Document r9784Jw3yra7vNnmJQGp3Xpe

C h x c x e D e v e l o p m e n t C o .,x n c 5 0 0 Fi e t u Av e n u e New Yo r k PL E A SE A D D R E S S ALL COM M UNICATIONS TO TH E COMPANY P A R T OKS INVESTIGATION o f th e METHODS, MATERIALS, said CONDITIONS o f CHICLE PRODUCTION 1* In tr o d u c to r y S ta te m e n t - ORIGINi C h ic le , as u sed i n chewing gum, i s th e l a t e x o f th e Aohras S apote Tree, s o lid if ie d by b o ilin g * This tr e e is found in s u f f ic ie n t q u a n t i t i e s t o e x p l o i t c h i d e * i n th e Y ucatan P e n in s u la w hioh com p r is e s th e n o rth e rn h a l f o f th e T e rr ito ry o f P eten i n Guatemala* th e n o rth e rn h a lf o f B r itis h Honduras, th e Mexican S ta te s o f Campeche end Y ucatan , and th e M exican T e r r i t o r y o f Q u in ta n a Roo* Sm all amounts o f c h i d e a re a lso o b tain ed in th e Mexican S ta te o f Vera Crus* The Aohras Sapote t r e e i s found e x te n s iv e ly in t h i s e n tire t e r r i t o r y b u t always in a f o r e s t mixed w ith o th er tre e s* There a re no s o lid Aohras Sapote fo re s ts * This a re a i s composed o f lim e sto n e, w hich in many p la c e s i s exposed on th e su rfa c e o f th e ground* There i s seme c la y i n t h e s o i l o v e rly in g th e lim e sto n e and i n alm ost every p la ce a heavy la y e r o f v e g eta b le humus, formed by th e decay o f th e f o r e s t s th ro u g h many c e n tu rie s * The lim e sto n e i s poro u s, and i n many p a r ts o f th e P e n in su la th e r e a re no s u rfa c e riv e rs or stream s and a l l ra in -w a te r escapes underground through crevioes in th e lim estone* There i s a ra in y season, la s tin g from s ix to seven months and a d ry seaso n d uring th e b a la n c e o f th e year* The ra in y seaso n s t a r t s about th e 1 s t o f Ju ly and ends somewhere betw een Jan u ary and March* , 1 1 . D e s c r ip tio n o f PRODUCTION PROCESSt The Aohras Sapote Tree c o n ta in s a la te x , w hich i s found in th e young b a rk grow ing o u ts id e o f th e cambium* As you o u t th ro u g h th e bark w ith a k n ife , you sever th e la te x v essels and th e la te x esoapes* These v e sse ls are n ot continuous pipes up th e trunk of the tre e b u t oonslst of sh o rt disconnected re se rv o irs containing th e latex* Consequently, in bleeding th e tr e e com m ercially to Obtain th e la te x , i t i s neoesssry to o u t th e bark through to th e cambium i n s lg sa g gashes from th e ground up t o th e f i r s t branches* N 7568 C h i c. &l e D e v e. l o pm e n t C....o. .,i n c p l e a s e a d d r e s s a l l COMMUNICATIONS t o t h e COMPANY 11 D e s c r ip tio n o f FROOTCTIOH PROCESS t (o o n tin u e d ) , , : . .'-V ' ' " ' '. The la tex th a t exudes throughthe severed Teasel* flours down th e channel made b y th e c u ttin g o f th e b a rk and i s c o lle c te d a t th e fo o t of th e tre e * This la te x w ill only ru n during th e wet w eather when th e re i s m oisture in th e so il* Thefefore* c o lle c tio n of th e o h iele i s undertaken from duly to th e end o f th e w et season* The o h iclero * o f o o u rse, has to clim b th e t r e e d u rin g t h i s p ro c e ss o f C u ttin g * Be su p p o rts h im s e lf, w hile cutting* w ith a rope w hich passes around th e tru n k o f th e t r e e and around h is body a t th e same tim e* A p a lm -le a f a c ts as a spout to c a rry th e la te x from th e o u t in th e tre e to a canvas bag which is placed a t th e fo o t o f th e tr e e to c o lle c t th e latex* A t r e e w ill b le e d fo r a p e rio d o f f o u r ,o r fiv e hours and th e n th e cu ts g ra d u a lly c lo se up and no more la te x flow s* A o h ic le ro u s u a ll y c u ts from f o u r t o s i x t r e e s d u rin g -a, m orning and th e n w aits u n til a l l th e la te x has flowed and been c o lle c te d in a canvas bag a t t h e f o o t o f th e tr e e * He may g e t from one t o t h r e e q u a r ts o f l a t e x p e r t r e e on a n av erag e* He th e n c o l l e c t s th e la te x from a l l th e tr e e s th a t he has tapped during th e m orning and b r in g s i t b a ck t o camp i n a l a r g e can v as sa c k stra p p e d on h is back* The la te x i s c o lle c te d fo r a p e rio d o f s e v e r a l d a y s 'a n d k e p t i n camp i n th e form o f l a t e x i n th e s e canvas containers* In th is form i t is a s tic k y m ilky flu id * When s u f f i c i e n t l a t e x h as b e e n o o lle o te d * t h e o h io le r o ta k e s a la r g e ir o n k e ttle p la c e s i t '. i n th e open* and b u ild s a f i r e under i t * He th e n pours th e latex; in to th e k e ttle * w ith th e idea of b o ilin g o ff su ffic ie n t m oisture so th a t th e ohiole w ill s o li d i f y and b e C ast i n blooks* .which oan b e h andled com m ercially* D uring t h i s cooking process* n o th in g i s added* The man c o n tin u o u s ly s t i r s th e mass w ith a wooden tic k to h a ste n th e oooking and t o p r e v e n t b u rn in g * When t h e Cooking h a s b e e n .e e r r ie d a lo n g f o r a s u ffic ie n t len g th of tim e, d e term in e d b y th e experience o f th e eh iolero* th e k e t t l e i s removed from t h e j l y e end th e o h io le is th e n p ressed in to wooden m olds'w here i t ^ a follow ed t o oool* These molds a re greased on th e in s id e so t h a tib b e e h io le w ill n o t s tic k t o th e wood* I t i s th e n tr a n s p o r te d i n henequen bege t o our w are houses where each b lo o k i s c u t fo r in sp e c tio n w ith a s te e l machete and th e n i t i s s to re d i n th c warehouses u h t i l read y f o r shipment* I t i s shipped i n c o tto n - lin e d henequen sacks end comes d i r e c t l y to th e warehouses in th e U nited f t a t e s * , . ' - C h i c u b D e v e l o p m e k t C o .,i n c 5 0 0 PrFTix Av e k u e N ew Yo r k PLE A SE A D D R E S S ALL COM MUNICATIONS TO TH E COMPANY .111 P A fi T O H E COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT o f C h ic le F ro d u o tio m The e x tra c tio n o f c h ic le re q u ire s th e in-vestment o f la rg e amounts o f money b e fo re d e liv e r ie s o f th e fin is h e d o h ic le can be made a t th e p o r t o f shipm ent. C o n tracto rs* o p e ra t ing on government lands (or* a t times* on p riv a te lan d s) p la ce o h ic le ro s i n th e woods a t th e beginning o f th e season and fu rn is h them -with su p p lies and equipm ent and pro v id e th e mules neoessary fo r th e tra n s p o rta tio n o f th e ohicle . A ll th e s e expenses must* i n a la rg e p a rt* be fin a n e e d by the buyer * The C h i d e Development Company