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PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS OR A COMBINATION OF DDT, DDD, AND
DDE IN PENNED WHITE PELICANS
Y. A. GREICHUS, D. J. CALL, B. M. AMMaNN Experiment Station Biochemistry Department
A. CRK1CHUS Entomology-/.oology Department
H. Shave Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory South Dakota Slate University, Brookings, South Dakota 5 7006
The effects of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) or a combination of DDT (1,1,1 -trichloro-2,2->jj (p-chlorophenyl) ethane), DDD (!, I-dichloro-2,2-Au (pchlorophenyl) ethane) and DDE (1, Tdichloro-2,2T/r (p-ehlorophenyl ethylene) on oigan weights, liver storage of vitamin A and carotene, selected blood chemistry parameters, and serum protein fractions were determined in penned white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchus) receiving a daily dosage of these compounds. Birds re ceived I 00 nig of PCBs or a combination of DDT (20 mg), DDD (1 S mg), and DDE
(1 5 nig) injected into the first fish fed each day for ten weeks. A greater percentage of PCB treatment was retained in brain, liver, carcass and feathers than the percent age of DDT + DDD + DDE treatment. Liver weight as percent of body weight de creased (p < 0.01) in DDT + DDD + DDE-treated birds and increased (p < 0.01) as a total weight in PCB-treated birds. Spleen weight as percent of body weight was greater (p < 0.05) in PCB-treated birds. Neither treatment had a significant effect on the weight of the brain, heart, or kidney. Liver vitamin A levels were greater (p < 0.01) on a pg/g of liver basis in the DDT-treated birds than in controls. Signifi cant lowering of serum potassium and protein values was noted in both the PCBand the combination of DDT, DDD, DDE-treated birds, while scrum calcium values were lowered (p < 0.01) only in I'CB-trealcd birds. Values of scrum inorganic phosphorus, uric acid and magnesium were not significantly changed by either treatment. Globulin fractions were unaltered by either treatment, but albumin fractions were lowered (p < 0.01) in the PCB-treated pelicans.
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and organochlorine insecticide residues have been found in lire tissues of piscivorous and raptorial birds (Holmes ct al. 1967, Walker et al. 1967, Woodwell ct al. 1967. Greichus et al. 1973). Double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and white pelicans (Pckcatttts crytftror/iytichos) had the highest organochlorinc insecticide and PCB residue levels of several animal species in South Dakota (Greenwood cl al. 1967. Moore et al. 1968, Grcicluis cl at. 1968a, Greichus el al. 1973). Average body concentrations of insecticides and PCBs, respectively, were 280- and 30-fold greater in pelicans than in fisli (Greichus cr al. 1973).
Anderson and Hickey (1972) stated that brown pelicans (Pclccaruts occiJentalis), doublc-crestcd cormorants and black-crowncd night herons (Nyciicorax rtycticorax)
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology VoJ. 3, 330-3*13 11975) 1975 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
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anibinalion of DDT -diclilofo-?,2-ftw (piphenyl ethylene) on led blood chemistry e::.ccl . hitc pelicans
r-'cmiuls. Birds ro ll ( : ug), and DDE A gu .'ter percentage its than I he percciit-
of body weight de ceived ip < 0.01) as
' - V weight was I : ,gi::t;cant effect i . >s wcie greater i ,,i e e.tiols. Signifi ed in bo h the I'CBennn '. alcium values of scrum inorganic
..'anr.ed by cither i i' iit, bnl albumin
,. sidues liavc been i at. 1^7, Walker
I'esi. ! cohnoranis < 1 h 1 i he highest ! ywn . in South
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Physiological Effects of l*CB or DDT Compounds in Drlicuns
331
were among species which appeared to have suffered the greatest effects of the eggshell thinning syndrome. DDE (l.l-dichloro-2,2 6is (/>-chlorophenyl) ethylene) was the most important pollutant associated with these changes, while effects of PCBs requited futiher investigation. They stated that eggshell thinning had occurred more recently in white pelicans. Residues of chlorinated insecticides and PCBs have been found in bodies and eggs of wlutc pelicans (Grcicluis ct at. 1973).
