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AROCLOR LASTICIZERS i TECHNICAL BULLETIN No. PL-306 Monsanto ! DECEMBER I960 TOWOLDMON0022878 WATER PCB-00007347 TOWOLDMON0022879 WATER_PCB-00007348 AROCLOR COMPOUNDS ARE... Fire-Retardant Inert Chemical Resistant Heat Stable "Adjustable" Properties Adhesive Nonvolatile Thermoplastic Nonoxidizing Low Cost FOR.. . Plasticizing Impregnating Hulking Reducing Volatility Tackifying Insulating Coating Inert Matrixes Dedusting Film Forming The aroclor* compounds--produced by Monsanto Chemical Company- are the only low-cost, inert, in tercompatible liquids and solids that can be inter mixed to provide plasticizing, fire-retardant, insulat ing, lubricating liquids, with tailored viscosities from the consistency of light mineral oil to that of the most viscous syrup (or solid resin) and with the capacity to perform such a variety of functions in so many industries. *akoclor is registered in the U. S. Patent Office as the trademark for Monsanto Chemical Company's chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons and their deriva tives, including chlorinated biphenyl. Whenever in this bulletin, for the convenience of the reader, aroclor is used as a plural noun, the term refers to Monsanto's aroclor brand of chlorinated polyphenyl compounds. The information contained in this bulletin is to our best knowl edge. true and accurate, but ell recommendations or suggestions ere made without guarantee, since the1 conditions of use ere beyond our control. The Monsanto Chemical Company disclaims any liability incurred in connection with the use of these data or suggestions. Furthermore, nothing contained herein shell be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with existing patents covering any materiel or its use. 0142467 TOWOLDMON0022880 WATER_PCB-00007349 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................... OKSCRIITION ............................................................................... COMPATIBILITY.................................................................... ARtX'LOKS IN SYNTHETIC RESINS ...................................... Polyvinyl Chloride ............................................................ Polyvinyl Acetate .............................................................. Epoxies........................................ ....................................... Polyesters............................................................................ Polyethylene ..................................... ................................ Polystyrene ........................................................................ Polyurethanes .................................................................... Phcnolics ........................................................................... AROCLORS IN RUBBERS ......................................................... Chlorinated Rubber and Polypropylene ....................... Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers ....................................... Synthetic and Natural Rubbers..................................... AROCLORS IN CELLULOSIC RESINS ................................... Ethyl Cellulose ................... .............................................. Nitrocellulose .................................................................... Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate ............................................. AROCI-ORS IN PAINT, VARNISH, WAX, AND ASPHALT Paint and Varnish ............................................................ Wax .................................................................................... 1 2 3 4 4 11 13 16 17 . 18 . 18 . 19 . 20 . 20 . 22 23 .. 27 .. 27 .. 28 .. 31 .. 32 .. 32 .. 34 01*2*68 | TOWOLDMON0022881 WATER_PCB-00007350 Asphalt............................................................ 35 Allyl Starch ...................................................................................................................... 35 AROCLORS IN MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS ........................................................... 36 Dust Prevention and Dust Catching.............................................................................. 36 Vapor Suppression (Longer-lasting Insecticides) ........................................................ 36 Moisture Proofing................................................................................................................ 36 Pigment Dispersion .......................................................................................................... 37 Sealing and Impregnation ................................................................................................ 37 PROPERTIES OF THE AROCLOR COMPOUNDS .............................................................. 39 Solubility ............................................................................................................................ 40 Monsanto Specifications and General Physical Properties (Chart)..................... 41,42 Density .............................................................................................................................. 43 Specific Volume ................................................................................................................ 43 Volatility ............................................................................................................................ 44 Vapor Pressure .............................................. 45 Viscosity ........................................................ 46 Stability .............................................................................................................................. 46 Nonflammability ................................................................................................................ 47 Nondrying and Thermoplastic Properties ................................................................... 47 Electrical Properties ........................................................................................................ 47 How to Emulsify aroclors ...................................................................................................... 48 DERMATOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY .................................................................................... 49 SAFE HANDLING .......................................................................................................................... 50 SHIPPING ........................................................................................................................................ 50 OlA2Ab9 TOWOLDMON0022882 WATER_PCB-00007351 0______ ^jL INTRODUCTION ^ The unique aroclor plasticizers are anions the most versatile chemically-produced materials known to industry. One outstanding characteristic--inertness- makes arocloks useful in many ways for many different applications. The major benefits offered by the akoclors include: Chemical Resistance Fire Relardance Compatibility with most resins Nonoxidation Adhesivity Low Cost In this bulletin are described some of their many important plasticizing and related applica tions, including numerous suggested starting formulations. Examination of their physical properties, also given in considerable detail, may suggest scores of new use? that could not be performed by any other known material. Additional information about the aroclor compounds is available from your nearest Monsanto district sales office in the following technical bulletins: The aroclor Compounds (general, including mechanical, electrical, heat-transfer, and other non-plasticizer applications) PL-307 ........... Monsanto Plasticizers in Synfhetic-Resin Adhesives PL-311 ........... aroclor Plasticizers for Chlorinated Rubber PL-321 ...........aroclor 1221, 1232, 1242 for Polyvinyl Acetate-Emulsion Adhesives PL-327 ...........Monsanto Plasticizers in Protective Coatings PL-331 ...........Monsanto Modifiers for Polysulfides CS-14 .............aroclor Plasticizers in Epoxy Resins # 01<i70 TOWOLDMON0022883 WATER_PCB-00007352 _ 0______ ^"description |j Monsanto's akoclor plasticizers comprise a series of chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated polyphenyls. They vary from mobile, oily liquids to white crystals and hard, transparent resins. Twelve of the akoclor compounds, each of which represents a series, are discussed in this bul letin. An understanding of the system for designation of each aroclor should prove useful in the evaluation of the property gradations among them: the last two digits indicate the approximate weight percentage of chlorine in the product, and the first two digits indicate the type of material, as follows: 12- chlorinated biphenyls 25- blend of chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphenyls (60:40) 44 -- blend of chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated triphcnyls (75:25) 54 -- chlorinated triphenyls For nearly every aroci.or mentioned, a darker, less-pure grade exists, with about the same physical and chemical characteristics, but with a lower price. aroci.or compounds are nonoxidizing, inert, permanently thermoplastic, of low volatility, non corrosive to metals, and low cost, aroclor compounds are nut hydrolyzed by water and resist alkalies, acids, and corrosive chemicals. The viscous, more-highly-chlorinated liquids and resins do not support combustion, and they impart fire retardance to other materials. The crystalline aroci.or compounds are relatively insoluble, but the liquid and resinous com pounds arc soluble in most of the common organic solvents, thinners. and oils. All aroclor compounds are insoluble in water and glycerine, aroclor 54(>0 is insoluble in lower-molecularweight alcohols; aroclor 4405 is only partly soluble in the lower alcohols. aroci.or compounds plasticize a great many resins without softening them unduly. The aroclor compounds are unsurpassed for the plasticizing1 of protective coatings, particularly for use in chemical plants and other facilities that require a tough, chemically resistant surface, aroclor plasticizers can also be used to flexibilize sealing compounds, adhesives, lacquers, inks, var nishes. free films, fabric coatings, and pigment dispersions. They are also used as components or extenders in elastomers and waxes, The properties of many end products can be improved - yet at reduced overall cost -- by the use of an aroclor as either a primary or a secondary plasticizer. The properties imparted by aroclor compounds (and their usefulness in particular applica tions) vary in regular gradient over the scries. Selection of the right aroclor for a particular use can generally be made by comparison of the properties, by "blending" two or more, and by adjusting the percentages used in the particular mixture in which the aroclor compounds are formulated. Monsanto's Plasticizer Council can provide specific formulation guidance that many help you improve your product or lower your processing cost. Processors are invited to ask the nearest Monsanto office for help on special problems. 