and t h e Tim* W rig ley J r . Company are b oth prepared and organized to ta k e th e neoessary fin a n c ia l r i s k s in v o lv e d i n making th e s e advances* and* f o r t h i s reason* th ey purchase jo in tly probably 90^ of th e c h id e im ported in t o th e U n ited S ta te s . The b alan ce o f th e im p o rta tio n s i s h a n d led by v a rio u s b ro k e rs who d e a l i n t h i s m a te r ia l on a r e la tiv e ly sm all scale and a t irre g u la r in te rv a ls . INVESTIGATION: UNDERTAKEN FOR DISCOVERT o f th e SOURCE o f CONTAMIKMa TION: ' Two m ethods o f o b ta in in g t h e f a o t s as t o t h e c o n ta m in a tio n o f o h ic le suggested them selves. The f i r s t was to observe th e various steps in th e prooess of prep aratio n of th e eh io le i n o rd e r t o f i n d o u t w here t h e c o n ta m in a tio n c o u ld o c cu r The second c o n siste d in o o lle o tin g samples o f a l l m a te ria ls which oame i n c o n ta e t w ith th e c h i c l e a t a l l s ta g e s o f idle p ro o e s s and* by a n a ly s is o f th e s e samples* e i t h e r t o lo e a t e th e con tam inant o r to d isp ro v e i t s e x iste n c e as suoh* B oth methods w ere p u t t o u se and b o th y ie ld e d r e s u l t s . *v? 'y . On o r a b o u t Deoember 1 st* 1955* b o th th e C h i d e Development Company and th e Tim W rig ley J r . Company a rra n g e d t o sen d ex perienoed and eom petent employees in to th e : o h ic le eaaps to inspeot and study th e operations of th e production o f c h id e as th e y a re a c tu a lly c a rrie d on. The fo llo w in g s o n w ere page three* C h i c l e DB\TEXOiM EifT Co.,u se. 5 0 0 F i f t h Av e n u e New Yo r k PLE A SE A D D R E S S ALL COM M UNICATIONS TO TH E COMPANY P AR T QBE 1Y. IflVESTIGATIOH UNDERTAKEN FOR DISCOVERY o f t h e SOURCE o f CQNTAMINATION (C o n tin u e d ) ..... """* sele o te d and sen t in to th e te r r it o r ie s indicated * , Mr Edwin M urray i n t o a s e c t i o n o f Q u in tan a Roo ( a journey covering a dietenoe of ( f o u r or fiv e days on mule from ( Peto* Yucatan* Mr* JC Brydon i n t o a r e g io n i n th e e a s t e r n p a r t o f ( Yucatan* known as 'El Cuyo"* Mr Edward Moore i n t o th e la n d s o f The Laguna C o rp o ra tio n ( o f th e P a rtid o d el Carmen in th e ( S ta te o f Campeche Mr JG A znar i n t o th e same la n d s as Mr Moore and th en in to th e Tuxpena Seotion ( o f th e P a rtid o de Champoton ( i n th e S ta te o f Campeche Mr RC P o r te r i n t o t h e la n d s known a s S a n ta M aria ( in the A ortheastern portion of ( Q u in tan a Roo* ( Mr AB P e r l i n i n t o th e la n d s o f The M exican Gulf Land and ( Mr* RP Dyohman Lumber Company and a d ja c e n t la n d s ( i n th e P a r tid a d e l Carmen i n th e ( S ta t e o f Campeche* These men w ere g iv en a q u estio n n aire* c o n s is tin g o f th e l i s t o f q u e s tio n s shown on EXHIBIT "A" a tta o h e d h e re w ith * T h e ir answ ers a re sum m arised i n f u l l on t h i s EXHIBIT "A" These seven in sp ecto rs were a lso given in s tru c tio n s to o o lle o t a sample o f each m a te ria l or u te n s il in -o o n tao t w ith o h io le from th e tim e th e la te x l e f t th e tr e e u n til i t was cooked and o a s t in hlooks* - The work o f th e se seven in s p e c to rs covered th e S ta te s o f Campeche* Yucatan* and th e n o r th e r n p o r ti o n o f t h e T e r r i t o r y o f Q u in ta n a Roo* page four* Ch i c l e De t b i o pm e n t Co .,inc . 5 0 0 P ie t i i Av e it o e New Yo r k P L E A S E A D D R E S S ALL C O M M U N IC A T IO N S TO T H E COMPANY F A R T OKB 1Y. INVESTIGATION XTHDERTAKEN FOR DISCOVERY o f th SOOICB o f CONTAMINATION* (C o n tin u e d ) , ; ,; . These in v e stig a tio n sw e re la te r supplem ented by a d d itio n a l in v e stig a tio n s c a rrie d on by r eg u lar employees of th e companies in th e T e rrito ry o f P eten, Guatemala! in th e T e rrito ry o f B r itis h Honduras! and, in th e S ta te o f Vera C ruz, Mexico C o rre c tiv e a c tio n , ta k e n a t a l a t e r d a te , covered a ll te r r ito r ie s alike* V. REPORTS o f FIHDINGS A s tu d y o f EXHIBIT "A" shows d e a r l y t h a t c e r t a i n o f th e k e ttle s , which were used fo r th e cooking of th e c h ic le , were resp o n sib le fo r th e contam ination These k e ttle s consisted of iro n -p lates riv e te d together w ith solder composed o f le a d and t i n i n th e j o i n t s and, i n seme c a s e s , w ith a c o a tin g o f t h i s same s o ld e r on th e in s id e o f th e k e ttle * This c o atin g was p u t on to prevent th e ru s tin g o f th e iron This so ld er was in d ire c t contaot w ith th e c h id e l a t e x d u rin g th e p ro c e ss o f cooking Ko o th e r s i g n i f i c a n t sources of contam ination were discovered by in sp ectio n , a l though i t is obvious th a t sm all a d d itio n a l q u a n titie s of le a d m ight fin d th e i r way in to th e o h ic le or to th e su rfa o e of th e chicle block through th e s o il, by d ire c t or in d ire c t contaot I t was su b seq u en tly found th a t m ost o f th e k e t t l e s used i n \ Guatemala and in B r i t i s h Honduras - and many o f th e k e t t l e s \ u sed i n Tuxpem - w ere o f o a s t i r o n w ith no seams and no le a d or o th er contam inant in contaot w ith th e ohicle* ' VI Samples o f th e fo llo w in g m a te ria l w ere o b ta in e d and s e n t t o th e U nited S tates fo r te s t* F resh l a t e x - as i t came from th e tre e Sam ples o f t h e o u te r b a rk o f th e Ach r a s S a p o te t r e e Samples o f th e in n e r b ark o f th e Aehras Sapote tre e F o liag e of th e Aehras Sapote (contam inated w ith so il} S o il from various areas Wood a sh e s from th e o h ic le oamps ( on s u rfa o e o f oamp ground) page five He 0006331 e; C h i c l e D E V E L O P M E i d C o .,x n c . 