Document rB6jjyGv74ER5ojyXd4b0Q1ja

Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL OCTOBER. 1962 (VoL26.No.10) J /-r ~ -* *. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 'W . 'A-.-. ~.*-'a . -* t -s V 11 20Jj 0 fi ft fi DEFENDANT'S EXHIBIT. 0414` _______ Industrial Hygiene Features The pnlmonary evaluation of aurgical patients ia discussed in Abat. No. 914. Do heart disease patienta benefit from work recommendation* ? Abat. No. 915. Abat. No. 918 ia concerned with the affecta of amoking. For an account of office management of common medical condition* conault Abat. No. 925. Abat. No. 929 praaenta information on the occupational toxicity of culti vated flower*. Abat. No. 934 report* on hydrogen -- sulfide intoxication concerning two caaea of nonfat*1 poiaoning. Chramyt chloride--a poaaible import ant induatrial air contaminant ia inveatigatad in Abat. No. 937. Lead poiaoning and hemaglobin ayntheaia are reviewed in Abat. No. 940. An account of the consequences of ethylene glycol poiaoning i* given in Abat. No. 941. Four caaea of methyl alcohol poisoning are described ia Abat. No. 942. Fot discussion on the toxicity of in gested haxachlorophene. See Abat. No. 947. Data on the basic pathology of pneumo coniosis are presented in Abat. No. 950. Pneumoconiosis case-finding in indus try and detection of source* of exposure is the title of Abat. No. 958. Information regarding the directional dependence of air samplers ia given ia Ahst. No. 960. A genetic survey of the offsprings of x-ray workers is given ia Abat. No. 972. For a discussion on the raalitiaa of re habilitation, consult Abat. No. 992. Foundation Facts 27th ANNUAL MEETING THIS MONTH- Wa arc looking forward to having repre sentatives from all our member companies with us on October 24 and 25 for our 27th Annual Meeting. Advance registration premise* peak attendance. We feel certain \ that with the broad scope of subject matter and the distinguished roster of speakers that this meeting merits the interest and enthusiasm expressed by the membership. \ The officers of the Foundation also have a full program, with meetings scheduled for t the Executive Committee end the Board of Trustees. t r NEW MEMBERS. The Foundation is pleased to snnounre two new members: i. International Research and Development Corporation I mil slana Ordnance Plant, Remington Band Div. , Sperry Rand Corp. DR. BLAME B. WE3COTT. Chairman. 1-H-F Board of Truatees, was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science Degree at the University of Pittsburgh's 175th Anniversary Alumni Honors Convocation on September 17. b THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES. The Threshold Limit Values tor 1962, adopted by the f American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygianiats at their 24th Annual r* Meeting ia Washington, D. C., on May 13-15, appear ia this issue of the Digest. Ad ditional cpnisa are available upon request. . 11 206 0688 TABLE OF CONTENTS Industrial Hygiene Training Conran Threshold Limit Valuas for 19U . Nawa ltama................................................... Occupational Oiaaaaa Statistic a . . Coming Evanta . ..................................... Legal Developmenta.............................. Boohs. Pamphlets and Notices . . Industrial Medical Practice . . . . Skin Diseases and Bums ..... Chemical Hasards.................................. Industrial Dusts...................................... Physical Aspects of the Environment Radioactivity and X-Radiation . . . Environmental Measurements . . . Preventive Engineering. ..... Community Air Hygiene........................ Management Aspects ....... Accidents and Prevention..... Miscellaneous........................................... Index......................................................... 1 1 -IV 1 2 2. 3 4 5 9 11 16 20 21 23 24 23 27 27 21 30 H 206 06S9 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE TRAINING COURSE Conducted by INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION and OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RESEARCH AND TRAINING FACILITY UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE at Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa., September 10*21, 1962 Engineers in attendance at the third annual Industrial Hygiene Training Course. Seated - Left to Right: G. M. Reynolds, Hazleton Laboratories, Inc.,; R. W. Bloomquist, General Mills, Inc.; G. L. Dietz, Merck U Company, Inc.; D. A. Cohagan. Western Electric Company; R. H. Snow, Western Electric Company; and G. C. Frisby, Kennecott Copper Corp. Standing - Left to Right: R. B. Hubard, Maryland Casualty Company; J. M. Plunkett, Aluminum Company of America; H. W. Rapp, Jr., The Travelers Insurance Company; B. G. Sykes, Jr., Pennsylvania Glass Sand Company; R. A. Hudspeth, Kennecott Copper Corp. ; F. W. Sandell, Johns-Manville Products Corp.; and R. P. Hibbard, The Boeing Company. (Also attended some of the courses, but not in picture: Eugene Barry (Alternate: A. T. Sabo), of Nuclear Materials l> Equipment Corp.). This was the third training course conducted by the Foundation in cooperation with the United States Public Health Service, for industrial hygiene engineers. It too, proved to be very successful and the results,,most gratifying. It was an intensive two-weeks dsvoted to laboratory work, lectures, films, in-plant tours, and homework assignments. The students individually prepared known con centrations of gases and vapors, calibrated gas sampling instruments, ussd gas detsctors, made chemical analyses and ventilation measurements. Lectures and demonstrations covered such sub jects as pneumoconioses, toxicology, radiation, noise, and industrial hygisne practice. The course was completed with a final examination followed by presentation of Certificates of Training. The business-like and industrious attitude of the students was highly commendable. Again, we feel that the course served a useful purpose and provided the participants with a knowledge and experience which will serve them well. Applications are being accepted for the fourth training course to be held in September, 1963. , 11 206 0690 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES 1962J/ Adopted it the 24th Annuel Meeting of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Washington, D.C., May 13-15, 1962 These values should be used as guides m the control of health hazards and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day. without adverse effect. The values listed refer to time-weighted average concentrations for a normal workday. The amount by which these figures may be exceeded for short periods without injury to health depends upon a number of factors such as the nature of the contaminant, whether very high concentrations even for short periods produce acute poisoning, whether the effects are cumulative, the frequency with which high concentrations occur, and the duration of such periods. All must be taken into consideration in arriving at a decision as to whether a hazardous situation exists. 5pecial consideration should be given to the application of these values in assessing the health hazards which may be associated with exposure to combinations of two or more sub stances. Threshold limits are based on the best available information from industrial experience, from experi mental studies, and. when possible, from a combination of the two. These values are based on various criteria of toxic effects or on marked discomfort; thus, they should not be used as a common denomina tor of toxicity, nor should they be considered as the sole criterion in proving or disproving diagnosis of suspected occupational disease. These limits are intended for use in the field of industrial hygiene and should be employed by persons trained in this field. They are not intended for use, or for modification for use, (1) at a relative index of toxicity, by making a ratio of two limits, or (2) in the evaluation or control of community air pollution or air pollution nuisances. These values are reviewed annually by the Committee on Threshold Limits for changes, revisions, or additions at further information becomes available. The Committee welcomes the suggestion of tub- stances to be added to the list and also comments, references, or reports of experience with these ma terials. Recommended Values Substance yppm Mg/M* * Substance PPM*/ Mg/M* # Acetaldehyde 200 Acetic acid 10 Acetic anhydride 5 Acetone 1000 Acetonitrile 40 Acttylcne tetrabrormde 1 Acrolein 0.5 Acrylonitrile - skin 20 Aldnn (1,2. 3. 4, 10, 10-hexa. chloro- 1.4, 4a, 5, 8, 8a-hexa- ...hydro- 1,4,5, 8-dimethano- napthalene) - skin Allyl alcohol skin 2 Allyl chloride 5 Allyl glyeidyl ether (AGE) 10 Allyl propyl disulfide 2 Ammonia 100 Ammonium eulfamate (Ammate) -- Amyl acetate 200 Amyl alcohol (isoamyl alcohol) 100 Aniline skin Antimony ...5 360 25 20 2400 70 14 1.2 45 0.25 5 15 45 12 70 15 1050 360 19 0.5 ANTU (alpha-naphthylthiourea) Arsenic ... ... Arsine Barium (soluble compounds) ...0.05 Benzene (benzol) 25 Benzyl chloride Beryllium Boron oxide ...1 ... Boron trifluondc 1 Bromine 0. 1 Butadiene (1,3-butadiene) 1000 2-Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) 200 2-Butoxy ethanol (Butyl Cellosolve) 50 Butyl acetate (n-butyl acetate) 200 Butyl alcohol 100 tert. Butyl alcohol 100 Butylamine 5 n-Butyl glyeidyl ether (BGE) 50 Butyl mercaptan 10 p-tert. Butyltoluene Cadmium oxide fume * Calcium arsenate ..1.0 --- 0. 3 0.5 0.2 0.5 80 5 0. 002 15 3 0.7 2200 590 240 950 300 300 15 270 35 60 0. 1 1 U Reprinted with permission from the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. y Parts of vapor or gas per million parte of air by volume at 25*C and 760 mm. Hg pressure. # Approximate milligrams of particulate per cubic meter of air. _V Millions of particles per cubic foot of air, based on the standard procedure for sampling and counting dusts adopted by the Fifth Annual Meeting of ACG1H (1942). V Approximate milligrams per cubic meter of air. * 1962 Revision 1962 Addition " Note: The word "skin" following a substance indicates that the liquid can nan to the exposure. I. 11 206 -vm to contribute 0691 Recommended Values Icont. ) Substance ppmy Mg/M3 & Substance ppm y M;/Ml Carbon dioxide 5000 Carbon disulfide - (kin 20 Carbon monoxide 100 Carbon tetrachloride - skin 10 Chlordane (1,2. 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 8< octachloro- la, 4, 7, 7a-tetra. hydro-4, 7.methanoindene) -- Chlorinated camphene, 60% -- Chlorinated diphenyl oxide -- Chlorine 1 Chlorine dioxide 0. 1 Chlorine trifluoride 0.1 Chloroacetaldehyde 1 Chlorobenzene (monochloro- benzene) 75 Chlorodiphenyl (42% Chlorine) - skin Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine) - skin ' ... Chloroform (trichloro- methane) 50 1 -Chloro- 1 - nitropropane 20 Chloropicnn 0. 1 Chloroprene (2-chloro-1.3- butadiene-) 25 Chromic acid and chromates (as CrO}) ... Crag herbicide (sodium 2^, 4-dichlorophenox0 ethanol hydrogen sulfate) -- Cresol (all isomers) - skin 5 Cyanide (as CN) - skin -- Cyclohexane 400 Cyclohexanol 50 Cyclohexanone 50 Cyclohexene 400 2,4-0 (2, 4-dichloro- phenoxyacetic acid) -- DOT (2. 2-bis Q>-chloro- phenyl] - 1. 1, 1-trichloro- ethane) - skin ... Oecaborane - skin 0.05 Diacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy- 4-methyl- 2-pentanone) 50 Diborane 0.1 l, 2-Dibromoethane (Ethylene dibromide) 25 o-Oichlorobensene 50 p-Dichlorobenaene 75 Dichlorodifluoromethane 1000 1,1-Oichloroethaae 100 . 1,2-Dichloroethane i (Ethylene dichloride) so 1,2-Dichloroethylene 200 Dichloroethyl ether 15 Oichloromonofluoromethane 1000 1,1-Oichloro-l-nitroethane 10 Oichlorotetrafluoroethane 1000 Dieldrin (1.2.3.4.10.10- hexachloro-6, 7-epoxy-1, 4,4a, 5. 6. 7,8, Sa-octahydro- 1,4, 5. S-dimethanonaphtha< lene) - skin ... Diethylamine 25 Diiluorodibroinomethaae 100 9000 60 no 65 Diglycidyl, ether (OGE) Diisobutyl ketone Dimcthylaniline (N-dimethyl- aniline) skin ' Dimethylformamide 10 SO 5 20 55 290 25 60 1,1-Dimethylhydraxine skin 0.5 1 0.5 Dim ethyl sulfate - skin . 15 0.5 Dinitrobenzene - skin 0.5 Dinitrotoluene - skin 3 Dinitro-o-cresol - skin ... ... - 1 1.5 0.2 0.3 Dioxane (diethylene dioxide) 100 360 0.4 Dipropylene glycol methyl ether 100 600 3 EPN (0-ethyl O-p-nitrophenyl 350 1 0.5 thionobenzenephosphonate)- skin--- Ethyl acetate 400 Ethyl acrylate - skin 25 Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol) 1000 Ethylamine 25 Ethylbenzene . 200 0.5 1400 100 1900 45 870 240 100 0.7 90 Ethyl bromide Ethyl chloride Ethyl ether Ethyl formate Ethyl mercaptan Ethyl silicate 200 1000 400 100 250 100 890 2600 1200 300 640 850 Ethylene chlorohydrin - skin 5 0. 1 Ethylcnediamine 10 16 30 15 22 5 1400 200 200 1350 * Ethylene glycol dinitrate - skin 0.2 Ethylene imine - skin 5 Ethylene oxide 50 2-Ethoxyethanol (Cellosolve) 200 2-Ethoxyethylacetate (Cellosolve acetate) 100 Ferbam (ferric dimethyl dithiocar hamate) ... Ferrovanadium dust ... Fluoride ... 1.2 9 90 740 540 15 l 2.5 10 Fluorine 0. 1 0.2 Fluorotrichloromethane 1000 5600 Formaldehyde 56 1 Furfural 0.3 Furfuryl alcohol 5 . 20 50 200 240 0.1 Gasoline - 500 Glycidol (2, 3-epoxy- 1-propanol) 50 Heptane (n-heptane) 500 2000 150 2000 Hexane In-hexane) 500 1800 190 Hexanone (methyl butyl ketone) 100 410 300 sec-Hexyl acetate 100 590 450 Hexone (methyl isobutyl ketone) 100 410 4950 400 200 790 90 Hydrazine - skin Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide - skin Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen peroxide, 90% 1 1.3 3 10 57 10 11 32 1 1.4 4200 60 7000 Hydrogen aelenide Hydrogen sulfide Hydroquinone 0.05 20 ... 0.2 30 2 0.25 75 860 Iodine Iron oxide fume lsophorone Isopropylamine Isopropyl glycidyl ether (IGE) Lead Lead arsenate 0.1 --. 25 5 so ... ... 1 15 140 12 240 0.2 0.15 II. 11 206 0692 Substance RecommendedM/alues^eonuJ ppm/ Mg/M3** Substance ppm/ Mg/M3 Lindane (hexachlorocyclo* hexane, gamma nomer) -- Lithium hydride Magnesium oxide fume -- -- Malathton (Q, 0-dimethyl dithiophoiphate of diethyl mercaptoiuccinate) - ikin -- Manganese -- Mercury -- Mercury (organic com* pounds) - skin -- Mesityl oxide 25 Methoxychlor (2,2-di-p- methoxyphenyl-1, i-tn- chioroethane) -- Methyl acetate 200 Methyl acetylene 1000 Methyl acrylate - skin 10 Methylal (dimethoxy* methane) 1000 Methyl alcohol (Methanol) 200 Methyl bromide - skin 20 Methyl eeliosolve (2-methoxy- ethanol) 25 Methyl eeliosolve acetate vethylene glycol mono* methyl ether acetate) 25 Methyl chloride 100 Methyl chloroform (1,1,1* tnchloroethane) 500 Methylcyclohexane 500 Methylcyclohexanol 100 Methylcyclohexanone 100 Methyl formate 100 Methyl isobutyl carbinol (methyl amyl alcohol) 25 Methyl mercaptan 50 Of Methyl styrene 100 Methylene chloride (di- chloromethane) 500 Monomethyl aniline skin 2 Molybdenum (soluble compounds) (insoluble compounds) ... ... Naphtha (coal tar) 200 Naphtha (petroleum) 500 Nickel carbonyl Nicotine skin 0.001 ... Nitric acid 10 p-N itroamline skin l Nitrobensene skin 1 Nitroethane 100 Nitrogen dioxide 5 ' Nitroglycerin - skin 0.2 Nit rom ethane 100 2 - Nitropropene 25 Nltrotoluene - skin 5 Octane 500 Osone 0.1 Parathion (O, O. diethyl-O* p*nitropbenyl thiophos- phate) skin ... Pentachloronaphthaline skin -- Pentachlorophenol skin ... Pentanone (methyl propyl ketone) 200 Pentane 1000 2950 0.5 Perchloroethylene (tetra* 0.025 chloroethylene) 100 670 15 Perchloromethyl mercaptan 0.1 0. 8 Phenol - skin . 5 19 Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) 50 310 15 Phcnylhydrazinc - skin 3 22 5 Phosgene (carbonyl chloride) i 4 0.1 Phosphine Phosphoric acid ...0.05 0. 07 1 0.01 Phosphorus (yellow) ... 0. 1 100 Phosphorus pentachloride ... 1 Phosphorus pentasulfide ... 1 Phosphorus trichloride 0.5 3 15 Picric acid - skin ... 0. 1 610 Propyl acetate 200 840 1650 Propyl alcohol 35 (isopropyl alcohol) 400 0 80 Propyl ether (isopropyl ether) 500 2100 3100 n-Propyl nitrate 25 110 260 Propylene dichloride 80 (1,2-dichloropropane) 75 350 Propylene iimne - skin 25 60 80 Propylene oxide Pyrethrum 100 240 ... 5 Pyridine 5 15 120 Quinone 0.1 0.4 210 Rotenone (commercial) ... 5 . Selenium compounds, (as Se) ... 0. 1 2700 * Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) - 2000 470 skin Sodium hydroxide ... 0.05 ... 2 460 Stibine 0. 1 0.5 250 Stoddard solvent 500 2900 Strychnine -- 0. 15 100 Styrene monomer 100 (phenylethylene) too 420 480 Sulfur dioxide 5 13 Sulfur hexafluoride 1000 6000 1750 Sulfuric acid ... 1 0 Sulfur monochlonde 16 Sulfur pentafluonde 0.025 0.25 5 TEDP (tetraethyl dithiono* 15 pyrophosphate) - skin -- 0.2 800 2000 TEPP (tetraethyl pyrophos* phate) skm ... 0.05 0.007 Tellurium -- 0. 1 0.5 1, 1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 25 skin 5 35 6 T etrahydrofuran 200 590 5 Tetramtromethaae 18 310 Tetryl (2, 4. 6-truutrophenyl* 9 methylnitramine) skin ... 2 Thallium (soluble compounds) ... 1.5 0. 1 250 Thiram (tetramsthyl thiuram 90 disulfide) ... 30 Titanium dioxide ... 5 15 2350 Toluene (toluol) 200 750 0.2 o-Toluidine skin 5 22 Tolylene-2,4-dutocyanate 0.02 0.14 T nchloroethylene 100 520 0.1 Trichloronaphthaiene skin ... 5 0.5 1,1,2-Trichloro l,2,2*tri* 0.5 fluorfiethane 1000 Triethylamine 25 7600 100 700 T rifluo romonobromoroethane 1000 6100 111. 11 206 0693 Recommended Value* leant.) Substtnct Trinitrotoluene skin - Tnorthocresyl phoipbata T nphenylphoaphbte Turpentine Urenium , {soluble compounds) (insoluble compounds) Venedium (VjOj duet) (V205 (aflie) PPM*/ ... -- - -- 100 ... -- ** -- Ml/M1 ** ' . Subatance 1.9. 