o f the machine shall not leave the controls at any tim e when the master clutch is engaged. Oiling and greasing shall b e done only while the machine is at rest and the master clutch disengagedT h e boom or the bucket, dipper or clamshell of a power shovel or crane shall not be passed over the seat or cab of a truck or other transporting equipment while any employee is in the cab. (d ) P ow er shovel operation near pozver lines. If a power shovel i s operated in such a location that any part of the machine or of its load i n any position o f boom or swing may come within 10 feet of a live power line : (1) the power line shall be de-energized, or (2 ) the power line shall be effectively insulated or isolated, or (3 ) the power shovel shall be effectively grounded as hereinafter provided. ( i) The power shovel shall be provided with a permanent clamp o r other means for convenient and effective attachment of a grounding conductor. The cable connecting the clamp to the ground shall b e ; equivalent to a No. 2 AW G or larger single conductor, superflexible, rope-stranded copper, composed of not less than 1,600 individual wires, with 600 volt covering for mechanical protection and w ith, terminal parts that insure a good connection with hand-type screwclamps. (ii) A n effective ground shall be one having a resistance of 2 5 ohms or less, which shall be measured, or a connection to a c o n tinuous underground metallic water piping system. (e ) Trenching. Material shall not be pushed manually into the path o f trenching machines. 59 (23.48) (f) Stopping or parking machines. The operator of the machine shall not leave his controls until he has lowered the bucket or blade into firm contact with the ground. 23.49 A uto trucks, (a) Brake maintenance. Brakes shall be so maintained that the vehicle with full load may be securely held on any # * grade that may be encountered in normal use on the job. (b) Blocks. (1) Provision shall be made to apply wheel blocks to trucks ascending ramps of steeper than one in 10 slope in case the vehicle shall stall or slide. (2 ) N o person shall work under the raised body of a dump truck unless the body is securely blocked to prevent accidental lowering. (c) Loading. Trucks shall not be loaded beyond their capacity and the load shall be trimmed before the truck is set in motion. Loads that are apt to become dislodged in transit shall be securely lashed in place. (d) Backing. Trucks shall not be backed or dumped in places where men are working nor backed into a hazardous location, unless guided by a person so stationed that he can see the truck driver and the space in back of the vehicle. (e) Riding. No employee shall be suffered or permitted to ride on run ning boards or fenders or elsewhere on a truck or similar vehicle except where a properly constructed seat or platform is provided for his use. ( f) Dumping. N o person shall be within the body ^(load-carrying portion) o f a truck while the dumping mechanism is being operated. (g) Cab protector. Dump truck bodies which are loaded by mechanical means shall be equipped with a suitable steel cab protector, covering at least the rear quarter of the top of the cab. 23.50 Hand-propelled vehicles, (a) Maintenance. Hand-propelled vehicles shall be maintained in good repair. Vehicles with damaged handles or loose parts shall not be used. (b) Wheels and handles. Wheels shall be maintained free-running and well secured to the frame. Buggy handles shall not extend beyond the wheels on either side. (c) Buggy counterbalance. Loose weights shall not be hung on buggy handles as counterbalances. When counterbalance weights are used, they shall be fastened securely to the handles. (d ) Curbing. Curbing shall be provided along edges over which ma terial is dumped to a lower level. (e) Storage. When not in use, hand-propelled vehicles shall be left in a location away from passageways and places of work. m 1 23.51 L ift and fork trucks, (a) Capacity. A metal plate with readily legible etched or stamped figures giving the capacity rating m pounds shall be attached to every lift or fork truck. 60 (23.51) (b) Loading. N o lift or fork track shall be loaded beyond its capacity rating. N o hand-operated pallet truck loaded so th a ta n y point on the load is at a greater height than four feet six inches above the floor shall be moved by pushing unless handled by tw o men. (c) Brakes and load-elevating mechanisms. Every power-operated lift and fork truck shall be provided with a lockable brake. The load-elevat ing mechanism shall be lockable at any elevation. (d ) Hand-lift handles. Every pallet track having a hand-lift handle shall be provided with an automatic device to retain the raised load and free the handle until it is re-engaged by the operator. (e ) Operating surfaces. N o lift or fork truck, whether hand or power onerated. shall be used on any surface that is so uneven as to make up setting likely. ( f ) Packaged masonry units. N o masonry units packaged by means o f wire or metal tape shall be handled by a lift or fork track when any part of such wire or tape binding is broken. (g ) Loose masonry units. Unless palletized masonry units are securely bound in package form, provision shall be made to prevent spillage. fn) Support of pallets. Loaded pallets shall be kept level at all times. Masonry units used as supports shall be securely lashed to the pallet and shall be o f proper quality and number to provide stable footing for tne load. Loose material and other unstable supports shall not be used. (i) Protection of operator. After April 2, 1962 every fork h it truck shall be provided with a substantial overhead canopy or screen to protect the operator against falling objects. (j) Prohibited use. N o lift or fork track shall be in motion when the loaded forks are elevated higher than necessary to dear floor obstructions except as required for positioning the load. 23.52 P ow er buggies, (a) Definition. As used herein, the term "power buggy" means an automotive vehicle designed solely for the transportation of materials on and about construction and demolition sites. It does not include automobiles, motor trucks, general purpose tractors, bulldozers, scoops or other excavating or material handling machinery. (b) Assigned