5 0 0 ErFTII AvEITTJE New Yo r k P L E A S E A D D R E S S ALL C O M M U N IC A T IO N S TO T H E COMPANY F i R l ONE Y l# (continued) W ater as u sed f o r v a rio u s purposes i n th e camps H aile used t o make wooden molds i n Cosuael D is tric t Soap used to lu b ric a te th e molds in M erida D is tr ic t. Soap used to lu b r ic a te th e molds in Tuxpena D is tric t Soap used to lu b r ic a te th e molds in Laguna D is tric t* Soap u sed t o lu b r io a te th e molds i n Campeche D is tr ic t "Sosquil used t o apply soap t o th e molds G rease used to lu b ric a te th e molds Kerosene used to lu b ric a te th e molds Palm Leaves used as a m at i n m olding J u te Mat used i n m olding Hemp Bag u se d a s mat o r c o n ta in e r ( s o i l e d ) f o r b lo o k s . Dry Dye (u se d i n d i l u t e s o l u t i o n t o l a b e l b a g s) Hennequin Bag u sed as c o n ta in e r f o r c h ic l e b lo c k s ( s o ile d ) P la s te r from warehouse w all* Sweepings from flo o r o f warehouse Numerous b lo c k s o f c h io le p re p a red under th e in s p e c tio n . of our inspectors The fin d in g s in re s p e c t to th e se samples a re d iscu ssed in P a r t 2 o f t h i s r e p o r t 711 CORRECTIVE ACTION TAKEN* As soon a s we lo e a t e d t h e so u rc e o f th e tr o u b l e as th e s o ld e r i n th e r i v e t e d k e ttle s w e im m ediately commenced a n i n v e s t ig a ti o n t o determ ine th e b e s t m a te ria l f o r new k e ttle s and th e b e s t ty p e o f k e t t l e t o be chosen We c o n sid e re d th e v a rio u s m a te r ia ls * w hleh were a v a ila b le f o r th e m anufacture o f suoh k e ttle s * and we made a c arefu l study to determ ine th e siz e and th e shape o f th e k e ttle desired* and w hether o r n o t an improvement could be made by hav ing a k e ttle w ith, a double bottom in order to fu rth e r improve th e q u a lity of the c h ic le by prevention of burning We w ere o b lig e d t o make prom pt d e c is io n s i n o rd e r t o e lim in a te t h e c o n ta m in a tio n a s soon a s p o s s ib le and we d id n o t have tim e t o make p ro p er experim ents t o a c tu a lly prove w hich ty p e o f k e t t l e w ould b e th e b e s t We have i n s t a l l e d n e w , k e t t l e s o f s ta in le s s ste e l* b la c k iron* and o f e a s t-iro n * Almost a l l o f th e s ta in le s s s te e l k e ttle s purchased ere w elded w ithout th e use o f so ld e r and w ere made in th e U nited S ta te s under our d ir e c t su p erv isio n The b a la n c e o f th e s t a i n le s s s t e e l k e t t l e s a re stamped page six 0006352 ^ C H I C I I S JJ K V 13Z-O iVMLtJN A 5 0 0 PrFTii Av e n u e O-, j j s u . New Yo r k P L E A S E A D D R E S S ALL C O M M U N IC A T IO N S T O T H E CO MPANY VL1. P A R T ONE CORRECTIVE ACTION TAKEN (C o n tin u ed ) o u t o f one p ie c e o f m e ta l w ith o u t j o i n t s o f any kind Some o f th e s e have double b o tto m s and some have n o t About one thousand b la c k iro n k e ttle s were made o f one p ie c e stamped m etal rd th o u t jo in ts of any kind end w ith a fa ls e double bottom which i s removable These were made in th e U nited S ta te s under our d ir e c t su p erv isio n The b alan ee o f th e b la c k iro n k e ttle s w ere made by a m an u factu rer i n M erida w ith r iv e te d and w elded jo in ts and w ith a fa ls e bottom riv e te d and welded to th e k e ttle D uring t h e m a n u fa ctu re o f th e s e k e ttle s # we had our own i n sp ec to r p re s e n t in th e fa c to ry in o rd er to see th a t no s o ld e r was in troduced in to th e k e ttle A ll o f th e se k e ttle s have handles d is tin c tiv e from th o se form erly used so th at# a t a glance# our in sp ec to rs can determ ine w hether or not th e k e ttle is lead-free B oth th e Win W rig ley J r Company and th e C h ic le Development Company have a d v ise d a l l t h e i r c o n tr a c to r s t h a t th e com panies w ill replace free of cost any of the old riv e te d and soldered k e ttle s # w hich th e c o n tr a c to r s may have i n t h e i r camps# w h eth er used fo r th e cooking o f c h icle or fo r th e sto rag e of w ater Our own em ployees a re p e r s o n a lly p r e s e n t when th e t r a n s f e r o f t h e new k e t t l e s i s made t o t h e c o n tra c to r s # and f o r each new k e ttle delivered# they personally see th a t an old k e ttle is d e stro y e d We are# th e re fo re # c o n f id e n t t h a t no o ld co n tam in ated k e t t l e s w i l l b e in e x is te n c e i n th e o h ic le camps d u rin g th e sea so n w hich i s j u s t s t a r t i n g We have t o l d th e c o n tr a c to r s th a t th e fin d in g i n any o f t h e i r camps of one s in g le k e ttle # co n tain in g lead# would be s u f f ic ie n t cause fo r th e c a n c e lla tio n o f e o n tra o t and we have from each e o n tr a e to r a l e t t e r a g re e in g to pay a heavy fin a n c ia l penalty i f such k e ttle s are found I n a d d itio n t o g iv in g th e s e k e t t l e s t o th e c o n t r a c t o r s , we e re sending out a t our expense in to a ll th e Indian V illages in th ese reg io n s# and i n s t a l l i n g w ith o u t c o s t t o th e in h a b ita n ts # new k e t t l e s f o r any o ld ones w hich we may f i n d i n th e s e v i l l a g e s and on t h e sm a ll su rro u n d in g farm s Many o f th e s e in d iv id u a l owners o f is o la te d k e ttle s do n o t use them a t a l l fo r th e cook in g o f c h i c l e b u t own them f o r t h e m an u factu re o f la rd # soap# e tc * They may, however# a few tim es du rin g th e seaso n cook a few blocks of c h ic le in th e se k e ttle s and s e ll th e blooks through one o f o u r c o n tra c to r s # and we a r e m aking t h i s re p la c e m e n t in erd er to elim inate any p o s s ib ility o f fu tu re contam ination page seven K Z U353 C h i c l e D e v e l o p m e n t C o ..j s c . 500 Pie t ii Av e n u e New Yo r k P L E A S E A D D R E S S ALL C O M M U N IC A T IO N S TO T H E COMPANY ' PART 0 NE V l l . C0RRECTI7E ACTION TAKEN (C o n tin u e d ) . Tie have a lre a d y r e p la c e d a p p ro x im a te ly ,1 8 5 0 k e t t l e s a t a t o t a l o o s t o f .$ 49#00000* , ,. Tie have a d v is e d a l l o th e r im p o rte rs o f c h ic l e o f th e s o u rc e o f t h i s c o n ta m in a tio n end we hav e u rg e d them t o ta k e s im ila r a c t i o n w ith th e p e o p le from whom th e y buy c h ic le * The l a r g e s t o f th e s e o th e r d e a le rs F* Huber & Company o f Hew York has alread y purchased and sen t to Tuxpan a number o f k e ttle s sim ilar to ours * 7111* FUTURE POLICY* B oth th e C h ic le Development Company and th e Wm* W rig le y Jr* Company have o rg a n is e d s t a f f s o f in s p e c to rs s e le c te d from men tr a in e d i n th e c h ic le b u sin ess# f a m ilia r w ith th e co u n try and accustom ed to th e l i f e o f th e c h ic le camps* There a r e e ig h t o r t e n o f th e s e in s p e c to rs who w i l l have no o th e r d u tie s th a n t o c o n tin u o u s ly t r a v e l from oamp t o camp and th e w ork h as b een p la n n ed so t h a t th e y w i l l v i s i t e v e ry camp a t i n t e r v a l s o f betw een t h i r t y and s i x t y days during th e coming season* They a re in s tr u c te d t o in s p e c t every k e t t l e and to see t h a t a l l a re o f th e new type* They w ill break