0.1 1 460 0.04 0.29 .0.4 0.1 Vinyl chloride (chloroethylan*I Vinyl toluene Warfarin O-^acctonylbahayl] -4- hydroxycoumann) Yttrium. Xylan* (xylol) Xylidin* - akin * Zinc oxide fum* . Zirconium compound* faa Zr) ppm/ 400 100 ... 200 5 -- -- Mj/M* & 1100 460 0.1 4 TO 29 4 9 Radioactivity: For parmiaaibi* concentration* ot radioiaotopaa in air, aaa U.S. Department ol Commarca, National Buraau of Standard*. Handbook 69. "Maximum Partmaaibla Body Burden* and Maximum Permit* aibla Concantrationa of Radionuclidaa m Air and in Watar for Occupational Expoaura". Juna $, 1949. Alao, aaa U.S. Oapartmant of Comm*re*. National Buraau of Standardi. Handbook 99. "Permiaaibi* Do** from Extarnal Sourcaa of ioniiing Radiation", Saptambar 24, 1994, and addandum of April 19, 194S. Substence Mmoral Duata Mppcrl/ MPPCF2/ Silica Crystelline Quart*. Thraahold Limit calculated 290 from the formula %SiO1 4 Criatobelue " Amorpboua, including natural dtatomaceoua earth 20 SUicetes (less then 1% crystalline silicn) Aabeata* 4 Mica 20 Soapetone 20 Talc 20 Portland Cement 40 Miecelleneous (less then 1% crystelline ailica) 90 Not*: Th* percent of cryatallin* ailica in tb* above formula and table* i* baaed on the emount found from on enelysts of the air-borne duat. Converaion factor* mppcf x 14.4 million particle* per cubic meter a particle* per cc ' . 1 Tentative Value* ; Subatance Approx. Mg.l/ ppm/ oar Cu.M. ' Subatance ' , /Approx.Mgi/ PPMi' per Cu.M. Benzidine tart. Butyl chromate (a* CrOj) ... Camphor ... Chlorobromomethana Cobelt 200 ... DDVP (O, O-Dimathyl-2, 2-dichlorovinyl pboapbate) ... Dimethyl acetamide - akin 10 Endrin (1,2,1,4,10,10- hexachioro-6,7-apoxy-1, 4.44,9,6,7, S.Sa-ocu hydro 1.4-endo-S, ft-dimethanonaphthalene) - Epichlorobydnn 4 Ethanolammo 0.4 Heptachlor 11,4,9,6.7, S, hapcachloro- la, 4, T, 7a-tatra- hydro-4,7-methanoiadane) A Oil 4 1090 0.4 1 . IS 0.29 19 1 0.29 Katene - **B-NaphthyLamina ' 1-Nttropropane N- Nitroaodimethylamin* (Dimethylmtroeamine | Oil (mineral) Osmium tetrosade Pentaboran*, Parehloryl fluoride Phoedrtn (2-carbometkoxy-l- methyl vinyl dimethyl phoe- phate Platinum compound* (aa Pt.) a* Sulfuryl fluoride Syaton 2.4.9T (2,4,4-Trichloro- phanoxyxcatic acid) TeQon decompoaition prod. 1,2,1-Trichloropropana . 0.9 29 A* --- ... 0.004 .J - . 4 -- 40 0.9 A* 90 . 4 0.002 0.01 IS. 9 0.1 0.002 20 0.2 10 A4 100 A1 Banaidina. Bacauaa of high Incidanca of bladdar tumora in maa, aay axpoaura, Includind akin la astramoly haaardoua. A2 B-Naphthylamina. Bacauaa of tka extremely high incidanca of bladdar tumora In arorkora handling thia compound, and lha inability to control axpoauraa, B-naphtbylanun* baa boon prohibited from manufacture, uaa and otbor activitioa that mvolyo human contact by tka Stata of Peaneylvaaia. A1 N-Nit roaodimathylamina. Becaue* of extremely high toxicity and pre Burned carcmofemc potential. of thi a compound, contact by all routee abould not ba permitted. . , A4 TaAon^^dacomgoaittraHOduct*. At leaat one identified component of Teflon 0 dacompoaition produce* la extremely tonic, but in lha abeence of more complete tonicity information and callable analytical matboda, a dafintta tbreabold limit value ta not recommended at thia time. Signed: Harry B-. Aaha E. J. Baler Allan L. Coleman Harvey B. Elkina Bernard Grabble William f. Reindollar Wayland i. Hayae . Ruaaell G. Scovill Keith Jacobean Ralph G. Smith Harold N. MacFarland Mitchell R. Zaven IV. Harbor* C. Scokiager, Chairman 11 206 0694 October, 1962 Volume XXVI No. 10 Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittaburgh 13, Pennsylvania INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Literature and Newa NEWS ITEMS 897 Hazards in Uae of Closed Cheat Cardiopulmonary Reauacitation. Possible dangers in the indiscriminate use of the closed chest method of cardiopulmon ary resuscitation have prompted the issuance of a joint statement by the Industrial Medical As sociation, the American Heart Association, and the American National Red Cross as a guide to the public regarding this new first aid technique which makes it possible to continue blood circu lation without opening the chest. While acknowledging the usefulness of the closed chest method as a temporary medical procedure in certain cases of stoppage or disruption of heart beat, the statement stresses the importance of its application only in the hands of carefully trained person nel. The use of this method is untrained bands has been reported to have been responsible for a variety of injuries to patients, including damage to the heart and liver, internal bleeding, multiple rib fractures, and puncture of the lungs. The sponsoring organisations urge that emphasis be placed on training physicians, nurses, and specially qualified emergency rescue personnel so that the procedure may become more widely available. 898 Conference on Engineering in Biology and Medicine. The 15th Annual Conference on Engineering in Biology and Medicine will be held at the Conrad Hilton Hotel in Chicago, November 4 to 7. Sponsors are the Institute of Electrical Engi neers, and the Instrument Society of America. A commercial and scientific exhibit is planned. Send inquiries to: Professional Associates, 6520 Clayton Road, St. Louis 17, Missouri. - - Chem. Eng. News 899 American Industrial Health Conference. The 1963 American Industrial Health Conference will be held March 18 to 21 in Washing ton, D.C, The Conference is comprised of the annual meetings of the Industrial Medical Associa tion and the American Association of Industrial Nurses. A multifarious program, featuring many of the nation's experts in the field of occupational health, will be announced at a later date. Fur ther information may be obtained from the American Industrial Health Conference, 55 East Wash ington Street, Chicago 2, Illinois. 900 Mid-America_S2ectrosco2>_S2nnnosium. The 14th Annual Mid-America Spectroscopy Symposium, sponsored by the Chicago Section of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy in cooperation with 6 other Mid-Amenca Sections, is to be held at the Sheraton-Chicago Hotel in Chicago, May 20-23. Original papers are invited from the_fields of mass emission, x-ray, general absorption, infrared, NMR, EPR, Raman and flame spectroscopy, as well as gas chromatography. Absolute deadline for receipt of title and abstracts is January 15, 1963. The meeting will feature seminars, problem clinics and an instru ment exhibit by leading manufacturers in the fields of spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Fur ther information can be obtained from: John E. Forrette, Roy C. Ingersoll Research Center, Borg-Warner Corporation, Wolf and Algonquin Roads, Dee Plaines, Illinois. 1. 11 206 0695 Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1962 901 Occupational Disease Statistics. (Cases reported to the respective Health Departments). Anthraco- silicosis Asthma Blood condition Bronchiectasis - (multiple irritants) Brucellosis ' Dermatitis, Diseases from animals Fumes (unidentified) , Iritis (multiple irritants) Lead poisoning Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis (suspected) Pneumonitis (suspected) Pneumonitis (gasoline) Poisoning irom metals Poisoning by phosgene (very mild) Poisoning irom solvents Aespiratory iniection Silicosis Silicosis (suspected) Tuberculosis Miscellaneous Colo. May-Aug 42 3 Pa. Aug. - Sept. 5 1 1 .1 1 15* 32 15 4 81 7 2 Total 5 1 1 1 1 104 3 7 1 5 86 7 2 1 1 2 5 3 4 8 2 9 Total 68 19 156 16 259 s Causes are listed as follows: Connecticut^ Occupational dermatitis due to plants, poison ivy 2; occupational derma* titis due to oils and greases (and metal cutting compounds) 2; occupational dermatitis due to sol* vents 3; occupational deirmatltis due to other chemicals: hair spray 1. multiple chemicals 2, synthetic resins or resin (plastic) compounds 2, tar 1, undetermined 1; occupational dermatitis --other: soaps or detergents 1. . .' 902 Nov. 1*3 Nov. 4 Nov. 5-7 Nov. 5-9 Nov. 8 Nov. 8-10 Natl. Society of Professional engineers, Fall Meeting, Phoenix, Arisona. Natl. Medical Foundation for Eye Care, Los Vegas, Nevada. Natl. Fertiliser Solutions Association, Miami Beach, Florida. The Metallurgical Speiety, A1ME, Fall Meeting, Chicago, Illinois. . Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturers Association, New York, N. Y. Gerontological Society, Inc., Miami Beach, Florida. 2e 11 206 0696 Industrial Hvgiene Digest October, 1962 Nov, 12>15 Nov. 12-18 Nov. 14-15 Nov. 15 Nov. 15-16 Nov. 20 Nov. 24-25 Nov. 25-28 Nov. 25-30 Nov. 26-28 Nov. 29-Dec. 2 American Petroleum Institute, 42nd Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois. American Rocket Society, 17th Annual Meeting and Space Flight Exposition. Los Angeles, California. Society of Aerospace Material and Process Engineers, National Meeting and Symposium, Hollywood, California. National Industrial Conference Board, Chicago, Illinois. Armed Forces Chemical Assoc., 17th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Midyear Meeting, New York, N. Y. American College of Chest Physicians (Interim Session), Los Angeles. Calif. American Medical Assoc., Clinical Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif. Radiological Society of North America, Inc., Chicago, Illinois. American Nuclear Society, Annual Winter Meeting, Washington. D.C. American Medical Women's Assoc., Los Angeles, Calif. LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS 903 To Extend Air Pollution Control Act. A bill to extend the Air Pollution Control Act for 2 years has been approved by the House Commerce Committee. H. R. 12833 would extend the Act until June 30, 1966, and would require the Surgeon General to make a study of the effect of automobile exhaust fumes on the public health. A much stlffer bill (S. 455), which would extend the Act and give the Surgeon General authority to call conferences to settle regional air pollution problems, passed the Senate last year. - - Chem. Eng. News 904 Cleveland has New Revised Air Pollution Code. The Division of Air and Stream Pollution Control in the City of Cleveland bat, after many months of councilmamc meetings (open to the public), pasted a new and revised "Air Pollu tion Code" for the control of particulate emissions in the metallurgical industry and revised fly ash emissions from fuel burning equipment. The Code now contains statutory limitations of em issions from ferrous and non-ferrous foundries--the steel making industry--lowering the flyash particulate emissions from stacks of fuel burning equipment and flyash emissions operating within the limits of the City of Cleveland. Those industries operating at the time of the passage of the Code are given a grace period to conform, after having submitted to the Commissioner a schedule and program for conformance. J. Air Poll. Control Association 905 California MVP Control Board Commended for Statement Regarding Diesel Engines. ' The Automobile Manufacturers Association commended the California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board for clarifying the legal aspects of diesel engine crankcase ventilation. The California Board declared that diesels are exempt from provisions in the state law requiring positive crankcase ventilating systems on all new motor vehielee. As interpreted now, the Cali fornia law will apply only to gaeoline-powered cars and trucks. The AMA explained that engi neering evidence has established that emiseions from diesel engine craakcaees are not a signi ficant source of unburned hydrocarbons, believed to be a major contributor to California's photo chemical smog. Motor vehicle manufacturers have conducted an intensive research and develop ment program in the vehicle emission field since 1953 when such emissions first were linked with smog. The industry announced last December that all 1963 model gasoline-powered cars and trucks would be equipped with positive crankcase ventilation systems. Such devices have been installed as standard equipment on all gasoline-powered vehicles manufactured for sale in Cali fornia since 1961. -- J. Air Poll. Control Association 11 206 0697 3. Industrial Hygiene Digest October, iq&2 BOOKS. PAMPHLETS AND NOTICES 906 Hazardous Chemicals Data. NFPA No. 49M. National Fire Protection Association. 78 pp. (1962). FOR SALE FROM: National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch St. , Boston 10. Mass. PRICE: SI. 00. A newly revised edition of this pamphlet has just been issued by the National Fire Protection Association. A compilation of vital information on dangerous chemicals, the publi cation describes fire and explosion hazards, life hazards, recommended storage procedures, and fire fighting methods. The 1962 edition just released contains information on 20 chemicals not found in former editions, bringing to 98 the number of chemicals now listed. It also revises certain statements made in previous editions concerning recommendations for electrical equip ment suitable for use in atmospheres of the particular chemicals under discussion. Widely re ferred to as a guide to good practice "Hazardous Chemical Data" was developed by the NFPA Sectional Committee on Properties of Hazardous Chemicals under the chairmanship of Thomas E. Duke of the Fire Prevention and Engineering Bureau of Texas. After approval by the parent committee, the NFPA Committee on Chemicals and Explosives, the present edition was adopted at the recent annual meeting of the National Fire Protection Association. 907 Control of Flammable Liquids and Gases in Manholes. Sewers, and Similar Underground Struc tures. NFPA No. 328M. National Fire Protection Association. 20 pp. (1962). FOR SALE FROM: National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston 10, Mass. PRICE: 50 cents. A newly revised edition of this publication hat recently been issued by the National Fire Protection Association. The purpose of this report is to give to enforcement officials, fire authorities, contractors and owners of underground structures guidance on problems involving flammable liquids and gases which may be found in underground structures. It was developed by tbe NFPA Sectional Committee on Maintenance and Repair under the chairmanship of T. H. Wright, of the Ohio Inspection Bureau, Columbus, approved by the NFPA Committee on Flam mable Liquids and the NFPA Committee on Cases, and adopted at the recent annual meeting of the National Fire Protection Association. 908 Safety in Industry. Mechanical and Physical Hazards No. 4. Fire Protection for the Safety Man. Bulletin 232. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards. 25 pp. (1961), FOR SALE FROM: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. PRICE: 25 cents. This bulletin is intended to provide the safety man with the basic information which will be helpful in dealing with the hazards of fire. The bulletin recognises that fire prevention is sometimes separate and apart from accident prevention, but property damage and personal injury are so closely related that the possibility of personal injury exists in most accidental fires involving property damage. The bulletin suggests 5 objectives with respect to fire protection as a means of preventing injury, and discusses each in detail. The 5 objectives are: prevent the outbreak of fire: provide for early detection; prevent its spread; provide for prompt extinguish ment; and provide for the prompt and orderly evacuation of personnel. 11 206 0698 4. lmlus i rulH\iwiil Du:v'l I __ | INDUSTRIAL MEiJKAI. PH At TIC E Oolobcr, l `-i. `Hiv Work Limitations of the Preunant Emu!over. W, J. Dignam. J. Occ. Med. _1, -1^3-425 (Aug. 1964). The author ha* considered some possible hazards to the fetus, such as maternal in fections, hypoxia, radiation, and trauma. Some major changes in maternal physiology produced by pregnancy have been discussed, in order to point out which organ systems might be most sus ceptible to decompensation if the increased demands of pregnancy were added to those of indus trial activity, or were made upon an organ the function of which had been compromised by indus trial exposure to toxic substances. -- Author's summary 910 Pathoeenesis of Postnecrotic Cirrhosis in Alcoholics. E. Rubin, S. Krus and H. Popper. Arch. Pathol. (1962). To study the evolution and pathogenesis of postnecrotic cirrhosis in alcoholics, sect ions of liver taken at autopsy from 342 cases of portal and postnecrotic cirrhosis were examined. Of the 209 cases in which a definite history of alcoholism was obtained, 43% displayed the feat ures of postnecrotic cirrhosis. The cases of portal cirrhosis were divided into groups on the basis of the commonly accepted sequences in progression. Features characteristic of alcoholic liver injury (fatty metamorphosis and hyaline bodies) and features of postnecrotic cirrhosis (col lapse, multilobular nodules, and variation in nodular size) were rated in each case. Single feat ures of postnecrotic cirrhosis were found in many cases of portal cirrhosis, and their incidence increased with the progression of the latter disease. Thus, in portal cirrhosis as the incidence of "alcoholic features" decreased, postnecrotic features increased, until a stage was reached which was difficult to distinguish from early postnecrotic cirrhosis and appeared intermediate. In addition, many of the cases of postnecrotic cirrhosis showed fatty metamorphosis and hyaline bodies. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that postnecrotic cirrhosis in alcoholics evolves from portal cirrhosis, and is the end-stage of a relentless, chronic, hyperplastic process characterized principally by nodular regeneration, as a response to continuing necrosis. On the basis of this data, it was suggested that postnecrotic cirrhosis be sub-classified as (a) the coarse nodular liver (grossly mis-shapen) with the commonly accepted etiology, and (b) cirrhosis with microscopic postnecrotic features in which chronic alcoholism must be added as an etiologic factor. - - Can. Med. Assn. J. Absts. 911 Misdiagnosis of Glaucoma. B. Schwartz. N. Y. State J. Med. 62. 1953 |June 15, 1962). The various errors in diagnostic techniques which can lead to the diagnosis of glaucoma in a patient in whom glaucoma does not exist are reviewed. Correct diagnosis with the use of a Schiotz tonometer depends on reliability of the instrument, use of a correct calibration scale, and recognition of the error of reproducibility of tonometer readings. Misdiagnosis may be made on the basis of misinterpretation of the following: high normative ocular tensions, high ocular rigidity, changes of the disk and visual fields caused by other conditions, and apparently glauco matous defects of visual fields with normal disks. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References ! Reviews 912 The Asthma Problem: A Critical Analysis. O. Swineford, Jr. Ann. Internal Med. 7, 144 (July 1962). The incidence of asthma in the U. S. is estimated at nearly 4,500, 000 victims. In spile of this, few physicians treat asthma with the same skill they employ in a host of less com mon disorders. The allergist provides marked relief to roughly 80% of asthmatics if he can see them early enough, but there are many clinical and prc-cluucal deficits in existing knowledge of asthma. Diagrams list and illustrate the inter-relationships of these deficits. .- j. Am. Med. Assn. References 6 Reviews 5. 11 206 0609 Industrial Hygiene Digest October. I9fe2 913 Prognosis of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. C. Hoyle. Lancet 2, 7203 (1961). There has been a wide discrepancy in the reported likelihood of improvement in pul monary sarcoidosis, varying from 29 to 83f>. In part, this variation is due to racial factors, Negroes having a notoriously low rate of improvement. Another important factor is the stage of the disease when observed. Prognosis appears to depend upon the existing types, defined by the authors as follows: (1) Benign with spontaneous resolution Hilar node enlargement with or without transient pulmonary infiltration (Results of x-ray examination may be expected to be normal within 2 years. There is no disability or mortality). (2) Chronic nonprogressive Hilar node enlargement which may or may not persist, but accompanied by pulmonary infiltration which persists but does not progress to destructive fibrosis (Disability is slight and prognosis good). (3) Chronic and progressive Severe lung fibrosis and destruction with eventual high mortality. The active course of the disease is short when erythema nodosum is the initial manifestation. Corticosteroids at present are the only remedy. Therapy in Type 1 is not needed, and is limited in Type 2. Type 3 must be treated if it is to be effective for many years. - - J. Occ. Med. Absts. 914 Pulmonary Evaluation of Surgical Patients. M. Stein, et al. J. Am. Med. Assn. 181, 765-770 (Sept. I, 1962). Three tests of pulmonary function were performed in 63 pre-operative patients se lected at random from a ward service. Among 33 patients whose pre-operative pulmonary func tion was normal, there was one post-operative pulmonary complication; in 30 patients classified as abnormal, there were 21 complications. Decreased maximal expiratory flow rates had the best correlation with respiratory complications. Elevated alveolar carbon dioxide tension was of great significance, and the nitrogen meter single-breath test was also helpful. Location of the surgical incision and age of the patient were other important factors in determining the deve lopment of post-operative pulmonary complications. This study demonstrates that a few selected tests of pulmonary function can be helpful to the surgeon and anesthetist in the selection of pa tients for operation and in indicating the need for pre-operative and post-operative prophylactic measures. -- Authors' abst. 915 Do Heart Disease Patients Benefit from Work Recommendations? W. L. Cook. Jr., W. B. Tuttle and D. Kodlin. J. Occ. Med. 4, 411-418 (Aug. 1962). This study tried to answer the question: Do heart disease patients benefit from work recommendations? Information was assembled on 883 persons with arteriosclerotic or rheu matic heart disease who were evaluated and followed for a maximum of 10 years. Survival data were analyzed from the standpoint of the patient's compliance or disregard of work recommenda tions given by the Pittsburgh Cardiac Work Evaluation Clinic. Findings were as follows: (1) Rheumatic heart diseas cases have a somewhat higher yearly mortality (7%) than arteriosclero tic heart disease cases iS%). (2) In the arteriosclerotic heart disease group, patients comply ing with the clinic recommendations hold an intermediate position as to mortality, the lowest mortality being observed among those doing less than recommended, the highest amongst those doing more. Patients who followed clinic advice by reducing activity survived longer than those who did not. (3) In the rheumatic heart disease group patients doing less than recommended had again the lowest mortality. Those who followed advice had the same mortality as those who exceeded. (4) Variables such as age, therapeutic classification on first clinic visit, and occu pation apparently were not responsible for the mortality differences between compliance groups. (5) An effort was made to determine the effect of work prescription on the progress of heart disease. The data are not trustworthy because of possible observer bias. (6) A 10-year follow up has producedn insufficient number of cases after breakdown into categories which appear to be sufficiently homogeneous to allow all possible survival comparisons between compliance groups This is an indication that work evaluation clinics should consider pooling of results. -- Cond. from authors' summary 11 206 0700 6, Industrial Hygiene Digest October. I9fe2 916 The Changing Outlook for the Hypertensive Patient. I. H. Page. Ann. Internal Med. 5j\ 9b (July 1962). The paat 12 year* have teen revolutionary change* in knowledge of arterial hvperteniion. Theae have occurred chiefly in 3 areas: first, recognition of the nature of hyperten sive diseases as part of a group of diseases that might be called "disease* of regulation" in which the disease results from the inherited response of the body to its environment; second, recognition of the varied neural and chemical controls of arterial pressure and tissue perfu sion; and, finally, demonstration that some forms of hypertension are reversible by use of antihypertension drugs and correction of disturbances in blood flow. - - J. Am. Med. Assn. References fc Reviews 917 Oral Manifestations of Human Nutritional Anemia*. S. Dreizen. ' Arch. Environmental Health 3, oo-75 (July 1962). Degenerative and inflammatory changes in the soft structures of the oral cavity are among the most prominent clinical manifestations of the human nutritional anemias. In each, there is an impediment m the chain of enzyme reactions concerned with the metabolism and re placement of rapidly multiplying cells. Rapidity of cell replacement is a feature common to both the mucosal lining of the alimentary tract and the hematopoietic tissues. This common characteristic undoubtedly contributes to the frequently encountered symptomatic association between the mouth and the blood in periods of nutritional deprivation. - - Author's summary 918 The Effects of Smoking. . C. Hammond. Sci. Am. 207, 39-39 (July 1962). (Scientific American, Inc., 415 Madison Avenue, New York 17, N.Y. *). New biological studies help to explain how tobacco smoke damages the lungs, heart, and other body tissue*. Before 1914 tobacco had been consumed mainly in pipes, cigars, chew, ing tobacco and snuff. Cigarettes began to be popular during World War 1. From the early 1920's to 1960, the consumption of manufactured cigarettes in the U.S. rose from approximately 750 per adult per year to 3 , 900 per adult per year. During the same period, the consumption of tobacco in all other forms declined about 70%. Studies have demonstrated that the increase in lung cancer is real and not attributable merely to improvement in diagnosis. Lung cancer in crease seem* to be confined to 2 closely related forms of the disease: adenocarcinoma and un differentiated carcinoma. Results of studies comparing the smoking habits of cancer patients with the smoking habits of individuals free of the disease showed a larger percentage of cigarette smokers in the lung cancer group than in the control group. There is good reason to suppose that the composition of tobacco smoke, both qualitative and quantitative, is a matter of consider able importance. Extensive research should be undertaken to determine the effects of various constituents of cigarette smoke and to find means of removing those that are moat harmful. -- APC A Absts. 919 Carcinogenic Activity of Cigarette Smoke Condensate. Biological Activity of Refined Tar from Certain Brands of Cigarettes. F. C. Bock, et al. J. Am. Med. Assn. 181, 668-673 (Aug. 25, 1962). Cigarettes of 4 standard brands and 2 filter-tipped brands were smoked. The heptane- soluble fraction of tar from each brand was tested by painting mice with the equivalent of 8. 3 cigarettes per day. Because the yield from the filter-tipped cigarettes was one-third as great from the standard cigarettes, the filter-tipped treated mice received correspondingly lest tar. Skin tumors were produced in 41 of 76 mice painted with tar from standard cigarettes and in 15 oY 60 mice painted with the product from filter-tipped cigarettes. No significant difference was found among mice painted with tars from the 4 standard brands or between the 2 groups painted with filtered tar. In every group of mice, some of the skin tumors progressed to cancers within the 1-year period. -- Authors' abst. a Address not in current List of Periodicals. 7. 11 206 0701 Industrial Hygiene Digest October. lbh2 920 Smoking and Serologic Abnormalities. C. D. Heiskell, et al. J. Am. Med. Assn. 181, o74-677 (Aug. 25, 1962). The study determined, in an ambulatory population comprising 963 females and 549 males over 25 years of age, the relationship between smoking habits and serologic abnormalities as measured by the presence of C-reactive protein-CRP-and an abnormal seroflocculant for ethyl choledienate-SF. When the effect of age was held constant, the correlation between the incidence of positive SF and CRP tests and increased cigarette consumption was significant in both male and female groups. When the effect of age was not held constant, a significant differ ence was observed between the frequency of positive SF tests among males who did not smoke and those who smoked cigarettes regardless of the number smoked. The onlv significant differ ence m frequency of positive CRP tests in males was observed between nonsmokers and those smoking more than 1 pack of cigarettes per day. - - Authors' abst. 921 An Experimental Study of the Pathological Effects of Cigarette Condensate in the Lungs with Special Reference to Carcinogenesis. J. W. S. Blacklock. Brit. J. Cancer 745 (1961). In the first 2 experiments to study the pathological effects of cigarette condensate the test material, diluted in eucerin. was injected directly into the lungs of rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs and the animals were killed at various intervals to determine the sequence of histological changes. In order of time the following were observed: proliferation of the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium, squamous metaplasia followed by hyperplasia, "carcinoma in situ", and finally squamous epithelioma; papillomas were also observed. In the second experiment, 72 rats similarly inoculated with condensate were allowed to live until death. Of these, 8 developed malignant lung tumors (6 carcinomas, 2 sarcomas) at the inoculation site. One sarcoma deve loped in a group of 44 rats injected with eucerin alone; and 4 tumors (1 carcinoma, 3 sarcomas) developed in the lungs of 275 uninjected control rats. In all groups most of the neoplasms occur red in animals over 18 months old; in the period up to 15 months old, only malignant tumors associated with the condensate occurred. The observations are discussed in terms of relation ship between lung cancer and cigarette smoking and air pollution. It is suggested that after pro longed smoking the bronchial mucous membrane ceases to be able to expel particles by means of ciliary action; cigarette smoke and soot particles collect in the lungs, where they exert a weakly carcinogenic and a co-carcinogenic effect, respectively, leading to lung cancer. - J. Occ. Med. Absts. 922 Tobacco Smoking and Ventilatory Function of the Lung. J. Read and T. Selby. Brit. Med. J. No. 5260, 1104-1108 (Oct. 28. 1961). Ventilatory capacity has been assessed in 302 subjects in Sidney, Australia in relation to smoking habits and respiratory symptoms. Among males, smoking in the absence of symp toms leads to some reduction of ventilatory capacity. The presence of cough, or cough and sputum, is associated with further impairment of ventilatory function. These same symptoms are associated with loss of ventilatory capacity among nonsmokers. Ventilatory loss appears to be largely reversible in those who cease smoking. Among females there are similar trends, but the results are not apparently explicable on the basis of a simple quantitative effect of smok ing on the bronchial mucosa. As an alternative, a hypothesis is offered based on a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and this is supported by the present findings. - - Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. Absts. 923 A Survey of 372 Patients Operated on for Lung Cancer. J. M. Reid, et al. Scot. Med. J. b, 443-448 (Oct. 1961). (Scottish Medical Journal, 5 St. Vincent Place, Glasgow C2, Scotland*). Between 1953 and 1960, 372 patients were treated surgically for lung cancer. This, however, is a highly selected group, because only more hopeful cases are referred for surgical treatment ana even in this instance the 372 patients were selected from 855 patients seen at the unit. There were 58 operative deaths. Of the 127 patients who have been followed up for 5 years, 15 survived (12% of all patients operated on). No regional lymph node involvement was present at operation in 13 of these 15 cases. -- Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. Absts. * Address not in current List of Periodicals. ' _ 11 206 0702 8. Industrial Hygiene Digest October, l<-o2 924 Staphylococcal Wound Infection. G. W. Taylor, et al. Brit. J. Surg, 44, 569 (19o2). (Bnuih Journal of Surgery, John Wright and Sona, Ltd., Bristol 8, England*). An experimental study was undertaken on guinea pigs to elucidate the routes bv which staphylococci may infect operative wounds. Known numbers of a single strain of staphylococcus aureus were inoculated into fresh wounds and the incidence of suppuration was determined under several circumstances. Other workers have established that in order to cause an infection in man by intradermal injection, 1 to 5 million staphylococci are required, but when the injection is introduced on a suture only 100 to 10,000 orgamsme were neceesary. In guinea pigs large inocula of staphylococci did not cause suppuration, but if they were introduced on a suture or dropped into a fresh wound, as few as 50 to 100 caused infection. Starvation for 24 hours preoperatively did not influence the number of infectione. Drying the infected suture for 4 hours did not affect the incidence of infection, but drying for 24 to 48 hours lessened it. The effect of dry ing was nullified by inoculating the suture with a much larger dose of bacteria. - - Can. Med. Assn. J. Absts. 925 Office Management of Common Medical Conditions. R. E. Rockney. J. Occ. Med. 4, 419-422 (Aug. 1962). Minor medical conditions comprise the bulk of any office or dispensary practice. Minor medical conditions refer to a large group of complaints which are, as a rule, selflimiting and do not pose a serious threat to the patient's life. This gives any doctor who has a modicum of therapeutic authority at least an 80% chance of success in the practice of medicine. -These conditions are a real challenge to the physician only in terms of the serious illness which they may be announcing. It is the case of indigestion that turns out to be carcinoma of the sto mach, the chronic fatigue which turns out to be leukemia, or the diarrhea which turns out to be lupus erythematosis which requires that the physician be continually on his guard so that he maypick out the 1 in 100 who in truth has a life-threatening disease. The author discusses briefly the following medical conditional fatigue, upper respiratory infeations, diarrhea, headache, dysmenorrhea, myocardial infarction, and cerebral vascular accidents. SKIN DISEASES AND BURNS 926 Incidence and Bacteriology of Erythrasma. 1. Sarkany, D. Taplin and H. Blank. Arch. Dermatol. 