White pelicans were selected as experimental animals because of their close relation ship to the endangered brown pelican and their accessibility for study in South Dakota. Biochemical effects of DDT (l,l,t-trichloro-2,2-6u (/j-cldorophcnyl) ethane), DDD (l,l-dichloro-2,2-2>is (p-chlorophcnyl) ethane) and DDE on another local fish eating species, the double crested cormorant, have been reported (Grcichus and Hannon 1973).
The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine concentrations and distributions of PCB or DDT and its metabolites in tissues of penned while pelicans receiving dietary doses of these compounds; and (2) examine effects of these compounds on organ weights, liver storage of vitamin A and carotene, selected blood chemistry parameters and scrum protein fractions.
Methods
Twenty-seven wild nestling white pelicans "'ere collected from LaCreck National Wild life Refuge, Bennett County, South Dakota in June and July, 1972. The birds were randomly placed into nine cages 8 ft. x 8 ft. x 6 ft., with thicc birds in each cage, and started on treatment July 17, 1972. Each bird received one of the following daily treat ments injected into the first fish fed each morning:
Groups 1, 2, 3 - Controls two ml of 85 percent ethanol;
Groups 4, 5, 6 - PCB treated - 100 mg of Aroclor 1254 (Monsanto Chemical Co.) in two ml of 85 percent ethanol;
Groups 7, 8, 9 DDT. DDD and DDE-trealcd - 20 mg of p.^'-DDT, ! 5 mg of p.p'-DDD and 15 mg ofp.p'-DDE in two ml of 85 percent ethanol.
Six of the pelicans were females, with control, PCB and DDT groups having one, three and two females, respectively. All fisli were weighed and each bird consumed an average of 695 g of fish per day. The average daily dietary intake of PCB and the DDT-complex (DDT + DDD + DDE) were 144 and 72 ppm, respectively, flic fish used as feed were taken from Lake Poinsett, South Dakota, and averaged < 0.05 ppm of DDT and metabo lites and < 0.5 ppm of PCB. Birds remained on treatment for ten weeks, after which treat ments ceased and a two-wcck food stress was imposed. The stress consisted of a reduction in food intake to 300 g/day. The purpose of this stress was to determine effects of feed reduction on birds previously exposed to dietary PCB or insecticide.
All birds were weighed every two weeks to the nearest 25 g. Weights of brain, heart, liver, spleen, and kidney were taken upon necropsy. Composite feather samples were
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taken from the wings, breast, back and uropygia! area of each bird, finely ground, and one-g aliquots taken for analysis. Carcass samples consisted of five-g aliquots of the finely ground entire body less bill, feet and those tissue samples removed for residue analysis. Brain, liver, feather, and carcass samples were stored in a deep freeze ( 20C) for later residue analysis. Blood samples were taken from the brachial vein prior to treatment and stress, and by cardiac puncture at necropsy.
Methods for determination of blood chemistries, liver vitamin A and carotene were de scribed in a previous paper (Greichus and Hannon 1973), Scrum protein fractions were analyzed by electrophoresis using cellulose acetate strips which were processed on a recording densitometer (Gilford Instruments). Relative amounts of each fraction were de termined witli a planimeter. Extraction and purification of DDT, DDD and DDE were accomplished by (lie Florisil column method (Stcmp ct at, 1964) as modified by Greichus et at. (1968b). PCB residues were extracted and purified according to the method described by Greichus et at. (1973). Quantitation of PCBs by gas-liquid chro matography was accomplished by comparing the areas of seven peaks in the sample to the corresponding peaks in the standard. The retention times of these peaks relative to p,p'-DDE at 100 were 71,84, 100, 107, 129, 154, and 179. Control DDE, DDD and DDT peaks were corrected for interfering PCB peaks. Extract dilutions eliminated any interfer ence between PCB peaks and DDT, DDD or DDE peaks in tissues from treated birds. Pro cedural efficiencies for insecticides and PCBs were 90 6% and 95 9%, respectively, and minimum analytical confidence limits were 0.05 ppm and 0.5 ppm, respectively.