operator. N o person other than a trained operator desig nated by the employer shall operate a power buggy. (c) D efective machines. N o power buggy shall be operated unless it has the mechanical characteristics, features and devices herein required and is in good operating condition. (d ) Mechanical requirements. (1 ) Stability. Every power buggy shall be so designed and constructed as to withstand without tilting: ( i) a 45 degree turn at full rated load and maximum designed for ward speed; 61 (23.52) (ii) a collision stop against wheel blockage on a level grade at full rated load and one-half maximum designed forward or full reverse speed; i (iii) lateral traversal of 10 per cent slopes at full rated load and maximum designed speed. r (2 ) B rakin g p o w er, (i) Every power buggy shall be provided with brakes and tire surfaces capable of bringing it to a full stop within 25 feet on a level dry plank surface or frictional equivalent at full rated load and maximum designed speed. (ii) Brakes shall be capable of being fixed in engagement to hold the full load stationary on a 25 per cent grade. (3 ) A ccid en ta l starting. The controls of every power buggy shall be so arranged or shielded that they cannot be accidentally engaged. ( 4 ) W arn in g devices. Every power buggy shall be equipped with an easily operable hom or other audible warning signal. (5 ) S eats a n d visibility. Every power buggy o f the riding type shall be provided with an operator's seat or standing platform designed and secured to prevent slipping off and so located that the operator may have maximum practicable driving visibility. ( 6 ) S peed. Every power buggy of the riding type shall be so de signed or equipped that it cannot travel faster than 12 miles per hour on a level surface. H *' 1 (e ) O peration. (1 ) Parking on grades. No power buggy shall be left unattended on any grade sufficiently steep to cause it to coast if free o f engine and brake resistance. ( 2 ) P ro h ib ite d operation. N o power buggy shall be operated: ( i) at a speed greater than 12 miles per hour, (ii) when carrying more than its full rated load, (iii) on insecure or skiddy surfaces or surfaces so inclined or un even as to endanger stability, (iv ) on grades steeper than 25 per cent, or (v ) on ramps, runways, or other surfaces not in compliance with this Part (rule). ( f ) S p ecia l requ irem en ts for ru n w a ys, etc. Runways, ramps, platforms and other surfaces upon which power buggies are operated shall conform to the following requirements: ( 1 ) They shall be substantially constructed and securely supported, braced and fastened to prevent movement. ( 2 ) They shall be constructed to sustain without failure at least four times the maximum load for which they are intended. I* ( 3 ) The minimum width inside of curbs for any ramp, runway or platform shall be two feet wider than the outside width of any power 62 (23.53) ( f ) W h en not in use. When the pile driver is not in use the hammer shall be chocked or blocked in the leads or lowered to the ground. ( g ) T em p o ra ry interruption. The operator of every pile driver shall m remain at his post when the driving is interrupted until the hammer has been chocked or blocked in the leads, or has been lowered and is resting on a driven pile or on the ground. 1 _ (h ) S tea m an d a ir lines. Steam and air hose shall be securely fastened in place at couplings and intermediate points to prevent dangerous whip ping o f the hose in the event o f a break. The control valves for steam and air lines shall be located within easy reach o f the operator. ( i) D riv in g p la te s, cushions, str ik in g heads. Driving plates, cushions and striking heads shall be securely and positively fastened in such a manner as to prevent their dislodgment during the driving operations. ( j ) L adders. A ladder extending from the bottom o f the leads to the overhead sheaves shall be permanently attached to the structure sup porting the leads. (k ) W o rk in g p la tfo rm s. Where a structural tower supports the leads, working platforms consisting o f not less than two-inch planking laid tight shall be provided on all levels o f the leads at which it is necessary for men to work. Such platforms shall be provided with a safety railing and toeboard on all sides, except on the hammer or lead side of the plat form. Where such platforms cannot be provided a safety belt shall be provided. 23.54 Mixing machines, (a) Charging skips. Each time before raising or lowering the charging skip, the operator shall satisfy himself that no one is in the danger area. In addition, there shall be a guard rail on both sides of the charging skip so arranged as to prevent passage under the raised skip. (b ) H o p p ers. Hoppers into which a person may fall shall be effectively protected by cross grating with maximum openings of one square foot. (c ) B u ck e t hoists. Where a falling hazard exists at the point at which a mixer discharges into a bucket hoist, protection shall be provided by location or a substantial railing, (d ) F lyw h eels. Flywheels and power transmission mechanisms shall be kept covered against accidental contact. (e ) T rou gh typ e m ixers. The revolving blades of mixing machines of the trough or batch type shall be guarded with a substantial iron grating consisting of crossbars of one-half inch round stock or its equivalent, spaced not to exceed five inches between bars and located at least five inches above the blades. 1 23.55 Jacks, (a ) Capacity m arking. The rated capacity of every jack shall be legibly marked in a prominent location on die jack by cast ing or stamping. 