85, 578 (1962). Erythrasma is a superficial fungus disease occurring in the groins, axillae and toe webe due to a diphtheroid member of the genus Corynebacterium. The authors report an in cidence of from 3 to 25%, the toe webe being moet commonly affected. Exteneive cases are very unusual in temperate climates. The condition may be asymptomatic. The clinical diagnosis can be confirmed by examination of epidermal scrapings using the oil immersion microscope lens by culture in special media and by the appearance of a red fluorescence under ultraviolet light. Treatment by systemic erythromycin is reported to be very effective. -- Can. Med. Assn. J. Absts. 927 riavin Nucleotide Metabolism in Experimental Burns. C. J. Koefan. Ann. Surg. _156. 268 (Aug. 1962). - Riboflavin is part of the prosthetic group of ensymes involved in the metabolism of protein, and its metabolism in burn injury may be expected to be altered. To test this hypothesis, rats were given a ration which produced half-saturation of liver riboflavin content. The rats were then subjected to a burning procedure which produced a third-degree burn of 20% of the body sur face and has been shown to cause a marked negative nitrogen balance. The rats ware killed at 3, Address not in current List of Periodicals. 9. -- ` 11 206 0703 Industrial Hvin Digest October, 10*2 6,9,- and 15-day poatburn interval*, and the liver* were analyzed for riboflavin, flavin mono nucleotide, and flavin-adenine dinucleotide. In no instance was there any difference m the quantity of riboflavin or its nucleotides m the livers of burned or unburned rats or the relative proportions of riboflavin mononucleotide, or flavin-adenine dinucleotide. This indicates that the net quantities of flavonucleotides m the livers of rats are not altered as result of burning. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References fc Reviews 928 Primary Herpes Simplex Infection of Fingers of Medical Personnel. G. VV. Humbnck, Jr., R. P. Cox and J. R. Senior. Arch. Dermatol. ^5, 583 (1962). The authors report 6 nurses and resident hospital physicians who developed painful, localized vesiculo-bullous lesions on the fingers after giving medical care to the mouth or res piratory tracts of patients with or without clinical herpes simplex infection. In addition to the local lesions, regional lymphadenopathy fever, malaise and fatigability were also noted. The incubation period was 5 days. The course of the disease extended over a period of 2 1/2 to 3 weeks. Diagnosis was confirmed by isolating the virus, by showing the characteristic viral multinucleated epidermal cell by smear or biopsy, and by demonstrating a four-fold increase in the circulating herpes simplex antibody. The differential diagnosis included recurrent herpes simplex infections, herpes zoster and paronychia caused by staphylococci or Candida albicans. The authors point out that primary herpes simplex infections of the fingers may oe more common than hitherto realized. - - Can. Med. Assn. J. Absts. 929 The Occupational Toxicitv of Cultivated Flowers. C. P. McCord. Ind. Med. it Surg. 31, 365-368 (Aug. 1962). In the United States approximately 600 botanical plants possess properties harmful to higher animal life. These include trees, shrubs, vines, cultivated crops, noxious weeds, decorative plants, and flowers. Those flowering and decorative plants handled by the florist or trade flower gardener conducive to occupational damage have been segregated, but any such listing must be regarded as incomplete. Eighty-six plants have been listed in this category. Almost exclusively the damage encountered is dermatitis, either from direct irritation or sen sitization. More significant to the florist or gardener than his cultivated products are the in evitable exposures to noxious weeds and pesticides. - Author's summary 9 30 Control Operation: Spoxv Resin Dermatitis. D. J. Birmingham. Safety Maint. 124, 44-4o (Sept. 1962). The author recommends the following suggestions for the control of epoxy dermatitis: (1) All supervisors and workmen should be instructed thoroughly about the hazards involved in use of epoxy resins and the importance of avoiding contact. (2) The mixing, molding, curing, and tooling of the resins should be don* in an isolated area of the plant, to avoid contamination of other areas and employees. (3) Batch mixing of the resin and hardener should be done under a ventilated hood to control the escape of vapors. Only a few workers should be permitted to do the batch mixing. (4) During molding operations, skin contact can be avoided by wearing pro tective sleeves and cotton-lined rubber gloves. Clean uniforms should be furnished and changed each day if neceseary. (S) Acetone or related solvents are not to be used to cleanse the skin. (6) Tables, machinery, tools, floors, walls, and windows must be kept free of the fiberglass spicules and resinous dusts. The tables can be kept clean by using disposable heavy paper. (7) Clean-up rags should be replaced by disposable paper towels. (8) Grinding, sawing, drill ing, or polishing the molded laminates should be done under ventilated hoods which remove all dusts from the breathing area and minimize the problem of skin contact. (9) Accidental spills of the resin or catalyst should be washed from the site* a* soon a* possible by using mild soaps in warm water'dispensed at conveniently located wash stations. (10) Neutral or acid soaps should be used in preference to alkaline, powdered, or abrasive cleaning agents. (11) Watersoluble skin-protective gels which are neutral in their pH provide some help in protecting against the action of the solvents. 11 206 0704 10. Industrial Hvgient Digest CHEMICAL HAZARDS October. 1Q62 931 Experiments on the Carcinogenicity and Reactivity of beta-Propiolactone. C. E. Searle. Brit. i. Cancer J_5, 604 11961). Twice-weekly, applications of beta-propiolaetone in purified acetone to the backs of albino mice induced papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas m about half the animals. On the theory that the carcinogenicity of beta-propiolactone is associated with alkylation of the 2-carboxyethyl group, it was thought that beta- (or 3-) bromopropionic acid, which reacts with cvaceine at pH 6-7 to give S-2-carboxyethyl cysteine, might also have carcinogenic activity, but repeated applications to mouse skin failed to induce tumors. Although beta-propiolactone has a consider ably weaker carcinogenic activity than the known carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocaroons. it is still advisable to limit human contact with this lactone as much as possible. Reactions of the lactone with cysteine and cystine in protein combination are discussed. -- J. Occ. Med. Absts, 932 Hydrocyanic Acid Poisoning :n a Tobacco Warehouse. D. Bernstein and M. A vital. Ha reman 62, 165-lo7 (Mar. 1, 1962). Hebrew. (Harefuah, Domus Medica, 1 J. Heftman St. Tel-Aviv, Israel*). An outbreak of hydrocyanic acid poisoning by inhalation, 5 days after fumigation in a tobacco warehouse involved 35 female and 11 male workers. The gas was apparently trapped inside the loose bales of dried tobacco leaves. None of the cases was severe and all recovered. As the exposure was mostly not more than 5-15 minutes and was simultaneous, the situation is comparable to that of an exposure chamber experiment. The distribution of symptoms permits the assumption of a concentration of 45-54 parts per million parts of air. The presence of hydro cyanic acid in the air was ascertained by means of paper strips soaked in a solution of benzoic acetate and copper acetate. - - Bull. Hyg. 933 The Toxicity of Fluorocarbons with Special Reference to Chemical Constitution. J. W. Clayton. Jr. J. Occ. Med. 4. 262-273 (May 1962). The objective of this paper is to consider the relationship between the chemical com position of the fluorocarbons and their toxicity to mammals. This is not an exhaustive treatment but rather a balanced discussion of the subject. From it further routes of investigation may be suggested and some general principles may emerge. Somewhat paradoxically, the fluorocarbons are considered to be among the most highly toxic subataaces known and yet among the most phy siologically inert of materials. A closer look at the data reveals that the fluo roc hemic alt run the gamut from highly toxic through intermediate stages to compounds of low toxicity. Asa matter of fact, because of the nature of the carbon-to-fluorine bond, it may seam inconsistent that the fluorocarbons, noted for their chemical and thermal stability, can be quite highly toxic. The subject is discussed under the following subheadings: monofluorinated compounds, polyfluorinated compounds, fluoromethanes, fluoroethanes. fluoropropanes, fluorobutanes, fluoroalkanes-biologic activity, fluoroalkenea, fluoropolymera, fluoroalcohols. N-F compounds, and S-F compounds. There are 30 references in the bibliography. 934 Hydrogen Sulfide Intoxication. Review of the Literature and Report of Unusual Accident_Re- sulting in Two Cases of Nonfatal Poisoning. T. H. Milby. J. Occ. Msd. V 431-437 (Aug. 1962). ~ Two cases of nonfatal systemic hydrogen sulfide poisoning are discussed. Both cases resulted from an attempt to dispose of an inoperative cylinder of hydrogdn sulfide gas by per forating its tide with a heavy-caliber rifle bullet. One rascuar was overcome by the gas whan * Address not in current List of Periodicals. a. _ 11 ~Ub 0/05 Induetrial Hvgiene Digest October. 1962 he attempted to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to one of the apneic victims. It is not be lieved, however, that this technique is contraindicated in cases of'toxic gas exposure; however, care should be taken to remove the victim from the;area of contamination before resuscitation . is started. Artificial respiration must begin immediately for victims of hydrogen sulfide who are in respiratory failure. This can be done effectively only by personnel who are "on the spot" and who are trained in accepted techniques. Follow-up care.is supportive in nature. There are 25 references in the bibliography. -- Cond. from author's summary 935 Effects of Acute Controlled Exposure to SO? on Respiratory Mechanics in Healthy Male Adults. N. R. Frank, et al. J. Appl. Physiol. <W, 252-253 (Mar. 1962). , ' Eleven healthy, adult, male volunteers were .exposed on separate occasions to average levels of sulfur dioxide of 1,5, and 13 ppm. The subjects were seated in a body plethysmograph, breathing spontaneously by mouth while measurements .were made with, an esophageal catheter. Exposures lasted 10-30 minutes, and, for each subject were spaced at least' 1 month apart. With one exception the group showed no significant increase jin pulmonary flow resistance at the lowest concentration of gas. At both 5 and 13 ppm, .flow resistance was elevated, the-change being . greater at 13 ppm. The change occurred within 1 minute of exposure, increased after 5 minutes but, on the average, showed no further change after 10.minutes. Four subjects were exposed to 5 or 13 ppm of SOi for 30 minutes without exhibiting increases,in flow resistance beyond the first 10 minutes. There were no consistent'changes in pulmonary compliance, tidal volume, breathing frequency, or pulse rate. The functional residual-capacity increased slightly during exposure to 13 ppm. : i ': - . -- Bull. Hyg. , 936 Cadmium as a Carcinogen. J. C. Heath, ,et al. Nature ^93,. 592,(1962). , . - The carcinogenic activity of cadmium metal.powder, ha.s been studied by injecting two groups of 10 rats with 28 and 14 mg., respectively. Severe inflammation was always noted 3 days after injection of the material (in fowl serum) into thigh muscle, Histological examination of tumors, observed in animals sacrUiced at 23, 24, and 28 weeks, showed them to be mainly rhabdomyosarcomas, although in two there was much collagen and evidence of fibrosarcomatous change; in one there was a large area of fairly well?differentiated fibrosarcoma, as well as regions of spindle-cell sarcoma. These rhabdomyosarcomas differ from those produced by cobalt metal powder in being far more differentiated; in general there were more mitoses than in cobalt-induced tumors. . ' .. -- J. Occ. Med. Absts. 937 Chromyl Chloride--A Possibly Important.IndustrialAirContaminant. W. H. Hill and F. X. Worden, Am. ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 23, 186-193 (May-June 1962). This paper discusses some of the parameters of the formation of chromyl chloride from solutions containing chloride and chromate ions, sulfuric acid and waters It points out that anhydrous conditions are not a necsssary requisite.for its formation, and that it does not hydrolyse as readily as is usually assumed to be the. case. Work on the problem of .analysing . gaseous media for chromyl chloride is reported,, and the. results of a study of its formation in an industrial establishment are discussed. The possibility., is suggested that chromyl chloride - may play an important role in the formation of lung cancer in chromate workers.- - .. ' -- Authors' ahst. 938 The Question of Saturnism Affecting the Central Nervous System and the Visual Apparatus. Z. Falkowska, et_al. Arch, maladies profess. 22, .7S9r?6i (Dec. 1961). French. - j- " ' / -' The argument for and against the theory that lead is an etiological factor in dissemi nated sclerosis is mentioned after diffuse neurological aigns are described in 22 patients, 18 of whom were referred for lead poisoning to the occupational diseases clinic in Warsaw. Another had retrobulbar neuritis, and 3 were referred fordisseminated sclerosis, and lead intoxication was found during investigation. All 22 were chauffeurs.', and in Poland the petrol contains much tetraethyl lead. The neurological picture wae.one of multiple lesions of the pyramidal system . and cerebellum and occasionally of the extra-pyramidal system. On the basis of the findings the 1 11 206 0706 12. Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1962 authors are not prepared to decide. However, the first neurological signs to appear were most often those of demyelination. The visual changes pointed to a toxic lesion of the whole retina, progressing slowly, often unnoticed by the patient until the peripheral visual fields had diminished considerably, e.g., with visual acuity of 6/24*6/46, fields were already limited to 20*- 30*. There were changes in color vision, but few fundal changes were seen. This is unlike the sudden visual changes and remissions of disseminated sclerosis. -- Bull. Hyg. 939 The Interpretation of Erythrocyte Stippling in Lead Workers. G. M esc him. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. Zi, 245*248 (May-June 1962). Repeated stippled cell counts have been made on 40 lead workers. The blood films were stained with methylene blue and examined by transmitted light. The results are expressed as the estimated number of stippled cells in one million red cells. The counts obtained in 4 men with symptoms of lead toxicity were compared with the range of counts found in 36 men who re* mained healthy in spite of exposure to a comparable risk. The average of the mean counts for the poisoned men (2417 stippled cells per million) was higher than the average of the mean counts for the healthy group (244 stippled cells per million). The development of toxic symptoms was accompanied by an upward trend in the counts; a persistent upward trend was not noted in any of the healthy men. Only a small proportion (3 out of 36) of the healthy workers gave any counts increased to within the range found in the poisoned men, although occasional slight stippling was a common finding in the healthy group. Owing to individual variation in susceptibility to the toxic action of lead, it is not possible to set down a level at which increased stippling becomes "diag nostic" of lead poisoning. However, it is suggested that a count above 2000 stippled cells per million with the technique used indicates high lead absorption, la a susceptible individual this degree of absorption can well be associated with the development of toxic symptoms. - - Author's summary 940 Lead Poisoning and Hemoglobin Synthesis: Report of Study of Fifteen Patients with Chronic Lead Intoxication. J. D. Boyett and C. . Butterworth, Jr. Am. J. Med. 32. 884 (June 1962). Persons malting whisky illegally frequently utilise automobile radiators as part of their distillation apparatus; as a result their product has sometimes contained lead, and chronic ingestion of "moonshine" whisky may result in lead intoxication. One of the many manifestations of lead poisoning is anemia, and it is this aspect which prompted the investigation of certain as pects of ferrokinetics in 15 patients with chronic lead intoxication, in all but one of whom it de veloped at the result of the ingestion of "moonshine" whisky containing lead. The diagnosis of lead intoxication was confirmed in all these patients by the following tests; (1) The examination of the peripheral blood for basophilic stippling; (2) the examination ^ a bone marrow aspirate; and (3) the determination of the 24*hour lead excretion. In summarizing the results of studies on ferrokinetics in the men with lead intoxication, the authors state that the rate of excretion of coproporphynn, uroporphyrin, and delta-amino levulinic acid was high in all 5 patients so studied, and in these the rate of excretion of porphobilinogen was normal. The rate of disappearance of radioiron from the plasma of the entire group was essentially normal. The uptake of radioiron by the "erythron" was normal in 8 of 10 subjects studied. These in vivo studies are in accord with previous in vitro observations which have indicated no alteration in transport or cellular uptake of iron in lead poisoning. It is suggested that the findings reflect not only improper syn thesis of porphobilinogen from delta-amino levulinic acid but also impaired production of heme from protoporphyrin and iron. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References l< Reviews 941 Consequences of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning: Report of Four Cases and Review of Literature. E. A. Friedman, et al. Am. J. Med. 3, 891 (June 1962). Sixteen high school students inadvertently consumed small quantities of antifreeze which had been placed for storage in a liquor bottle. Approximately 23 oz. (about 600 cc.) of "Marvel" brand antifreeze mixed with water or gingerale were consumed in amounts varying from a sip to about 40 oz. (about 120 cc.) The clinical histories of 4 of the students, of whom 2 died, are presented. These cases illustrate the high toxicity of ethylene glycol for even the healthy young adult. Three stages can be observed in the clinical course of ethylene glycol 'll 206 0707 13. Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1962 poisoning. The first stage is that of central nervous .system involvement with symptom (.mani fest from 30 minutes to 12 hours after ingestion. Thfr.second stage is that of cardiopulmonary symptoms with rapidly progressive tachypnea, cyanosis, pulmonary edema, and death between the first and third day. Should the patient survive the first 2 stages, the renal phase predomi nates. The findings on microscopic'examination of the kidney, when viewed in relationship to the clinical observations are pathognomonic.' Changes' in the glomerular tuff may be the basis for the findings in the urine in the initial, phase of the 'clinical picture of ethylene glycol poison ing. The myocardial lesions found may explain the cardiopulmonary, symptoms noted during the early phase. Tenderness of the muscles may occur on the ba>sis of a myositis, as noted in the 2 fatal cases. The central nervous system disturbances,: which are the first to appear, have anatomic correlates only in that calcium oxalate'crystals are demonstrable. The toxicity of ethylene glycol is probably related to the intermediary.metabolitas as well as to the end product, oxalic acid. Early therapy consists of.correction of the acidosis; , later treatment is concerned with the careful management of renal failure.;. , - -- Cond. from J. Am. Med. Assn. References fc Reviews 942 Methyl Alcohol Poisoning. K. Kaplan. Am. J. Med. Sci. ,244, 170, (Aug. 1962). ' The clinical course of 4 men who drank commercial duplicating fluid containing 40% to 60% methyl alcohol and 35% to 55% ethyl alcohoi is described. . Outstanding clinical features of methyl alcohol poisoning are delay in onset of symptoms,.high incidence of gastrointestinal and visual complaints, and variable neurological abnormalities; The treatment consists of cor- reeling acidosis and removing methanol from, the patient. Because of detectable blood ethanol afterjmethanol had been metabolised, it is suggested that ethanol may have limited use as an adjunct to therapy. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References It Reviews I. . * : - ' 943 Hepatotoxicity Due to Ethionamide. T.5. Moulding, Jr. ..and S. Goldstein. Am. Rev. Reap. Die. 6, 252-255 (Aug. 1962). 1 . ' . ` Clinical trials with the nicotinic acid derivative, alpha-e'thyl-thioisonicotinamide ' (ethionamide) were first reported by Brouef and associates in 1958, and subsequent experience has confirmed it to be a useful antituberculosis, drug. Adverse side effects'have included ab- . dominal pain, nausea, vomiting, peripheral neuritis, stomatitisv'siallorrhea, mental distur bance, gynecomastia, and in a few instances jaundice. . In the.present paper the authors report a case of jaundice which occurred in 37-year-old male diabetic during the administration of ethionamide. Hepatic abnormalities disappeared with cessation of'therapy and recurred with re challenge. This is the fourth reported instance of this complication. 944 Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase Elevation and Possible Hepatotoxicity Accompanying the Administration of Ethionamide.,, S. Phillips and R., D. Trevathan. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 86, 268-269 (Aug. 1962),. \ . Two cases are reported in which the uise of ethionamide and kanamycin resulted in elevation of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels. In one there was also elevation of the serum bilirubin and sulfobromophthalin .retention; Pending clarification of these hepatotoxic effects, it is urged that appropriate liver function1 tests be done prior to, -during, and follow, ing ethionamide therapy. ,/ . - -- Authors' summary 945 Bsnsol Myelopathy. H. Ludwig and A. Werthemann. ' Schweis. med. Wocbschr. 92. - 378-384 (Mar. 31, 1962). German.' . . . Two of 44 workmen in 2 chemical,factories where the air contained benzene and toluene vapors for several hours each day, fell ill after a period of 14 and 19 years' activity. Both ex hibited severe panmyelopathy. Inone case, myeloid leukemia occurred. lathe other case im mature cells of the blood.forming system were, found in the. blood and autopsy revealed a myeloid reaction of the hone marrow with tumor-like rsticuloais. The head of the laboratory fell ill after only 11 years and died from,severe panmyelopathy in less than one year. . Bull. Hyg. > 11 206 0708 industrial Hygiene Dmit October. I<>b2 946 Inhalation Studies with Chloracetophenone. Diphenylaminochloroarsine, and Pelargomc MorohoUde. 1. Animal Exposure*. C. L. Punte, et al. Am. Ind. Hyg. A**n. J. 3, 194-198 (May-June 1962). Acute toxicity studies in rats. mice, and guinea pigs indicate that chloracetophenone. diphenylaminochloroarsine, and pelargomc morpholide are slightly to moderately toxic materials. The signs of intoxication observed in the animals during the exposure to these compounds were salivation, lacnmation, lethargy, and labored breathing. Histopathological examination of ani mals sacrificeo or dying during exposure revealed no findings below an inhaled dose of 1000 mg. min./cu.m, of chloracetophenone, 300 mg.-min./cu.m. of diphenylaminochloroarsine, and 3000 mg. -min. /cu. m. of pelargomc morpholide. II. Human Exposures. C. L. Punte, et al. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 23, 199-202 (May-June 1962). Human subjects have been exposed to chloracetophenone, diphenylaminochloroarsine. and pelargomc morpholide aerosols in various airborne concentrations below the maximum safe inhaled doses for man as established from animal toxicity determinations. These are 330, 100, and 300 mg. -min. /cu. m. for chloracetophenone, diphenylaminochloroarsine, and pelargomc mor pholide. respectively. The studies indicate that these compounds are relatively nontoxic but are highly irritating to both the eyes and respiratory tract. On the basis of response of the subjects exposed to the airborne concentrations the irritancy index was: pelargomc morpholide > aiphenvl- aminochloroarswe >chloracetophenone. The recovery index was: pelargomc morpholide > chlor acetophenone >diphenylaminocholoroarsine. Authors' abst. 947 Toxicity of Ingested Hexachlorophene. J. B. Wear, Jr., R. Shanahan and R. K. Ratliff. J. Am. Med. Assn. _1_8, 387-589 (Aug. 18, 1962). The accidental ingestion of a preparation containing hexachlorophene (pHisoHex) has been encountered in 10 patients. In most instances the suspension containing it was mistaken for milk of magnesia. This occurred because the disinfectant (meant to be used as a preoperative scrub) was dispensed in a paper cup, without adequate instructions and supervision by the nurse, and because the suspension resembles milk of magnesia in color and viscosity. The major symp toms of toxicity were anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. Dehydra tion was sometimes severe and associated with shock. The water and electrolyte derangement must be treated vigorously. Hexachlorophene is believed to be the primary factor in causing the toxicity. The theoretically fatal dose of hexachlorophene is 2 to 10 g. and is contained in 67 to 300 cc. of the preparation used. - - Authors' abst. 948 Organic Phosphorus Poisoning and Its Therapy. With Special Reference to Modes of Action and Compounds That Reactivate Inhibited Cholinesterase. W. F. Durham and W. J. Hayes, Jr, Arch. Environmental Health , 21-47 (July 1962). Organic phosphorus compounds are of considerable interest and importance by virtue. of their widespread use as insecticides; their effectiveness in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, glaucoma, and abdominal distention; and their potential application as war gases. Thsse com pounds owe their pharmacologic effect primarily, if not entirely, to their ability to inhibit the enayme cholinesterase with resultant overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system by the acetylcholine which accumulates. Atropine has been the drug of choice for the treatment of organophospborus poisoning. This therapy produces relief of symptoms based on blocking the action of excess acetylcholine. More recently, a number of specific antidotes have been developed which act to repair the basic biochemical lesion in organic phosphorus poisoning by freeing the cholinesterase from its combination with the inhibitor. In the present paper, some of the per tinent background material relative to organic phosphorus poisoning are reviewed, and the pro perties and usage of these specific antidotes are discussed in some detail. Emphasis is given to those aspects of symptomatology and treatment which might be of most value to the physician faced with a presumptive case of poisoning. There are 160 references in the bibliography, -- Authors' introduction 11 206 0709 15. Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1962 949 Poisoning by Organophosphorus Insecticides. Especially Phosdrin. H. Van Raalte. Arch, maladies profess. 3_, 132*13? (Mar. 1962). French. A comparison is made between phosdrin and parathion which are both organophosphorus compounds used as insecticides. Phosdrin is soluble in both water and lipids, making it rapidly transported in the body liter absorption. It is a direct inhibitor of cholinesterase and reacts to form the labile dimethoxy phosphorvlated cholinesterase. For these reasons, phosdrin poisoning in contrast to parathion poisoning comes on rapidly after exposure, soon reaches its crisis and recovery is correspondingly fast. Atropine must be given immediately poisoning is suspected and the need for oxime therapy in human poisoning has not yet arisen. - - Bull. Hyg. INDUSTRIAL DUSTS 950 The Basic Pathology of Pneumoconiosis. P. Cross. J. Occ. Med. 4, 485-487 (Sept. 1962). Reprints available from Industrial Hygiene Foundation upon request. ~ Pneumoconiosis is defined as the deposition of dust in the lungs. Deposits form m the lung as the result of a cellular reaction of the alveolar membrane to dust particles. This re action may be focal or diffuse, noncollagenous and cellular, collagenous and acellular, or a mix ture of these. The term pneumoconiosis should not be used to imply the existence of conditions other than the presence of pulmonary dust-deposits. Specifically, it should not be used to imply the pretence of tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema. Definitive diagnostic terms should be used to identify the type of pneumoconiosis present and the nature of any additional com plicating condition which may be present. Nor should the term pneumoconiosis be restricted to only those cases in which pulmonary dust-deposits have given rise to clinical symptoms or have become radiologically manifest; the term should be applicable to all cases in which pulmonary dust deposits exist. - - Author's summary 951 The Action of Phenylbutason in the Development of Collagenous Nodules after Intratracheal Application of Quarts Dust. H. W. Schlipkoter. Zentr. Biol. Aerosol Forsch. _1_0, 122-128 (Jan. 1962). German. Groups of rats were subjected to intratracheal applications of 50 mg. each of quartz dust. One of the groups was also given, for 3 hours daily and 5 days a week, an aerosol of a 2T solution of phenylbutason, as a solution of the sodium salt. This was later changed to a 1 % solu tion and continued for 9 months. The animals were killed every 3 months and histological ex aminations were made of the lung tissue, especially of the degree of fibrosis and of the content of oxyproline. At 9 months, there was evidence of retardation of fibrosis and reduction in content of oxyproline in the aerosol-treated group, but at 12 months there was little difference in the 2 groups. -- APCA Absts. 952 Nutrition and Pneumoconiosis in Miners. M. Neradilova. Rev. Czechoslovak Med. (Prague) T, 271-277 (1961). (Review of Czechoslovak Medicine, Czechoslovak Medical Society, J. E. Purkyne, Na Cvicisti 2, Prague 6, Czech. ). This investigation of the possible influence of a high fat diet on the development of pneumoconiosis consisted first of the study of 2 groups of Ostrava miners, one group having x-ray signs of pneumoconiosis, the other group free of such signs. It proved impossible to find a correlation between the amount of ingested fat and the clinical pulmonary findings as all the miners, regardless of pneumoconiosis, had an enormous fat consumption. The large fat intake had no unfavorable effect in any way. The second part of this investigation was to produce silico sis in rats, which had been on a high fat diet, by continuous exposure to dust and some animals % Address not in current List of Periodicals. 11 206 0710 16. Industrial Hynicnc Digt October. 1962 by intratracheal injection. Chvapil found that rate on a high fat diet had a high rate of prolifer ation of fibrous tissue after intratracheal injection. The results of the present experiment with intratracheal injection agreed with those of Chvapil. The animals exposed continuously to the inhalation of dust showed a greater transportation of dust by the lymphatics, and thus a reduc tion of the fibrosis in the lung tissue. The method of administration of the dust is probably the cause of the difference in the results. The intratracheal method is not suitable for this type of investigation. - - Bull. Hyg. 953 A Study of the Airborne Dust m Hematite Mines in Cumberland. F. Bradshaw, A. Cntchlow and C. S. Nagelschmidt. Ann. Occ. Hyg. (London) 4, 265-273 (Feb. 1962). Before 1937 energetic efforts were made to introduce effective dust control and medi cal control in the hematite mines of Cumberland and there seems to be no evidence that men who entered the industry after that time have been disabled by pneumoconiosis. It appeared desirable to measure dust concentrations in this apparently safe mining industry, and such measurements were made in 1959 and 1960. Dust concentrations associated with various activities were mea sured. Sampling was done with the thermal precipitator and the Hexhlet gravimetric sampler. During filling operations the average count of particles from 0. 5 to 5 microns in sise was 250 per cc. of air, with a range of 100 to 500. During drilling the average count was 450 particles per cc. with a range of 400 to 500. The average for drilling and filling was 350 particles per cc. The average mass concentrations was 0.7 mg. per cu.m, during filling and 3.5 mg. during dril ling. Some of the Hexhlet samples were examined by partial chemical and x-ray diffraction ana lysis, and similar analyses were made of -240 mesh fractions of run-of-mine ore and of the finest ^material from an ore-crushing plant. The airborne dust of respirable size tended to contain less hematite than the run-of-the-mine material, and to have a higher ignition lots. This higher ig nition loss was probably due to the presence of smoke from acetylene lamps. The quartz content of the airborne dust was usually low, about 1 or 2%. - - Bull. Hyg. 954 Silicosis from Street Dust. G. Sepke. Z. ges. Hyg. u. ihre Grenzgebiete 7, 833-837 (Nov. 1961). German. Two patients are described who had no occupational dust exposure except that of the dust of the roads. The first patient was aged 70, and had a bilateral lung lesion thought to be a chronic bronchiectatic pulmonary tuberculosis. At his death, the post mortem revealed an an- thraco-silicosis 111 with bronchiectasis. There was no tuberculosis. He had been employed since leaving school in the postal service and it was confirmed that as a young man he had worked a poetal delivery and had breathed dust in the air from the sandy roads. The second patient was examined during a mass x-ray investigation in 1957. The fine nodulation then discovered re mained unchanged in 1960 so that the diagnosis of silicosis was accepted in preference to tubercu losis, sarcoidosis or congestion. His employment since leaving school had been at a joiner, a concrete worker, a commercial traveler and in a paper business, wrhich occupation was interrup ted by service in the second war. The concrete work was unlikely to have produced enough danger ous dust to have caueed trouble. For 17 months during his military service he had been employed on a motorised column in the neighborhood of Leipzig. The daily exercises were carried out in open wagons in very eandy by-ways. The patient was able to indicate the roads he traveled and these were investigated. In dry weather the dust cloud on these roads had between 1500 and 4000 particles per cc. and of under 5 microns to the extent of 99. 