2 0142471 TOWOLDMON0022884 WATER_PCB-00007353 6_____ ^ COWPATIBItlir *j The aroclor plasticizers are compatible wi most common plastics materials; they are compatible to the extent of practical use witl tfoe following: Asphalt Benzyl Cellulose Carnauba Wax Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate Chlorinated Rubber Coumarone-Indene Resins Datnar Resin Ester Gum Ethyl Cellulose Epoxy Resins Nitrocellulose Paraffin Phenolic Resins Polyethylene Polyester Resins Polystyrene Resins Polyisobutylene Polysulfides Polyurethanes Polyvinyl Acetate Polyvinyl Butyral Polyvinyl Chloride Polyvinylidene Chloride Rosin Rubber Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers aroclok compounds are not compatible with phenolic resins in the final stage of condensation or with cellulose acetate. aroclor compounds generally impart progressively increasing properties in the direction of the arrows in the following diagram: Liquid aroclors Soft, Resinous AROCLORS Hard, Resinous aroclors Hardness Flexibility A Flame Retardance Volatility Density A Viscosity Usually the desired balance between flexibility and hardness can be obtained either by selec tion of an aroclor with the appropriate physical characteristics or by use of a blend of two or more aroclor compounds. In evaluation of formulations that contain aroclor plasticizers, the compounder should thor oughly test an experimental product for compatibility, heat and light stability, and other properties, according to normal industry practices. I # 01 <.2 472 TOWOLDMON0022885 WATER_PCB-00007354 ^ AROCIOR PLASTICIZERS IN SYNTHETIC RESINS Low-cost aroclor plasticizers are valuable for a variety of applications, aroclor plasticizers improve chemical resistance, flame retardance, and oxidation resistance. Depending upon the use, the various aroclor compounds offer a number of benefits to the user. In almost all formulations, the use of an aroclor plasticizer reduces the over-all cost per pound. IN POLYVINYL CHLORIDE The aroclor compounds are valuable in polyvinyl chloride and copolymers as secondary plasticizers or as plasticizer extenders. The aroclor plasticizers impart flame retardance and chemical resistance. Selection of the proper aroclor enables compounders to impart such special properties to their formulations as: Resistance to migration to nitrocellulose lacquers (aroclor 1260 and 1262). Fine, uniform cell structure in vinyl foam (aroclor 1262 and 1268). Adhesion in vinyl coatings (aroclor 1260 and 5460). Viscosity stability in plastisols (aroclor 1248 and 1254). The control specimen bums rapidly: the one containing Aroclor does not even ignite. 0142473 ? TOWOLDMON0022886 WATER_PCB-00007355 Compatibility aroclor compounds (except aroclor 1268) ate compatible to about 25 per cent of the total plasticizer content in polyvinyl chloride and usually somewhat greater in copolymer resins. At these levels, no exudation occurs in the loop-compatibility test, one of the most severe used by the industry. Performance As an illustration of the performance of aroclor plasticizers, Table 1 shows evaluation of the five most commonly used in polyvinyl chloride. TABLE 1 -- PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FIVE AROCLOR PLASTICIZERS IN POLYVINYL CHLORIDE HardConcen- '1 ness tration (Shore AROCLOR (parts) "A") 1248 1254 1260 4465 5442 15 87 15 88 15 89 17.5 89 17.5 87 Vela- k tility (Plas+tcizer losT, %) Kerosene f Extraction (Plasticizer lost. %l Low-Temp Flexibility (Clash & Berg) (VC) 19 23 - 26 M 14 --24 11 VI --22 6 19 --19 6 16 ---20 lensile Strength (psii 2330 2310 2200 -- -- Modulus (pi) 1320 1360 1330 -- -- Elongation (%) 342 334 315 -- -- Ingredients o) Opalon* 660 PVC resin Dioctyl Ththalate Calcium Carbonate Stabilizer AROCLOR b) 24 hours at 87C over activated carbon c) 96 hours at 25C Parts by Weight 100 45 40 5 indicated Heat and Light Stability aroclor compounds impart good heat stability but somewhat reduce the light stability of vinyl formulations, but no more so than do many other secondary plasticizers commonly used in the industry. Light stability of the system may be improved by incorporation of a small amount of light-screening agent, such as 0.1 per cent Tinuvin P.** 'Owlon: Monunio Chrmical Company trademark. Rtgiatcred in U. S. Patent Office. TrUtmirl of Ceigy Chemical Co. f 01*2*7* TOWOLDMON0022887 WATER_PCB-00007356 Chemical Resistance For imparting resistivity to chemical attack, the aroclor compounds are unsurpassed. Inde pendent evaluations of the chemical resistance of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer paint, modified by eight types of materials (alkyd resin, phenolic-chinawood oil varnish, ester gumlinseed oil varnish, aroclor 1254, dioctyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, polymeric plasticizer, and acrylic polymer), showed that aroclor 1254 has the "best all-around chemical resistance, failing badly only in the gasoline test." Paints were sprayed onto solvent-cleaned, unprirned, cold-rolied-steel panels, which were then immersed in seven types of solutions until failure. The data in Table II, excerpted from the November 1955 issue of Official Digest of the Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Clubs, compare the chemical resistance imparted by aroclor 1254 and by dioctyl phthalate. TABLE II--COMPARATIVE CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PLASTICIZERS IN VINYL CHLORIDE. VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER PAINT Plasticizers Time to Failure in Corrosive Media Uioctyl Phtha- AROCLOR late 1254 i%) i%) 10% Sodium Hydrox- ide (days) 10% Hydrochloric Acid (hours) Gasoline (dys| % Sodium Hypochlorite (days) 10% Acetic Acid (hours) Linseed Oil Fatty Acids (days) i% Tide at I60'F (days) 10 ... 120" 92 0.4 4 84 60 21 - 10 120a 168" 5 13 168" 90" 22 25 60 24 0.4 4 84 27 25 - 25 120" 120 0.4 14.5 120 90" 22 40 __ 60 24 0.4 4 -- 50 120 96 0.4 11 48 22 100 60 25 22 n) End of test In other corrosion-resistance tests of polyvinyl, chloride plastisols, containing 70 parts plasti cizer per 100 parts resin a formulation that contained 1 part aroclor 1254 to 3 parts dioctyl phthalate was much more resistant to 15 per cent nitric acid at either 23 or 50C for six months than a compound plasticized with dioctyl phthalate alone. The plastisol modified with both aroclor 1254 and dioctyl phthalate was also more resistant to 25 per cent chromic oxide at S0C for four weeks and was equivalent at 23C for six months in comparison with the dioctyl phthalate-modified vinyl plastisol. Migration Resistance The use of aroclor 1262 as a coplasticizer with dioctyl phthalate greatly enhances the re sistance of plasticizer migration to nitrocellulose lacquers and films. Table III compares this properly for four formulations. 01AZ475 I TOWOLDMON0022888 WATER_PCB-00007357 TABLE III --PLASTICIZER MIGRATION TO NITROCELLULOSE LACQUERS AND FILMS Plasticisere Dioctyl Phthalate Polymeric Plasticizer AROCLOR 1262 Hardness, Shore "A" Time (weeks) Room Temperature 1 2 3 4 5 10 50 C 1 2 3 4 5 10 AROCLOR and DOP (parts) 66 -- 20 72 No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change General Motors Lacquer Test (158F; 72 hr.; Yi-psi load) Indentation, Very Slight Softening e) Formulation Ingredients Opalon 660 PVC Resin Epoxy Soybean Oil Barium-Cadmium Laurate Calcium Carbonate Plasticizer Control (DOP) (parts) 71 -- -- 72 AROCLOR, DOP, and Polymeric (parts) 36 33 20 72 Polymeric and DOP (parts) 38 35 -- 73 No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change No Change Very Slight Marking Very Slight Marking Very Slight Marking Very Slight Marking Slight Marking Slight Marking Slight Marking Moderate Marking Moderate Marking Moderate Marking Moderate Marking Severe Marking Very Slight Softening Slight Softening Slight Softening Slight Softening Extreme Softening Lifting Slight Marking Slight Marking Slight Marking Slight Marking Slight Marking Slight Marking Very Slight Softening Very Slight Softening Slight Softening Slight Softening Slight Softening Moderate Softening Extreme Softening Parts by Weight 100 3 3 25 as indicated I 01<iZA76 TOWOLDMON0022889 WATER_PCB-00007358 Plastisols The use of an aroclor as a coplasticiser with dioctyl phthalatc in polyvinyl chloride plastisols or organosols contributes greatly to the viscosity stability of these materials, especially at elevated temperatures. This benefit is especially important whenever shelf stability is required. Although the initial viscosity of the pastisol or organosol is increased by the use of an aroclor in the formulation, the viscosity reduction upon temperature elevation (before the fusion temperature is reached) is much greater than when most other plasticizers are used. A com]>arison of the viscosity stability of plastisol formulations with and without aroclor is given in Table IV. 25'C Initial 1 Day i Week 2 Weeks 4 Weeks 40CC Initial 1 Day 1 Week 2 Weeks 4 Weeks 50*C Initial 1 Day 1 Week 2 Weeks 4 Weeks TABLE IV --VISCOSITY STABILITY OF PLASTISOLS Dioctyl Phthalate (80 PHR) Viscosityfl (poises) AROCLOR 1254 (20 PHR) Dioctyl Phthalate (60 PHR) Viscositya (poises) AROCLOR 5460 Dioctyl Phthalate Viscosity (poises) 36 49 65 63 97 78 116 75 132 148 92 154 161 178 252 37 48 84 98 215 . 108 305 110 426 209 68 136 139 164 274 66 94 gel 660 980 gel 100 470 900 gel c) Ilrookfield LVF viscometer, No. 4 spindle, 12 ipm 9 01+2+77 | TOWOLDMON0022890 WATER_PCB-00007359 Dipping Plastisols. The chemical resistance of aroclor compounds is used to good advantage in chrome-plaling-bath coatings and in glove coatings, as illustrated by the following formula tion for a clear glove-dipping plastisol: Ingredients Opalon 440 PVC resin aroclor 1254 Diisodecyl Phthalate Santicizer* 160 HB-40* Secondary Plasticizer Liquid Barium-Cadmium Stabilizer Liquid Chelator-Stabilizer Santocel* 54 Silica Aerogel Parts by Weight 100 20 50 25 20 2 0.5 3 Scalers. The adhesion-imparting characteristics of aroclor compounds, their oxidation stabili ty, and their chemical resistance are utilized in the manufacture of automotive sealers, such as the following suggested starting formulations: Ingredients Option 440 PVC resin Vinylite** VMCH resin AROCLOR 1260 Diisodecyl Phthalate Santicizer 160 Calcium Carbonate Epoxy Soybean Oil Dibasic Lead Phosphite Parts by Weight 96 4 50 100 28 125 5 3 Fabric-Coating Vinyl Dispersions. The use of aroclor plasticizers in organosol or plastisol formulations enables the manufacture of fire-retardant free films and coated fabrics with a high degree of hardness, yet flexibility. The following typical starting formulation for a vinyl organosol to be used for free film or coated fabric illustrates this effect: Ingredients Option 440 PVC resin Dioctyl Phthalate aroclor 1254 Liquid Barium-Cadmium Stabilizer Epoxy Soybean Oil Thinner Xylene Parts by Weight 100 33 10 2.5 3 20-35 15-25 HB 40, SantlcUfr. and Sanrord: Monunto Chemical Company Tr.idctnarfci. Registered in U. 8. Patent Office. Trademark of Union Carfcide Plaatic* Co. * 0142*76 | TOWOLDMON0022891 WATER_PCB-00007360 Rigid Plasthols. The viscosity characteristics of the aroclor plasticizers are utilized in the following formulation for rigid, rotationally-c&st objects. The formulation is very viscous when first made up, but when heat is applied, the viscosity decreases so that a smoothlyflowing plastisol is obtained. The finished object has a Shore ``IV' hardness of 63 Ingredients Opalott 440 PVC resin Gcon* 202 PVC resin aroci.or 1254 Sanlicizer 141 Epoxy Octyl Tallatc Liquid Barium-Cadmium