64 iM n (23'55) a p o s i t i v e P v t J o t r t i a v d W oethC practicable<j * P r i d e d w ith show overtravel^ shall be provided on the f a S T " " ` l c,ear,y ' (d) L ^ s ^ W h J7 kS SKa11 ** maintained PrPrly lubricated. >r - ^ s h a ^ supervision o f a^'desi^at^person^ ** under * direct 23.56 Electrical j . requirements. Electr^ f aeumat*c hand tools, (a ) Power shut-nfi die source o f power a n ^ t h e ^ m ^ * 10 't0<t!S Sha11 be disconnected from ^ adjustments or r e iir sa m r n lH 'meS sba11 ^ eased be- Cb7 E U c t r i e ^ j ^ ^ `' a 0* m -* * grounded d u r i n g ^ c ^ T } ^ t00lsi ElectricaI1y operated tools shall be l W elding and ^ cutting. u p n g h t^ ilS o n d a ^ y f io m eopen( y a r iyIindHrS ShaJ1 be stored in an nr neat and *s>o arranged orTDplacBed ftheate*kvra - ,, s a^d other sources dam aged by passing or w be securely lashed to a stationTM n t * knocked over 1Dunnff use cylmders shall bas been made to prevent un ^?s odier suitable provision shall h ave the valve kev or During use every cylinder A ll cylinders shall be iw H ren<dl. sct m place on the valve spindle, oxygen shall nl* b T c r a upnght position. Cylinders containing gas, o r to combustible m a te r iL " ^ t0 cylmders ta m in g combustible com bustion hazard CvlinrU ` i^ r as to create a spontaneous not i n u * S L S 1lmA':rJ alyes sha11 * d c d at all times when w ith a S i V h ^ n n ^ V ^ T r/SduClng vaIves be tightly connected uns r t S S ^ r T ygeft CyHnders not be used A ll valves S S f l J f aUt0matk VaJvC` arif? shall be immediately removed from working Sd a ^ " l de-S,gni ted location- The calves shall be closed ***& r S'P ] indicating that the tank is empty shall be attached, u se of cylinders as rollers, props or supports is forbidden. ^ Ht S t a n d h ose conneciions. (1) All hose shall be first quality f TM f_ f. tyPe manufactured for use on construction jobs. Oxygen nose shall have fittings of a different design and shall be of a different color from the hose used for the fuel gas connections. Hose connec tions shall be of either the ferrule or clamp type and the hose shall be 65 'I (23.61) shall designate the necessary personnel to dispose of the misfire and shall determine the safe and proper method of its disposal. N o persons except those designated to effect such disposal shall enter the danger zone until the misfire has been disposed of. (bb) Reloading holes. In case a charge fires without shattering the burden, it is permissible to reload the bore hole, but only after the tem perature of the hole has been reduced by water or otherwise to not more than 100 degrees Fahrenheit. (cc) Blasting mat. Wherever any person may be endangered the rock to be blasted shall be covered on all exposed sides with a strong woven matting of rope not less than one and one-half inches in diameter, or of wire rope not less than one-half inch in diameter, or other covering which will be equally effective in preventing particles from being pro jected into the air by the blast. (dd) Operations during electrical storms. All use of explosives and any handling thereof shall be stopped immediately upon the approach of a thunderstorm and all personnel in the area shall immediately seek a place of safety in a proper location designated by the person in charge of the job. (ee) Prohibited use of two-way communication. No two-way radio signal or radio telephone communication shall be used in a blasting area and a sign to that effect shall be conspicuously posted. 23 62 Im m inent danger--notice, warning and avoidance. Where noncompliance with a provision of this Part (rule) causes or tends to cause imminent danger to a person employed in construction or demoli tion work and written notice thereof is given by the commissioner to the appropriate employer, owner, contractor or subcontractor, or to his agent, such person shall either (a) at once effect compliance sufficiently to end the danger or (b) unless the commissioner does such posting or tagging on his behalf, forthwith post the dangerous area or tag the dangerous device or material with suitable posters or signs warning of the danger and forbidding unauthorized entry into the area or unauthorized use of the device or material, and shall maintain such posters or signs until the danger has been ended. While such noncompliance exists no employer shall suffer or permit any person employed by him to enter or be within an area or to use a device or material as to which he has received such a notice of imminent danger, or which is so posted or tagged, except to effect compliance with this Part (rule). N o unauthorized person shall remove such a poster or sign. 23.63 Severability. If any provision of this Part (rule) or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications of this Part (rule) which can be given effect without the invalid provisions or applications and to this end the provisions of this Part (rule) are de clared to be severable. 71 STATE OF NEW YORK N F .I.SO N A. ROCKEFELLER Governor DEPARTMENT OF LABOR LO UIS L . L E V IN E Industrial Commissioner BOARD OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS li N orth Pearl S treet, A lbany, N e w Y ork 12207 Harry R. Mason, Chairman George Archinal, Member B. Franklin Spencer, Member Copi* of this Rut* may be obtained, free of charge, by individuala and croup a w*ian in the judgm ent o f th e C o m m la a ie n e r, a u c h d is tr ib u tio n will Luther safety e d u c atio n and com p lian ce with the C o d e Rules. R eq u ests for copie a by mail sh o u ld be directed to the State of N ew York, Department of Labor, Adm inistrative Officer, Stata O ffica Building Campus, A l b a n y , New Y o r k 1 2 2 2 6 H o w e v e r , s i n g l e c o p i e s m a y b e o b t a i n e d b y ^>- p ly in g in p e rs o n at th e D e p a rtm e n t's office at A lbany, and in Now York City at the B u a ln e aa Aiknlnlatration offica, 60 C entra S tre e t, New York, N ew York 10013 3-71 ( 2000) [] i STATE OF NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF LABOR SS.: BOARD OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS lf)?n PltKST K:e ff ,h.e aufhr r'ty Tv" 'erd in me by subdivision 1 of section Executive Law, I, H A R R Y R. MASON, Chairman of the New rork itate Board of Standards and Appeals, DO H EREBY CERTIFY that the copy of Industrial Code Rule No. 23 (12 NYCRR 2 3 ), Protection ot Persons Employed m Construction and Demolition Work hereto at- T T J V COrT C!, transcnpt o f the original amendment of said rule duly adopted by said Board on the 28th day of June, 1963, pursuant to the authority of sections 27-a, 28, 29, 200, 241, 241-a and 242 o f the Labor - , ' Prescribed to take effect on the 1st day o f August, 1963, and duly filed m the office of Secretary of State o f the State of New York on the 31st day of July, 1963, except only the designations and numbering determined by the Secretary of State in, by and for the Official Compilation o f Codes Rules and Regulations of the State of New York, pursuant to section 102 of the Executive Law. Given under my hand and the seal of office o f the Department of Labor at the City of Albany, New York on the 16th day of January, 1969. H A R R Y R. M ASON Chairman, New York State Board of Standards and Appeals HISTORICAL NOTES S fiS ftiS te issS 'S i! w h e n T d u 's t r r i f C o ^ R u l ? r e l a y s t S B S * ? d? i s and June 28, 1963. The present title o f the rule has been used since July 1, 1957 i iii 3 J extracts fro m the labo r law The board of s ta n d lfd s ^ a n d ^ p ^ e lls"s h i n b ard f ^tandards " d appeals. $ ' c r& 9r k t' r vcia`"! ****** em ploying or directn^Tifofhel- 'pe'Jfoim 5 u s e .of employees. 