up any k e ttle s which th ey fin d th a t con ta in contam ination* This in sp e c tio n system extends through out th e c h ic le te r r ito r y and is c a re fu lly organized* We a r e c o n fid e n t t h a t no more c h ic l e w i l l b e in tro d u c e d in to th e U nited S ta te s which i s contam inated by lead* page e ig h t. i 0* 106354 Ch i c l e De v e i o pi c e n t Co .,inc 5 0 0 F i f t h Av e k it e New Yo r k P L E A S E A D D R E S S ALL C O M M U N IC A T IO N S TO T H E COMPANY P A R T TWO SOURCES CF LEAD IK COMMERCIAL CHICLE A re p o rt on the samples and m a te ria ls reoeived and the re s u lts obtained upon _______________ a n a ly s is The presen ce o f le a d in com m ercial c h ic le in q u a n titie s ra n g in g from 0*16 p a rts per m illio n up to 54*00 p a rts per m illio n pointed to th e lik e lih o o d o f some so u rc e o f c o n ta m in a tio n i n t h e h a n d lin g o f th e raw m a te r ia l* T his lik e lih o o d was stren g th en ed by th e f a c t th a t t h i o le from c e r ta in a re a s o f p ro d u ctio n showed only m inute amounts o f le a d , w h ile from o th e rs th e amounts, although exceedingly v a ria b le , were fre q u e n tly high* A previous study of th e le a d c o n ten t of v e g e ta tio n , ta k e n from M exican f i e l d s f a r away from c it i e s and hig h ro ad s, and uncontam inated by d e p o sits from chimneys and f a c to r y fume and sm oke-staoks had b e en made b y Dr* R*A* Kehoe and h i s asso ciates of th e K ettering L aboratory, College of M edicine, U n iv ersity o f C in c in n a ti* This stu d y had f a i l e d t o show a p la n t or p la n t p ro d u c t w ith a le a d c o n c e n tr a tio n i n exoess o f 0*9 p*p*m* M oreover, suoh s o i l sam ples from v ario u s p a rts o f th e w orld as th e y had analysed had not given r e s u lts i n ex cess o f 10 p*p*m* I t seemed u n l ik e ly , th e r e f o r e , t h a t any p a r t o f a p la n t would s e le c tiv e ly absorb le ad from th e s o il to such an ex ten t as would be re q u ire d to g iv e th e r e s u lts obtained on ch icle* Moreover, ex p e rie n c e had shown t h a t th e o p p o rtu n itie s - f o r th e a c c id e n ta l in tr o d u c tio n of lead in to processed m a te ria ls are v ery numerous and very w idespread* As s t a t e d i n P a r t One o f t h i s r e p o r t , a su rv e y o f th e o h io le oemps d i s closed th e fa c t th a t in c e r ta in areas th e k e ttle s fo r oooking th e la te x were fa b ric a te d in suoh a way as to perm it so ld er to be in oontaot w ith th e con t e n t s o f t h e k e t t l e * Ko o th e r s i g n i f i c a n t so u rc e s o f c o n ta m in a tio n w ere d i s covered by in sp ec tio n , although i t was obvious th a t sm ell a d d itio n a l q u a n titie s o f lead m ight fin d th e i r way in to th e o h ic le , or to th e su rfa c e o f th e ohiole blocks, the s o il, by d ire o t or in d ire c t contact* The evidence o b ta in e d by th e sy ste m a tic c o l l e c t i o n o f sam ples o f m a te r ia ls asso ciated w ith a l l th e processes o f producing o h io le, tog eth er w ith the analyses of these m a te ria ls, is presented in th e follow ing paragraphs* 1* The n a tu ra l le a d c o n te n t o f th e raw m a te ria l Samples o f la te x to g e th e r w ith v ario u s p a rts o f th e correspond ing tre e s were obtained from vario u s lo c a litie s , and samples o f s o i l w ere ta k e n from th e r o o t a re a o f th e tr e e s * T able 1* shows page nine* /<jEf 0 OD 0 3 5 5 C h i c u e D e v e l o p m e n t C o .,x n c P A S T TWO th e a n a ly tic a l d a te on 68 sam ples o f la te x * 11 from th e Cozumel D is trio t* IS from M erida, 12 from Laguna# 12 fTomTuxpena and 20 from t h r e e oempe i n th e S t a t e o f Campeche* T hese eemploB w ere c o lle c te d b y lig h tly ; d if f e r e n t method* and o n ly a few w ere so obtained as c e rta in ly io exolude th e p o s s ib ility o f lig h t con tam in atio n from co n tact w ith bark or implements w hich were unclean in a ohemioal sense* S ev eral w are o o lle o te d d ir e c tly in to chem ically clean pyrex tubes* w hich were sealed on the sp o t and kept clo sed u n t i l th e tim e o f a n a ly sis! o th e rs were ta k e n from th e canvas bag norm ally used to o o lle o t la te x frcta th e tr e e ; others were tak en from th e la rg e r canvas bag used to o o lle o t la te x from many tr e e s j two others w ere ta k e n from th e s t i l l la r g e r bags used t o convey t h e c o l l e c t i o n s f o r s e v e r a l days i n t o t h e oooking oemp* Some w ere t r e a t e d w ith form aldehyde* some w ith ammonia* and o th e rs were heated by dipping th e co n tain ers in a b o ilin g w ater bath* (These m easures w ere employed t o p re v e n t fe rm e n ta tio n and lo s s o f m a te ria l in shipm ent)* A few had no treatm en t o f any kind* I t is apparent th a t th e la te x contained only suoh minimal tra c e s of n a tu ra l le a d as have been found i n o th e r v e g eta tio n * The v a r ia tio n in th e re su lts* w hile slig h t* i s n o t due e n tire ly * nor* perhaps* appreciably* t o v a r i a t i o n i n t h e n a t u r a l le a d c o n te n t o f d i f f e r e n t sam ples* On th e contrary* the higher findings are asso ciated w ith op p o rtu n ities fo r s lig h t and hygienic a lly ln s ig n ifio a n t contam ination* in th a t such samples contained fo re ig n m a te ria l (e*g* bark)* or th ey had been tak en from la rg e r o o lle o tio n s o f la te x w hieh had been tra n s fe rre d from one canvas bag t o another* In gen eral* i t may be s a id o f th e se samples* as o f every o th e r ty p e of m a te ria l o o lle e te d fo r a n a ly tic a l study* t h a t th e mere th e y had been handled* th e g re a te r was th e ir le a d c o n te n t* D oubtless* however* some sm a ll q u a n tity o f le a d (u p t o 0*06 p*p*m* p e rh a p s ) A a n a t u r a l c o n s t i t u a n t o f t h e la te x * In view o f th e m inute q u a n titie s o f le a d i n latex * th e le a d co n ten t of th e s o il and of th e foliage* bark and tru n k o f th e tre e lo ses in prim ary im portance and has sig n ifican ce only so fa r as th ese m a te r ia ls may b e c o n ta m in a n ts o f t h e l a t e x a s i t i s o o lle o te d * Ac cordingly th e a n aly tica l re s u lts on th ese substances are given under th e next heading* . 