Stabilizer Liquid Zinc Stabilizer Polyethylene Glycol 400 Monolaurale Parts by Weight 55 45 35 10 5 2 0.5 1 Vinyl Foam aroci.or 1262 and 1268 impart fine, uniform cell structure and flame resistance to chemicallyblown vinyl foam, as exemplified by the following formulations: Ingredients Opalon 440 PVC resin AROCLOR 1262 AROCLOR 1268 Dioctyl l'hthalate Diisodecyl l'hthalate l)i-(n-()ctyl, n-Decyl) Adipate Sanfichcr 214 Santicizcr 409 Butyl Oleate Liquid Barium-Cadmium Stabilizer Epoxy Resin Neutral Calcium Petronate Calcium Oxide Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Nilrosan** Chemical blowing agent 100 _ 20 40 -- -- - 50 5 2 -- 3.6 -- -- 10 Parts by Weight 100 20 -- -- 50 10 15 - - 3 2 3.6 1 1.6 10 100 -- 10 -- 30 30 -- 3 2 3.6 1 1.6 5 Flame-Retardant Floor Tile The nonflammability of the aroclor compounds suggests their use in the manufacture of flame-retardant vinyl-asbestos floor tile for military applications. In Table V is presented an evaluation of three aroclor plasticizers in typical vinyl-asbestos-tile formulations. Substitution of antimony oxide for part of the limestone is suggested for still greater fire retardance. W 0142479 | TOWOLDMON0022892 WATER_PCB-00007361 TABLE V --EVALUATION OF AROCLOR IN FUME-RETARDANT, VINYL-ASBESTOS FLOOR TILE Sanlicizcr 160 AROCLOR 1254 AROCLOR 1260 AROCLOR 5460 McBurncy Inden tation Hardness Banbury Time (lo reach 280I\ sec.) Time to band on roll mill (sec.) Plasticity Tack Surface Control * (parts) 37 -- -- 7.8 AROCLOR 1254 AROCLOR 1260 AROCLOR 5460 (parts) (parts) (parts) 30 36 40 15 - -- 17 -- -- 20 9.6 10.4 11.2 99 96 102 115 15 10 10 5 Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Fair Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent o) Formulation Ingredients Opalon 506 I'VC Resin Saniicizcr 160 AROCLOR Asbestos Limestone Titanium Dioxide Stabilizer Parts by Weight 100 As Indicated As Indicated 160 290 15 5 IN POLYVINYL ACETATE aroclor compounds are excellent plasticizers /or polyvinyl acetate-emulsion adhesives and hotmelt adhesives. The excellent tack and strong bonding power they imparl and their low cost contribute greatly to the profitability of these adhesives. Emulsion Adhesives The liquid aroclors-- such as aroclor 1221, 1232, and 1242 -- blend readily by simple stir ring with polyvinyl acetate emulsion at up to 11 parts per 100 parts of emulsion. They greatly improve the quick-tack and fiber-tear properties of the adhesive. The performance of aroclor plasticizers in polyvinyl acetate-emulsion adhesives is compared with that imparted by dibutyl n #- # 0142480 ^ TOWOLDMON0022893 WATER_PCB-00007362 phthalale in Table VI. The following is suggested as a typical starting formulation for a lowcost, quick-tack adhesive: Ingredients Gclva* S-55 PVAc Emulsion aroclor 1232 Parts by Weight 100 11 TABLE VI-- PERFORMANCE OF PLASTICIZERS IN POLYVINYL ACETATE-EMULSION ADHESIVES Hardness (Shore "A") Low-Temperature Flexibility (Clash & Berg, Tf( C) Volatility (24 hr., 86C over activated charcoal) (Plasticizer lost, %) Kerosene Extraction (24 hr., 25C) (Plasticizer lost, %) Dibutyl Phthalate (II PHR) 69 AROCLOR 1221 (11 PHR) 66 AROCLOR 1232 (II PHR) 86 AROCLOR 1242 (11 PHR) 97 -- 10.2 -- 5.9 4.0 5.3 4.0 4.8 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.5 3.8 4.2 Formulation Viscosity (cp.) Initial * 1 Day 3 Days 4 Days 5 Days 7 Days 10 Days 2420 2460 -- 2520 -- -- -- 2240 -- 2200 -- 2200 2180 2260 2160 -- 2060 -- 2040 2020 2060 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- a) Initial viscosity of unplasticized emulsion: 1500 centipoises When the slight odor of aroclor is objectionable in an adhesive for certain applications, it can be easily masked, at negligible cost, by the addition of six grams of either Odormasque** 1004 (camphor) or Odormasque 1066 (fruit) per drum of adhesive. Shiwininn Rciini Corp. Trtdrmtrk. RrKiUrtd in U. II. Patent Offiet. TnJcmirk of Poll {/ Schwir*. Inc. )2 014^81 TOWOLDMON0022894 WATER_PCB-00007363 Hot-Melt Adhesives akoclor compound?, are widely used as plasticizers in polyvinyl acetate hot-melt adhesives for bookbinding and other applications. Four suggested started formulations for evaluation are as follows: Ingredient Parts by Weight Application Temperature 165* I75*C LowMelting AlltaliDitpersable Polyvinyl Acetate Opalon 505 PVC resin Modified Rosin Coutnarone-lndene Resin (soft) aroclor 1254 AROCLOR 1260 Dibutyl Phthalate Santicker 160 (or dibutyl phthalate) Clay Fluxing Resin {Filtros* Resin WW) Acraioax C** Sodium Benzoate Viscosity (cenlipoises) 95 " 5 __ -- -- 50-75 -- 50-75 -- -- - 100" -- -- 55 -- -- 30 25 75 __ -- <7) Gclva V-7 (Shawinigan Resins Corp.) A) Celva C-3 V-10 {Shawinigan Resins Corp.) c) Gclva C-5 V-16 (Shawinigan Resins Corp.) 50 ' 38 ` -25 -- -- 28.3 12 27 ---- 13 7 ---- ---- _-- _1 -- 0.76 2000 (120C) 2500 (175C) Non-blocking Non-blocking IN EPOXY RESINS The aroclor compounds probably have greater compatibility with epoxy resins than any other available, nonrcactivc, plasticizer-modifiers. The excellent chemical resistance, oxidation resis tance, and adhesive qualities imparted by the aroclor compounds reinforce these important beneficial properties of epoxies and thereby help the compounder reduce his formulation costs materially without significant adverse affect on performance. The lower-molecular-weight, liquid aroclor compounds (such as 1221 and 1232) have maxi mum plasticizing efficiency and impart the most flexibilizing to epoxy compounds. The more viscous, resinous aroclor compounds have progressively less effect on epoxy flexibility: the high-molecular-weight, solid aroclor compounds (1268, 2565, 4465, 5460, etc.), in fact, tend to reinforce the compound. The effects of aroclor 1221 and 1248 on the properties and performance of an epoxy resin are indicated by the data in Table VII. *Fili>oi: Filtered Roain Product! Co. Trademark. Regiitered in U. S. Pitcnt Office. Trademark of Glyco Chemical*. 1 0142482 || TOWOLDMON0022895 WATER_PCB-00007364 TABLE VII -- EFFECT OI: AROCLOR 1221 AND 1248 ON PROPERTIES! OF EPOXY RESINS Formulationfl AROCLOR AROCLOR 1221 1248 Viscosityb Before After Curing Curing Agent Agent Physical Property f Physical Properties After Heat Aging Izod Clarity Hardness Hardness Weight Impact (Light Shore "D" Shore "D" Loss Resis Reflect- (10 sec.) (10 sec.) tance <)(%) (%i - - 12,800 7900 0.2 3.0 76 86 0 012 (30 rpm) 25 - 1650 1200 - 3.0 8 81 2,118 _ 25 7700 4300 0.6 3.0 40 88 0.682 Ingredients Parts by Weight a) Liquid Epoxy Resin Tetraethylenepentamine aroclor 1221 or 1248 Cure: 30 minutes at 100C 100 8 As Indicated />) Brookfield LVF #4 spindle, 60 rpm unless otherwise specified f) 24 hours at 86C in activated charcoal Development of flame-retardant epoxy resins is of wide-spread interest. Aliphatic amine-cured epoxy-resin formulations are made self extinguishing by the use of 20 parts of liquid aroclor per hundred parts of resin. The incorporation of antimony oxide at 5 PHR, with 15 parts of aroclor per hundred parts of resin, yields nonburning formulations (TABLE VIII). The use of liquid aroclors in aliphatic amine-cured epoxies also improves flexural strength and compressive-yield strength, has little effect on tensile strength, and slightly lowers heatdistortion temperature and compressive ultimate strength. The use of solid aroclor compounds in phthalic anhydride-cured epoxy systems also reduces flammability and, in combination with antimony oxide, produces nonburning formulations, The solid aroclor compounds also greatly improve such important properties as compressive strength, flexural strength, compressive-yield strength, and tensile strength, although they slightly lower the heal-distortion temperature (TABLE IX). Extension of epoxy-resin adhesives with aroclor compounds greatly reduces the formulation cost, with minimum effect on the bonding characteristic of the adhesive or surface coating. >44 0142483 TOWOLDMON0022896 WATER_PCB-00007365 TABLE VIII --EFFECT OF AROCLOR 1242 AND 1260 ON FLAMMABILITY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY RESINS Formulation a AROCLOR AROCLOR 1242 1260 (PHR) (PHR) 20 _ 20 15 15 Antimony Oxide (PHR) _ _ _ 5 5 Hardness (Rockwell "M") 104 108 103 107 106 Ham mability (ASTM 63S-56T) inches Rate burned (in/min.) 4 2.125 1.125 0 0 0.82 b b c c HeatDistortion Temp. ("Uj 117.5 79.5 87 81 92 Flexural Strength IPS') 20.100 21,800 23,800 22.200 22,100 Tensile strength !p") 11,400 10.700 13.000 12.800 9,800 IngredienH a) Liquid Epoxy Resin Diethylenetriamine aroclor 1242 or 1260 Anlimony oxide cure: 16 hours at room temperature, plus 2 hours at lOO'C Pgrts by Weight 100 13 as indicated as indicated b) Self extinguishing c) Nonbuming TABLE IX --EFFECT OF SOLID AROCLORS ON FLAMMABILITY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY RESINS AROCLOR 1268 (PHR) AROCLOR 5460 (PHR) 20 20 15 15 Antimony Oxide (PHR) _ _ 5 5 Hardness Flammability (Rockwell "M") (in./min.) 113 0.6 112 0.38 113 0.38 112 b 111 b HeatDistortion Temp. fC) 143 128 135.5 134 135 Flexural Strength (p) 16.900 25,900 26,300 20,000 19.000 Tensile Strength tp) 11,000 13,500 11.500 11,100 10.200 Ingredients a) Liquid Epoxy Resin Phthalic Anhydride DMP-30* catalyst aroclor 1268 or 5460 Antimony Oxide Cure: 20 hours at 150C b) Nonburning Parts by Weight 100 75 0.1 as indicated as indicated Tradtmark of Rohn (f Haas Co. Compressive Yield Strength (p) 15,700 17,900 17,250 16,700 16,950 Compressive Strength (psi) 43,000 32,500 32,900 32,400 38,150 Compres- sive Yield strength (p4 Compressive Strength M 20,900 22,300 21.000 20,500 21,200 23,400 36.500 41,700 36,700 40,700 V 9W V I0 TOWOLDMON0022897 WATER PCB-00007366 In epoxy resin protective surface coatings, the use of aroclor 1254, 1260, or 1262 economi cally imparts excellent chemical resistance, particularly to acids and alkalies. When resistance to solvents is desired, however, aroclors should not be used, since they are true plasticizers and do not combine chemically with the epoxy resin. Frequently, about 10 to 15 per cent aroclor 1260 or 1262 is added to increase the flexibility of the epoxy composition, with mini mum effect on the corrosion resistance and adhesion of the film. IN POLYESTER RESINS The highly chlorinated, less-volatile aroclor compounds such as aroclor 1260, 4465, and 5460, arc very effective and economical fire retardants for polyester resins, and they do not significantly affect the physical properties of the resin. The aroclor compounds are effectively used in combination with equal amounts of antimony oxide, since the two materials are synergistic: aroclor imparts self-extinguishing properties to the resin, and antimony oxide reduces afterglow. Table X indicates the degree of flame resistance imparted to a general-purpose polyester resin (with a .35-per cent styrene content) by various equal concentrations of antimony oxide and one of these three aroclor compounds. TABLE X--FIRE RETARDANCE IMPARTED TO POLYESTER RESINS BY AROCLORS AND ANTIMONY OXIDE Antimony 11 Oxide end AROCLOR 1260 4465 5460 2.5% -- flammable 5% 7.5% semiflammable semiflammable flammable selfexlinguishing 60 seconds self extinguishing 5 seconds -- 10% self extinguishing 30 seconds self extinguishing 5 seconds self extinguishing 5 seconds 15% self extinguishing immediate self extinguishing immediate self extinguishing immediate o) Formulation Ingredients Polyester Resin (general purpose) Styrene Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (60% in dibutyl phthalate) Cobalt Naphlhenate (1% solution) aroclor and Antimony Oxide Weight Per Cent 62 35 2 1 as indicated ' 16 01V485 TOWOLDMON0022898 WATER_PCB-00007367 Inclusion of an aroclor increases the flexural strength of the naturally brittle polyester and makes addition of a more-expensive plasticizing polyester unnecessary. At a concentration of 10 per cent (enough for fire retardency), none of the aroclor compounds reduced the flexu ral strength of the cure resin significantly (Table XI), and their effect was comparable to that of a plasticizing polyester. At 20-per cent addition, they improved the impact strength, where as the plasticizing polyester reduced it. The solid1 aroclor compounds are preferred for fireresistant surface coatings. TABLE XI--EFFECT OF AFtOCLORS ON STRENGTH OF FIBER-GLASS-REINFORCED POLYESTER RESINS Plasticizer None Plasticizing Polyester AROCLOR 1260 AROCLOR 4465 aroclor 5460 (%! 