1. A person dem olition, repairing, altering painting rlea ^ f any ^ `nd `n the erection, s tru c tu re shall furnish or ere?t or c u f; m h T f ? .r ,P ln" ng of a building or fo rm an ce of such labor, scaffolding hoiet*0 ^ * fu.ri\ ^ hed or erected for the per- P ulleys, braces, irons, r o a n 7 o th e r rie v ^ c ' la-dt ra' '{" i*. ^ s . blocks, P a c e d and operated as to rive nroncr m V ? which shall be so constructed, directed. *lve propcr Pro^ct.on to a person so employed or o r su^peide^'nffom Sa ^ `oveTl?eradt ^m pc^rtnto rf eVe th-,\ grn',n.d or floor, swung e x c e p t scaffolding wholly within the interior of a h n 'l l ^ stationary supports, flo o r space of any room therein shall h /,, . J1 bu' Id,nS and covering the entire p ro p e rly attached, bolted, braced or otherwise t safe jy rad f suitable material in ch es above the floor or main portions ofTch sraff'irt- ns,ng at least thirty-four m g along the entire length o fPthe outsMe anH tK ff j 'n g er st^ m g and extend- O penings as may be necessary for th ^ d hr ends thereof, w ith only such "r -S ft s Hid, B T S f ' ' S i r * fa spects a certificate stating that he has m a d e ff,^ * 7 sct?ffold or device that he in safe or unsafe, as the case may be If unsafe thPe Ctl n- a" d haS ,found the same w riting, notify the person responsible for thi 'Jlff commissioner shall at once, in fa c t and shall prohibit the usePof itb y him or bv mechanica] d.evice of the is removed by alteration, reconstruction^,- ^ i 7 7 ther P,erson until all danger direct. Such notice may beseized p e rso n a l^ u n o ^ ^ 1 M the c" ssioner nfay affixing ,t conspicuously to the scaffold or device deilaredrunsafeSP nS,bIe r b7 woSrkCtindud4ing e x lafa?on workPjy c o M e c f f o n ' C i ! tru,c1t1ion o r demolition o w n e rs ,_when constructing or demolishing h u n d i i ^ n '71)?1'- A contractors and c o n n e c tio n therewith, shall comply with the following requfremenU: XCavating !n fillin g in between5the*floors6 a r^ o f^ re p ro o T m a t ' ' i ' l l ttLereof' or if the floors or b e com pleted as the building progresses. m atenal- the flooring or filling in shall * * ^ ^ S ' i a l ' r i a i d on' e ^ t o ^ a ^ th T P belW p la n kp'e'!diChov-er,- euxcep=t spaIcreosn roerassoUnaebfwlyo rk b b e Trngg eerreecctteed^ shhallll bhe Stth,?oerIobuegahmlys i r o n o r steel w ork/Pfo r raising ^ ^ , efriaJr0pe*r " " ' c t i o a of the v a t o r shafts designated by the plans and specifications. for sta,rways and Re c o u r s e o f constructin^afo r^hT ^urposeof ifffnsfm ate'-aPpar*tu? are used in the m e a c h floor and at each landing level shall be8 nrk.e *' f ' shj f-ts o r openings b y a b arrier of suitable height, Or 5 / 4 ^ 3 ^ - ^ [iv] /A ip c /? ; /U o. * off and putting on m aterials, and those sides shall be guarded by a n adjustable b arrier not less than four feet from the floor and not less than tw o feet from the edges of such sh afts or openings. o. i ho board ol sta n d a rd s and a p p e a ls m ay m ak e ru le s to provide for th e oro- l CfCk-M* w oTM m en "? connection w ith th e e x ca v atio n w o rk for the c o n stru c tio n of bm ldm gs the w ork of constructing o r dem olishing buildings and structures and the guarding o f dangerous m ac h in ery used in connection therew ith and the ow ners and co n tracto rs for such w o rk shall com ply therew ith. ' Section 241-a. P rotection of w orkm en in o r at elevator shaftw ays, hatchw ays and stairw ells. A ny men working in or at elevator shaftways, hatchw ays and sta irw e lls of b u ild in g s in course of c o n stru c tio n of dem olition shall b e p ro te c te d by sound planking a t least two inches thick laid across the openings a t levels not m ore than tw o stories above and no t m ore than one sto ry below such men or bv o th e r m eans specified in the rules of th e board. ' S---e-c--ti-o n 242. E n fo rc e m e n t mof a rtic le , I fie c o m m is s io n e r an d th e c h ie f o ffic e r ch arg ed with the enforcem ent of the building law s of any city, tow n or village shall enforce this article. Such officer shall have all the powers for enforcem ent or it that are vested in the com m issioner. Section 213. Violations of p ro v isio n s of labor law; the industrial code- the rules, regulations, or orders of the industrial commissioner and the board of standards and appeals. A n y p erso n w h o violates o r does not comply w ith , an y p ro vision ot the labor law, any provision of the industrial code, and rule regula tion o r lawful o rd er of the industrial com m issioner or the board of stan d ard s and appeals, and the officers of any c o rp o ra tio n w ho kno w in g ly perm it the co rp o ra tio n to violate such provisions, are gu ilty of a m isdem eanor. . . . NOTE # T b e p h ra se '-su ffe r or perm it" as em ployed in this ru le implies know ledge o r the opportunity th ro u g h reasonable diligence to acquire knowledge. This presupposes a fair m easure of continuity and perm anence. T h e phrase further impHes t p0We ^ P,ro lblt- p rev en t o r h in d e r a n a c t o r condition. See Peo. e x rel P rice nell, 7o A .D . 