Parameters of body and organ weights, liver vitamin A and carotene levels, blood chemistry levels and serum protein fractions in control and treated birds were analyzed statistically by the least-squares analysis of variance in conjunction with Dunnett's test (Steel and Torric 1960).
Results and discussion
Concentrations and distribution of residues. Average concentrations of DDE, DDD and DDT were highest in carcass, followed by liver, feathers, and brain (Table I). DDT comprised the smallest residue concentration in all tissues. PCB residues were also greatest in the carcass, followed by liver, feather, and brain. The substantial body fat depots of the birds undoubtedly contributed to the high carcass residue levels. PCB residues in cockerels fed 500 ppm Aroclor 1254 for 12 weeks were greate'st in adipose tissue, fol lowed in decreasing order by kidney, liver, brain, muscle and blood (Platonow and Funnell 1972).
Although the PCB treatment (100 mg/day) was twice the concentration of the DDTcomplex treatment (50 mg/day), the mean PCB residue levels in all tissues were greater than twice the mean level of DDT + metabolites. These data indicated that PCBs were more readily stored in tissues than the DDT-complex and/or were less easily metabolized.
The DDT-complex was comprised of 40% DDT, 30% DDD, and 30% DDE, approxi mately the same proportions as found in local fish (Hannon ct at. 1970). Percentage
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Table I. Average Tissue Concentrations in Pelicans Treated Daily with PCBs or a Combination ofDDT, DDD and DDE (ppm - Wet Weight Basis)
Treatment 9 birds/group
Control* Males = 8 Females = 1
DDE PCB
PCB 100 mg/day Males = 6 Females = 3
PCB
DDT Comple X 50 mg/day DDE Males = 7 DDD Females = 2 DDT
Total
Carcass
Average
Range
Liver
Average
Range
Brain
Average
Range
0.35 5.7
0.24-0.48 2.00- 12.3
0.05 4.09
<0.05-0.10 <0.50- 7.00
<0.05 2.99
<0.05-0.05 < 0.50-6.62
2130
1470-3000
290
110-520
110
82- 170
328 262-417 53.9 38.4- 62.6 15.4 8.34 - 23.1
370 273 - 493 62.9 40.2- 95.2 11.8 6.07- 16.7
161
75.4- 270
18.6
11.1 - 30.1
7.38
2.95- 12.2
859
610- 1180
135
89.7- 188
34.6
17.4- 52.0
Feathers
Average
Range
0.08 1.74
<0.05-0.11 1.20-4.14
120 28.6- 350
15.6 18.9 13.4 47.9
7.25- 27.6 8.56- 29.2 5.20- 20.6 21.0-77.4
OJ N M 4> 43
i
No samples in controls had concentrations of DDD or DDT above the minimum analytical confidence limit of 0.05 ppm.
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334 Y. A. Greichus a al.
compositions of DDT, DDD and DDE residues respectively, were ! 4, 46 and 40 in liver, 21, 34 and 45 in brain, 19, 43 and 38 in carcass, and 28, 39 and 33 jn leathers. Metabo lism of DDD from DDT and of DUE from DDT in the pigeon (Colwnba liria) has been re ported (Bailey et at. I969uj. Bailey et al. (1969 a and b) reported that DDT, DDD and DDE had half-lives of 28, 24 and 250 days, respectively, in (he pigeon. The percent age increases of DDD and DDE and the percentage decrease of DDT in the pelican tissues from the original treatment percentages indicate a rapid metabolism of DDT and a slower change or elimination of DDD and DDE.
Brain tissue has been reported to be more useful than other tissues in diagnosing poisoning from insecticides (Shekel et al. 1966, Greichus and Hannon 1973). In 72%of the present samples, feather concentrations of DDT + DDD + DDE were as close or closer to those of the brain than were tire levels in the liver or carcass. In 56% of the samples, concentrations of PCBs in feathers were closer to those in the brain while in 44% of the cases liver concentrations were closer. There were no samples in which carcass concentrations of DDT complex or PCB were as close to those of the brain as concentra tions in feather or liver. Whereas liver concentrations of the DDT complex and PCB's were always higher than brain concentrations, feather concentrations varied. These data suggest that feathers, which are relatively easily obtained, may be preferable to other tissues in indicating concentrations of DDT plus metabolites and PCB in the brain.
