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March-April, 1968 ng device it could ions of liquid and phere. In addition ne accuracy of the i its ability to disiiere are a number stations which must the most significant performance of the ; residence of solid :sidual material re lation, and deposits le materials, lel analyzer for the 1 by particle sensors irs to be a potentialaerosol technologist. Source and Identification of Respirable Fibers LEWIS J. CRALLEY, Ph.D., ROBERT G. KEENAN, JEREMIAH R. LYNCH, and WILLIAM S. LAINHART, M.D. Occupational Health Program, National Center for Urban and Industrial Health, Public Health Service, 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 9 Fibrous bodies with an iron-containing coating have been found in the lungs of persons coming to autopsy in a number of urban hospitals, the number of fibrous bodies varying greatly with approximately 4 to 6% of the persons examined showing numerous bodies. Because these findings raise questions with regard to the possibility that asbestos is a factor in increased lung cancer, questions concerning the nature, source, and significance of these bodies are discussed in the light of research needed to find answers. >ur appreciation to r, and F. Hardwick roject. Work on the NASA Grant NGR- j \ _ard, J. H. Pitts, Jr.: A .loidal Particles. J. Amer. O'Konski: An Improved .colloidal Particles Suitable J. Colloid Sci. 4: d4I Dust and Its Measurement. >6). _eavitt: A Portable Multi..jyzer. Procd. 38th Annual iington, D. C. (1967). Neuman: A Wide-Range ransducer for Afeasuring_5A TN D-2938, Ames Rc- California (1965). .'sdrometer for Measurin'? Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. >f Clouds, p. 429, Oxford Measured from Explorer I. 0). :~liclc Counter--Preliminary Colloid Symposium, Anu*ti-.n ot Colloid and Surface >cw York, (1965). ircment of Aerosol Conct-n* is-numietcr. J. Colloid Sii. v communication (1967). and R. L. Flokk.9: ~val Commercial Nebulizer'. Introduction T NVESTIGATORS, during the past several years, have reported the occurrence of fibrous bodies in the lungs of persons coming lo autopsy in urban hospitals. These bodies are characterized by an iron-containing struc ture coating the fibers and exhibit a golden yellow appearance. Although the techniques of the investigators varied somewhat, the data provide evidence that the occurrence of these bodies in the lungs of urban residents is not restricted to isolated localities and is not a chance observation. Thomson et al., 1963, reported finding fi brous bodies in the lungs in 26.4% of the autopsies in a series of examinations in Cape Town;1 Thomson and Graves, 1965, reported 27.2% in Miami;2 Cauna et al., 1965, 41.0% in Pittsburgh;3 Webster, 1965, 39.2% in Jo hannesburg;4 Meurman, 1966, 57.6% in Fin land;3 Anjilvel and Thurlbeck, 1966, 48.0% in Montreal;6 and Cooper and Tabershaw, 1966, 42.0% in San Francisco.7 In these in vestigations the percentage of lungs having numerous fibrous bodies varied from around 10% to 6.0%:. It is not known how many of iliis group may have been occupationally ex posed to fibrous materials or may have lived in residences adjacent to manufacturing estab lishments processing fibrous materials. In carrying out these studies, the investi gators examined smears taken from lungs of persons coming to autopsy for the presence of fibrous bodies. All coated fibers that resem bled the well-known golden-yellow fibrous bodies seen in the lungs of asbestos workers were termed "asbestos bodies" even though the nature of the fibers in the different studies was never identified. A considerable difference of opinion exists concerning the identity, source, and meaning of pulmonary fibers and their associated fi brous bodies. On the premise that the fibrous bodies observed in the lungs of persons at autopsy are all "asbestos bodies" and that coated fibrous bodies are a specific reaction to asbestos fibers, some investigators have con cluded that asbestos fibers are significant air contaminants and suggested that this may have an effect on community mortality pat terns. Others believe that asbestos is only one of many types of fibers that produce similar fibrous bodies in the lungs. The presence of golden-yellow fibrous bodies in the sputum and lungs of asbestos workers was first reported by Marchand, 1906, and