0 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 F:lexural Strength M 47,210 4.1,510 59,930 45,600 33,880 40,740 33,390 37,400 35,890 Flexural Modulus M 2,190,000 2,000,000 1,560,000 2,090,000 1,690,000 2,190,000 1,290,000 1,700,000 1,550,000 Impact Strength (ft.-lb./m.J 1.73 1.64 1.24 1.33 2.04 1.41 2.48 1.85 3.06 IN POLYETHYLENE The need 1o make polyethylene and other polyolefins flame retardant is well recognized. The well-known flame retardancy of the aroclor compounds suggests their evaluation for poly olefin applications such as molded products, coatings, and hot-melt adhesives. Preliminary evaluation of aroclor 5460 (20 per cent) and antimony oxide (10 per cent) showed good results in imparling flame retardancy to low-density, noncrystalline polyethylene. Com pared to the use of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, the use of aroclor greatly improved the heat stability and had considerably less effect on tensile strength, yield, and elongation of the formulation. 17 > < 014*486 TOWOLDMON0022899 WATER_PCB-00007368 IN POLYSTYRENE The aroclor compounds are good plasticizers for polystyrene, The lower molecular weight aroclor compounds have greater solvating power than the higher-molecular-weight aroclok compounds. The gelling rate of various plasticizers in polystyrene resin is shown in Table XII; each plasticizer was added to the polystyrene resin at a concentration of 2 parts plasti cizer per part of resin, and the time required for the material to gel was noted. TABLE XII--SELLING RATE OF PLASTICIZERS IN POLYSTYRENE Plasticizer (200 PHR) Time to Gel (min.) AROCI.OR 1221 Diethyl Phthalate Dimethyl Phthalate IlB-20* AROCLOR 1242 Stinficizcr 141 Sautuizvr 160 Sanlicizcr lb 16 HB-40 immediate 0.6 0.75 1 7 5 6 18 80 IN POLYURETHANES aroci.or compounds are useful as plasticizers and flame retardants in polyurethane rubbers, foams, adhesives, and coatings. The following formulation illustrates the use of aroci.or 1254 in a polyurethane flocking adhesive: Part A Part B Ingredients Muhraui/** FLD Urethane Resin Mondnr** C Isocyanate aroclor 1254 Multranil FLD MondurC Parts by Weight 100 5 20 100 5-10 Part A is applied to the fabric by knife coating and allowed to dry thoroughly. The fabric is then coaled with Pari B, and the material is flocked immediately. HB-JO: Mfimnto Chemical Company Trademark. Routt,-red in U. S. Patent Office. `Mulhaml <nd Momfnti Mohay Chemical Company trademark Reentered in U. S. Patent Office. it 01*2487 TOWOLDMON0022900 WATER_PCB-00007369 Protective urethane coatings are unusually well suited for application to concrete and metal. aroclor 1254 is incorporated to improve adhesion and sealing. The first of the following formulations is the preferred prime coat for concrete storage tanks for gasoline and fuel oils. The second formulation is the base coat for a concrete wood-kiln coating, which remained in perfect condition after two-and-one-half-years' continuous exposure to heat, moisture, and wood distillates. The other two formulations, for primer and intermediate light-metal coating, contain aroci.or 1254 for better adhesion to metal. Ingredients Mvndur C Multron* K-4 Polyester Resin Multron R-10 AROCLOR 1254 Polyvinyl Acetate Polyvinyl Uutyral Methyl Glycol Acetate Butyl Acetate Kthyl Acetate Toluene Pigment (colored) Zinc Chromate Titanium Dioxide (rutile) Talc (micronized) UnsealedConcrete Prime Coal (parts) HighTemperature Concrete Primer (parts) 19.0 12.0 --- 10.0 12.0 5.0 2.9 0.2 - 0.4 8.7 9.0 8 7 5.4 8.7 4.0 8.7 6.9 12.5 -- ---- -- 15.0 12.5 15.9 Light-Metal Coating Primer Intermediate (parts) (parts) 21.0 2.6 10.5 2.7 0.3 -- ... 8.0 8.0 15.1 6.7 7.9 -13.2 35.1 7.2 7.2 1.8 0.3 ... ... 7.5 7.5 14.2 21.0 --- 5.5 IN PHENOLIC RESINS Considerable interest has been shown in the use of aroclor compounds to make phenolic lam inating resins flame retardant. The higher-molecular-weight aroclor compounds (1262 and 5460) are usually evaluated for this purpose. aroc lor 1268 and 2565 are useful in the manufacture of brake linings. Mulli-on: Trldrmirk of Mobiy Chtmio] Compiny. Rceiiicrcd ir. U. S. Patent Office. (I fS 'C I v < TOWOLDMON0022901 WATER_PCB-00007370 0___________ 3L AROCLORS IN RUBBERS IN CHLORINATED RUBBER AND CHLORINATED POLYPROPYLENE Protective coatings based on chlorinated rubber generally contain aroclor compounds to en hance their chemical resistance (to water, alkali, and acid), corrosion resistance, and electrical insulating properties and to impart flame retardance. When properly pigmented, they are un usually weather resistant, aroclor compounds strengthen the adhesive grip of chlorinated-rub ber lacquers, varnishes, and paints to structural materials and improve the flexibility and life of the coating. Typical applications include protective and decorative coatings for swimming pools, stucco homes, steel structures, tank cars, and both wood and metal maritime equipment. Their out standing chemical resistance qualifies these coalings for use in manufacturing plants where chemical attack is prevalent, aroclor 1254 and 1260 are used in chlorinated-rubber coatings as flexibilizing plasticizers, commonly in combination with aroclor 5460, which serves as a resin fortifier, A variety of suggested starting formulations based on chlorinated rubber is given in the following table. 20 0142489 TOWOLDMON0022902 WATER_PCB-00007371 Ingredients Points for Alkaline Surfaces Concrete Fed. Spec. Swimming TT-P-91 Pool (parts) (parts) Maximum Acid and Alkali Resistance (parts) ParIon* (20 cp.) Chlorinated Rubber AROCLOR 1254 AROCLOR 1260 AROCLOR 5460 Long-oil, oxidizing, alkyd resin Medium-oil, drying, alkyd resin Carbon Black Iron Oxide Titanium Dioxide Zinc Oxide Asbestine** 3X (magnesium.silicate) Bentonc*** 34 gelling agent Epichlorohydrin Stabilizer Solvesso**** 150 Solvesso 100 Turpentine Xylene Hi-Flash Naphtha 18 10 -- 6 -- -- 0.5 -- 16 2 -- -- -- _ 4275 _ 4.75 -- 10.2 S.l -- -- -- 5.1 -- -- 11.4 11.7 1.3 o.i _ 9.1 45.7 18 8 6 -- -- -- -- 18 -- -- -- 0.09 0.9 -- 45 5 -- White Marine Paint (parts) 20 6 -- 6 -- -- 25 -- -- -- - ... -- 23 20 aroclor compounds are also incorporated in chlorinated-rubber formulations used for heat-seal ing adhesives, electrical coatings, paper and textile coatings, and printing inks. The following starting formulation is for an acid- and flame-resistant adhesive: Ingredients Chlorinated Rubber (125-cp. type) aroclor 1254 AROCLOR 5460 Toluene Parts by Weight 20 6 6 68 Chlorinated polypropylene, a new film-forming resin, produces clear, colorless films, appears equal to chlorinated natural rubber in chemical resistance, and is noticeably more heat and Trademark of Hercules Powder Company Trademark of International Talc Co. Trademark of National lead Company Trademark of Standard Oil Company (N. J.) I-1 OUZ't'JO TOWOLDMON0022903 WATER_PCB-00007372 light stable, aroclors are very compatible with the resin and are recommended in the following starting formulations: Ingredient* Chlorinated Polypropylene AROCl.OR 5460 AROCLOR 1254 Dioctyl Sebacate Lpoxy stabilizer Solids, wt. per cent in toluene Composition (wt. 0/o) 50.00 15.0 24.0 4.3 1.7 50.0 55.0 h 15.0 24.0 4.3 1.7 50.0 300F heat stability 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 5 hours 18 hours Fade-Ometer* stability 24 hours 48 hours 9b hours 144 hours Two-week chemical resistance water 10% hydrochloric acid 1% sodium hydroxide Film Properties v. si. yellow v. si yellow si. yellow mod. yellow1 black v. si. yellow si. yellow mod. yellow -- -- si. yellow si. yellow mod. yellow mod. yellow v. si. yellow si. yellow si. yellow brown excellent excellent excellent excellent excellent excellent a) Parlon P (10-cp, 20% in toluene) --Hercules Powder Co. b) Parlon P (20-cp, 20% in toluene) --Hercules Powder Co. c) Lacquers were sprayed on "bonderized" steel panels. Films were 2.5-to 5.0-mils thick after 72-hours' air drying. IN STYRENE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMERS aroclor compounds are very often incorporated in coatings based on styrene-butadiene co polymers to impart resistance to acids, alkalies, moisture, and corrosive chemicals. These coat ings are suited for use on masonry, wood, and metal for such applications as concrete floors; architectural finishes; metal primers and finishes on maritime equipment, structures, and tank cars; baking primers; corrosion-resistant industrial films; and oil- and grease-resistant coatings. Trademark of Atlas Electric Devices Co. 22. 0142491 TOWOLDMON0022904 WATER_PCB-00007373 The following suggested formulations for typical applications of styrene - butadiene - copolymer coatings offer excellent performance: Ingredient Slyrone-Kutadiene AKOCl.OK 1254 AROCLOK 1 260 aroci.or 5460 Clear Vehicle K%) 16.60 " 8.39 9.11 Wall Sealer (It./100 gal.) 123.2 h 41A -- 41.4 Alumihum Enamel K%) 7.40 c 6.00 -- 13.40 Raw l ung Oil Hydrogenated Methyl Abietate 7'rovkvd* ARC Lecithin Soya Lcchithin 1.655 -- -- 0.545 Petroleum Naphtha Hi-Flash Naphtha Mineral Spirits #10 Toluene Xylene 62.70 -- -- -- Lithopone T itanium Dioxide Aluminum Stearate Aluminum Paste Zinc Oxide barium Sulfate -- -- -- -- -... - - Asbestine 3X (magnesium silicate)____ Calcium Carbonate, ground ____ Diatomaceous Earth ___ Mica -- ____ --------- ____ __ 5.9 246.4 --------- 185.3 ._ --- 339.3 59.2 5.9 -- -- -- _7_5.0 ___ . ... -- ____ __ -- -- 33.60 22.40 .. -- -- 8.55 -. -- _____ 8,00 a) Marbon "9200s' MV (Marbon Chemical Div., Horg-Warner Corp.) b) VitoliU S-5A (Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company) r) Marbon "9200" LV (Marbon Chemical Div., Horg-Warner Corp.) d) Flaked Piccojiex 120 (Pennsylvania Industrial Chemical Corp.) r) Pliolitc S-5R (Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company) /) or aroci.or 1248 Paint (ib.) 147 d -- 31 ... 8 3 _ .. 395 _ ... -- . 179 _ .. 