6 C h i c l e D e v e l o p m e n t C o .i n c 5 0 0 P i e t h Av e n t e i New Yo r k PLE A SE A D D R E S S ALL COM M UNICATIONS TO TH E COMPANY ? AE T T W0 The le a d c o n te n ts o f v a rio u s m a te r ia ls -with -which l a t e x oomea in c o n ta c t e x c lu s iv e o f th o s e a s s o c ia te d -with oooking* W ithout again en terin g upon a step -b y -step d e sc rip tio n of tk e procedures su ffic e i t to say th a t th e c o lle c tio n and handling o f l a t e x a re a s s o c ia te d -with some d e g re e o f c o n ta c t with a number o f m a t e r i a l s . T ab le 2* l i s t s t h e s e m a te rie l * a p p ro x im a te ly I n th e chronological order o f th e ir use or occurrence and gives th e le a d oontent of samples obtained on th e sp o t. These d a ta d isclo se no fa c ts o f v ita l im portance* Kerosene o ften oontains s ig n ific a n t q u a n titie s of lead as a r e s u lt of re fin e ry nsweetening" processes* and is thus i l l chosen as a lu b ric a n t fo r m olds This w ill be elim in ated in fu tu re o p e ra tio n s. The le a d found in o th er m a te ria ls i s o f l i t t l e p r a c t i c a l im portance* (The dye h ig h i n lead i s used on th e bags w ith a s te n c il in very d ilu te s o lu tio n . I t would not influence th e lead content o f blooks of c h icle o arried w ith in such b a g s.) I t is probable th a t a p ro p o rtio n of th e lead found in th ese samples was deriv ed from c o n ta c t w ith th e s o il* O bviously re a so n able oare should be tak en against th e in clu sio n of s o il or d ir t o f a ll kinds in th e la te x or in th e c h ic le blocks* The s ig n if ic a n t so u rce o f th e le a d c o n tam in atio n o f c h i c l e Pursuant to th e observation th a t soldered k e ttle s were in use in c e r t a i n camps sam ples o f .th e s o ld e r w ere o b ta in e d and a n a ly se d and found to ru n from 26 to 60 per c en t o f lead , w ith a rem ainder o f tin * B locks w ere made from f r e s h c h ic le in c e r t a i n o f th e se k e t t l e s u n d er t h e s u p e r v is io n o f a n :i n v e s t i g a t o r * th e s e b lo o k s b e in g id e n t i f i e d and p re se rv e d f o r a n a ly tic a l exam ination* The de t a i l s of a sin g le experim ent w ill serve to i l l u s tr a te th e source of th e contam ination and th e p o s s ib ilitie s fo r v a ria tio n in th e lead oontent o f c h id e so contam inated* One l o t o f c h ic l e l a t e x d e s ig n a te d a s "Cuyo" and fo u n d su b se q u e n t ly to o o n tain le a d in th e amount o f 0*06 p.p*a* was d iv id e d in to 2 parts* one of which was cooked in a b la ck iro n unsoldered k e ttle * th e o th er in a g alv an ised iro n k e ttle w ith so ld ered seems and a so ld e r c o a tin g on th e in s id e o f th e k e ttle * The blook r e s u ltin g from cooking in th e f i r s t k e t t l e y ie ld e d 0*20 p.p*m* on a n a ly s is * w hile th e second showed v a ria b le r e s u lts up to 200 p.p.m * (The reason fo r v a ria b le re s u lts w ill appear la te r* ) A seoond l o t o f c h i d e l a t e x from th e same source (b u t n o t analysed)* was d iv id e d and cooked in two o th e r k e ttle s * one a g alsan ised * so ld e re d k e t t l e which had been used f o r two months* and th e o th e r a s im ila r k e t t l e page eleven* Ch i c l e De v e l o pme n t Co .,esc . 5 0 0 F i e t i i Av e n u e New Yo r k P L E A S E A D D R E S S ALL C O M M U N IC A T IO N S TO T H E COMPANY P A R T TWO t h a t had been used f o r a long tim e* The r e s u lta n t c h ic le b lo c k s showed r e s p e c t i v e l y 75*0 pp*m* and 0*70 ppm. o f le ad The spectrogram s o f th e se sam ples showed th e p resen ce o f t i n in q u a n titie s p ro portionate to the q u a n titie s of lead I t is apparent frcm th e se observations th a t a soldered k e ttle gives up i t s so ld : to th e cooking latex g rad u ally lo sin g i t and th e re b y beooming a le s s s ig n if ic a n t source o f co n tam in atio n . Some c o n s id e ra b le v a r i a t i o n i n le a d c o n te n t may b e e x p e c te d among b lo c k s o f c h ic l e p re p a re d i n s o ld e r e d k e t t l e s w hich have b een i n u se f o r v a r ia b le p e rio d s o f tim e T able 5 shows a wide range of v a r ia b ility in a s e rie s of blocks prepared fo r ex p erim en tal p u rp o ses i n a s e r i e s o f cooking oamps The p a r t i c u l a t e n a tu re o f le a d i n c h i c l e In th e course of numerous an aly ses of commercial c h ic le , i t had been observed th a t check r e s u lts were n ot obtained on samples from th e same b lo c k s, even when a tte m p ts w ere ta k e n t o o b ta in / uniform samples from contiguous a re a s. This ap p aren tly uneven d is tr ib u tio n of le a d through th e blo ck s, when coupled w ith th e fa c ts as to th e source of contam ination, in d icated th a t the le a d was p r e s e n t , i n p a r t , a t l e a s t i n p a r t i c u l a t e m a tte r On t h e assum ption t h a t some p o r t i o n m ig h t b e i n th e form o f v i s i b l e d r o p le ts o f s o ld * , X -ra y ex am in atio n s w ere made o f b lo c k s known t o be h ig h i n lead * The film s dem onstrated th e p resen ce o f d is c re te p a r tic le s o f v a ria b le s is e , in numbers roughly p ro p o rtio n a l to th e magnitude o f th e lead contam ination as in d ic a te d by analyses Experim ents dealing w ith th is su b ject w ill be d escrib ed in another s e c tio n o f t h i s r e p o r t; m ention i s made h e re in o rd er to draw a tte n tio n to the fa o t th a t th e physical s ta te of th e lead and i ts i r r e g u l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n th ro u g h c h i c l e b lo c k s make i t q u ite im p o ssib le to o b ta in uniform samples o f c h ic le fo r an aly sis* I t is to be expeoted, th e re fo re , th a t any s e rie s o f a n a ly tic a l re s u lts on c h ic le sem ples fro m 'th e seme souree w i l l v a ry w ith in w ide lim its Such a n a ly se s may be counted on t o p o rtr a y only th e g e n e ra l o rd e r o f m agnitude o f th e le a d c o n te n t o f th m a te ria l The im portance of th is fa o t, fo r present purposes, T `/O t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f comparing a n a ly tic a l r e s u lts o b tain ed in th e v ario u s la b o ra to rie s c o n ce rn e d w ith t h i s m a tte r . I n o rd e r t o oomb in e and u t i l i s e th e d a ta b eing o b tain ed , i t was n eo essary to oompare a n a ly tic a l r e s u lts on samples o f uniform lead content* page twelve P A R T TWO 5* A com parison o f v a rio u s a n a ly tic a l methods Since a l l th e la b o ra to rie s engaged in th is study were eonoerned p rim a rily w ith c h ic le i t seemed test- to use commercial c h ic le as th e m a te ria l fo r an aly sis and to so tr e a t