No gross signs of intoxication were observed in the pelicans. Average brain residue levels and ranges for the DDT complex and PCB s were 35 ( 17-52) ppm and 110 (82-170) ppm, respectively. Cormorants dying from DDT poisoning had brain residue concentra tions of DDT + DDD + DDE ranging from 69 to 302 ppm (Greichus and Hannon 1973), while pheasants (Phasiaiws colchicus) dying from orally administered Arodor I 254 had ranges of 320 to 770 ppm in the brain (Dahlgren etal. 1972). No pelicans lud brain residues of either the DDT complex or PCB's as high as the lower limits observed for intoxication of cormorants and pheasants.
Body and organ weight. DDT complex and PCB treatments had no significant effects upon pelican body weights (Table II). Females were significantly lighter (p < 0.01) than males throughout the study. Control, PCB and DDT complex groups lost 20, 17 and 18%, respectively, of their body weight during the two-week stress. Considerable amounts of body fat remained at necropsy. Fat depletion or weight loss have been teporled as signs of poisoning by some insecticides (Sticke 1 etal. 1966) and PCBs (Vos et al. 1971). Fat reserves and healthy body conditions of tire pelicans in this experiment probably en abled the birds to withstand the DDT and PCB treatments without effects upon appetites or body weights.
Birds in the DDT treatment group had decreased (p < 0.01) liver weights when ana lyzed as percent of body weight (Tabic 11). PCB-treated birds had increased (p < 0.01) liver weights on a total weight basis. Decreases in liver weight have been reported in the doublc-crcstcd cormorant fed a combination of DDT + DDD + DDE (Greichus and Hannon 1973). However, large increases in average liver weight were found in pigeons fed DDT and DDE (Bailey et al. 1969 a and b). Increases in liver size in birds adminis-
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rain residue 10(82-170) r concentrannon 1973), roclor 1254 ns had brain .'Dserved for
leant effects ! 0.01) ilian 1 7 and 18%, amounts of reported as rial. 1971). 'robably enon appetites
(p < 0.01) orted in the reichus and j in pigeons rds adminis-
Table H. Organ and Body Weights ofPelicans Treated Daily with PCB's or a Combination of DDT, DDD and DDT
Organ and
Organ weight (g)
% of body weight
treatment
No.
Means8
Std error
Means
Std error
Brain
Control PCB DDT Female Male
Heart
Control PCB DDT Female Male
Liver
Control PCB DDT Female Male
Spleen
-
1
Control
PCB
DDT
Female
Male
Kideny
Control PCB DDT Female Male
Body Weight
Control PCB DDT Female Male
9
17.79
0.51
9
17.63
0.34
9
18.29
0.38
6
16.86b
0.43
21
18.95
0.21
9 37.45 3.76
9 38.48 2.51
9 41.50 2.84
6
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3.20
21 44.06 1.56
9
74.99
3.59
9
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2.40
9 71.31 2.72
6
72.52b
3.06
21 84.16 1.49
9 3.04 9 4.33
9 3.33 6 3.06 21 4.07
0.53 0.35 0.40 0.4 5 0.22
9
35.84
4.18
9 37.42 2.79
9 35.13 3.16
6
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3.56
21 40.86 1.73
9 4280 9 4720 9 4810 6 4090 21 5130
190 130 150 160 80
0.42 0.38 0.38 0.42 0.37
0.87 0.81 0.86 0.84 0.86
1.79 1.90 1 .48d 1.81 1.64
0.07 0.09' 0.07 0.08 0.08
0.85 0.79 0.73 0.79 0.79
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
0.06 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03
0.10 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.04
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
0.10 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.04
Values for means were statistically adjusted for differences in numbers of males and females in each group, bFemalcs significantly different from males at p < 0 0 I level. 'Females significantly different from males at p < 0.05 level. dSignificanlly different from control at p < 0.01 level.
'Significantly, different from control at p < 0.05 level.