60 90 236 76 30 Traffic Paint (parts) 250 ' 1201 130 _ ___ . -- 340 340 -- - -- _ ... IN SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL RUBBERS The liquid aroci.or compounds - 1221, 1232, 1242, and 1248 have a strong plasticizing action on both natural and synthetic rubbers. Solid aroclors -- 1 254 and 1260 - impart per manent tackiness and adhesion to the rubber composition. Trademark of Troy Chemical Co. 23 Cl 01*2 492 TOWOLDMON0022905 WATER_PCB-00007374 Neoprene Compositions containing up to 40 parts of aroclor 5460, 2565, 4465, or 1268 in 100 parts of neoprene rubber are extremely fire retardant. About 1.5 parts of aroclor 1 268 per hundred parts of neoprene imparts excellent working qualities at 225 to 325 F for injection mold ings. Neoprene modified with aroclor compounds has proved extremely useful as a wire and cable coaling. aroclor 5460 imparts plasticization and adhesion to decorative and protective coatings that have been commercially used on rubber products for many years. Suggested starting formula tions for a clear, dull coating and for three pigmented coatings are as follows: Ingredients AKOCl.OK 5460 Neoprene GRN-10 Chlorinated rubber (21 cps.) High-styrene resin Isobutyl methacrylate Toluene Ports by Weight base for clear, dull pigmented coating coatings 3.70 3.50 1.30 1.00 0.40 90.10 16.00 8.00 -- 4.38 1.75 69.87 Ingredients Paste: base Chromium Oxide Zinc Oxide #3 Titanium Dioxide Aluminum Hydrate Toluene Ready-to-Use Coating: base Taste green coating 20.0 6.4 3.6 -- 10.0 60.0 40.0 white (high gloss] 43.0 10.5 15.0 -- 31.5 70.0 30.0 white (luster modifier)* 29.0 -- . .. . 25.0 52.0 * * +To modify the luster of the white, high-gloss coating, the selected amount of the modifier composition is incorporated inw the high-gloss paste to achieve the desired degree of flatness. Polybutene aroclor plasticizers and Indopol polybulenes are blended in various proportions to make permanently tacky coatings for fabric or paper. Insecticides, for example, can be blended into such coatings to make insect traps or barriers on tree trunks for foliage or fruit protection. Such coatings can also be used for tape and sign backing. 24 01*2493 TOWOLDMON0022906 WATER_PCB-00007375 Excellent sealing and caulking compounds are made with blends of akoclo polybutenes with inorganic fillers, such as: Ingredient Whiting Talc Lithopone Asbestos Per Cent 50 30 10 10 Hy various combinations of selected aroclor compounds and polybutenes, a wide range of hardness, viscosity, flow, and bonding characteristics can he produced in durable sealing and caulking compounds. Specialty mastics, too, arc obtained by selective blends of aroclor plasticizers with poly* butenes. They have excellent adhesivity for such uses as autumobile-body sealants. I'apcr-transparentizing liquids (for making tracing paper, window envelopes, and special pack* aging) can be formulated with aroclor 5460 and pofybutenes. A typical economical formu lation is as follows: Ingredient aroclor 5460 J'olybutene {Itidopol* H-300) Toluene Per Cent Butadiene-Acrylonitrile Rubber The aroci.or compounds - particularly aroclor 5460 - are useful as softeners for buna N rubber. Silicone Rubber aroclor is a very effective flame retardant for silicone rubbers. Grope Rubber (Natural) aroclor 1262 is used as a low-cost plasticizer for crepe rubber in paint compositions. In con centrations of from 5 to 50 per cent of the weight of the rubber, the aroclor increases the film's alkali resistance, gloss, and adhesivity to steel. Tndrmirl of Amoco Chcmicli Coiporation 25 0142494 ^ TOWOLDMON0022907 WATER_PCB-00007376 POLYSULFIDE RUBBER aroclor compounds are widely used to flexibilae, improve the bonding strength, increase the chemical resistance, and reduce the cost of Thiokol* polysulfide liquid rubbers. Among the many uses of polysulfide formulations are joint-sealant compounds used in construction, sol vent-resistant gaskets, adhesives for concrete, potting and encapsulation, protective coatings, and binders. Although the aroclor compounds are highly compatible with polysulfide rubbers -- up to 100 PHR -- the concentration to be used depends on the handling and performance proper ties required in the finished compounds. Suggested concentrations of aroclor range from about 15 PHR for sealant compounds to about 40 PHR for casting formulations. Liquid aroclor compounds (such as aroclor 1248) are used to reduce the viscosity and per mit the use of higher filler concentration, whereas the solid aroclor compounds (such as aroclor 5460) are useful where low volatility is desired. The following suggested starting formulations illustrate the use of aroclor 1232 in a jointsealant compound and of aroclor 1248 in a polysulfide casting formulation: Ingredient Thiokol LP-32 polysulfide Thiokol LP-2 polysulfide AROCLOR 1232 aroclor 1248 Calcium Carbonate Calcined Clay Titanium Dioxide Phenolic Resin Stearic Acid Zinc Sulfide Sulfur C-5 Paste0 Sealant (parts) 1O0 -- 5-15 -- 20 20 10 5 1 -- 0.1 15 Casting Compound (parts) -- 100 -- 20-40 -- -- -- -- -- 40 0.1 15 Property Cast sheets, after cure of 7 days at room temperature: Tensile strength, psi Elongation, per cent Hardness, Shore "A" 150-200 500-700 30-40 150-200 300-400 25-35 o) lead peroxide, 50%; dibutyl phths.late, 45%, stearic acid, 5%: passed three times through a tight paint mill. Trademark of Thiokol Chemical Corp. 26 0162*95 TOWOLDMON0022908 WATER_PCB-00007377 6_________________ ^jL AROCLORS IN CELLULOSIC RESINS IN ETHYL CELLULOSE Ethyl cellulose formulations plasticized with aroclor compounds are used as protective lac quers, adhesives, and strippable coatings. The solids, such as aroclor 5460, are widely used with ethyl cellulose or cellulose acetate-butyrate iresins in hot-melt applications for the protec tion of tools and metal parts. The aroclor plasticizers are highly compatible with ethyl cellulose: the liquid aroclor compounds impart flexibility; the solids, hardness. For example, 75 parts of AROC.LOR 1242 with 100 parts of ethyl cellulose produces a very flexible, slightly tacky material, aroclor 5460 at the same concentration yields a very hard, somewhat brittle composition. Hard films that contain aroclor 4465 are not brittle at ordinary temperatures, lor high-gloss coatings with exceptional weathering qualities to be applied to rigid surfaces, compositions containing equal parts by weight of aroclor 5460 and ethyl cellulose are sug gested. When a more-flexible coating is required, a softer aroclor should replace either all or part of the aroclor 5460. The following five typical formulations indicate the versatility of various aroclor plasticizers in compounding for widely different types of applications. They are intended as guides to the use of aroclor coni|X)unds with ethyl cellulose. Ingredients Lacquer (parts) White AlkaliResistant Lacquer (parts) Liquid Adhesive (parts) Strippable Coating (parts) Hot-Melt Adhesive (parts) Ethyl Cellulose 50 25 50 49 24 AROCLOR 1254 - 16 -- 49 -- AROCLOR 1260 SO -- -- - -- AROCLOR 5460 - 76 40 - 7 Dow 276, V-9 8-- _ Octylphenol -- 1 2 1 Stearic Acid Rutile Titanium Oxide _- -- 50 1-- _ Epoxy Resin 1 -- Santonox* Antioxidant Mineral Oil - _-- -- 1 __ 57 Castor Oil --5 Epoxidized Soya Oil -- 3 Paraffin Wax (m.p. 135 I-:) - --- -- 3 Thc first four of these formulations may be dissolved in suitable solvents, such as mixtures of about four parts of toluene to one part of butanol, to obtain the desired viscosity. Santonin: Mnnianto Chemical Company Trademark. Reunified in U. S. Patent Office. 27 i f> I 0142*96 TOWOLDMON0022909 WATER_PCB-00007378 IN NITROCELLULOSE In nilrocellulosc lacquers, the ahoclok compounds can function either as plasticizers to modify the properties of the film or as resin extenders to add film-forming body. They are highly com patible with nitrocellulose and with other resins and plasticizers commonly used in lacquer formulations. They imparl weather resistance, lusteF, adhesion, and flame retardance. Their ex cellent electrical characteristics and their ability to retard the passage of moisture and gases through nitrocellulose films make the aroclor compounds especially valuable in coatings for electric-insulating materials. The following trilinear diagrams (Figure 1), show the limits of practical compatibility of aroclok 1254, 1260, and 1 262 when used in nitrocellulose lacquers in combination with some other resins or plasticizers. The less viscous aroclok compounds ( 1 242 and 1248) are more compatible than those shown; the more resinous aroclok compounds ( 1268, 2565, 4465, 5442, and 5460) are less compatible. In these trilinear diagrams, compositions represented by any point in an unshaded area pro duce homogenous nitrocellulose-lacquer films. On the other hand, compositions represented by points in the shaded areas produce impractical (segregated, brittle, or soft) films. For detailed information on the derivation and use of these diagrams, please refer to the following articles; Jenkins & Foster, "Compatibility Relationship of the Aroclors in Nitrocellulose Lacquers," I & E C/iem, S3, 1362 (1931). Hofmann & Reid, "Graphical Methods in Lacquer Technology," ibid, 20, 431 (1928); "Formulation of Nitrocellulose Lacquers," ibid. 20, 687 (1928). # Fig. |--Limits of Practical Compatibility of AROCLORS in Nitrocellulose Lacquers 28 oiv7 TOWOLDMON0022910 WATER_PCB-00007379 NITROCELLULOSE per cent Fig. I (Continued) AROCLOR 30 1260 or 1262, 40 per cent 50 I 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 PHTHAUC ANHYDRIDE-GLYCEROL RESIN, per cent 0 AROCLOR 1254, per cent 20 30 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 PHTHAUC ANHYDRIDE-GLYCEROL RESIN, per cent NITROCELLULOSE, 60 per cent DIBUTYL PHTHALATE, 70 per cent 80 90 V\ \ 00 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 AROCLOR 1260 or 1262, per cent 29 0i<i24|S8 TOWOLDMON0022911 WATER_PCB-00007380 Fig. I (Continued) The following formulations arc given to illustrate modifications that can be'obtained by varia tions in composition. They all have excellent durability, but the first two are much harder and less flexible that the third. The first two also have excellent sanding and polishing qualities, but No. 3 is too soft for sanding. The cable lacquer (no. 4) has extremely high flexibility, as required for high-tension automobile cables. Ingredient Nitrocellulose sec.) (wet) Nitrocellulose (J4 sec.) (dry) Nitrocellulose (15*20 sec.) AROCLOR 1242 AKOCLOR 1260 AROCLOR 5460 Dibutyl Phthalate Tricresyl Phosphate Damar Resin Ester Gum No. 1 (parts) 100 20-39 -- 20- 0 80 -- No. 2 (parts) -- 100 -- 20 20 80 No. 3 (parti) too 80-70 39-70 _ No. 4 Cable Lacquer (parti) 100 80 120 - -- No. 5 Chrome Lacquer (parts) 100 47 32.5 -- 30. 014249<J TOWOLDMON0022912 WATER_PCB-00007381 IN CELLULOSE ACETATE-BUTYRATE The high-chlorine-content aroclor plasticizers, are highly compatible with cellulose acetate-bu tyrate and are widely used in the manufacture of low-cost, flame-resistant lacquers. Typical uses for these products include paper coatings, lacquers for plastics, slrippable coatings for paint booths, and hot-melt adhesives. Typical starting formulations, illustrative of these uses, are suggested as follows: Ingredients Paper Lacquers Low-Cost Curl Flame- Resistant Resistant H- %) K %) Clear Wood Filler M- %) Plastics " Lacquer m- %i Paint-Booth Hot-Melt Strippable Adhesive Coating K %) K %) Half-Second Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate 20 20 7 6 20 35 AKOCLOR 1260 20 - 1.5 - AROCI.OR 1262 15 - -- ..... - AKOCLOR 5460 -- -- 15 - 9 30 Dioclyl Phthalate -- ----- 9 15 Epoxy Soybean oil -- --- - 9.5 - Acrylic Resin -- ---- 2.5 - - Dow 276,V9 -- .... 1.5 - -- Socony Vacuum 200 - .... 