Document rBEbYKV4LZkNaLeJN569NroNr

994 CHAPTER 43 1M5 GaiH * A.S.T.M. Standard D-596--41 (American Society for Testing Materials): 7 Discussion on Preventing Solution of 00* in Condensates, by E. W. Guernsey (A.S.H.V.E Tsiii'VPt ACTIONS, Vol. 51, 1945, p. 68). ' ***?.$* pgr* Studies of the Mechanism of Solution of CO* in Condensates Formed in Steam Heating System* S Buildings, by L. F. Collins (A.S.H.V.E. Tbansactions, Vol. 51,J945, p. 39). ii * The Analytical Control of Anti-Corrosion. Water Treatment, By W. F. Langelier (Journal, America, Water Works Association,.}!ol. 28, 1936, p. 1500). *' 'Surface-Active Properties of Hexametaphosphate, by G. B. Hatch and Owen Rice (Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 31, 1939, p. 51). Threshold Treatment of Water Systems, by G. B. Hatch and Owen Rice (Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 37, 1954, p. 710). n Betz Handbook ofIndustrial Water Conditioning, Fourth Edition (W. H. &. L. D. Bets Co.). n Cooling Water Problems in the New York Metropolitan Area, by Sidney Sussman (Industrial and Engi neering Chemistry, Vol. 44, Aug. 1952, p. 1740). h Slime Control in Cooling Equipment with Phenol Derivatives, by J. A. Holmes (Proceedings, Annual Water Conference, Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania, 1944, p. 61). 14 Tuberculatian of M&in^ as Affected by Bacteria, by H. G. Reddick and S. E. Linderman (Journal, New England Water Works Association, Vol. 46, 1932, No. 42). i Microbiological Anaerobic Corrosion of Steel Pipe Lines, by R.'F. Hadley (The OH and Gas Journal, September, 1939). 11 Refrigeration Data Book (American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, 1936, p. 404). 18 Cold Water Vacuum Deaeration, by S. T. Powell (Proceedings, Water Conference, Engineers' Soeietj of Western Pennsylvania, 1945, p. 51). 18 Corrosion Control with Threshold Treatment, by G- B. Hatch and Owen Rice (Industrial and Engineer ing Chemistry, Vol. 32, 1940, p. 1572). 80 Tests of Corrosion Inhibitors for Water Treatment in Air Conditioning Equipment, by James B. Wil son and E. C. Groesback (Research Paper 1305, National Bureau of Standards Journal of Research, VoL 24, 1940, p. 665). 81 The Control of Corrosion in Air-Conditioning Equipment by Chemical Methods, by C. M. Sterne (Pro ceedings, American Society for Testing Materials, Vol. 38, 1935, Part 2, p. 261). 85 Corrosion in Closed Recirculating Water Systems, by Sidney Sussman and James B. Fullm&n (Heating and Ventilating, October 1953, p. 77). 88 Corrosion--Causes and Prevention, by F. N. Speller (McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1951, pp. 805, 905, 910 and 9128)4. Engineering Problems of Water Treatment, by L. F. Collins (Power Plant Engineering, Vol. 50, Jal/ 1946, p. 78-81, 120). 88 See p. 470 of Reference 19. 88 Studies in The Detroit Edison Co. (Unpublished). 83 Preventing the Solution of CO* in Condensates by Venting of the Vapor Space of Steam Heating Equip- ment, by D. S- McKinney, J. J. McGovern, C. W. Young and'L. F. Collins (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 51, 1945, p. 53). 88 Corrosion in Steam Heating Systems, by Leo F. Collins and Everette L. Henderson (Healing, Pipw and Air Conditioning, October 1939, p. 620). 88 U. S. Patent 1,395,730. 88 U. S. Patent 2,053,024. n U, S. Patent 1,903,287. 88 Treating Steam Chemically to Reduce Return Line Corrosion, by A. A. Berk (Industry and Pover, Vol. 53, Nov. 1947, p. 79). 88 Tests in The Detroit Edison Co. (Unpublished). 84 More Information Concerning Corrosion in Steam Heating Systems, by L. F. Collins (Proceeding* Water Conference, Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania, 1943, p. 37). 88 Rubber Linings and Coatings, by J. J. McNeil (Corrosion and Material Protection, March-April, 1M7). 