335
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STLCOPCB4016113
336 Y. A. Greichus et al.
tered PCBs have been reported for pigeons (Bailey and Bunyan 1972), Japanese quail (Cotumix coturnix japomca) (Vos ct al. 1971, Bitman ct al. 1972), pheasants (Dahlgren etal. 1972), and chickens (Vos and Koeman 1970).
Spleen weight taken as percent of body weight was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in PCB treated pelicans than in controls. Spleen atrophy induced by feeding PCBs has been reported in chickens (Vos and Koeman 1970, Flick ct at. 1965), and in pheasants (Dahlgren et al. 1972). Thctc was no effect on spleen weight due to DDT treatment in the present experiment.
No significant weight differences due to treatments were detected in brain, heart, or kidney analyzed on the basis of total organ weight, or organ weight taken as percent of body weight. Dahlgren ct al. (1972) observed decreased heart weights in pheasants administered PCBs. Kidney enlargement with PCB treatment has been reported in pheasants (Dahlgren et al. 1972), in Bengalese finches (Ixmchura striata) (Presst et al 1970) and in chickens (Flick et al. 1965). Greichus and Hannon (1973) did not find significant differences in cormorant heart or brain weights due to treatment with a com bination of DDT, DDD and DDE.
Female pelicans were lighter in body weight (p < 0.01) than male pelicans. Females had smaller brains (p < 0.01), hearts (p < 0.01), livers (p < 0.01), and kidneys (p < 0.01) than males. Spleen weight differences between sexes were not significant.
Liver carotene and vitamin A levels. No significant differences due to treatments were observed on liver carotene levels (Table III). Liver vitamin A levels were greater (p <0.01) in DDT-trcated pelicans than in controls when examined on a pg/g of liver basis. Cormo rant liver stores of carotene and vitamin A did not show any consistent differences due to DDT-complex treatment when compared on pg/g of liver basis, but total amount of vitamin A in the liver was lower (Greichus and Hannon 1973). Vitamin A content of livers of PCB-treatcd birds were not significantly different from controls when compared on a pg/g of liver basis or on total amount present in the liver.
Serum chemistry evaluations. Means and standard error values of blood chemistries in control, PCB and DDT-complex treated pelicans are given in Table IV. No significant serum sodium changes were observed due to trealment or sex. However, sodium levels were significantly raised (p < 0.05)'by stress in this experiment. Sodium values ranged from 145 to 162 millicquivalents (meq)/liter and were similar to values presented by Bell and Sturkie (1965) for chickens, turkeys, ducks, and gulls, and with the values of Greichus and Hannon (1973) for double-crested cormorants. These data indicate that serum sodium levels are similar for several avian species.
Scrum potassium levels were decreased at the final bleeding in the PCB (p < 0.05) and DDT (p < 0.01) treatment groups. Stress also produced a significant lowering (p < 0.05) of scrum potassium. Males had significantly higher levels (p < 0.01) than females al the time of pre-stress bleeding. A possible explanation for a lowering of potassium with stress is that the lower intake of food was not compensated for by renal conservation. The
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jin, heart, or as percent of in pheasants
reported in (Press! et al. did not find t with a com-
. Females had <0.01) than
atments were ter (p < 0.01) basis, Cormorences due to ) amount of A content of sen compared
chemistries in no significant sodium levels values ranged presented by the values of indicate that
p < 0.05) and mg (p < 0.05) females at the mi with stress icrvalion. The
.............
Physiological Effects of PCB or DDT Compounds in Pelicans
337
Table III. /, iver Vitamin A and Carotene Values of Pelicans Treated with PCBs or a Combination of DDT. ODD and DDK
Treatment
Vitamin A
Control PCB DDT Female Male
Mlg of liver
No.