2.5 - Newport V-40 pine resin -- - --- 19.89 Acetone -- 10 -- -- 10 _ Methyl Ethyl Ketone -- -- 10 - Methyl Isobutyl Ketone -- - - 5 -- Isobutyl Acetate 5 10 22 -- 5- Ethanol 12 10 -- 33.5 10 - Butanol -- 5 -- ... - lsobutanol -- -- -- 25 ... - Toluene 48 30 6 15 25 -- Scntonox Antioxidant -- -- -- - 0.1 Syn Fleur #6 odorant -- -- -- ---- 0.01 Asbestine X (magnesium silicate) -- -- 45 -- ... -- a) Coatings for cellophane, cellulose acetate, and cellulose acetate-butyrate. f t) < 014Z500 | TOWOLDMON0022913 WATER_PCB-00007382 Q________________________________________________________ ^ AROCLOR IN PAINT, VARNISH, WAX. *SPH*LT IN PAINT AND VARNISH AROCI.OR compounds are soluble in paint and varnish oils and solvents and are compatible with most film-forming coating resins. The* aroclor compounds improve adhesion to the substrate and impart to the film properties that correspond to the particular character of the aroclor used: the hard, resinous aroclors tend to give increased hardness; the viscous aroclors impart flexibility. aroclor 4465 and 5460 produce paints that are very quick drying and yet have excellent dura bility. The amount of aroclor used may be from 30 to 50 per cent of the weight of the oils. aroclor 1260 is best for short-oil varnishes that are required to be flexible. The aroclor com pounds impart water and alkali resistance and also enhance the value of the other resins used in the varnish. A suggested starting formulation is two parts of oil, one part of aroclor 1260, and one part of other resin. These proportions can be varied as required. The aroclor may be considered to play the same role in the varnish formulation as oil, except that it does not oxidize and lose its flexibility on exposure. The aroclor compounds do not react chemically with oils, hence there is no advantage in heat ing together in making a varnish. They are best added as a "chill back" or as a cold cut in the thinning operation. The only reason to heat the aroclor compounds is to fluidize them so they can be more readily mixed with the oils. Alkyd, phenolic, or ester gum resins, with a harder aroclor such as 5460, may be used in making varnish formulations. To illustrate the use of aroclor compounds in alkyd resins the following suggested starling formulation is shown. Ingredients Parts by Weight Alkyd (60% Nonvolatile) Kettle Rodied Linseed Oil (Gardner-Holdt Vise. Z-2) Raw Linseed Oil aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Titanium Dioxide (Anatase) Magnesium Silicate Mineral Spirits Drier-Absorption Agent Phenyl Mercury Naphthenate (10% Mercury) Cobalt Naphthenate (6% cobalt) Lead Naphthenate (24% lead) Anti-Skinning Agent (Volatile type) 81 20 35 34 34 67 100 38 1.3 2.7 1.5 3.2 0.67 32 OlAibOl J TOWOLDMON0022914 WATER_PCB-00007383 The following suggested starting formulation for a fire-retardant enamel illustrates use of the flame relardancy of an aroclor in alkyds: Ingredients 38% Phthalic Anhydride-Sova Alkyd aroclor 5460 Solution (aroclor 5460, 53; Hi-Flash Naphtha, 22) Whiting Colloidal Grinding and Dispersing Agent Antimony Oxide Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Grind above ingredients, and thin with: 38% Phthalic Anhydride-Soya Alkyd Xylene Cobalt Naphthenate (6% cobalt) Manganese Naphthenate (6% manganese) Lead Naphthenate (2A% lead) Parts by Weight 63 75 84 2.7 42 33 aroclor compounds are excellent grinding and disj>ersion media for pigments used in paints and varnishes, aroclor 1254 is used to disperse aluminum powder in a paste form that can be incorporated easily into paints and varnishes. The aroclor imparts excellent leafing quali ties, brightness, or luster and does not tarnish the aluminum pigment on aging. Moreover, the composition does not support combustion. aroclor compounds are important ingredients of heat-resistant aluminum paints and enamels that contain silicone resins. For example, the following suggested formuation for a heat-resist ant coating can withstand a maximum temperature of 800 F and continuous-service temp erature of 400 F. The heat-resistant enamel can withstand temfieratures of 900 to 1000 F in such applications as jet-engine components, exhaust manifolds, and incinerators. The heat-resistant paint has excellent resistance to a programmed heat test, including 8 hours at 1200 F, and to salt-water spray after programmed heating to 500, 600, and 900 F. 0142502 | TOWOLDMON0022915 WATER_PCB-00007384 w ' 1 ! i 1 j 9 I)ow Corning 805 Resin (50% Nonvolatile) G E Silicone Resin SR-82 (60% in xylene) G E Silicone Resin SR-112 (50% in xylene) Styrene-Butadiene (50% in xylene) (Pliolitc S-5H) aroclor 4465 (90% nonvolatile) 60% aroclor Solution (aroclor 4465, 36 wt. %} (AROCLOR 1262, 24 wt. % ) (Solvcsso 100, 24 wt. %) (Xylene, 16 wt, %) aroclor 5460 (60% in xylene) AROCLOR 1254 Aluminum Paste (74% nonvolatile) Cobalt Octoate (6% cobalt) Xylene Mineral Spirits a) Meets Spec. TT-P-0028 Heat-Resistant Coating (lb./100 gal.) 220 -- -- 332 -- -- 384 -- 114 Heat-Resistant Enamel (lb./100 gal.) - 174.2 313.3 -- -- 435.6 -- ---- 250.0 4.4 --- Heat-Resistant Paint" (Ib./lOO gal.) -- 93.6 -- 207.9 -- 93.6 47.8 240.0 -- 140.8 113.1 IN WAXES The aroclor comjKiunds, especially 5460, are compatible with various natural waxes, and are blended with waxes for many uses, including "lost-wax" casting, impregnating compounds, and inexjMtnsive sealers. Waxes formulated with aroclor compounds are nonlacky and stable. Much of the highest-quality precision-casting wax used in the "lost-wax" process is formulated with aroclor compounds, most frequently 5460, 4465, and 1254. Waxes containing aroclor compounds are widely used in making dental castings, costume jewelry, and precision-cast air craft parts. Usually from one-fourth to one-half the composition consists of aroclor 5460, which con tributes these desirable properties to the formulation: hardness without brittleness, shrinkage resistance, sharp definition, sharp melting point, fire resistance, low volatility, and volatiliza tion without carbonization during final curing. Excellent impregnating compounds to prevent sticking of furniture drawers, double-hung win dows, etc. are made from selected aroclor compounds, such as 5460, and various waxes. Com binations of resinous aroclor compounds with waxes make excellent and inexpensive sealers for masonry, wood, fiberboard, and paper. aroclor compounds impart moisture and gas resistance, adhesion, alkali and chemical resist ance, flame resistance, lubricity, and insulation to impregnants for cloth, paper, wood, and 34 ' 0142503 TOWOLDMON0022916 WATER_PCB-00007385 T asbestos. They are combined with such materials as waxes, asphalt, tars, sulfur, aluminum stearate, and inorganic pigments so as to provide exactly the physical characteristics required for the specific purpose, aroclor 1254, 4465, and 5460 are suggested as most applicable. Wood is decidedly toughened, hardened, and made more moisture-resistant when impregnated by the vacuum-pressure method with the following mixture; Ingredients AROCLOR 4465 Microcrystalline Wax Sulfur Per Cent 70 20 10 The coating is very resistant to acids and alkalies but can be attacked by aliphatic, aromatic, or chlorinated hydrocarbons. The paintablc surface is not appreciably discolored. Various de grees of hardness and adhesion are obtained by variations in the proportions of the ingred ients. Blends of aroclor 1268 and 1242 have the unusual capability to extend camauba wax satis factorily and at an attractive saving in cost: Ingredients Parts by Weight AROCLOR 1268 AROCLOR 1242 Carnauba Wax Ceresin Wax Paraffin Wax Characteristics Color Texture 10 S 5 20 60 Pale Yellow, White Smooth, hard, non-tacky Softening point, C Melting point, C 60 78 19.6 4.9 6.8 19.6 49.0 Pale Yellow Smooth, hard, non-tacky 77 79 30 5 10 20 35 Pale Yellow 35 5 30 20 10 Pale Cream 35 5 50 10 -- Cream Smooth, hard, slightly brittle 78 78 Slight surface crystallinity 79 86 Smooth; camauba- ringed surface 80.5 88 IN ASPHALT Self-extinguishing asphalt formulations for caulking, roof coatings, and sound-deadening coat ings are obtained by incorporation of at least 30 per cent aroclor 5460 or other solid, resin ous AROCLOR. IN ALLYL STARCH Substitution of the hydroxy hydrogen atoms of the starch molecule by ally! groups produces allyl starch, which upon polymerization forms stable, cross-linked molecules. A minimum of 20-weight-per cent plasticizer is required to make the film flexible. The aroclor compounds are highly compatible and very efficient plasticizers for allyl starch. *1 OH2501! m ll TOWOLDMON0022917 WATER_PCB-00007386 ^MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS OF AROCLORS With their wide range of physical properties, their inertness, lubricity, and low vapor pressures -- aroclor compounds are valuable ingredients in an incredible variety of formulated products. They are compatible with many solvents and oils and most resins. They are virtually nonvolatile and permanently thermoplastic; they do not react with other chemicals in the formulation. Finally, their low cost makes their use for special purposes eminently practical and economical. DUST PREVENTION AND DUST CATCHING aroclor 1254 is a low-cost dedusting agent that "holds down" the dusting of a variety of chemical materials Since aroclor 1254 resists both oxidation and combustion, it can even be used to control the dusting of highly reactive compounds. As a typical example, a few tenths of a per cent controls the dusting of calcium hypochlorite. Since aroclor compounds are non-drying and tacky, they make excellent coatings to capture dust, lint, and other fine, airborne particles. Class fiber, metal mesh, and other materials used to filter air and gas streams are coated with aroclor 1260 and 5460. VAPOR SUPPRESSION (FOR LONGER INSECTICIDE KILL-LIFE) The effective kill-life of expensive chlorinated insecticides is extended as much as ten-fold by the incorporation of equal parts of aroclor 5460, which acts both as a vapor suppressant and as a sticking agent. Hard surfaces (painted or metallic) sprayed with lindane or benzene hexachlo- # ride fortified with aroclor 5460 remain toxic to flies, ants, roaches, and silverfish for as long as three months, compared with one week for unfortified sprays. The aroclor retards the rapid evaporation of the volatile insecticides without adding odor or objectionable residue. Formulation into an insecticide is simple: a solution of the aroclor in a suitable solvent is merely added and mixed into the other ingredients. aroclor 5460 is also recommended for noncrop insect formulations containing chlordane, aldrin, and dieldrin, The other resinous aroclor compounds (1254, 1260, 1262, 4465, and 5442), also nonvolatile and sticky or tacky, likewise merit evaluation as insecticide extenders. MOISTURE PROOFING In moisture-proof coatings for wood, paper, concrete, or brick, the aroclor compounds are best combined with waxes, especially paraffin or Camauba; oils such as mineral oil or drying oils; or synthetic resins, including modified alkyds, phenolics, chlorinated rubber, polystyrene, styrenc-butadicnc copolymers, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetobutyrate, benzyl cellulose, or vinyl resins. The material to be used with the aroclor should be selected according to the end-use requirements of the specific application. Some very simple compositions contain only aroclor and paraffin. One very efficient moisture proofing compound, consisting of 96 weight per cent aroclor 5460 and 4 per cent paraffin (melting