5%. The quarts content was found to be 58%. In such cases there may be a special predisposition to silicosis. - - Bull. Hyg. 955 The Dust in the Lungs of Hematite Miners from Cumberland. J. S. Faulds and G. S. Nagel schmidt. Ann. Occ. Hyg. (London) V 255-263 (Feb. 1962). The amounts and composition of dust in 72 lungs of hematite miners from Cumberland were determined. The lungs were classified into 4 grades of fibrosis, each with presence or ab sence of acute tuberculosis at death. The average amount of dust increased with higher degree of fibrosis. The average composition of the lung dust was 81% hematite, 5% quarts, and 14% musco vita. In the 3 higher grades of fihrosis the average percentage of quarts was slightly but signi ficantly higher in the tuberculosis-positive than in the negative lungs. For grades 4, ++, and ++ respectively, the quarts percentages in the tuberculosis-positive lungs averaged 5.51, 6.06, and 17. 11 206 0711 Industrial Hygiene Digest October, lqfcz 6.37, where** in those which were negative the corresponding percentages were 3.73, 4.63, and 5. 81. From the quantities of dust found in the lungs and the number of years of exposure, annual dust accumulation rates were calculated. For 31 lungs with grade ++ or +++ fibrosis the average accumulation rate was 1.59 g. a year, and for 23 lungs with grade 0 or t fibrosis the rate was 0.69 g. a year. The rate for the higher degrees of fibrosis is similar to the average rate of 1.5 g. a year found in 10 coal miners with massive fibrosis. Similarities between coal miners' and hematite miners' pneumoconiosis are pointed out, and it is concluded that the dust in hematite mines is probably the more fibrogenic the more quartz it contains. - - Bull. Hyg. 956 Aluminum Pneumoconiosis. N. Edling. Acta Radiol. 56, 170-178 (Sept. 1961). A review is made of 5 patients who were engaged in stamping powdered aluminum, without protection, during certain periods of their lives. All 5 complained .of breathlessness after exposure to the aluminum dust for periods of 2 to 13 years. All cases presented fine striations or nodular rounded opacities on roentgen examination. In 4 cases coarse striauon* and pulmonary contraction were present as well as emphysema and thickened pleura. The 5 cases appear to remove doubt as to whether aluminum pneumoconiosis actually exists. Since these 5 cases appeared in a group of 35 operatives on similar work, it appears that there must be tome degree of individual disposition factors. A period of 1 to 2 years occurs before the change from fine striations or nodular densities to fibrosis with pulmonary contracture and pleural thickening. Despite persistent fibrotic changes, 2 patients had no symptoms after the initial period of dyspnea. One case revealed a regressive course. The over-all course of the disease is considered as mild, and the diagnosis is best made by combined history and roentgenographic findings. - - Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. Absts. 957 Alterations in Breathing and Dust Retention in Silicotic Patients. B. Barhad and 1*. Petrescu. Z. ges. Hyg. u. ihre Grenzgebiete 7, 837-841 (Nov. 1961). German. This investigation was made on 102 persons, some healthy, some in the various stages of silicosis. The most constant and significant finding was a drop in the depth of breathing, in changing over from pure air to dust-laden air, in silicotic patients of stage 111 and in healthy per sons. The depth of breathing in dust-laden air diminished with the progression of silicosis. The decrease in depth of inspiration of dusty air is a protective mechanism against the inhalation of dust. The ratio of the duration of expiration to the duration of inspiration was raised in healthy persons on breathing dust-laden air. In silicotic patients this finding is not constant. Dust re tention rises equally in healthy persons and silicotic patients with increase of dust in the inhaled air. The group classed as "suspicious of silicosis" , that is the early stage of the disease, show the greatest percentage of persons showing a rise of retention with increase of dust density. This is probably to be traced to an acute inflammation of the upper air passages. In order to find out where dust retention occurs in human airways, a model is used, which gives the state of retention from the first phase of expiration (air from the upper airways) and from the second phase (air from the deeper airways). With the progressive stages of silicosis, the retention extends more into the second phase of expiration. This is in the authors' opinion due to loss of elasticity of the silicotic lung tissue. The fact that dust retention in silicosis 111 patients approaches that of healthy persons means that these lung passages are no longer able to put up any obstacle to dust particles. Animals in the laboratory exposed to dust show changes in the bronchial mucous mem brane, hypertrophy and hypersecretion. This gives protection against the retention of dust. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 958 PneumoconiosuS'ase^Finding_inlndustr''and'J3etection'f'Source'Of'^X20sure. J. R. Eason. J. Occ. Med. 4, 406 -410 (Aug. 1962). A method whereby Community Chest X-ray-surveys can be used in detection and prevention of industrial pneumoconiosis ha* been proposed, and results of the application of this technique are presented. Following are the author's recommendations concerning the method: The radiologist who reads chest films from mass x-ray-surveys should be experienced in using these films to detect industrial pneumoconiosis. He should be provided with as much occupational history as possible (at least the place of present employment) when be reads the initial films. Subjects with x-ray findings suggestive of pneumoconiosis should be followed com pletely with medical and occupational history, thorough physical examination, and inspection and 18 11 206 0712 Industrial Hygiene Digest October, 1962 survey of the work environment. When sources of exposure to pneumoconiosis-producing dusts ere found, steps should be taken to eliminate or reduce the exposure and the plant management made aware of the risk of continued exposure. By using subjects diagnosed as having industrial pneumoconiosis as "indicators", sources of exposure can be found and steps taken to eliminate them. In the industrial pneumoconioses as in many other occupational diseases, the only "cure" is prevention. - - Author's summary 959 Respiratory KvmogTaphy in Silicosis. N. Edling and S. Schmidt. Acta Radiol, ib, 241-250 (Oct. 1961). The amount of work a patient with silicosis is capable of doing bears a direct relation ship to the capacity of the lungs. This breathing capacity is best assessed by a study of diaphrag matic and costal movements. Roentgen kymography produces and records an objective record of the rib and diaphragm respiratory movements. Twenty-five cases representing stages 1, 2, and 3 are examined with kymographic technique. The technique is described in detail. The majority of the cases are in class 3. The majority of the cases did not influence the form of the kymo graphic waves of the ribs or diaphragm, indicating that lung changes in silicosis does not gener ally affect the form of the breathing mechanism. Diaphragmatic amplitude changes are average or increased in more than 75% of the cases, indicating that diaphragmatic function is usually not impaired. Actually, this suggests the development of a compensatory mechanism for the reduced respiratory capacity. The amplitude of costal movements is reduced or absent, signifying re duced respiratory capacity in the upper parts of the thorax. Deficient costal respiration is com pensated by the diaphragmatic respiration. Respiratory kymography can be used as a qualitative functional test in evaluation of respiratory capacity. It is also valuable from a therapeutic point of view in that the results of therapy may be followed by such kymography. - - Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. Absts. 960 The Directional Dependence of Air Samplers. H. Glauberman. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 23, 235-239 (May-June 1962). ' ' Two filtration-type air samplers were tested in turbulent or positive directional air streams to determine if sampling is dependent on orientation of the sampling instrument. Uranium oxide dusts of 0.76, 2, and 3.25 microns median diameters were collected on Whatman No. 41 filter discs. In turbulent air no bias was found due to orientation. In a directional air stream, a sampler head facing into the air stream collected more dust by a factor of two. - - Author's abst. 961 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Industrial Dust. N. A. Talvitie and L. W. Brewer. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 3, 214-221 (May-June 1962). Procedures used routinely in the laboratories of the Division of Occupational Health for the x-ray diffraction analysis of industrial dust are presented with particular reference to new techniques for the collection and analysis of airborne dust when the total amount of sample it of the order of 1 milligram. The composition is given of a photographic developer for x-ray diffraction films which has low fogging properties and which provides a wide-range, linear inten sity-density relationship. The use of beryl as an internal standard for the quantitative determin ation of quarta in industrial dust is discussed and results obtained by chemical methods are com pared with results obtained by x-ray diffraction methods. -- Authors' abst. 962 Scrubbsr Study with High Speed Photography. L. O. Reed. Res./Develop. 13. g-10 (July 1962). (Research/Development, F.D. Publications, Inc., 20) Wells St., Chicago 6, Illinois. *). A two-dimensional model scrubber in conjunction with modern photographic techniques provided more meaningful data, reduced time, and expense involved in evaluation. A test unit designed for 500 cfm capacity was sst up in the model laboratory and tests were made to deter mine collection efficiency on various types of dusts. From the design, fabrication and operation of the model, further knowledge has been gained concerning basic action occurring in the scrub bing process. The use of motion pictures provides the advantase of visuallv comparing two tests Address not in current List of Periodicals. - 206 07^3 19. Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1962 simultaneously at the convenience of the viewer and particular variations are continuously available for reviewing without need of reproducing the:test set-up. - APCA Absts. PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT 963 Two Cases of Osteo-Arthritis in Former Caisson Workers with Delayed Manifestations. M. Gaultier, E. Fournier, P. Gervais and .A, Ract. Arch, maladies profess. 23, 32-38 (Jan.-Feb. 1962). French.. ' According to existing French law osteo-arthritis of the hip or shoulder in caisson ' workers is accepted as an occupational illness for the purposes of compensation only if it appears within 10 years of exposure. The present authors record the cases of 2 men in whom osteo arthritis of the hip (and in one subject lesions at the-lower end of the femur) occurred some 13 years after they had both been engaged in caisson work (the year 1954 mentioned in the paper should presumably read 1944). No other, cause for their lesions could be discovered and it was considered that they were related to their previous work in compressed air.. The clinical fea. tures and diagnosis are discussed fully and illustrative case notes are given together with skia grams. The authors therefore suggest that the present: statutory period of 10 years is too short. -- Bull. Hyg. 964 Hearing Loss of Workers as a Function of Age and of Length of Exposure to Noise. J. Huguet and J. E. Fournier. Arch, maladies profess. 22, 711 -717 (Dee. 1961). French. Audiometric tests witha VonBekesey type audiometer were carried out on 206 em ployees in one engineering workshop of an aeronautical firm in the suburbs of Paris. Unfortu nately, no indication is given of the time of day when the tests were undertaken, but they took place in a sound-treated booth. An octave frequency analysis of the noise in the workshop gave levels of 75 db at 4000 cycles per:second, up to 85 db in the frequency band 300-600 cps. The criterion which was adopted for a diagnosis of acoustic trauma was that hearing loss should ex ceed 25 db at 4000 cps, and 35 db at 6000 cps, and on this basis 80 employees were classified'as so affected, although 12 of these had only unilateral deafness. Hearing loss was found to increase progressively with increasing age and length of exposure to noise, and 85% of the employees over the age of 50 had some degree of acoustic trauma. However, the situation was not so serious when "social" hearing loss was estimated-for, the affected personnel.' This was calculated on the basis . of an average loss,of 30 db or more!for- the 3 frequencies, 500, 1000, and 2000 cps. In these circumstances, only 7 persons, -or 8.7% of affected personnel, had a "social" lose. The authors conclude with a calculation of the possible compensation costs, if compensation for occupational deafness existed in France, which it does not, and they! find that the sum would psebably be one which the engineering industry could easily assimilate.' --Bull. Hyg. - 965 Auditor2_Fatigue_from|Audio_Analgesia. K. D. Kryter, A. Z. Weiss and F. M. Wiener. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34, 383 (1962). Three or more years ago experiments indicated that certain sounds (noise or music), employed in a specific way, might have significant analgesic effects in dentistry and perhaps other medical applications. These .sounds must be kept below the level that will damage the ear during the usual exposure period. The authors report on a study to obtain data to support a suit able "damage-risk criterion" for use in the manufacture of the sound-producing equipment. De tailed data are contained in 9 figures and 6 tables. -The authors conclude: (1) Exposure to sound ' that in the average person causes a TTS* (temporary threshold shift) of 20 db or less at any fre quency appears to be a "safe"-exposure which makes due allowance for individual differences in susceptibility. (2) The authors' experiments show that "safe" exposures to eouade presumably suitable for audio analgesia can be accurately specified. ' (3) Tbe formulas of Ward, et al, for . - 20. 11 206 0714 Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1962 calculating the auditory fatigue due to continuous or intermittent exposure to broad-band sounds predict the results of the authors' experiments with considerable accuracy. - J. Occ. Med. Absts. 966 Hearing and the Driving of Locomotives. G. v. Schulthess and H. Kradolfer. Schweiz, med. Wochschr. 92, 265*272 (Mar. 3, 1962), The present paper deals with the hearing function of railway engineers and the rela tion between hearing function and the noise environment on electrical and diesel engines. No proof against or for a noise induced hearing loss in ear-sensible individuals in this category was found. The hearing of the trained engineer may be worse than that of certain workers employed in the external railway service. But for safety reasons all acoustical signals should be heard without difficulty. No engineer can be kept in service with a unilateral total deafness. Operative measures, e.g., in otosclerosis, may restore the required hearing function. Engineers wearing hearing aids should not be accepted in railway services. -- Bull. Hyg. 967 Lower-Nephron Nephrosis Following Acute Hypoxia. J. Occ. Med. 4, 490-491 (Sept. 1962). H. W. Diets. Two men in the course of their work entered a confined space in which the air had been displaced by vaporized liquid nitrogen. The one who was exposed for the shorter time recovered promptly. In the other, a lower-nephron nephrosis with oliguria developed and persisted for 8 days. This man was treated by means of strict regulation of fluid balances as well as measures to attempt maximal decrease in protein metabolism and in scrum potassium level. The patient showed gradual but definite clinical improvement and was discharged after 58 days' hospitalization. When last seen approximately 8 months following discharge, he seemed entirely normal. - - Author's summary 968 Coal Miners' Morbidity. T. D. K. Liddell. J. Roy. Statistical Soc., Series A, 125, Pt. 1, 1-19, Discussion 19-29 (1962). (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 21 Bentinck St., London Wl, England*). This paper is an attempt to determine whether the coal miner has an excessive amount of sickness after industrial injuries have been taken into account, and is based on Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance data for 1951 and 1955-1956. The rates for miners tend to be overstated since men in other occupations employed in the pits describe themselves as miners on their claims for sickness benefit, but they are not so classified in the Census. The size of this error cannot be exactly determined but on a small sample it was 17%. The various factors that increase the siclmess rata among miners are discussed and it seems that the hazards to health are greater than in the general population and that they have high rate of incapacity from injury and prescribed occupational diseases. The actual morbidity of the coal miner is close to the average except for certain conditions, and siclmess absences from these causes are due to the greater physical demands of mining. -- Bull. Hyg. RADIOACTIVITY AND X-RADIATION 969 Handling Radioactive Materials. Anon. Nuclear Eng. 2, 224-238 (June 1962). " The techniques and equipment for handling radioactive materials in experimental facilities are described. Designs and characteristics are given for remote-controlled tongs and manipulators, glove box instruments, irradiation facilities, and remote-controlled welding and cutting machine. Equipment specifications indicate manufacturer, modal, capacity, move ment, and other characteristics. -- Nuclear 5ci. Absts. Address not in current List of Periodicals. 