507 a n dj tcCa''se2s25etteYd. ' 25> 30 a n d A von B a r a n <3 Grill, In c . vs. O 'Con NEW YORK STATE LIBRARY B00160812B BOO1608 2B [v] EXPLANATION OF NUMBERING SYSTEM In accordance with the uniform numbering system established by the lecretary of State for the Official Compilation of Codes, Rules and Rgu lio n s of the State of New York the following amngemfflt has been ised in the text of the Industrial Code Rule No. 23 (12 NYCRR 23) con- aincd herein. division of 'lumbering >ystem Title How Numbered Arabic numeral Example Title 12 (Department of Labor) Chapter Capital roman numeral Chapter I (Board of Standards and Appeals) subchapter Capital letter Subchapter A (The Industrial Code) Part Arabic numeral Part 23 (Industrial Code Rule No. 23) section Arabic numeral separated from Part number by decimal 23.1,23.2 . . . subdivision Paragraph subparagraph Clause Small letter in parentheses (a), (b) . . . Arabic numeral in parentheses (1 ), (2) . . . Small roman numeral in parentheses (i), (ii) . . . Small italic letter in parentheses (a), (b). . . References in or in connection with the following text to "Part," "secion", "subsection", "paragraph", "subparagraph" or "clause" are to be inderstood in accordance with the system outlined above. fvi] INDUSTRIAL CODE RULE NO. 23 (12 NYCRR 23) CONTENTS Pogi Section No. Subject 23.0 F inding o f f a c t .................................................................................................... ' 23.1 A pplication ........................................................................................................... 23.2 D efinitions ............................................................................................................. 23.3 (a) (b) (c) (d) ((Of ) ( k) (h) 0( j)) (k) 0) (O2)) (m ) (n) (o) (P) (q> (O O) (2) (3) (4) (s) (t) (((wYu))) (x) (y) (O (aa) (bb) (O (2) (31 (4) ((65)) (cc) <dd> (ee) () ( sk) G en eral p ro v isio n s ............................................................................................ A pplication ...................................................... ............ ...........................: ; General duty to protect the health and safety of persons employed in construction and dem olition w ork ............................................... G eneral requirem ent o f competency ................................................... G eneral requirem ent of q u a li t y ................................................................... Responsibility of em ployees ..................................................................... C o n d itio n of eq u ip m en t a n d safeg u ard s ............................................ S tre n g th of equipm ent ............................................................................... O verhead h a z a r d s ............................................................................................ F a llin g h a z a rd s ............................................................................................. D ro w n in g hazards .......................................................................................... S lip p in g h a z a rd s ........................................................................................... T rip p in g and other hazards ............. .......................................................... P a ss a g e w a y s ................................................................................................ W o rk in g a r e a s .............................................................................................. V e rtic a l p a ssa g e ............................................................................................ C ontrol o f d usts and gases ......................................................................... C orrosive substances ...................................................................................... E ye protection .................................................................................................. R esp irato rs ........................................................................................................ P ro tectiv e apparel .......................................................................................... H e a d protection .......................................................................................... B oots ............................................................................................................... W ate rp ro o f clothing .................................................................................. C orrosive substances ............................................................................... Cleanliness of personal protective e q u ip m e n t...................................... P ow er-driven machines -- general ........................................................... Keys, set-screw s and sim ila r projections ............................................ P o w er-driven saws ................................. ...................................................... Sprockets, gears and friction-disc drives ............................................ Belts, pulleys, flywheels a n d -wire r o p e .................................................. H a n d tools ........................ ........................................................................... S a fe ty railing ................................................................................................ T em p o rary electric w iring ......................................................................... E lectrical h a z a r d ............. ............................................................................... Investigation and w arning ..................................................................... P ro te c tio n o f e m p lo y e e s ......................................................................... G u a rd in g o f switches, etc...................................................................... .. N o tify in g utility com pany ..................................................................... G en erato rs ................._. ............................................................................ P u b lic Service Com m ission o p e ra tio n s .............................................. L ig h t i n g .........................- ................................................................................. Lumber and nail fastenings .......................................................... Specified lum ber dim ensions ..................................................................... P u b lic vehicular traffic ................................................................................ S tability of s t r u c tu r e s .................................................................................. 23.4 Approval of materials and devices [vn] Page St client No. Subject No. 23.5 Maintenance and housekeeping ........................................................... H (a) Storage of m aterial andequipm ent ...................................................... H (b) Disposal of debris ....................................................................................... N 23.6 Sanitation and drinking water 11 (a) Toilet fa c ilitie s ........................ 11 (b) Accessibility of to ile ts ............ 11 (c) Shelter ........................................ 11 (0 W ashing facilities ................... 11 (c Change houses .......................... 11 (0 Drinking w ater ........................ 11 Demolition ............................................ 11 General method of demolition .......... 11 Preparations ............................................ Protection of adjacent structures . . . 111222 Demolition of walls, partitions, etc. . Inspection. ............................................ 12 Boarding of wall openings ............... 12 Methods of operation........................ 13 Access to floors ................................. 13 Protection in other areas .................. 13 Demolition of structural steel ......... 13 Demolition of floor arches................. 13 Floor openings -- permissible area . . . 13 Floor openings -- required protection 13 Storage of material -- general ......... 14 Storage of debris in cellar................. 14 Safe footing required ........................ 14 Catch platforms ................................. 15 Barricades ......................................... 15 Mechanical method of demolition . . . 15 23.8 Excavation .................................................................................................... 16 (a) Stability of structures........................................................................... 16 (b) General requirements ......................................................................... 16 (c) Piling, shoring and bracing ................................................................. 16 (d) Access .................................................................................................... 16 Table I ................................................................................................. 17 Table II .............................................................................................. 17 (e) Trench excavations................................................................................ 18 23.9 Structural steel a ss e m b ly .......................................................................... 18 (a) Placing o f structural m em bers.................. 18 (b) Holing or cutting of structural m em bers.............................................. 18 (c) Tsg lines ........................................................................................................ 18 (d) Erection o f lintels ...................................................................................... 18 23.10 (a) (b) (ci id ) (e) Concrete w ork ................................................................... jg General requirem ents.................................................................................. 19 Inspection ........................... 19 Beams, floors and r o o f s ............................................................................. 19 Stripping .............................................................................................................. 19 Reshoring .................................................................................................... 19 23.11 (a) (b) , (c) Special requirements for building construction ................................ 19 Permanent flooring--skeleton steel construction in tiered build ings .......................................................................................................... 19 Temporaryflooring -- skeleton steel construction in tiered bnildings .................................................................................................. 19 Flooring -- other construction ................................................................ 20 [viii] Section No. (d) (e) (f) Subject Page No. P ro tectio n o f workm enin sh a fts--general .............................................. 20 P ro te ctio n o f workmenin elevator sh afts ................................................. 20 C atch p latfo rm required ................................................................................ 21 23.12 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) G en eral p ro v isio n s for all scaffolds .......................................................... 21 Scope ................................................................................................................... 21 F ootings -- anchorage .................................................................................... 21 Scaffold s t r u c tu r e ............................................................................................. 21 L oading ............................................................................................................... 21 P la n k in g .............................................................................................................. 21 M aintenance and repair ................................................................................ 22 L u m b er ............................................................................................................... 22 E rec tio n and removal .................................................................................... 22 O verhead p ro te c tio n ......................................................................................... 22 G uard rails and toeboards ............................................................................ 22 M etal p a rts ......................................................................................................... 