i t as to ren d er i t homogeneous A ccordingly a la rg e sample was p rep ared by com positing th e a sh o f 12 o n e -th ird pound p o rtio n s o f ohopped chicle* each o f whioh had been burned over n ig h t in a m u ffle fu rn a c e a t 450C i n a 500 oo q u a rtz e v a p o ra tin g dish The a sh was sie v e d u n t i l i t p assed th 8 s ta n d a rd 200 mesh siev e # a f te r whioh i t was thoroughly mixed and subdivided In order to check i t s homogeneity* a s e r ie s of samples were analysed in t h i s la b o ra to ry by th re e methods* a sp ectro g rap h io method (which has been published together w ith i t s s e n s itiv ity and accuracy) a d ith iz o n e method (th e d e ta i ls o f whioh are unpublished)* and a chem ical method# Jhe la tte r * d e sc rib e d elsew here* has been in use over a period of years I t consists e sse n tia lly of stan d ard a n a ly tic a l procedures whioh r e s u l t in th e is o la tio n o f pure le a d chromate I t g iv es uniform ly low r e s u lts by reaso n o f lo s s i n t h e numerous s e p a r a to r y s t e p s . ) When r e p e a te d a n a ly s e s w ere found t o check w ith in th e known l i m i t s o f aocuraoy o f th e th re e methods* adequate q u a n titie s o f th e ash fo r t r i p l i c a t e an aly ses were s e n t t o v a rio u s a n a ly sts The r e s u l t s appear in T able 4 The sp e c tro g ra p h io r e s u l t s o b ta in e d i n two la b o r a to r ie s correspond c lo s e ly and g iv e somewhat h ig h e r r e s u lts th a n two of th e d ith iz o n e m ethods. The chem ical ( a n a ly tic a l) method con firm s th e h ig h er v alu es of th e sp ectro g rap h io a n a ly s is when due allow ance is made f o r i t s known e r r o r on th e low sid e 1 S u m m a r y Commercial c h ic le has been found t o c o n ta in le a d as a contam inant The n a tu r a l le a d c o n te n t o f th e raw la te x i s n o t i n ex cess o f t h a t found i n many o th e r ty p e s o f v e g e ta b le products 2 The source o f c o n tam in atio n has been found in th e s o ld e r employed in th e fa b ric a tio n of c e rta in of th e k e ttle s used to oook th e latex* 5 The s o ld e r i s g iv e n up from th e k e t t l e s la r g e ly i n th e form o f globules which d is tr ib u te them selves unevenly through th e cooking mass page th irte e n . H e 0003359 C H IC L E DEVELO PM ENT C o .,Xn c . 5 0 0 F i f t h Av b n u e New Yo r k PLE A SE A D D R E S S ALL COM MUNICATIONS TO THE COMPANY P A K T TWO The a n a ly tic a l methods employed in th e stu d y of th e problem y ie ld s u b s ta n tia lly uniform and s a tis fa c to ry r e s u lts when a p p lie d to homogenous samples o f le a d -c o n ta in in g m a te ria l They do not# and cannot be expected to g iv e concordant r e s u lts on commercial c h ic le because of th e im p o s sib ility of o b ta in in g samples w hich a re homogenous w ith re s p e c t to t h e i r lead content Obviously# th e s o lu tio n o f th e problem o f fu tu re le a d con tam ination of c h icle c o n sists in th e permanent elim in atio n of soldered or otherw ise lead-bearing k e ttle s page fourteen KE" 0006350 Table 1 D is trib u tio n of Samples o f F resh O hiole L atex * According to Lead Content Lead in p a rts per B illio n 0 0 0.019 0.02 m 0.039 0.04 - 0.059 0.06 - 0.079 0.08 - 0.099 0.10 - 0.118 0.12 - 0.139 0.14 - 0.159 0.16 0.178 Frequency 0 4 24 16 12 6 3 1 2 T o tal 68 * The r e s u l t s on samples s t a b i l i s e d w ith. Formaldehyde and Ammonia do n o t d i f f e r m e asu ra b ly from th o s e o b ta in e d on u n tr e a te d sam ples The ammonia c o n ta in e d le a d t o th e e x te n t of 0*013 p.p.m . 0u6 3 i Table 2 The Lead Content o f C e rta in P o te n tia l Contaminants o f C hicle A rticle Analyzed Humber o f f f m p i e a T ..... A n aly ze?- O uter b ark o f Zapote tr e e (may f a l l in to la te x ) In n e r b a rk o f Zapotei t r e e (may f a l l in to la te x ) F o liag e o f Zapote tr e e (contam inated w ith s o il) S o il from various areas Wood ash es from camps (o n s u rfa c e o f camp g round) W ater as u sed f o r v a rio u s p u rp o ses i n oamps W alls used t o make wooden moulds i n Cozumel Soap used t o lu b ric a te moulds in M erida Soap used t o lu b r i c a te moulds in Cozumel Soap used to lu b ric a te moulds in Tuxpena Soap used to lu b ric a te moulds in Laguna Soap u sed t o l u b r i c a t e moulds i n Campeche "S oaquil" used to apply soap ho moulds G rease used to lu b ric a te moulds Kerosene used ho lu b rica h e moulds Palm le a v e s used as mat in moulding J u te m at used in moulding Hemp bag u sed a s m at o r a s c o n ta in e r ( s o ile d ) f o r b lo c k s Eexmequin hag used ais c o n ta in e r f o r c h ic le b lo c k s ( s o i l e d ) Dry Dye (u sed i n d i l u t e s o lu tio n t o la b e l h a g s) P la s te r from warehouse w all Sweepings from flo o r of warehouse T o tal number of a n aly se s 12 1 to be analyzed 2 Is 6 4 5 4 1 2 10 1 i 1 1 S 2 1 2 S ` 76 Lead in p a rts lio n " M s k r o a _______ 0.10 7^5 0.015 0.00 1.40 0.80 5720 5 .0 6.6 Table 3 The Lead C o n te n t o f C h ic le P re p a re d E x p e rim e n ta lly i n Camps I n w h ich S o ld e re d | |' K e t t l e s 'w ere i n U s e ...# ' ' .....'............................. ' ' D e s c rip tio n o f Sam ple Lead C ontent o f C hicle Expressed in p a rts per m illion* T in L ine in Spectrogram of B lock made i n M erida Camp $1 n n #2 N n M U n n n iN H #4 . n it Cozumel n M ' n N 7 it n P 1 it w n H n F2 ft H tl n HP3 P4 n Mn n 1 P 5 e nn ti II 1 6 0 n n Tuxpena n C n ft n M n E.M. ft* n M n n S.P* M 1 N 1 FC* n 1 Laguna it A n M n Campeche tl Q-1 Mn nn n n n If M - l n 1 M 2 3.60 0.30 13.00 18.00 5.80 2.40 1.80 1.60 1.30 1.30 1.20 0.50 0.50 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.20 * present t ..................... .1 * ....................................dense * " * ............p r e s e n t * * w: * ............... : Y t I t *W t tl *f tf 1 . t t t .$ * Two b l o c k s made fro m f r e s h c h i c l e i n new s t a i n l e s s s t e e l k e t t l e s gave r e s u lts o f 0.05 p .p .m . and 0.05 re s p e c tiv e ly . A n o th e r sam ple b lo o k c o o k e d i n a. d a y p o t show ed 0*20 p .p .m . Table 4 A nalytical M ethod D ith iz one D ithizone D ithizone D ithizone Speotrographio Speotrographio D ithizone Speotrographio Anal* Chem. D ithizone L o c a tio n of L ab o rato ry t i t Yale U n iv e rsity Gram E q u iv a le n t __ o f _UsM._ .... Raw C h icle * 3 i * t 0.560 10.0 t Yale U n iv ersity 1 : 0.560 k 10*0 s * M assachusetts I n s titu te : 0.560 o f Technology : : M assachusetts I n s titu te s 1*120 * of Technology : * M assachusetts I n s titu te t 0.560 t o f Technology : t M assachusetts I n s titu te t 1.120 t o f Technology t : K ettering Laboratory i 0.230 t U niversity of C incinnati i , W i 0 .2 8 0 t , II It 3 5.600 1 3 t 3 3 t 3 3 e 3 : : : 10.0 20.0 10.0 20.0 5.0 5.0 100.0 i : BeeBh-IJut : packing" j Co a C an a jo h a rie t ?3 a 3 7 3 1 3 z 3 3 3 3 t t 3 3 3 3 3 It x ? 