by Fahr and Fcigel, 1914. These bodies were studied in more detail and further described by Cooke, 1927.10 He recommended that they be called "curious bodies" and speculated that 129 HWBUI0002858 130 March-April, 1968 American Industrial Hygiene TABLEi Examples of Minerals with Fibrous-like Structure Ortho- and Ring Silicates* Epidote Group (epidote) Sillimanite, Kyanite, Mullite Chain Silicates Pyroxene Group (diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite) Woltastonite Amphibole Group (anthophyllite, tremolite, horn blende, riebeckite, amosite, grunerite, actinolite, crocidolite) Sheet Silicates Mica Group (Muscovite) Pyrophyllite Talc Serpentine (chrysotile) Clay Minerals (vermiculite) Prehnite Framework Silicates Zeolite Group (natrolite, scolecite, thomsonite, stilbite, mordenite, ferrienite) Non-silicates Oxides (cassiterite, limonite, rutile) Hydroxides (brucite) Sulphates (gypsum, ceiestite, anhydrite, morenosite, alums) Carbonates (calcite, siderite, magnesite) Phosphates (apatite, vivianite) Classification taken from--Deer.' W. A.. R. A. Howie, and J. Zussman: An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y. (1966). Figure 3. Electronmicrograph of diatomaceous earth. % ;v > Figure 5. Electronmicrograph ground, uncoated fibrous glass. fa v* ie > ' i Ip Figure 4. Electronmicrograph of sillimanite. 4 i I jsr Figure 6. Electronmicrograph ing powder. Figure 1. Electronmicrograph showing submicron chrysotile fibers. tm-.#' > .TVit" V , h? A mm. . tr-.y. ; `ia .V'-' ` rX4' m`X If- ` % v> ii, % '1 y..... \0A &iWTiVtu'iiirir.i Figure 2. Electronmicrograph of attapulgite particles. any fine spicule of mineral could effect a simi lar response. Subsequently, coated fibrous bodies have been found in the lungs of work ers in a number of non-asbestos industries/ Vorwald et al., 1951,11 and Gross et al.. 1966,'- reported that fibrous minerals, other than asbestos, are capable of producing pseu do-asbestos bodies in animals. There is in creasing evidence that the coating of inhaled fibers in the lungs with an iron-containinU material'is a general protective mechanism and, therefore, a non-specific response.'3 The morphology of these pulmonary bodies in many instances may be very similar, althougu different fibers are involved. Gross et aV recommended that such coated fibers be termed "ferruginous bodies" where the fiber* have not been specifically identified. Enterline and Kendrick/ effects of asbestos on mortal: products manufacturing inc low level of overall mortt: modest increase of lung ce workers in plants manur building products and fricti; concluded that exposures f levels considerably below t. types of industries (levels pn iencod in urban popula: to be important from a hea Anjilvel and Thurlbeck" 'K m between malignancy a obestos bodies and conch. e.u:i on the autopsy cases "tlinsure to asbestos is not: "i malignancy in the g S HWBUI0002859 March-April, 1968 i' 'llI- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 131 J' t. ,.W-: 'i'i-r.i. ' Ti a*' 'Tiif ' ' fcvt.li'Wi/.rtafiiJL/- ' icrograph of diatomaceous i Figure 5. Electronmicrograph of a special grade, FiCURE ^ 7. Electronmicrograph of an animal in- ground, uncoated fibrous glass. secticide dusting powder. ,, '4 -'1 1 3# ^ 1 ^ f Jp1# * .. 'u~~S .. * crograph of sillimanite. eral could effect a simiuently, coated fibrous d in the lungs of worklon-asbestos industries/' 51,11 and Gross et al.. fibrous minerals, other able of producing pseuanimals. There is inthe coating of inhaled ith an iron-containing protective mechanism pecific response.13 The pulmonary bodies in i very similar, although ivolved. Gross et al.'' uch coated fibers be odies" where the fibers ally identified. Figure 6. Electronmicrograph of a kitchen scour ing powder. Enterline and Kendrick,11 in studying the effects of asbestos on mortality in the asbestos products manufacturing industry, reported a low level of overall mortality with only a modest increase of lung cancer rate among workers in plants manufacturing asbestos building products and friction materials. They concluded that exposures to asbestos dust at levels considerably below those in these two types of industries (levels that might be ex perienced in urban populations) are unlikely to be important from a health standpoint. Anjilvel and Thurlbeck'1 found no associa tion between malignancy and the presence of asbestos bodies and concluded from limited data on the autopsy cases studied that casual exposure to asbestos is not an important cause of malignancy in the general population. Figure 9. Electronmicrograph of a common yard fertilizer. They are extending their study to include a larger number of cases. Elrnes et al.,1T` in reporting on 100 cases of bronchial carcinoma, found no significant dif ference between the presence of asbestos 132 March-April, /.