22 Splices ..................................................................................................................... 22 23.13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Special p ro v isio n s for pole s c a f f o l d s .......................................................... 23 P oles ................................................................................................................... 23 P u tlo g s ........................................................................................ 23 B racing ............................................................................................................... 23 C o n n e c tio n s ........................................................................................................ 23 P lan k in g ...................................................................... 23 E rec tio n and removal .................................................................................... 23 Specification requirem ents ........................................................................... 23 T ab le I I I .......................................................................................... 24 T ab le I V ....................................................................................... 24 T ab le V ...............................................................................! ! ' . . . ' 25 T able V I .................................................................................................... ! 25 T able V II ............................................................................. 26 T able V III .................................................................................................... 26 23.14 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Special p ro v isio n s for o u trig g e r scaffolds ............................................ 27 O u trig g e r b e a m s .............................................................................................. 27 In b o ard s u p p o r ts .............................................................................................. 27 D esign and construction .............................................................................. 27 T ab le IX ......................................................................................................... 27 P lan k in g ............................................................................................................. 27 E n clo su re .......................................................................................................... 27 S u p e rstru c tu re s ................................................................................................ 27 23.15 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) 23.16 (a) (b) (c) (d ) (e) (f) (g) Special provisions for all suspended scaffolds 28 Inspection before in s ta lla tio n ............................... 28 Installatio n and use .............................................. 28 F ibre rope tackle .................................................... 28 H o istin g m achines ................................................ 28 L im itation on use o f fibre rope ....................... 28 T ie-ins ........................................................................ 28 P la tfo rm supports .................................................. 28 P lanking .................................................................... 28 Special provisions for two-point suspension sc a ffo ld s................ 28 W idth and fastening .................................................................................. 28 H an g ers .......................................................................................................... ' ' 28 R oof iro n s ............................................................................................. 28 R ailings and t o e b o a r d s .................................................................................. 29 Use ..................................................................................................................... ' 29 F ibre r o p e ....................................................................................................... 29 T ypes o f platform s ............................................................................................. 29 fix] Section No. ( 1) ( 2) Subject T ype 1. Ladder type p la tfo rm s ............................................ Type 2. Plank type platform s .............................................. T able X .................................................................................. Type 3. Beam platform s ...................................................... Special provisions for multiple-point suspension scaffolds Design ..................................................................................... Installation ............................................................................. Platform ................................................................................. Railing and toeboard .................................................................. Overhead protection............................................................... Platform ................................................................................. Dismantling .................................................................................. Special provisions for needle beam scaffolds .................. Use ........................................................................................ . Platform supports ................................................................. Rope ........................................................................................ Platform ................................................................................. Containers for to o ls............................................................. 23.19 (a) ?b) (c) (d) Special provisions for horse scaffolds Limitation of h eig h t.............................. Installation ............................................. Construction of horses ........................ Spacing ................................................... Page No. . 29 . 29 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 30 . 