11 206 0715 21. Industrial Hygiene Digest October. iq*i2 970 Present-Day Assessments of Radiation Hazards-. B. Lindell. Phys. Med. Biol. 6, 173-198 (Oct. 1961). ; Pretent-day knowledge of the biological effects of ionizing radiation are reviewed to gether with available information on current levels of exposure. Although our experience has increased over the last few years, it is still not possible to answer the question whether low doses of radiation do in fact produce any harmful effects. On the other hand, the maximum risk of such effects occurring can be assessed,' and it is evident that the number of persons affected will not be sufficiently high to be statistically detectable in any exposed group unless the dose ' substantially exceeds the limits at present recommended as permissible. Special emphasis is given to a survey of the data which are usually taken as the basis for assessment of the risk of radiation-induced somatic effects. The review of present radiation levels includes medical and occupational exposure as well as environmental contamination. The mechanism of fallout of fission products from nuclear test explosions and the subsequent transport of these products through the foodrchains to the human body is now essentially better understood than was the case a few years ago. . ' " -- Nuclear Sci. Abate. 971 Acute Radiation Syndrome Caused bv Accidental Exposure to Cobalt-60. . ; . C. Rossi, A. A. Thorngate and F. C. Larson. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 59, 655 (1962). An acute radiation syndrome in a 33-year-old man occurred following a total-body ex posure of about 250-300 r gamma-ray irradiation from a 200-c cobalt source. The source be came detached from its holder without the operators knowledge and remained in a flask which was manually held for over 10 minutes.* The dose to the mid-abdomen .skin was estimated to be in ex cess of 3000 r on the basis of necrosis of the skin in this area. Nausea and vomiting were severe but of short duration, beginning 1-2 hours after exposure. A prompt lymphopena was sustained for 30 days. Severe bone marrow depression occurred/with maximal platelet depression (12,000 per cu.mm.) antedating by several days the maximal white cell depression (1200 per cu.mm.) on the 34th day. Unusual features, such as the onset of lymphocyte recovery on the 30th day, and the epilation and akin changes over the mid-abdomen, are explained on the basis of uneven dose distribution. Treatment was conservative without the use of antibiotics, blood, or platelet trans fusions. , -- J. Occ. Med. Absts. 972 Genetic Survey of Offsprings of X-Ray Workers. T. Kitabatakc. Ind. Med. 1> Surg. 31/. 347050 (Aug, 1962), Sterility, stillbirth, infant deaths, and sex ratio of offsprings of x-ray workers were surveyed in Aichi prefecture in Japan.* Primary sterility was seen in the exposed group more frequently with statistical significance than in the control group. This is probably due to the large radiation dose received in the 2-year period before and after marriage. Secondary sterility, stillbirth and abortion, infant death, and average number of children per worker were about the same in incidence in both gro os. Male childbirths increase proportionately to the radiation dose accumulated by the fathers from the commencement of x-ray work to one year prior to childbirth. The regression coefficient of the sex ratio of the offsprings was estimated to be 8.0 x 10-5/r. - -- Author's summary 973 Some Experience with Radioiodine in the Reactor Buildings at Chalk River. C. G. Seymour. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn.. J. 2, 240-244 (May-June 1962). -. Practical experience with radioiodine in the heavy water reactors at Chalk River, Ontario, is described. Airborne and surface contamination caused by the release of radioiodine from ruptured fueTin the reactor and defective fuel samples in the high pressure, high tempera ture experimental loops are discussed. Monitoring techniques, skin contamination and uptake of radioiodine by operating personnel are described briefly. ... -- Author's abst. 11 206 0716 22 Industrial Hygiene Digest October, 1962 974 Nevada Teit Fallout and Radioiodine in Milk. R. E. Lapp. Science 137, 756-758 (Sept. 7, 1962). The iodine-131 dotage to infant thyroids as a result of Nevada testing is evaluated. The case of heavy fallout in the Troy, N. Y. area on April 26, 1953 is cited. The possibility is discussed that a thyroid cancer survey would provide a critical test of linear response versus threshold theory for radiation injury to tissue. -- Author's abst. 975 Skin Decontamination in Presence of Thallium-204, M. H. Faes. Nature 194, 1188-1189 (June 23, 1962). Decontamination tests on rat skins contaminated with Tl-204 sulfate solution were con ducted with 3 decontaminating solutions: soap, sodium ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, and calcium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. The results indicate that a solution of water and soap is the most efficient agent. A device is described for continuous-flow decontamination with mini mum rubbing, time, and spreading of contaminant. Nuclear Sci. Absts. 976 Safe Limits of Occupational and General Exposure to Radiation. J. F. Loutit. Roy. Soc. Health J. 233-236 (Sept.-Oct. 1961). The biological effects of radiation are reviewed from the standpoint of safe limits of occupational and general exposure to radiation. It is pointed out that many people are exposed to small doses of radiation through their occupations. Those occupationally exposed are all over age 18 and under the supervision of competent medical authorities. The principal limiting factor as far as exposure of the general population is concerned is the genetic problem of inheritance, and this must be considered carefully in establishing limits of radiation exposure. - - Nuclear Sci. Absts. 977 Protective Measures Against the Effects of Radiation from Radioactive Materials Used in Industry. W. Schwarzer. Kerntechnxk 4, 56-59 (Feb. 1962). German. Protective measures against external radiation hazards are described, and practical examples, in connection with sealed sources, are given. The special protective measures taken against air and water contamination are also explained. An example shows how the required pro tective measures can be derived and calculated for a special case. - - Nuclear Sci. Absts. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS 978 An Evaluation of Micro-Vacuum Sublimation Separation of Atmospheric Polycyclics. W. L. Ball, et el. Am. lad. Hyg. Assn. J. 23, 222-227 (May-June 1962). A micro-vacuum sublimation technique was studied for the separation of polycyclic hydrocarbons from samples of atmospheric pollutants. This technique gives quantitative sepa rations of pyrene from particulate samples directly and from the extracts of such samples. The efficiency of separation is of the same order as that of column chromatography, and sublimation is more rapid. Enrichment of extracts of residues from column eluates can be effected. -- Authors' abst. 979 Macromolecular Compounds Isolated from Airborne Particles by Electrophoresis and Paper Chromatograghg. V. Coppers and H. J. Paulus. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 3, 181-185 (MayJune 1962). Paper chromatography and electrophoresis are used to isolate microquantities of 2 biologically significant compounds, "A" and "B", from samples of airborne particles. Electro phoretic and chromatographic patterns are presented and discussed. A new rapid electrophoresis method is described which requires only 2 hours fqg separating a complicated mixture of agly- cones. Authors' abst. 23. 11 206 0717 Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1962 980 Atmospheric Prone,. J. L. Kroemng and E. P. Neyi . J. Geophys. Res. 7, 1867. I 875 (May 1962). (Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union, 1515 Massachusetts Avenue,'N.W.i, Washington 5, D.C. *). Measurements of ground-level ozone and the vertical distribution of ozone are given. Ground measurements show a strong diurnal variation coincident with the formation of a temper ature inversion. Adsorption, storage, and desorption of ozone at the earth's surface are dis cussed, along with decomposition. The strength of the ozone sink at the earth's surface is deter mined to be approximately 6 x 1010 atoms of ozone/cm*, * sec: A latitudinal and seasonal vari ation in the sink strength at the earth's surface is suggested in relation to the latitudinal and sea sonal variation of total ozone. The vertical diffusive transport of ozone is considered, and evi dence is given for the direct transport of air between the stratosphere and the. troposphere via thin stable laminae. Data are presented indicating that the tropopausc is not a barrier to the di rect exchange of matter between troposphere and stratosphere; An explanation for the occurrence of secondary ozone maxima in the stratosphere is given. The production of ozone by lightning is calculated to be of the tame order of magnitude as that produced by solar ultraviolet light. It is calculated that the ozone produced by a 50-megaton nuclear device amounts to about 0,1 7, of the total ozone in the atmosphere. ; .' -- APCA Absts. ' 981 Elimination of Nitrogen Dioxide Interference in the Determination of Sulfur Dioxide. P. W. West and FE Ordoveza, - Anal. Chem. 1324-1325 (Sept. 1962). Continuous and spot determinations of sulfur dioxide in air pollution are made by a very sensitive method based on the fixation of the gas bn tetrachloromercurate (II) followed by spectro- photometric determination with formaldehyde and p-rosaniline hydrochloride. Nitrogen dioxide in amounts of 2 ppm interferes with color formation and is converted to nitrogen by reaction with sulfamic acid. . AC Briefs 982 Contamination of Vegetation by Tetraethyl Lead. Helen L. Cannon and Jessie M. Bowles. Science _1_37, 765-766 !(Sept. 7, 1962). ~ Tetraethyl lead is a normal constituent of vegetation growing along our highways. Washed grass near Denver contained 3000 ppm (in ash) near major intersections and greater than 50 ppm for 500 feet downwind. Vegetables grown within 25 feet of a road.in upstate New York and western Maryland averaged 80'to 115 ppm. [ - - Authors' abst. PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING 983 Controlling Airborne Contaminants, W; V. Andresen. : Natl. Safety News 86. 20-21, 97-100 (Sept. 1962). . Mechanical exhaust ventilation is one of the best tools available to the industrial hygienist or safety engineer for the protection of worloaen. Control of airborne contaminants in industry may be accomplished, by either of .2 methods of ventilation--general ventilation and local exhaust ventilation. In general ventilation, a contaminant is diluted with dean air after it has been released into an area. Thus, general ventilation will be satisfactory in cases where - small amounts of Hazardous materials are released into relatively large work areas. General ventilation may prove satisfactory in the control of substances such as sawdust, starch, plastic, and similar materials which present only a fire hazard and not health hazard. Local exhaust ventilation is a' much more positive way of providing control of atmospheric contaminants than general ventilation. In local exhaust ventilation, an attempt is made to capture the hazardous material at the source before it'ean.escape into the workroom--or at least to capture enough of the material so the resulting workroom air mixture is within safe limits. In contrast with gen eral ventilation, control can be realised with a relatively small volume of air. Thera is no . * Address not in current List of Periodicals. 24. 11 206 0718 '1 I Industrial Hygiene Digest Octobr, 1962 necessity to dilute the contaminant to a hygieiucally insignificant concentration in the exhaust, but some dilution may be required to maintain a safe concentration in the duct lor lire preven tion purpoeea. Control of a contaminant by local exhaust ventilation can often be accomplished by several hundred cubic feet of air per minute. Dilution of the same amount of contaminant to sale levels by general ventilation could conceivably require thousands of cubic feet per minute. Several types of ventilating hoods are discussed and a canopy hood is illustrated. COMMUNITY AIR HYGIENE 984 The Use of Adhesive-Coated Paper for Estimating Incinerator Particulate Emissions. C. W. Gruber and C. E. Schumann. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. ^2. 376-378 (Aug. 1962). The use of adhesive-coated paper lor estimating incinerator particulate emissions has shown merit as an effective tool lor regulating fly ash emissions from these sources. Test data obtained to date show a close relationship between adhesive-paper loadings and excessive emis sions as indicated by citizen complaints. - - Authors' conclusions 985 ~Multicontammant Tester. R. Swift. Instr. Control Systems _35, 124-125 (May 1962). (Instruments and Control Systems, 1600 North Main St., Pontiac, 111. *), Air contaminants can be monitored and measured by reacting the suspected gas with chemicals that cause a stain to appear. The testing pump provides precise volume control in measuring concentrations of a variety of toxic gases and vapors and other fumes and mists. A turret head makes air sampling possible at any 4 distinct rates of flow. The handle of the pump can be withdrawn to any of the 4 different calibrated positions to give sample volumes of 25, 50, 70, or 100 cc. A table lists contaminants, together with the measurable range and 1961 thres hold limit values. -- APCA Absts. 986 Prevalence of Chronic Respiratory Disease in a New Hampshire Town. B. G. Ferris, Jr. and D. O. Anderson. Am. Rev. Rasp. Dis. 86, 165 (Aug. 1962). A prevalence survey was conducted in the winter and summer of 1961 in a pulp and paper town, utilizing a standard respiratory questionnaire and 2 tests of respiratory function. This preliminary report emphasizes methods. The significance of ^variables of age, sax, and smoking habits is outlined. The problems of distinguishing these effects from those of atmos pheric pollution have been stressed. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of control ling the smoking variable before the effect of other variables such as atmospheric pollution can be determined. -- J. Am. Med. Aasn. References It Reviews 987 Liberation of Pyrite from Steam Coals. R. A. Glenn and R. D. Harris. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. U, 388-395, 404 (Aug. 1962). Application of modern microscopic and chemical techniques in the characterisation of a group of selected high sulfur bituminous coals has shown that the major portion by weight of the pyrite present exists as particles large enough to he readily separated once they are liberated. Re sults~from initial laboratory tests indicate that liberation of the major portion of the pyrttic matter of the nonpyritic mineral matter may be accomplished by controlled pulverization to sizes coarser than that now obtained in modern pulverised coal-fired power plants. The results also indicate that during pulverisation the pyrite tends to concentrate in the various particle-size fractions. The microscopic pyrite particles embedded in the coal substance tend to concentrate in the very fine fractions, that is, fractions below minus 200 mesh. The larger pyrite particles a Address not in current List of Periodicals. 25. 11 20G 0719 Industrial Hygiene. Digest ' I ^ . .. ^ October. iq,2 that are associated with the minerhl matter tend to concentrate in the greater-than*60-mesh fraction. However, for the full benefits of these results to be realised: in commercial practice, . much additional research will be necessary to develop practical pulverizing machinery and techniques. Where the pyritie sulfur is mainly associated with mineral matter, there are good prospects of its removal by adapting presently available equipment. Removal of the pynte grains that are embedded in thb organic matter will require the development of improved.equipment for processing coal in the minus-200,mesh size. ; t ; ./ Cond. from authors' summary 988 An Air Slide Classifier. P. A. Toynbee and F.' W.. London. Brit. Chem. Eng. _7, 425*427 (June 1962). | ' ' > . The air slide classifier provides p radical method of upgrading fine coal by deducting and blending in the same operation. It also offers promise of more general application in the de dusting in a wide range of Agranular materials. Combustion tests have shown that a sub*bituminous coal dedusted with ah air flow, of 50 cfm. and blended with 20% of a highly swelling'bituminous coal, similarly dedusted, -gives1 a rnosi satisfactory fuel for underfeed stokers. The dedusted coal is free-flowing, clean to handle, and there is no appreciable emission of grit during com* bustion. 