%. j,m-rican Industrial Hygiene Associate Figure 10. Electronmicrograph of a grade of vermiculite for use on lawns. Figure 11. Electronmicrograph of common household grade of plaster of Paris. bodies in this group and that in a non-malignant control group. They did find a signifi cant increase in asbestos bodies in mesothelio ma cases as compared with the control group. A supportive approach in establishing the meaning of the presence of these pulmonary fibers and their associated ferruginous bodies is to define the nature and source of the more common respirable fibers and, through labora tory research, the biological response to these different fibers. Identification of Fibrous Materials The lack of analytical techniques sufficient ly sensitive to identify individual fibers in the lower micron and sub-micron diameter range has been a major problem in the past in studying the health effects of inhaled fibers. More precise analytical techniques and equip ment have increased considerably the poten tial for the identification of these fibers. I The electron microprobe is especially useful ! in identifying major elements of individu,V; ` fibers of up to one micron in diameter. Then. S elements may be individually focused on a,, oscilloscope, and the resulting fiber imai,- photographed to provide permanent reconk : of the analyses.10 A second technique employs a laser micro. ' probe in conjunction with a time-of-fliglu : mass spectrometer. The laser beam is focused : on a 6- to 8-micron spot containing the fiber. The laser vaporizes the constituents of tin- ; materials in the spot, and an elemental analy- i sis is made with the mass spectrometer.11 Tin- laser assembly may also be mounted on tin- optical bench of an emission spectrograph ami used as a source of energy to vaporize clc- t. ments for spectrographic analysis.18 j Techniques are now available for removing { organic material from a sample without alter- i ing the inorganic compounds. In a commer- j cial instrument available for low-temperature j dry ashing, incineration proceeds in an oxygen ; atmosphere at a pressure of 1 to 2 mm of Hg. ` A radio frequency source produces excited j monotomic oxygen for the oxidative process.19 | Improvements have also been made in f optical and electron microscopy for studying * the morphology of sub-micron fibers in great- f er detail. 1 Nature and Source of Fibrous Materials i Respirable fibers may be mineral, vegetable, or animal in origin and may come from both natural and synthetic sources. There are well over a hundred different natural minerals with some degree of fibrous structure. They are of widely contrasting chemical composition and may exist as ores of commercial value or may be disseminated generally in the earth, in fossil and other fuels, and in other commercial minerals. Examples of minerals with some degree of fibrous-like structure an: shown in Table I. Respirable fibers of vegetable origin may be from both live and dead plant tissues and inelude plant hairs, fragments of leaves, stalk, bark, flowering parts, ash from burning vegetation, and the like. Both silica and silicates, as well as other mineral constituents, may be j | i ; \ j \ i I ; ? ) , f | | l-KiURE 12. Electronmicrograph of dust v.mnun cleaner bag after sweeping a ca.. -.vnihctic fiber. I-'igure 13. Electronmicrograph of sfrom a lawn after mowing. incorporated into the cellulose struct the fiber. Animal fibrous materials include hair and scale, insect hair, and fragne insect appendages. Synthetic fibers include the newer libers, metal whiskers, glass fibers, sla_ etc., as well as a wide range of estn `ml emerging organic types used in fillers, containers, filaments, structure: 'rials, etc. The accompanying figures preset: in>m a limited survey of respirable materials associated with industrial, c_: ` ial, and domestic products to which, m industrial, urban, and residential HWBUI0002861 March-April, 1%;, t imrrican. Industrial Hygiene Association Journal ' / ' .... " 133 he identification of these fibers, ectron microprobe is especially uscfuj ifying major elements of inclividu;,. up to one micron in diameter. Thtv may be individually focused on jpe. and the resulting fiber imn:r- iphed to provide permanent records lalyses.16 ... >nd technique employs a laser mierc.. 