Means3
Std error
9 20.3 9 16.8 9 34.9b 6 25.8 21 22.2
4.9 3.3 3.7 4.2 2.0
Total mg/liver
Means
Std error
1.52 0.40 1.47 0.26
2.36 0.30 1.72 0.34 1.85 0.16
Carotene
Control PCB DDT Female Male
9 74.0 9 64.9 9 64.7 6 65.1
21 70.6
14.3 9.5 10.8 12.2 5.9
5.55 5.95 4.54
4.76 5.93
1.22 0.81
0.92 1.04 0.51
"Values for means were statistically adjusted for differences in numbers of males and females in each group. bSignificantly different from control at p < 0.01 level.
kidney is much less able to conserve potassium than sodium during periods of interrupted uptake (Tasker 1971). The further decreases with PCB and DDT treatments may re flect structural changes in the kidney influencing absorption or secretion rates. Histologic and ultrastructural changes in renal tubules of rats have been reported after administering chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides (Treon et al. 1955, Boyd and Chen 1968, Fowler 1972). i
Significant decreases in serum protein were observed al the lime of the pre-stress bleeding for PCB (p < 0.01) and DDT-complcx (p < 0.05) treatment groups. Slight de creases in scrum protein levels have been reported in Japanese quail given DDT (Ernst 1966) or dietdrin (Call and Call 1974), and in dicldrin-treatcd dogs (Walker et al. 1969). The significantly higher (p < 0.01) final protein levels in females than in males agrees with findings in chickens (Bell and Sturkie 1965) and Japanese quail (Call and Call 1974). The protein levels for both sexes were quite similar two weeks earlier. However, there was a significantly greater (p < 0.05) effect of stress on serum protein levels of males than females.
Scrum uric acid levels were not affected by PCB or DDT-complcx treatment, but stress significantly lowered (p < 0.05) levels from about 20 mg/100 ml to about 8 mg/100 ml. This is in accordance with the findings of Siller (1959) that high protein diets increased plasma urate, while starvation caused a significant depression.
Serum calcium was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) in PCB-trcatcd pelicans at the l time of final bleeding This was not due to decreased food as there were no significant
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Table IV. Means and Standard Errors of Values of Blood Chemistries in Pelicans Treated Daily with PCB's or a Combination of DDT, DDD and DDE'
338
Sodium (meq/liter)
Std Treatment No.b Means error
Potassium (meq/liter)
Std Means error
Protein g/100 ml
Std Means error
Uric acid mg/100 ml
Std Means error
Calcium mg/100 ml
Std Means error
Phosphorus mg/100 ml
Std Means error
Magnesium mg/100 ml
. Std Means error
Pre-stress Bleeding
Control 9 PCB 9 DDT 9 Female 6 Male 21
144.7 146.3 146.4 146.6 145.0
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Final Bleeding
Control 9 PCB 9 DDT 9 Female 6 Male 21
160.7 156.8 157.9 162.4
154.5
0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
8.57 8.50 7.15 7.32' 8.82
0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
3.87 3.23' 3.4 1 d
3.40 3.60
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
19.88 18.94 20.02 21.60 17.63
0.08 0.06 0.06 0.07
0.04
9.69 9.51 9.42 9.47 9.62
0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02
6.15 5.50 5.17 5.28 5.94
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
0.55 0.71 0.71 0.52 0.79
0.05 0.04
0.04 0.05 0.02
6.28 3.92d 3.20' 4.11
4.83
0.16 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.07
4.16 3.75 3.81 4.59f 3.22
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
8.11 8.18 8. SI 8.93 7.60
0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02
10.20 8.73' 9.58
9.16 9.85
0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01
5.08 5.39 4.97
5.42 4.88
0.02 0.0! 0.01 0.02 0.01
0.42 0.44 0.89
0 65 0.65
0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01
^Values for means were statistically adjusted for differences in numbers of males and females in each group. bAll samples were run in duplicate 'Significantly different from control at the p < 0.01 level. dSignificantly different from control at the p < 0.05 level. 'Females significantly different from males at p < 0.05 level. fFemales significantly different from males at p < 0.01 level.
' ' .Signihv anil) dfM'-ii'il Imrti i''i*"lltf |' ')'M l' i" ^Significantly different from control at the p < 0.05 level. 'Females significantly different from males at p < 0.05 level.