88 Protection of Steel Bins from Corrosion, by J. V--. S-c-hae-fer (Power Plant Engin--e-e--r9inAg,19V22o, lp.- 632))8-.7 Some Notes on Corrosion of Cast-Iron Sectional Boilers, by E. R. Walters (The Institution of Heaktl and Ventilating Engineers, Preprint, 1944). 8888 SSeoeilpC.o6r7roosfioRneSfetruednicees,21. 941, by K. H. Logan and M. Romanoff (National Bureau of Standards Jovftd of Research, Vol. 33, 1944, p. 145). 48 Cathodic Protection of Steel Equipment Submerged in Water, by L. P. Sudrabin (Proceedings. Conference, Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania, 1944). 41 A discussion by D. W. Haering (See p. 66 of Reference 14). Cyclohexylamine and Dicyclohexylamine, by T. S. Carswell and H. L. Morrill (Industrial and Eafr nes4t8inDgrCinhkeimngistWry,atVeor lS. t2a9n,d1a9r3d7s, ,pe.tc1.24(7R).eprint No. 2440, Public Health Reports, Vol. 58, No. 3, January & 1943). 44 Discussion of Ref. 21, by R. M. Palmer. 48 Official Plumbing Code of the City of Detroit, Article V. 48 Private Communication from H. S. Jordan, A.W.W.A. CHAPTER 44 OWNING AND OPERATING COSTS Fixed Charges: Amortization, Interest, Taxes, Insurance, Rent; Maintenance Costs; Labor for Operation; Energy and Water Costs: Operating Refrigerating Equipment, Condenser Water, Heating THE total cost for the use of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems may be divided into two classifications. The first of these is the relatively fixed and unvarying expense of ownership, and the second is the variable and somewhat controllable expenditure for actual operation of the equipment. Owners and prospective purchasers of this equipment are particularly concerned with both since the actual expenditure is gen erally predicated upon the possible return on the investment resulting from increased patronage, greater efficiency on the part of the employees, meeting of competition, or the improvement and maintenance of quality in a manufactured product. These costs may be grouped under four headings: (1) Fixed Charges, (2) Maintenance Costs, (3) Labor for Opera tion, and (4) Energy and Water Costs. FIXED CHARGES Fixed charges are the annual expenses arising from the ownership of the installation, including use of the owner's money, and protection of the equipment in the form of insurance. Such costs are usually unchanged from year to year regardless of whether the equipment is in or out of serv ice. Fixed charges may be grouped under five headings: (1) Amortization, (2) Interest, (3) Taxes, (4) Insurance, and (5) Rent. Amortization As air conditioning equipment becomes older, its ability or capacity to perform present and future service is reduced. Provision must be made for the owner t,oj recover each year a portion of the initial value of the equipment as an expense to be charged against revenue, or to amortize ihe cost. This decrease in the value of property is usually determined by an accountant or engineer using some theoretical method and will depend upon (1) the total first cost, and (2) the amortization period. The total first cost of an installation is the actual capital expenditure required to buy and install the air conditioning, heating, or ventilating s>stem ready for operation. It represents the first cost of the equipment combined with additional costs incurred because of the installation of the system. The first cost of air conditioning, heating, or ventilating systems includes the following: t- Heat producing equipment including boilers, burners, controls, etc. 2- Heat distributing equipment including direct radiation, piping, etc. T Air handling equipment including fans, air heaters, air conditioners, filters, Controls, etc. Air distribution system including ducts, outlets, grilles, etc. g Refrigerating equipment including piping, pumps, etc. rater conservation devices including towers, evaporative condensers, etc. 995