1 , ' . 'h :. ' - --APCA Absts. 989 Problems, of the Smoke Emitted'.from Electrometallurgical Ovens. W. Muhlrad. Staub 22, 42-50-. (Feb. 1962). German.;* - ;; * ., '. - In all. electrometallurgical processes, large quantities of smoke are formed having particles below 1' micron.in. size and whose collection is extremely difficult. In this paper the . important properties oflhe gases and smoke occurring in the various electrometallurgical pro cesses are .summarized. Plantssuited for removal of dust from the waste gases are listed. In particular,- the use cloth filters which make possible complete removal of color from the smoke is dealt With a,. ierience is reported which'has been obtained particularly on ferro* silicon furnaces; Cloth filters can only be employed if a system precedes them for conditioning - the gases with automatic temperature control. '... i .' - '. . --APCA Absts. 990 Catalytic Oxidation of Automotive.- Exhausts. .- .Laboratory Evaluation of Catalysts. W. A, Cannon and C. E. Welling. , Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Develop. _1. 152*156 (Sept. 1962). (Industrial and Engineering Cheroiscry,. Product Research and Development, American Chemical Society, 1155 16th Street, N. W., Washington 6, D.C. ). . Oxidation of 0.1 volume % or,more of gasoline, vapor.:in simulated exhaust plus secon. dary air incomplete with several types of catalysts at^feed temperatures of 350*C or less and at space velocities comparable to thoae anticipated in automotive applications. Volume require ments of secondary air is generally little more, than this stoichiometric ;requirement. The follow* . materials catalyse the: oxidation of simulated exhausts `from unleaded gasoline: manganese*copper .. oxides, copper chromite, silver oxide-bariumperoxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, vanedie. platinum,, and palladium. Manganese-copper oxides, silver oxide-barium peroxide,, and. copperpromoted iron.oxide undergo phase changes, and also lose catalytic activity when heated' to 760*C for 16. hours. This suggests that these catalysts might become ineffective on exposure to the con* ditions which could'occur in thetreatmentofexhausts. Certain catalysts--e. g., copper chromite --oxidise carbon monoxide at a lower temperature than gasoline vapor.- Authors' conclusions 991 Carcjnoj^nic_Pr2e2tiei^MotOrBTriasgort:ExhausitaSoot. B. P. Curinov, et al. Gigiena i Sanit.-27, 19-27 (Jan.^l962). Ruesiaa. .< . ' . . The results of inveatigatfqns. revealed that average contents, of 1,4*benzpyrene in the soot of a carburetor motor comprise 0.02% and that of a diesel 0. 0001%. Skin applications and intrade rmal injections in biological tssts on black mice of strain. Cj| and on the brown strain '' CC57, have shown that in the majority of .cases the . soot from this carburetor motor caused deve* lopment of malignant tumors, while the soot from diesel engines did not produce any tumors on the site of its-introduction'. Certain practical suggestions are made. ; -- APCA Absts. " * Address not in current List of Periodicals. - 11 206 0720 Industrial Hygiene Digest October, 1962 MANAGEMENT ASPECTS 992 The Realities of Rehabilitation. E. D. Leonard. J. Occ. Med. 475-481 (Sept. 1962). Industrially injured employees can only be fully rehabilitated by return to employment. Efforts to have employers hire persons suffering from prior injuries or disabilities through ap peals to sympathy have been practically useless. Employers refrain from hiring individuals with known pre-existing ailments because of the belief that any untoward developments of these antedating ailments occurring during employment will be charged to them. This belief is re peatedly substantiated by "liberal" awards under the workmen's compensation laws charging employers with liability for medical care, disability benefits, and death payments for conditions basically unrelated to employment. These liberal decisions usually are predicated on an "aggra vation" theory, though the role of the employee's work is often highly questionable. Until em ployers can be assured that they will not be held responsible for the expected consequences of previous ailments they will not knowingly hire "handicapped" persons. Substantial sums are currently paid for permanent disabilities on the theory that those who suffer from them will have difficulties in their future employment; these monetary payments are being made to aid in their "rehabilitation". Many such payments are warranted and accomplish their purpose. Excessive sums though are awarded for nonexistent, trivial, or fictitious disabilities. These sums so dis sipated are more than adequate, if properly disbursed, to fully meet all rehabilitation costs. They should be reassigned to that purpose. The states have adequate facilities and agencies to care properly for all rehabilitation problems without federal intervention. All that is needed is a sensible use of money now available. - Author's summary 993 Evaluation of Claims of Loss of Hearing from Head Injuries. M. A. Furman. J. Occ. Med. 4. 399-405 (Aug. 1962). In this paper the author presented the circumetances under which one might find a hearing loss occurring from head injury and the pattern of hearing loss appearing with such in juries. It is hoped thereby that caueal relationship of hearing loss to head injury will be more clearly understood by those confronted with hearing loss in workmen's compensation cases. Re viewed were the clinical manifestations and pathologic findings in traumatic types of hearing loss that can be attributed to impacts against the skull and the ears. This was based on clinical find ings in humans and on experimental evidence in animals. These findings explain the presence or absence of traumatic bearing loes associated with all other types of physical violence to the head, such as direct blows on the face, jars of the head by impacts traveling up the spine from the heels or buttocks, or from jolts occurring in whiplash injuries. The significance of cere bral concussion, and the contrast in hearing loes occurring from longitudinal and tranverse fractures of the temporal bona at the base of the skull, were given special consideration. The need of special training and experience in making hearing tests on litigation-minded individuals, the significance of the pattern of traumatic hearing loss, and the importance of uniform "standards in the testing of hearing loss were etraseed. -- Author's summary ACCIDENTS AND PREVENTION 994 An Electrical Haaard of Selective Angiocardiography. G. A. Bouevaroa, C. Don and J. A. Hoppe. Can. Med. Asan. J. 87 , 286-288 (Aug. 11, 1962). Two instances of ventricular fibrillation are described, one in a 26-year-old man and one in an experimental animal. These episodes occurred during passage of a catheter into the heart or aortic root under continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, la both instances, the ventricular fibrillation occurred when the intracardiac catheter was connected to an 27. 11 206 0721 Indmtnzl Hygiene Digeit October. 1 962 electrically powered injection apparatus. On the itrength of subsequent electrical measure* ments, it is considered that fibrillation in both cases was due to the passage of an electrical current between the catheter tip, acting as an intracardiac electrode. and the limb leads of the electrocardiograph recorder. Passage of the current was attributed to inadequate ground ing of the injection apparatus in one instance, and to inadequate grounding of the electrocardio graph recorder in the other. -- Authors' summary 995 The High Cost of Industrial Backache. Anon. Safety Maint. _li (Sept. 1962). One of the most common problems facing industry today, outside of a common cold, the most perplexing to physicians is "backache". A number of states have compiled average costs of back injury cases: Illinois, S165; Minnesota, $22?; New Jersey, $501; Wisconsin, $134; and Pennsylvania, $208. Individual cases often cost more in dollars and time-off-thejob than broken legs or arms. One individual suffering from sacro-iliac sprain cost $7,063. Another cost $3,509 and laid the individual up for 960 days. According to Or. Milton . Eisen, Chief of the Peripheral Vascular Disease Section of the New York Medical College, backaches fall into 6 general categories: (1) Traumatic, covering aches caused by physical injury from outside the body. (2) Atraumatic, which includes all spinal distress originating from fatigue or strain rather than accident or illness. (3) Psychosomatic. (4) Referred pain, indicating some trouble in another part of the body. (5) Organic disease, such as osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine, sciatica, sacro-iliac strain and herniated intervertebral discs. (6) Circulatory diseases such as the hardening of the arteries on the pelvis. Yet statistics indicate the great majority of these afflictions --almost 9051--are caused by fatigue and strain, by man's misuse and abuse of body. Such deficiencies as faulty posture, overweight, relaxed abdominal musculature, inequa lity of the length of the lower extremities and improper lifting of heavy objects are mechanical factors which prevent the maintenance of proper body balance. One large company concluded from a study of over 1700 back injury cases that lifting and twisting were the prime factors for disability while slipping and falling were in strong contention. One important deduction from the study was that close to 50% of back injuries occurred in the first 2 years of work on a specific job. MISCELLANEOUS 996 Aerobic Treatment of Textile Mill Waste. E. L. Jones, et al. J. Water Pollution Control Fed. 3V 495-512 (May 1962). . The performance of the single-stage contact stabilisation process in the treatment of combined domestic wastewater and cotton processing and finishing wastes compares favorably with that of 2-stage bio-oxidation processes. It can be concluded that long-term aerobic stabili zation provided excellent treatment for the raw wastewaters from cotton processing and finishing plants with only a small amount of domestic wastewater used as seed. The process can be modi fied to meet the conditions and efficiencies desired by varying the aeration period and the solids concentration in the aeration basin. -- Public Health Eng. Abets. 997 Full-Scale Anaerobic Digestion of Effluents from the Production of Maise-Starch. J. Hemens, P.G.J. Meiring and G. J. Standsr. Water Waste Treat. J. V, 16-18 (MayJune 1962). (Water and Waste Treatment Journal. Dale Reynolds la Company, Ltd.. 2 Broad Street, London EC2, England*). Waste waters from the production of maize-starch and glucose can be successfully stabilized by anaerobic digester and clarifier based on the standard Dorr Oliver ,'Clarigester,,. The waste waters contain sufficient of the nutrients necessary to allow continuous digestion with out addition of other materials. Satisfactory digestion can be maintained without the removal of % Address not in current List of Periodicals. 206 0722 28. Industrial Hygiene Dige it October. 1962 dUaolvcd sulfide. The digester effluent is suitable tor discharge to a sewer and further treat, meat on biological filters. The excess sludge built up in the digester dries easily to a stable humus material with little odor. -- Cond. from Public Health Eng. Abate. 998 Some Correlates of Opinion on Fluoridation. A. Simmel and D. B. Ast. Am. J. Public Health il, 1269-1273 (Aug. 1962). . Inquiry into correlates of attitudes toward fluoridation has led the authors to consider a number of mechanisms that are likely to play a role in influencing attitudes. Clearly, com munication about fluoridation has been inadequate to provide a basis for a rational decision in considerable parts of the population. Communication from the medical profession seems to be impeded, in part, by unfavorable attitudes toward physicians, and it seems reasonable to ask whether communication between public health and the public is similarly impeded. An import ant mechanism facilitating opposition to fluoridation seems to be provided by the channeling of hostile reactions to a wide variety of dissatisfactions against the issue and the proponents of fluoridation. It would appear that one long-run implication for public health it to work toward generating a more favorable and more visible public image of itself. Moreover, reasonable hypotheses about the mechanisms which stimulate or support opposition, as well as knowledge of the location in society of the opposition centers should be of some help in the design of health education programs and strategies. Authors' conclusions 11 206 0723 29. Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1912 INDEX Air pollutant* chromyl chloride isolation of macromolecular compounds separation of atmospheric polycyclics 937 979 978 Air pollution control electrometallurgical ovens liberation of pyrite from coal measurement(s) incinerator - ssions multicontan.w._;it tester 989 987 984 98S Alcoholics postnecrotic cirrhosis 910 Aluminum pneumoconiosis 956 Anemias oral manifestations of nutritional 917 Asthma problem^ critical analysis 912 Auditory fatigue and audio analgesia 965 Back injuries high cost of industrial 995 J3enzen^ myelopathy 945 3,4-Benzpyrene in soot of automotive engines 991 BookUJ^ control of flammable liquids fire protection for the safety man hazardous chemicals data 907 908 906 Burns flavin nucleotide metabolism 927 Cadmium as carcinogen 936 Caisson disease osteo* arthritis 963 Cancer lung _ effects of cigarette condensate survival after operation skin cigarette smoke condensate 921 923 919 Carcinogenic cigarette smoke condensate 919 Carcinogens beta-propiolaetone 931 Chemicals, hatardous data on (book review) Chlor acetophenone. inhalation studies Chromyl chloride and lung cancer 906 946 937 Coal miners' morbidity Cobalt60 accidental exposure to 968 971 Dermatitis, dermatosis(es) from cultivated flowers epoxy resins erythrasma herpes simplex Diphenyiaminochloroarsine inhalation studies 929 930 926 928 946 Dust collector (s). collection study by hi.h speed photography Dust control, suppression air slide classifier 962 988 Dust counting, determination in hematite mines 953 Dust sampling, samplers directional dependence x-ray diffraction analysis 960 961 Electrical hazard in angiocardiography 994 Egox^^esin^ dermatitis 930 Ethionamide hepatotoxic effects 943, 944 Ethvlene glycol poisoning report of 4 cases 941 Exhaust gases, automotive engines catalytic oxidation 990 Fire control of flammable liquids (book review) 907 protection for the safety man (book review) 908 Flowers toxicity of cultivated 929 30. H 206 0724 Industrial Hygiene Digest October. 1962 Fluoridation of water correlate* oi opinion Fluorocarbon* toxicity Fungus infection erythrasma Glaucoma misdiagnon* of Hearing and driving locomotive* loi* a* function of age and exposure evaluation of claim* Heart diteaie work recommendation* Hematite miner* pneumoconiosis in Herpe umplex infection in medical personnel Hexachlorophene toxicity of ingested Hvdrocyanic acid poisoning in tobacco warehouse Hydro^ensulfide intoxication Hypertension changing outlook Incinerator(s) estimating emission from Insecticide* organic phosphorus poisoning by and therapy poisoning by Iodine* 131 in milk Lead poisoning effect on nervous system and sight interpretation of erythrocyte stippling from "moonshine" Lead tetraethyl. contamination of vegetation by ' Medical, management of common medical conditions Methyl alcohol poisoning Nephrosis 998 following acute hypoxia ,, 96* Noise 933 audio analgesia 965 Ozone 92b measurement in atmosphere 980 Pelargonic morgholide 911 inhalation studies 946 Phosdrin 966 poisoning by 949 964 Phosphorus compounds. 993 organic poisoning by and therapy 948 Pneumoconiosis 915 aluminum powder basic pathology case-finding in industry 955 in hematite miners and nutrition in miners 956 950 958 955 952 928 beta - P ropiolactone carcinogenicity 931 947 Pulmonary evaluation of surgical patients 914 932 Radiation (ionizing, nuclear, x-ravs, etc.) hazard! s) present-day assessment 970 934 safe limits of occupational exposure 978 Radioactive materials 916 handling 969 Radioactivity 984 protective mttiurti 977 Radioelements, radioieotogey cobalt-60, accidental exposure to 948 experience with radioiodine 949 iodine-131 in milk Tl-204, skin decontamination 971 973 974 975 974 Rehabilitation realities of 992 938 Respiratory disease 939 prevalence in New Hampshire town 940 Sarcoidosis prognosis of pulmonary 982 Silicosis action of phenylbutason on quarts 925 respiratory kymography from street dust 986 913 951 959 954 942 Silicotic s alterations in breathing and dust retention 957 31. 11 206 0725 Industrial Hygiene Digest Smoking effects of cigarette condeneate and serologic abnormalities and ventilatory function Staphylococcal wound infection Sulfur dioxide determination effects of controlled exposure to Thallium-2 04 skin decontamination October, la(-2 Ventilation 919 for airborne contaminants 921 920 Waste disposal 922 from maise* starch production textile mill waste 924 Women _ work limitations in pregnancy 981 935 Worlonen's compensation hearing loss 975 X-ray workers genetic survey of offsprings 983 997 996 909 993 972 11 206 0726 32 I t i l * # h fc