" f Females significantly different from males at p < 0.0 I level. . '
*
. ;
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"i Table V. Serum Protein Fraction Values in Pelicans Treated Daily with PCB'sora Combination of DDT, DDD and DDE1
Treatment
Albumin
No. Mean
Sid error
a Globulin
Mean
Std error
0 Globulin
Mean
Std error
7 Globulin
Mean
Std error
Total globulin
Mean
Sid error
A/G ratio
Mean
Std error
Pre-treatment Bleeding
Control 9 1.5
0.4
2.0 0.3
1.1 0.3
ri
PCB
9 1.5
0.2
1.3 0.1
0.9 0.2
DDT
8 2.0
0.4
1.3 0.2
1.8 0.3
Cea-* Pre-stress Bleeding
Control PCB DDT
9 9 8
1.4 1.3 1.3
0.1 0.04 0.1
1.0 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.1
1.0 0.1 0.8 0.04 1.0 0.1
4 Final Bleeding
Control 9 1.5
02
PCB 9 1.1' 0.1
DDT
9 1.5
0.1 ,
N.D.b N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D. N.D.
o
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ae
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i Ul
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Data are expressed in grams per 100 ml *>No data. 'Significantly different from controls at the p < 0.01 level.
0.5 0.3 0.9 0.2 1.3 0.3
0.8 0.1 0.5 0.04 0.7 0.1
N.D. N.D. N.D.
3.6 0.7 3.1 0.4 4.3 0.6
2.8 0.2 2.1 0.1 2.4 0.1
2.6 0.3 2.5 0.1 2.2 0.2
0.4 5 0.05 0.47 0.03 0.46 0.04
0.49 0.62 0.60
0.05 0.02 0.04
0.56 0.4 2 0.68
0.07 0.03 0.06
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STLCOPCB4016117
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340 Y. A. Greichus et al
effects of this stress on calcium levels. Plasma or scrum calcium levels were unchanged in chicks fed 150 ppm of Arodor 1248 for 2.5 weeks or 100 ppm of Aroclor 1248 for 4.5 weeks (Rehfeld et at. 1972), and in Japanese quail fed up to 75 ppm of dieldrin for two weeks (Call and Call 1974).
Scrum inorganic phosphorus levels were not affected by treatment, sex, or stress in this experiment. Likewise, Call and Call (1974) found no significant changes in serum inorganic phosphate levels in Japanese quail fed dieldrin.
Scrum magnesium levels of the pelicans were not affected by treatment, sex, or stress. Rehfeld et al. (1972) reported that chick plasma magnesium levels were unaffected by PCBs in the diet at levels up to 150 ppm.
Serum protein fractions. Albumin was lowered (p < 0.01) in PCB-treated pelicans at the time of the final bleeding, but not in DDT-treated birds (Table V). Wassermann et al. (1973) reported that Aroclor 1221 lowered rabbit albumin levels while DDT and dieldrin caused slight increases. Lowering of serum albumin was noted in the present experiment after the food stress had been imposed.
No significant changes were noted in globulin fractions at the times of the pre treatment or pre-stress bleedings, or in total globulin at any time, individual globulin fractions were not readily separable and identifiable on the spectropholograms following stress, so a single measure of total globulin was taken. Wassermann et al. (1973) re ported decreased gamma globulin fractions in rabbits administered organochlotine insecti cides and PCBs. There were no significant changes in the albumin/globulin ratio (A/C) due to either treatment.
III
Acknowledgments
This paper was approved for publication by the Director of the South Dakota Agri cultural Lxperimcnt Station as paper No. 1250 of the journal series.
The authors wish to thank Dr. Louis Locke, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, for his valuable assistance in necropsy of the pelicans and Dr. W. Lee Tucker, Agricultural Experiment Station Statistician, for the statistical analyses performed in this study.
This research was supported in part through National Science Foundation Grant No. GB-19I2I.
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unchanged in 1248 for 4.5 eldrin for (wo
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ed pelicans at Wasserrnann
hiJe DDT and m the present
*.s of the preidual globulin :ams following aL (1973) rcnlorine insectiin ratio (A/C)
i Dakota Agri-
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Manuscript received May 15, 1974; accepted August 22, 1974
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