point 54C), has an ASTM softening point of about 82C. A similar compound, based on aroclor 4465, has a softening point of about S8C. 36 0142505 TOWOLDMON0022918 WATER_PCB-00007387 Softening point and viscosity when melted are further decreased hy the use of mixtures of akoclor compounds. For example, a composition containing 40 per cent aroclor 1260, 56 per cent aroclor 5460, and 4 per cent paraffin, is very soft at room temperature. A higher concen tration of paraffin also produces softer compounds. An excellent melt coating for paper and cloth, made according to the following suggested for mulation, may be applied by knife or roller at 350F, requires no solvent, and provides an extremely flexible coating Ingredients Half-second Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate Dioctyl Phthalate aroclor 1260 Sanlotiox antioxidant Per Cent 50 9.9 40 0.1 PIGMENT DISPERSION aroclor 4465 is a useful resin in rotogravure Bind other printing inks. It is an important in gredient in the following mimeograph ink suitable for use on bond paper: Ingredients aroclor 4465 Lubricating Oil (SUV 1200 (5) 100F) Paraffin Oil (SUV 76 @ lO0F) Carbon Black Oil-Soluble Dye Per Cent 40 35 20 aroclor 4465 is also used in the preparation of imitation gold leaf. Bronze powder is spread u]xm a hot coating of aroclor on one side of a sheet of paper. When the paper treated with aroclor and bronze powder is placed on the object to be imprinted and a hot die is pressed against it, the akoclor softens, sticks the bronze to the object, and coats the powder to pre vent tarnishing. aroclor 1 254 and 4465 serve as pigment vehicles for decoration of glass and ceramics. When the decorated object is fired, the aroci.or volatilizes without carbonization and thus avoids discoloration, aroci.or compounds are also valuable as grinding and dispersing mediums for pigments used in plastics. SEALING AND IMPREGNATION The liquid aroclor compounds, 1221 and 1254, because of their low vapor pressures and fire resistance, are excellent sealants. T hese nonevaporating fluids have good flow at slightly ele vated temperatures and arc chemically stable at elevated temperatures. These liquid aroclor compounds therefore arc excellent fluid seals wherever the use of oil would create a fire hazard. In the trough of annealing furnaces, for example, aroclor compounds are dependable, fire-safe roof sealants. 37 0142306 1 TOWOLDMON0022919 WATER_PCB-00007388 Because of their nonflammability, high resistivity and dielectric strength, and low power factor, the liquid and resinous aroclor compounds are extremely valuable impregnants for many electrical applications. One important use of aroclor 1260, 4465, and 5460 is in wire and cable coatings and as impregnants for braided cotton-asbestos insulation. Their high purity and excellent electrical resistance make aroclor 1254, 5460, and 1268 excellent dielectric seal ants: to close the pores of carbon resistors, and to seal electrical bushings and terminals. aroclor compounds are essential components of coatings for ftameproofing cotton drill for outer garments and for rendering olive-drab canvas fire-retardant, water-repellent, and rotproof for tents, tarpaulins, etc., according to the following formulations: Flameproofing Formula for Cotton Drill Ingredients (A) Urea-fonnaldchyde resin monomer Catalyst for resin Water (B) Oil-modified alkyd resin aroclor 1254 aroclor 5460 Stoddard solvent (C) Antimony oxide, 300 mesh or finer Parts by Weight 9.62 0.40 22.26 3.89 12.00 14.40 25.15 12.28 Dissolve the solids in the indicated solvents, add the aqueous solution (A) to the hydrocarbon solution (B) with stirring, and then disperse the antimony oxide in the emulsion. Fire-Retardant, Water-Repellent, Rot-Proof Canvas Coating Ingredient* Modified phenol-formaldehyde resin aroclor 1254 aroclor 5460 Antimony Oxide Tricresyl Phosphate Aluminum Stearate Copper Naphthenate (8% copper) Mica, ground Limestone, ground Iron Oxide, yellow Chrome Orange VM &P Naphtha Per Cent 4 16 4 8 1-5 0.5 8 3 6 7 2 40 38 01*2507 TOWOLDMON0022920 WATER_PCB-00007389 PROPERTIES OF THE AROCLOR COMPOUNDS 0 MOBILE LIQUIDS VISCOUS LIQUIDS SOFT RESINS BRITTLE RESINS <1 Mr Numerous applications for the aroclor compounds have been suggested and described in the preceding sections oi this bulletin. Their success depends on the general inertness of the com pounds and on the range and gradation of their physical properties, including physical state, density, viscosity, melting and boiling points, volatility, and solubility. These and other proper ties, as well as handling and shipping information, are presented in detail in the remainder of the bulletin. 39 01425OS TOWOLDMON0022921 WATER_PCB-00007390 SOLUBILITY The aroclor liquids and resins are readily soluble in most common organic solvents and dry ing oils. Although all aroclors are insoluble in water, the hard, crystalline materials are gen erally less soluble than the liquids and softer resins. Solubilities of some aroclor plasticizers are shown in Table XIII. TABLE XIII --SOLUBILITIES OF AROCLOR PLASTICIZERS IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS AROCLOR 1242 25'C Hot AROCLOR 1241 2S`C Hot AROCLOR 1284 25*C Hot AROCLOR 4485 Cold Hot AROCLOR 8460 25'C Oleic Add Benioic Acid Aldehyde 40% l ormildfhydr Furfural S S ---- S S S ---- S s 10.0,,,c -- 10.0 "*c -- -- -- II vs VS vs VS vs Aniline Pyridine Chloro derivatives Amyl chlorides -mixed Carton Teirachloride Chloroform niehlorelhylene Ethylene Dichloride Monoehlorobentene Orthodichlorobcniene Telrachlorethane Trichlorethane Trichlorelhykne Drying Oil Tung Oil Unwed 0(1 Ester Amyl Acetate Butyl Acetate CeDosolve Acrlalr Cottonwed Oil Dibutyl Phthalate Diethyl Phthalate Ethyl Acetate Ethyl I-aclale Ethylene Glycol Diaceiate Methyl Acetate Trirreayl Phosphate Ether: Ethyl Ether Btber Alcotol Carbltol Cellosolve Diethylene Glycol p,p`-Dihydrty Ethyl Ethri Hydrocarbon Renxme Gasoline Kerosene Mineral Spirits Paraffin Pine Oil Toluene Turpentine Xylene Hydroxy derivatives Amyl Alcohol Butyl Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol (5-A) Glycerine Methyl Alcohol Phenol--90% Ketone: Acetone Miscellaneous Carbon Disulfide Nltrobenime Water ss 132.S *0,C 440 **,c -- -- sss sss sss ---- -- sss sss ---- -- sss 5ss Sss ss ss sss sss sss sss sss sss ss s ss ss ss ss sss 224 "*r S -- 16.9 ,,,c 307 *c s -- vs s - ss VS vs vs vs 2.0"*,c s vs vs vs VS vs vs vs s vs vs vs vs vs vs vs Z.O M*c vs vs vs vs s s 23.3 *, e 1 42.5 ipc 194 *c S s s 80.0,MC 83.S --C s -- -- -- I -- -- -- S s-- S s-- II 1 --s s -- 114 ifC 425 M*,c ssS ssS s ss --- -- ss sss ------ sss sss sss sss sss sss sss sss sss sss sss sss sss sss sss sss sss vs 173 *'*c 259 **,c ssS ------ ss 10 w*c vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs s--s vs s s vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs -- - ss -- 10...c 28 *"c 11I -- -- ss s --s s --s s --s s I 1I 1--Inaotuble SS--Slightly Soluble S--Soluble VS--\ cry Soluble, Figures show grams of Mtocu) per 100 milliliters of tolveai at 25 C unlea otberwlae indicated. S -- VS vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs s S S s vs vs s ss s SS s s ss VS VS vs vs 50 s vs vs vs s ss ss 1 s s VS vs 1 -- VS VS vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs s s -- -- -- -- -- vs vs vs s s vs vs vs s s -- I s s vs -- I -- -- -- - -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- ~ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 142 -- 178 -- -- -- -- ~ -- 260 -- -- 40 I 0142509 TOWOLDMON0022922 WATER_PCB-00007391 T TABLE XIV-- MONSANTO SPECIFICATIONS* AND GENERAL PHYSICAL : PROPERTY Appearance Color, maximum AROCLOR 1221 0 Colorless, clear, mobile oil 100 AI'IIA AROCLOR 1232 0 Practically colorless mobile oil 100 APHA AROCLOR 1242 6 Practically colorless, clear, mobile oil 100 API IA AROCLOR 1248 0 Colorless to light yellowgreen, clear, mobile oil 100 APUA AROCLOR 1254 0 Light-yellow viscous oil 100 API IA Chlorine, per cent 20.5-21.5 Acidity, mg KOH/g, maximum 0.014 Moisture, ppm, maximum Ave. Coefficient of Expansion, cc/cc/C 0.00071 (15M0C) Specific Gravity 1.182-1.192 (25V15.5C) Density, pounds per gallon, 25C 9.85 Distillation Range, C> corrected (ASTM D-20, modified) 275-320 Evaporation Loss, %, 100C, 6 hours (ASTM D-6, mod.) 163C, S hours 1.0-1.5 Rash Point (Cleveland Open Cup), C 141-150 F 286-302 Fire Point (Cleveland Open Cup), C 176 F 349 Pour Point (ASTM E-97), C 1 (crystals) F 34 (crystals) Softening Point (ASTM E-28), C F Refractive Index, n ^ 1.617-1.618 Viscosity, Seconds Saybolt Universal (ASTM D-88) 100F (37.8C) 130F (54.4C) 210F (98.9C) 38-41 35-37 30-31 LO #SJ P'S 11 31.5-32.5 0.014 0.00073 (25MOOC) 1.270-1.280 (25V15.5#C) 10.55 290-325 1.0-1..5 152-154 305-310 238 460 1.620-1.622 44-51 39-41 31-32 42 0.010 50 0.00068 (25*'65C) 1.381-1.392 (25V15.5#C) 11.50 325-366 0-0.4 3.0-3.6 176-180 348-356 NONE** -19 2 1.627-1.629 82-92 49-56 34-35 48 0.05Q 50 0.00070 (25*'65#C) 1.405-1.415 (65V15.5C) 12.04 340-375 0-0.3 3.0-4.0 193-196 379-384 NONE --7 19.4 1.630-1.631 185-240 73-80 36-37 54 0.010 50 0,00066 (25-65C) 1.495-1.505 (65 */l 5.5C) 12.82 365-390 0-0.2 1.1-1.3 NONE NONE 10 50 1.639-1.641 1800-2500 260-340 44-48 Data m ted indicate Monsanto Chemical Company specifications. NONE indicates no flash or fire up to boiling point. 01A2510 ^ TOWOLDMON0022923 WATER_PCB-00007392 PROPERTIES OF REPRESENTATIVE AROCLOR PLASTICIZERS AND RESINS AROCLOR 1260 Light-yellow, clear,soft, sticky resin ISO A PH A 60 0.014 50 0.00067 ooC) 1.555-1.566 (yovi5.5G) 15.50 ^ 385-420 0-0.1 0.5-0,8 NONE NONE 31 88 1.647-1.649 AROCLOR 1262 AROCLOR 5442 * Light-yellow soft, sticky clear resin (viscous liquid) 150 AP1IA 61.5-62.5 0.014 Yellow, clear, sticky resin 2 NPA (molten) 42 0.05 0.00064 (25'-65C) 1.572-1.583 (90c/15.5C) 13.72 390-425 0-0.1 0.5-0.6 NONE NONE 35-38 99 1.6501-1.6517 0.00123 (25'99C) 1.470 (2.SV25C) 12.24 215-300 (4 mm. Hg) 0.01 0.2 247 477 350 662 46 115 46-52 115-126 AROCLOR 4465 0 Light-yellow, clear, brittle resin 2 NPA (molten) 65 0.05 0.00061 (25'65CC) 1.670 (25/2!tC) 13.91 230-320 (4 mm. Hg) 0-0.02 0.2-0.3 NONE NONE 60-66 140-151 3.664-1.667 AROCLOR 2565 Hiack,opaque, brittle resin AROCLOR 5460 Clear, ycllowto-ambor, brittle resin 2 NPA (molten) 65 58.5-60.6 1.4 0.05 0.00066 (25e-65C) 1.734 (25/25C) 14.44 0.2-0.3 NONE NONE 0.00179 (25*124UC) 1.670 (25725*0 13.91 280-335 (5 mm. Hg) 0.03 NONE NONE 66-72 149-162 98-105.5 208-222 1.660-1.665 AROCLOR 1268 O While In off-while i>nuder 1.5 NPA (molten) 68 0.05 0.00067 (20M00C) 1.804-1.811 (25725C) 15.09 435-450 0-0 06 0.1-0.2 NONE NONE 150-170 (bold 302-338 point! 3200-4500 72-78 600-850 (160CP; 71*C) 86-100 300-400 90-150 (266*F:, 130C) 42 014Z5U TOWOLDMON0022924 WATEFLPCB-00007393 DENSITY All the aroclor compounds are heavier than water, a valuable property for many applications. Densities are shown in Figure 2. I I Absolute Density, g./cc. 