1 conjunction with a time-of-fiiglu ctrometer. The laser beam is iocusctj to 8-micron spot containing the fibn. sr vaporizes the constituents of the s in the spot, and an elemental analy. de with the mass spectrometer.17 i'lu- ;embly may also be mounted on tin- tench of an emission spectrograph ami a source of energy to vaporize ele- ir spectrographic analvsis.is riques are now available for removin'.; materia! from a sample without altn- inorganic compounds. In a commrr- rument available for Iow-temperatuiv ng, incineration proceeds in an oxygen rere at a pressure of 1 to 2 mm of Hg. i frequency source produces excited mic oxygen for the oxidative process.''-' ovements have also been made in and electron microscopy for studying phology of sub-micron fibers in great- 1. Figure-12. Electronmicrograph of dust from a uirtium cleaner bag after sweeping a carpet of synthetic fiber. .Figure 14. Electronmicrograph of cosmetic grade talcum powder. and Source of Fibrous Materials :rable fibers may be mineral, vegetable, tal in origin and may come from both and synthetic sources. There are well hundred different natural minerals me degree of fibrous structure. They widely contrasting chemical composiid may exist as ores of commercial r may be disseminated generally in t n fossil and other fuels, and in other rcial minerals. Examples of minerals me degree of fibrous-like structure an in Table I. irable fibers of vegetable origin may he oth live and dead plant tissues and in ilant hairs, fragments of leaves, stalk, owering parts, ash from burning vegeand the like. Both silica and silicates as other mineral constituents, may he | Figure 13. Elec-tronmicrograph of sweepings j from a,lawn after mowing. incorporated info the cellulose structure of ; ihe fiber. Animal fibrous materials include animal hair and scale, insect hair, and fragments of insect appendages. Synthetic fibers include the newer ceramic libers, metal whiskers, glass fibers, slag fibers, : etc., as well as a wide range of established and emerging organic types used in textiles, j fillers, containers, filaments, structural mate) dais, etc. f The accompanying figures present data ; horn a limited survey of respirable fibrous materials associated with industrial, conimer l'i:tl,'and domestic products to which persons i ni industrial, urban, and residential environ- Figure 15. Electronmicrograph of a toothpaste. ments may be exposed. The illustrations were taken from electron micrographs of samples collected during the current study on membrane filters or bulk material samples prepared by viscous shear. The specimens were transferred to formvar films on copper grids and were left uncoated. The illustrations are typical of the fibers seen throughout the samples. Figures 1-5 show submicron fibers of a number of basic fibrous materials often en countered in industry and in some types of commercial and domestic products: chrysotilo, attapulgite, diatomaceous earth, sillimanite, and glass fiber. The morphologic, differences distinguishable in the electron photomicro- HWBUI0002862 " '' Si- I 134 March-April, . ,-u:gn Industrial Hygiene Association -:iv , e-rw.vv/ **5-U7?- -A'tv JH't. . &M:: l.jban Air Contaminant. Arch, of Path. 81: May 1%6). i \r% %. P.. R. S. Tottkn, and P. Gross: Asbc . in ]Iuinan Lungs at Autopsy. J.A.M.A. 192: M.tv 3, l%3). \\ i -,s iFK. Ian: Annual Report of the Pncumocon^ i.;.v.u<h Unit of the South African Council for Scr , .uni Industrial Research, Johannesburg, South A:; Figure 16. Electronmicrograph of an antidiarrheal compound available without prescription through retail drug outlets. graphs would not be apparent in the lower magnification of the optical microscope. Figures 6-11 show fibrous materials con tained in products commonly encountered in the home environment: scouring cleaners, ani mal and plant insecticide dusts, yard fertiliz ers, vemiiculite, and