31 . 31 . 31 . 31 . 31 . 31 . 31 .. 31 .. 32 .. 32 .. 32 .. 32 32 32 32 32 33 23.20 (a) (b) (c) 23311 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Special provisions for carpenter's portable bracket sca ffo ld s----- 33 Construction of brackets ........................................................................... 33 Bracket installation ..................................................................................... "3 Loading .......................................................................................................... 33 8pecial provisions for bricklayer's square scaffolds 33 Limitation of u s e .............................................................. 33 Construction of squares .................................................. 33 Table XI ......................................................................... 33 Construction of scaffolding.......................................... 33 Platform ........................................................................... 34 Multiple t ie r s ................................................................... 34 23.22 (a (b 23.23 (a) (b) (c) (d) Special provisions for lean-to scaffolds 34 Limited u s e ............................................... 34 C onstruction............................................. 34 Table XII .......................................... 34 Special provisions for trestle and extension trestle ladder scaf- folds ....................................................................................... 34 Permissiblebright ......................................................................................... 34 Bracing .................................................................................................. 34 Platforms ............................................................................................... 34 Limitations of use ................................................................................. 34 23.24 Special provisions for ladder jack scaffolds 35 23.25 M anually propelled m obile scaffolds ............. 35 (al Existing equipment ............................................ 35 (b) New equipment ..................................................... 35 23.26 Special scaffolds--approval r eq u ire d ............. 35 23.27 W indow jacks ......................................................... 36 M Section No. Subject 23.28 B o a tsw a in 's ch airs ............. (a) Strength ............................... (b) Chajr ...................................... ........................ (c) T ackle ............................................................................. (d) A n c h o r a g e ....................................... ............... (e) Seat g u a rd or safety belt ............................. 23.29 (a) (1) (2) (3) (b) (1) (2) (3) (c) Cl) (2) W o rk o n steep roofs ...................... Roofing brackets .............................................. R equired use ..........................................[ ................. Construction ............................... ............................... Installation ....................... . . . .......................... C raw ling boards ............................................. . . . . C onstruction .......................................... '* C raw ling board lif e l in e .......... In stallation ......................................... ........... H igh ro o fs ............................... ....................................... N ew ro o fs ...................................................... ............ R epair or m aintenance .................................... 23.30 (a) (b) (c) (d) (f) S a fe ty b e lts ................................. A pproval required ........................................................ A ttachm ent required ................................. ................... . Specifications fo r life l i n e s ......... Instruction in u s e .................................................. P ro tectio n o f life lines ............................................ Inspection--defective belts o r lines 23.31 L ife n e ts ................................................ rt\ M aterials and c o n s tru c tio n ........................................... (b) Size, stren g th , location and attachm ent . . . . (c; M aintenance ........................................................ (d) Inspection--defective n e t s ...........................1 1 1 23.32 23.33 (a) (b) Safeguards against falling in bridge construction S t a ir w a y s ...................................................... C onstruction ................................................. P ro te ctiv e railings ...................................................... 23.34 C*0 (b) ,(c) (d ) (e) ( f ) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) 23.35 (a) (b) General requirem ents for ladders and ladderw ays Special ladders--approval required . . . . S tre n g th ........................................................... M aterials of construction ................ M aintenance and replacem ent ..................................... Installation and use . L adderw ays .......................................... ............. L ad d e r rungs--w o o d ............................. ......................... Splicing ............................................................................... M etal lad d e rs; limited use ........ .. ......................... S p read ers ..................................................... ..................... P lacem en t; door o p e n in g s ............................ Single la d d e rs ................. ..................... L ength .......................................................... Construction of cleat l a d d e r s ___ 23.36 (a) (b) (c) E x te n sio n la d d e rs a n d sectio n al lad d e rs .............. L ength ................................................................ A djustm ent ......................................... ................................. Sectional la d d e r s ............................. .............................. fxi] Page No. . 36 . 36 . 36 . 36 . 36 . 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3? 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 41 41