3 Lead found .......R e s Mgs in lea 3 raw 0.0502 3 3 t 0.0508 3 0.045 0.086 0.0475 0.1074 0.028 0.027 t 3 3 3 : 3 3 3 3 3 3 0.47 ? 3 3 3 3 C h ic l e D e v e io p m e k t 5 0 0 Fit t h Av e n u e C o ., i n o . ! New Yo r k PLE A SE A D D R E S S ALL CO M M U NICA TIONS TO T H E COMPANY ? A Y THREE METHODS FQg TEB CONTROL CF THE LEAD CONTEST OF CHICLE IN THE MAHCFACTOSS ' ' OF CHEWIM GUM ' :! g e n eriti Method o f Plant; C o n tro l Since c e rta in lo ts of c h icle had heen found to contain lead, in excess o f th e p r e s e n t to le ra n c e * i t became n e o e s s a ry t o s e l e c t t h a t -which was e n te r in g in t o th e p ro d u c tio n o f chewing gum so as t o e x c lu d e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y m a te r ia l T his r e q u ir e d r o u t i n e a n a ly s e s o f c h ic l e i n th e m a n u fa c tu rin g p la n ts * Ac cordingly la b o ra to ry f a c i l i t i e s were provided or expanded in th e m anufactur in g p la n ts and a n a ly tic a l methods w ere made th e su b je o t o f c o lla b o ra tio n between-the la b o ra to rie s o p erated by th e in d u s try and th o se engaged in th e g en eral in v e stig a tio n * (i* e* The K e tte rin g lab o rato ry * C ollege o f Medioine* U n iv e rsity o f C incinnati* th e bioohem ioal L aboratory a t Yale* and t h a t a t M assachusetts I n s titu te of Technology)* H esults were obtained and exchanged on sam ples o f known le a d c o n te n t so as t o p ro v id e iL b a s i s f o r com paring th e various series o f resu lts* By r e a s o n o f th e o b serv ed la c k o f hom ogeneity o f t h e o h io le* w ith re p p e o t t o i t s le a d c o n ten t* some m ethod o f sam pling had t o b e d e v ise d w hich would perm it th e analyses to give inform ation as to th e g en eral order o f m agnitude of th e lead oontent of batches of ground c h ic le en terin g in to th e m anufactur ing processes* V arious p lan s fo r grinding* mixing* and sam pling th e c h ic le w ere developed i n t h e p la n ts o f t h e Am erioan C h io le Company* th e B eech-N ut P acking Company* and th e Wm* W rig le y J r* Company* a s d e s c r ib e d i n A ppendix B to t h i s re p o rt* The a n a ly s is o f such samples pro v id ed th c r i t e r i o n fo r elim inating c h io le o f high lead oontent from m anufacturing procedures* From w hat i s now known o f th e p h y slo a l s t a t e o f le a d in c h io le i t i s n o t t o be supposed t h a t th e samples o f c h io le obtained by th e methods as described were e n tir e ly homogeneous* o r com pletely r e p re s e n ta tiv e o f th e l o t s used i n making up t h e b a to h e s f o r p ro d u c tio n * On t h e o th e r hand some o o n s id e ra b le amount o f in fo rm atio n developed whereby th e s e le c tio n o f l o t s co u ld be made w ith assuranoe t h a t th ey would prove to be low in lead* In ord er t o dem onstrate the character o f th is inform ation i t is neoessary to disouss b rie fly the re s u lts of c e rta in experim ental observations* 1* The p h y s ic a l s t a t e o f le a d i n o h io le * M ention has been made i n P a r t 11* o f t h i s r e p o r t o f th e f a c t t h a t page fifte e n * KT 0006365 C i t i c l e D e v b i o p m e n x C o .,x n c . 5 0 0 T7XT't ii Av e n u e New Yo r k PLEASE a d d r e s s a l l c o m m u n i c a t i o n s t o t h e c o m p a n y PART THREE c e rta in samples o f c h ic le experim entally produoed in k e ttle s fab ricated w ith a tin -le a d solder, contained appreciable q u an tities o f t i n to g e th e r w ith abnormal amounts o f lead* I n f a c t , in th e sp eotrographic a n a ly sis o f commercial c h ic le , t i n was always found to be p re se n t when th e le a d co n ten t was abnorm ally high* Thus, i t appeared, e a r ly i n th e in v estig atio n th a t so ld er was in a ll lik elih o o d th e ch ief source of the lead contam ination, and, perhaps th e only s ig n if ic a n t one* ( i t developed l a t e r th a t so ld er was th e only s ig n if ic a n t source of contam ination) In order to study the d is trib u tio n of lead in the o h iele, several methods w ere employed* C h ic le known by a n a ly s is to c o n ta in e x cessiv e q u a n titie s o f le a d , was d isso lv e d in v a rio u s o rg an ic so lv e n ts, whereupon a sedim ent was o b tained in w hich coarse m e ta llic p a r tic le s could be seen m ic ro s c o p ic a lly , w h ile many s p h e ric a l p a rtic le s of v ariab le size(fro m 0*0005 in* to 0*12 in* in diam .) eould ` . be seen w ith th e a id of a m icroscope* R adiographic exam ination of ch icle blocks also rev ealed th e presence of dense sp h erical p a rtic le s of v ariab le siz e , irre g u la rly d is trib u te d through the ch icle* Q u a lita tiv e analyses o f th e p a r tic le s is o la te d w ith e r from th e sedim ent of th e c h ic le so lu tio n s , or lo o ated by X -ray and removed from c h ic le blo ck s showed th e p resence o f le a d and tin * Obviously chem ical an aly ses o f sm all samples o f such m a te ria l, no m a tte r how s e le c te d , c o u ld b e e x p ec te d t o g iv e e r r a t i o r e s u l t s , and such was th e case* On th e o th e r h an d , th e r a d io g ra p h ic ex am ination of ground c h ic le m ight be expected to give u sefu l in form ation as to th e nuMber, s iz e , and d is tr ib u tio n of th e so ld er p a r tic le s , th ereb y providing a d d itio n a l means fo r th e e lim in atio n of h eavily contam inated m aterial* This proved to be a u sefu l pro cedure* 2 The l o c a l i z a t i o n o f c h i c l e c o n ta m in a tio n * As a n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s accu m u lated on v a rio u s l o t s o f c h ic l e im p o rted p rio r to th e e lim in a tio n of soldered k e ttle s in th e o h ie le camps, i t beoame apparent th a t th e re was no ap p reciab le fa c to r of le a d con ta m in a tio n i n c h ic le from a number o f souroes* T ab le 1* c l e a r ly dem onstrates th e e ss e n tia lly s a tisfa c to ry ch aracter of the ch icle im ported from Tuxpena, th e Cozumel Bank Lands, th e Carmen D i s t r i c t o f th e S t a t e o f Campeohe, and from. B e liz e * The o h ie f a re a su p p ly in g contam inated c h i d e was obviously Merida* Thus by e lim in a tio n of th e M erida o h iele from p ro d u ctio n th e g re a te r p o rtio n of u n d esirab le o h iele oould be avoided* page sixteen # K t ? G00638 C l I I C I D t 3V E X .01?M D E ^X C o .,I k c . 