plaster of Paris. Figure 12-16 show' fibrous materials in a variety of common sources including vacuum sweepings from a synthetic carpet, lawn sweepings after mowing, cosmetic talcum powder, toothpaste, and an anti-diarrheal compound available through retail outlets and without prescription. Figure 17 shows fibrous materials from Cin cinnati rainwater following a dust storm origi nating in the Texas panhandle-Oklahoma area. Wind velocities up to 60 miles per hour prevailed during the storm. Summary Recent investigations have shown the pres ence of fibers, coated with an iron-containing material, in the lungs of persons coming to autopsy in a number of urban hospitals. The number of fibrous bodies observed on the slide smears from individual lungs varied greatly with around 4.0% to 6.0% showing numerous bodies. It is not known how many of the latter group have had appreciable exposure to fibrous materials through their work or by living in residences adjacent to manufactur ing plants processing fibrous materials. The nature of the fibers from which the coated bodies were derived, has not been established. Figure 17. Electronmicrograph showing liU ' found in rainwater collected at Cincinnati, Oil several days after a severe dust storm in Texas, j It is probable, with the application of j/yjl proved research techniques that fibrous bocliv i as well as uncoated fibers, will be found \d, varying amounts in the lungs of a vast per centage of all persons. - ? \{n nM.\,v, L.AURt: Asbestos Bodies and Pleura) P)ac l-'innish Series of Autopsy Cases. Ada Path. A!:. Xcand., Suppicmenluin 181 (1966). \sIU.vkl. L., and \V. M. Tucruieck:: The Incics \<.hstos Bodies in the Lungs at Random Necro-: i Montreal. Cnnad. Med. Assoc. J. 95: 1179 t'ji.lji (jtDi'fk, .W. C., and I. TabershaW: To be publisher MumirAND, F.: Ubcr Eigentumlichc Pigmcntkristaliii |)ni Lungen. Vcrh. Dfsch. Path. Ges. 10: 223 (19f [ \11it. T.. and F. Fekjkl: Demonstralionen: Prep~ mid Mikrophotogrammc von einem Falle von I?:. Hiwimiosc. Munch. Med. Wschr. 67; 625 (1914). (.`mikk.. W. E-: Pulmonary Asbestosis. Bril. Med. (1929). ; VorwaI-d, A. J.. T. M. Durkan, and P. C. Prj !.\pen'mental Studies of Asbestosis. AMA Arch. In Hyr. d? Occup. Med. 3: 1 (Jan. 1951). Guoss, P., L. J. Cralley, and R. T. P. deTrevit `;\'lH'stos,> Bodies: Their Non-specificity. Anier. . T nn tv... Environmental investigations have shorn | that respirable fibers are ubiquitous. Althoiiy \ they have probably always been present v. 1 man's environment, our modern technoloi:.f and way of life have undoubtedly increase i considerably their nature and extent. ThcS arise from industrial processing, comiminii | and personal activities, and the action c j; natural forces. These fibers may be mineri v vegetable, or animal in origin and may com ; from natural and synthetic sources. Little 'T- known on the pulmonary response to di'4_ different fibers or to the pattern of their di- 1 tribution among urban, rural, and industre | population groups. Definitive informatii-1 f- must be obtained on their identification | source, and biological response before perspef-1 tive assessment can be made of the meanit:; | of their presence in the lung. | I Acknowledgments v- nKwllV" - i" The authors gratefully acknowledge tlv very valuable work of Mr. George W. Ed*, wards, who assisted with the mineralogies^? aspects, and Mr. Thomas A. Brown, prepared the electron micrographs. | References 1, Thomson* J. G.. R. O. C. Kaschula, and R. R. Mv A Donald: Asbestosis as a Modern Urban Hazard. 6'. -1' X Med. J. 37: 77 (Jan. 1963). Si. 2. Thomson, J. G-, and W. M. Graves, Jr.: Asbestos Journ: In the above photograph. Cliff; New Jersey Section, and Mr. J. F copy of the A.LH.A. Journal to M of Engineering. The New Jersey Se in New Jersey to receive subscripti local section. The Section further and discussions on industrial hygier HWBUI0002863 v 'I March-April. i-f*&V 'VAoia3/'"vS.T-S.: ?' 'y ' ] \ - rt Tv/''?' > { . ' i i -f*. m rf ,4> ?*' * : . ** :. - * .-? V '- }n `!v 1 *> - 'cfe -ir*' -- ^ ,':t w 1? ''SLass&fcr e fc<". ure 17. Electronmicrograph showing f:1 in rainwater collected at Cincinnati, i t .1 days after a severe dust storm in Texj. probable, with the application of d research techniques that fibrous bod; :1I as uncoated fibers, will be found ; rg amounts in the lungs of a vast p.