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 Temperature, C Fig. 2. DENSITIES OF AROCLORS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES SPECIFIC VOLUME The specific volume of aroclor 1248 at different temperatures is as follows: Temperature <F] 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 AROCLOR 1248 Specific Volume (ml/g) 0.674 0.659 0.726 0.755 0.790 0.828 0.870 4) 0142512 | TOWOLDMON0022925 WATER_PCB-00007394 VOLATILITY T he low vaporization loss of aroclor compounds is indicated in Table XV. TABLE XV--VAPORIZATION RATES OF AROCLOR COMPOUNDS Plasticizer (Surface area: 12.28 sq. cm.) aroclor 1221 aroclor 1252 AROCLOR 1242 AROCLOR 1248 C7or<7/m*-42-S Dioctvl phthalate I)u!rex** 25 AROCLOR 1254 Dutrex 20 AROCLOR 1262 AROCLOR 1260 AROCLOR 4465 AROCLOR 5442 AROCLOR 5460 Tricresy) phosphate Wt. Loss |g) 0.5125 0.2572 0.0995 0.0448 0.0745 0.0686 0.0256 0,0156 0.0047 0.0039 0.0026 0.0064 0.0039 0.0032 0.0010 Exposure at 100C (hr.) 24 24 24 24 48 48 24 24 24 24 24 72 72 72 24 Vaporization Rate (g/sq. cm./hr. 0.00174 0.000874 0.000338 0.000152 0.000120- 0.000117 0.000087 0.000053 0.000016 0.000013 0.000009 0.000007 0.000004 0.000004 0.000003 It is concluded that the vaporization rates of aroclor plasticizers -- especially the most wide ly used 1254 and 1260 -- compare most favorably with the similar constants of other plasti cizers selected specifically for these tests because of their low vaporization rates. *7fdrmrli of HrifiiW Powder Co. **Tidrm*rk of Slirll Oil C<>. 44 01*2513 TOWOLDMON0022926 WATER_PCB-00007395 VAPOR PRESSURE The vapor pressures of several aroclor compounds are indicated in Figure 3 over the temp erature range 1 50 to 300C. | The estimated vapor pressures of several aroclor plasticizer? at 100F shown in the follow ing table were determined by extrapolation from the values shown in Figure 3. Approximate Vapor Pressure of AROCLORS Estimated at 100 F (37.8 C) AROCLOR 1232............... ............... 0.005 mm. Hr AROCLOR 1242............... ............... 0.001 mm. hr AROCLOR 1248............... ............... 0.00037 mm. Hr AROCLOR 1254.............. ............... 0.00006 mm. Hr 45 ov^*1 | TOWOLDMON0022927 WATER_PCB-00007396 VISCOSITY The viscosities of the akoci.ok plasticizers vary according to whether the base material is a bi phenyl or a polyphenyl and on the decree of chlorination. In general the low-chlorinated bi phenyls have the lowest viscosities (Figure 4). Temperature, F Fig. 4--VISCOSITY RANGES OF SOME AROCLORS STABILITY Toward Alkalies The akoci.ok plasticizers are remarkably resistant to the action of either hydrolyzing agents or high temperature. They are not affected by boiling with sodium hydroxide solution. Toward Acids No hydrogen chloride was evolved when aroclor 1254 was stirred with an equal volume of 10 per cent sulfuric acid for 150 hours. Even after prolonged treatment (255 hours) with con centrated sulfuric acid only a slight trace (too small for quantitative measurement) of hydrogen chloride was evolved. Toward Heal Because of Iheir stability to heat, the aroclor compounds are useful heat-transfer media. aroclor 1254 and particularly the less viscous aroclor 1248 are recommended for this pur pose, because they may be heated up to 315C (600F) in a closed system for long periods without appreciable decomposition, and because they are non-flammable. , 46 0142515 TOWOLDMON0022928 WATER_PCB-00007397 Toward Light The aroclor plasticizers have good light stability in heavily pigmented compounds and fair light stability in clear formulations. The materials become discolored, but their physical prop erties are not degraded. For critical applications, incorporation of a small amount of a light screening agent greatly improves light stability at reasonable cost. The following data show that as little as 0.01 per cent Tinuvin I' in aroclor 1254 nearly doubles the service life in the 50-to-100-hour range and that 0.1 per cent Tinuvin P results in a 10-fold improvement. Tinuvin P Concentration (%) 0 0.01 0.05 0.1 Fade-Ometer Exposure (hours) 0 50 100 150 500 Color (Gardner Units) 0 5 10 11 14 0 1 6 7 14 0 0 3 4 11 00 1 2 6 Toward Oxidation When aroclor compounds are heated to 140c C with oxygen in a bomb at 250 psi, no evi dence of oxidation occurs, as judged by absence of sludge formation or increased acidity. Also, no increase in acidity occurred after 4 hours heating with air at 260C and 210 psi. NONFLAMMABILITY The viscous aroclor liquids and the resins do not supf>orl combustion when healed alone, even at their boiling points - above 350C. Most of the aroclor compounds flux readily with resinous and pitch-like materials to give products with decreased fire hazard, aroclor products incorporated in plastic products and rubber foams retard the rate of burning. NON-DRYING PROPERTIES AND THERMOPLASTICITY The aroclor compounds are non-drying. When exposed to the air, even in thin films, no noticablc oxidation or hardening takes place. Despite this property, aroclor plasticizers do not retard the drying rate of lacquer films. Quick-drying varnishes and paints may be made with aroclor resins without affect on drying characteristics. The aroclor plasticizers are permanently thermoplastic. They apparently undergo no conden sation or hardening upon repeated melting and cooling. Clear aroclor resins are availahle with softening points up to 105C. The opaque crystalline solids are available with melting points up to about 1(>000. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES The electrical properties of aroclor compounds are extremely interesting: high resistivity and dielectric strength and low power factor, as listed in Table XVI. The dielectric constants of the various aroclor compounds range from 3.3 to 4.9 at 100 C and 1000 cycles. 47 0142516 TOWOLDMON0022929 WATER_PCB-00007398 TABLE XVI--ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF AROCLORS AROCLOR Dielectric Constant (ASTM D-I50-47T) 1000 cycles 25C IOOC 1232 1242 1248 1254 1260 5.7 5.8 5,6 5.0 4.3 4.6 4.9 4.6 4.3 3.7 1268 5442 5454 5460 4465 2.5 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.7 4.9 4.2 3.7 3.3 Volume Resistivity (ASTM D-257-46) 500 Volts D.C.. I00C (ohm-cm.) Dielectric Strength (ASTM D-149-44} IKVJ Power Factor (ASTM D-I50-47T) 1000 cycles, I00C (%) Above 500 x 10" Above 500 x 10" Above 500 x 10" Above 500 x; 10 Above 35 Above 35 Above 35 Above 35 below 0.1 Helow 0.1 Helow 0.1 below 0.1 Above 500 >; 10" HOW TO EMULSIFY1 AROCLORS Kmulsions of aroclor plasticizer? can be made simply in several ways; the method can be selected to suit the particular akoci.ok and the type of formulation in which it will be used. Emulsifiable Concentrated Stock Solutions of Airoclors Stock solutions made according to the following formulation are readily emulsified with water. The amount of toluene may be increased as needed to dissolve the more resinous aroclor compounds. Ingredient Parts by Weight akoci.ok Toluene Jsopropano) Slerox* CD Santomcrse* (nonionicemulsifier) #3(anionicwelting agent) 79 16.70 3.55 1.00 0.75 Emulsifying Liquid Aroclor* Ingredient Portion 1 aroclor 1254 Oleic Acid Parts by Weight 100 4 Portion 2 Water Ammonium Hydroxide (28%) Lustrex* X-810 Polystyrene 100 2 2 Slerox. Sdnltrmetit.jind Luhtcx Momanto Chanicl Comrny Registered in U. S. Pstrnt Office. 48 0142517 TOWOLDMON0022930 WATER_PCB-00007399 Mix the polystyrene and ammonium hydroxide in warmed water with vigorous agitation. Mix the aroclor 1254 and oleic acid, heat to 450 C, and agitate vigorously. Maintain the 45 C temperature and agitation, and slowly add in the aqueous portion (Portion 2). Continue agitation for one-half hour until phase inversion is complete. Emulsifying Viscous Aroclors Ingredient Portion 1 AROCLOR 1254 Stearic Acid Portion 2 Water Triethanolamine Parts by Weight 64 4 32 1 Heat the aroclor to a workable viscosity (180 F or higher) and stir in the stearic acid thoroughly. Heat the water almost to boiling (207 F) and stir in the triethanolamine thorough ly. Pour the ARon.DR-stearic acid portion into the water-triethanolamine portion with vigorous agitation. I'rocess the combined portions either with a high speed emulsifying stirrer or through a colloid mill . ______________________ ^ DERMATOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY At ordinary temperatures the aroclor chlorinated polyphenyls have not presented industrial *>' toxicological problems. The hazard of potential toxic exposure varies with their volatility: the lower-chlorinated ones, being more volatile, present more of a potential problem from the stand point of both inhalation and skin contact. When aroclor compounds are used at elevated temperatures, engineering controls must be applied, either by the use of closed systems or In effective local-exhaust ventilation together with general workroom exhaust. Inhalation tests on animals indicate that the maximum safe concentration of vapor is in the range of from 0.5 to 1.0 milligram of the lower-chlorinated aroclor compounds per cubic meter of air. The threshold limits (maximum allowable concentration for an 8-hour working day) set by the American Conference of Government Hygienists are 10 milligram of the lowerchlorinated aroclor compounds per cubic meter of air and 0.5 milligram of the more highlychlorinated compounds, such as aroclor 12 54, per cubic meter of air. Schwartz patch tests on 200 volunteers showed that neither aroclor 12 54 alone when applied to gauze nor a polyvinyl chloride film containing 11,5-weight-per cent aroclor 1254 was a pri mary irritant or a sensitizer. Canvas coated with an oil-modified alkyd resin (17-weight-per cent of the paint-film solids and 7-weighl-per cent of the painted fabric was aroclor 5460) likewise did not produce primary skin irritancy or sensitization according to the same Schwartz technique. Continuous or repeated skin contact with the aroclor compounds must be avoided because of the possible occurance of a condition called chloracne. Although reports of this condition caused by aroclor compounds are rare, it can be produced by excessive skin contact. 49 0142*16 TOWOLDMON0022931 WATER_PCB-00007400 6______ SAFE HANDLING Vapor of the liquid aroclor compounds at room temperature should not be breathed in a con fined space, and no vapor of any aroclor compound evolved at elevated temperatures should be allowed to be dispersed into the general workroom. Continuous or repeated skin contact with the aroclor compounds must be avoided by the use of gloves and protective garments. If any aroclor is spilled on the skin, the skin should be washed in the usual manner with a soap solution. A bum caused by contact with a hot aroclor should be treated like any ordinary bum. aroclor adhering to the burned area need not be removed immediately, unless treatment of the burn demands it, in which case either soap and water or repeated washings with a vegetable oil are recommended. Freight Classification aroclor 1221, 1243,1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1262 Rail Classification aroclor 1268, 2565,4465, 5442, 5460 Truck Classification aroclor 1268, 2565 aroclor 4465, 5442, 5460 Shipping Regulations Standard Containers aroclor 1221 AROCLOR 1232 AROCLOR 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1262 AROCLOR 1268 aroclor 2565, 4465 AROCLOR 5442 aroclor 5460 (flaked) WFWl L. SM-12/tOl BM-8/62 Synthetic Resin, Liquid, N01BN Synthetic Resin, Other Than Liquid, N01BN Synthetic Resin, Powder, KOI Synthetic Resin, Lumps or Solid Mass, NOI None Tank car, 520-lb. steel drum, 50-lb. can Tank car, 550-lb. steel drum, 50-lb. can Tank car, 600-lb. steel drum, 50-lb. can 200-lb. fiber drum, 50-lb. can 500-lb. steel drum, 50-lb. can 450-lb. steel drum, 50-lb. can 100-lb. bag 50 0UZ519 TOWOLDMON0022932 WATER_PCB-00007401 TOWOLDMON0022933 WATER_PCB-00007402