-i ge of all persons. .'ironmental investigations have sitow: espirablc fibers are ubiquitous. Allium. have probably always been preseni k. environment, our modern . technolo " ray of life have undoubtedly increaw Lerably their nature and extent. Tin-, from industrial processing, communi: rersonal activities, and the action tl forces. These fibers may be mint i;d ible, or animal in origin and may aw natural and synthetic sources. Link' i i on the pulmonary response to tin-' ;nt fibers or to the pattern of their (ir on among urban, rural, and industnition groups. Definitive .informal!": be obtained on their idenlifirniu . and biological response before pers| i sessment can be made of the mean:'1: r presence in the lung. ncan Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 135 u Urban Air- Contaminant. Arch. of Path. 81: 458 \Uy i960). I)., R. S. Totten, and P. Gross: Asbestos v..tiips. in Human Lungs at Autopsv. J.A.M.A. 192: 371 Hay 3, 1965). iVikstkr, Ian: Annual Report of the Pneumoconiosis iv .-;uvh Unit of the South African Council for Scionoiif and Industrial Research, Johannesburg, South Africa Mr.fRMAN, Lauri: Asbestos Bodies and Pleural Plaques in a Finnish Series of Autopsy Cases. Acta Path. Micro- Hoi. Stand., Supplcmcntuin 181 (1966). As/\KL, L., and W. M. Tiiuulueck: The Incidence Asbestos Bodies in the Lungs at Random Necropsies at Montreal, Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 35; 1179 (Dec. JiMa.* i Co.-n-KR, W. G., and I, Tabershaw; To be published. Marchand, F.:- Uber Eigcntumliche PigmcntkristaUc in Dm Lungen*. Verb. Dlsck. Path. Ges: JO: 223 (1906). Fuir. TV,1'and F. Feigel: Dcmonstrationen: Prcparate ,n:d Mikrophotogramme von eincm Falle von Pneu- mornmosc. Munch. Med. IVschr. 61: 625 (1914). Ghikf., W. E.: Pulmonary Asbestosis. Brit. Med. ]. 2: .578.(192?);. ....................... ... ... i Voiuvald,/ A- J., T. M. Durkan, and P. C. Pratt: (Apcrmiental Studies of Asbcstosis. AMA Arch. Indust. >5? Occup. Med. 3: 1 (Jan. 1951). : Gross, P., -L. J.`Cralley, and R.. T. P. deTreville: `'Asbestos" Bodies: Their Non-specificity. Amer. hid. J/)V7.. Assoc. J; 28.; 541. (Xov.-Dcc.- 1967).. 13. Davis, J. M. G.: Electron-microscope Studies of As* bestosis in Man and Animals. Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci. 132: 98 (1965). 14. Enterlink, P. E., and M. A. Kendrick: The Effects of Asbestos on Mortality among Workers in the Asbestos Products Industries in the United States. AMA Arch. Envir. Health 17: 181 (Aug. 1967). 35. Femes, P. C., W. T. McCapghey, and O. L. Wadf.: Diffuse Mesothelioma of the Pleura and Asbestos. Bril. Med. J. 5431: 350 (1965). 16. Anderson, C. A., and M. F. Hasi.kr: Extension of Electron Microprobc Techniques to Biochemistry by the Use of Long Wavelength X-rays. Presented at the Con gress International-L'Optique dcs Rayons X ct la Microanalysc Orsay, Seine et Oise, France, September 1965. 17. Vastoi-a, F. J., A. J. Peronf., and B. E. Knox: The Production of Vapor Species iu a Mass Spectrometer Ionization Chamber by Laser Pleating. Presented at the ASTM Coinniittec E-14, Fourteenth Annual Conference on Mass Spectroscopy and Allied Topics, Dallas, Texas, May 1966. 18. Ryan, J. R., C. B. Clark, and E. Ruh: Laser Microprobe Analysis of Glass Defects. Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Phila delphia, Pennsylvania, May 1965. 19. Hollahan, J. R.: Analytical Applications of Electrodelcssly Dicharged Gases. J. Chem. Ed. 43: A401 (May jy6b>. Received July 14. 1967 wiedgments authors gratefully acknowledge tr ainable work of Mr. George W. L; who assisted with the mineraloy.ii-', and Mr. Thomas A. Brown, "li ed the electron micrographs. nces mson, J. G., R. O. C. Kaschuia, and R. IL -Ln: Asbestosis as a Modem Urban Hazard. ,- J. 37: 77 (Jan. 1%3). json, J. G., and VV. M. Graves, Jr.: Ashe<u- % | i | Iii the above photograph, Clifford S. Hellings, President of the A.I.H.A. New Jersey Section, and Mr. J. McVeigh, Director, are shown presenting a copy of the A.I.H.A. Journal to Mr. Morton Snowhite at the Newark College of Engineering. The New Jersey Section of A.I.H.A. has selected seven colleges in New Jersey to receive subscriptions to the A.I.H.A. Journal as gifts of the local section. The Section further plans to offer services by supplying speakers and discussions on industrial hygiene topics. HWBUI0002864