5 0 0 PrFTix Av e n u e New Yo r k P L E A S E A D D R E S S ALL CO M M U NICA TIONS TO T H E COMPANY PART THREE The E ffe c tiv e n e ss o f th e P la n t C o n tro l By means o f r o u tin e a n a ly se s o f c h ic le going in to production* combined w ith oare in th e s e le c tio n o f lo ts presum ably low in le a d (on th e b a sis o f source or x -ray exam ination)* th e use o f raw m a te ria l containing le ad in excess of th e to le ra n c e has been avoided (There can be l i t t l e doubt th a t th e f i l t r a tio n o f m olten c h ic le as c a r rie d o u t by stan d ard methods i n th e m anufactur in g p la n ts s e rv e d t o remove some o f th e le ad T h is p o in t w i l l re o e iv e a t te n tio n la te r in a fu rth e r rep o rt This fa e t is dem onstrated by the analy t i c a l d a ta on f in i s h e d chewing gum a s c a r r i e d o u t r o u t i n e l y i n th e manu fa c tu rin g p lan ts In no case has the lead content of th e product exceeded th e tolerancw The a v a ila b le d a ta o f th e p la n t la b o r a to r ie s a re shown i n T able 2* w h ile th e r e s u l t s o f a s m a lle r number o f a n a ly s e s c a r r i e d o u t i n t h i s la b o r a to r y a re g iv e n i n T able 5 I t may b e seen t h a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e r e s u l t s corresponds in th e two s e ts o f re s u lts * th e re b y p ro v id ing presum ptive evideno o f u n ifo rm ity i n th e a n a ly tio a l work* page seventeen* 000636V Vi %> >1 j m t a n x "* K0T P40JDLWS CCMPAHY METHOD TO INSURE COMPLETE M SIS S OF CHICLE BEFORE MELTIKS 1 . One b lo c k , or e q u iv a le n t s m a l l p i e o e s from each o f 8 d i f f e r e n t bags from each o f 8 d if f e r e n t lo ts ground in th e E v e re tts g rin d e r. .2 Run th ro u g h E v e r e tts g r i n d e r . , . S. P i l l enough tru c k s a t each p la n t in th is tray fo r one f u ll day*s ru n . 4 . Place e ith e r 4 or 6 tru ck s in th e most e ffic ie n t p o sitio n s a h o rse sh o e o r "U" is * s u g g e s te d ** t o be sh o v e le d i n t o WEW g rin d er tru c k , a sh o v elfu l a t a tim e from each tru c k . 5 . Put through grinder and again f i l l 4 or 6 tru c k s. 6 . Again f i l l one tru c k by ta k in g one sh o v elfu l a t a tim e from each of four tru ck s. . 7 . Again run through E v e re tts g rin d e r. P lace in b a rre ls by ta k in g a scoopful from each tru c k . 8 T e st by ta k in g one ounce from each b a r r e l. .1 0 S p read 1 seo o p fu l on a t r e y from each b a r r e l o f a d ay ' s r u n f o r d r y in g . 1 1 . Pump i n b a r r e l s a f t e r d ry in g . Pump b a r r e l s i n boxes f o r day d r i e r . I f two c h a rg e s a re r u n , dump o n e - h a lf b a rre l a t a time* 1 2 . Number b a r r e l s c o n s e c u tiv e ly , d iv id in g f o r each d a y ' s r u n . 13. Carry 4 days ahead a t C anajoharie. 14. C arry 5 days ahead a t Brooklyn. 15. Must be sugar or v irg in b a rre ls* 16. Brooklyn sample s e n t by f i r s t - c l a s s m ail a t noon to C anajoharie C ontrol Laboratory fo r t e s t . 17. C hicle not found s a tis fa c to ry is s e t asid e and n o t used in production. K ? 00G6366 APPENDIX HBW continued AMERICAN CHICLE CCKPAEY METHOD OF CONTROL FROCEDTJRE TO INSURE CCMFLETE MIXING OF CHICLE The Lead C o n tro l P rocedure i n e f f e c t i n t h i s p la n t I s " b rie fly as fo llo w s* 1 C h ic le frees, each shipm ent frees each so u ro e ifc ground s e p a r a te ly i n sm a ll l o t a o f from 20 t o SO h a g s a n d d r i e d o n t r a y s i n a d ry room 2 When th e C h ic le has c o o le d s u f f i c i e n t l y a f t e r d rying i t i s lo a d e d by hand in to b a r r e ls in such a manner th a t each b a rre l co n tain s , s u b s ta n tia lly equal amounts o f c h ic le frost each bag in th e l o t ground B efore th e C h ic le i s dumped from th e d ry in g t r a y s , a sample i s ta k e n and " q u a r te r e d dawn" t o ab o u t 1 lb . T h is i s s e n t th e Laboratory fo r analysis S The b a r r e l s o f b le n d e d C h ic le a re h e ld i n a s p e c if ie d sp ac e u n til the Laboratory re p o rt has been received I f th e use o f the l o t is not approved, th e b a r r e ls are removed t o a lo c a tio n on another flo o r where th e re w ill be no danger o f using by m istake 4 When a b a r r e l o f C h ic le i s dumped p r i o r t o th e w eig h in g o u t of in d iv id u a l f i l t e r p re ss b a tch e s, i t i s mixed w ith a shovel 5 The m ethod o f a n a ly s is f o r le a d i s t h a t d e v elo p e d b y Dr* H o rw itt However, th e method o f ashing th e sample p r io r t o a n a ly s is i s t h a t u sed a t Dr Kehoe1s L a b o ra to ry , s in c e t h i s i s more r a p i d and p e rm its t e s t s to be s t a r t e d and com pleted th e same day 6 I n a d d itio n t o th e C h ic le , sam ples o f f i n i s h e d gum and b a s e from the f i l t e r presses are being tested^  '^S-~' a ppe m pix "b " ,oontinued " . t.' I TO. TffHIGLEY JR CCMPAHT METHODS OF CHICLE BLEHDIM FOR LEAD COHTROL M D METHODS OF SAMPLING _ ; . . a d d TESTING : ~ ' ~ BLEEPING d u r in g d e s ic c a t x o h ..... - ' ' ... r ;, . . . ,v , ^ ... . .. .. '( . ; V' ' - . J' v\ ' 1 Each im p o r ta ti o n o f c h i c le Is d e sig n ated as a s e p a r a t e l o t when , r e o e i r e d a t t h e p l a n t .and each su ch l o t i s s to r e d s e p a r a te ly * 2* Eaoh l o t i s ground s e p a r a te ly j u s t b e fo re d e s ic c a tio n * 5 In grinding* use th r e e (3 ) bags o f b lo o k c h ic le sim ultaneously* 4* A fte r d e sic c a tio n * e ig h t (8 ) tr a y s h o ld in g d ry o h ic le a re dumped sim ultaneously from each o f th re e (3 ) lo ad s o f tra y s in to a mix in g hopper, from w hich th e d rie d o h ic le i s c a r r ie d way t o be bagged* (Each bag o f d esiccated o h io lei th e re fo re , w ill o o n tain o h io le from a minimum o f n in e ( 9 ) d i f f e r e n t b ag s o f b lo c k o h ic le * ) BLENDING OF CHICLE AT TIME OF USEi ' ' .............. i -- -- - -- h i / / 1* IShen w eig h in g o u t f i l t e r p re s s b a tc h e s , u se f o u r ( 4 ) l o t s o f desiooated o h ic le fo r eaoh batoh* 2* The f i l t e r e d o h io le i s m ixed i n a b le n d in g ta n k so t h a t a u n i t b a tc h , when drawn from t h i s ta n k , re p re se n ts o h io le from a t l e a s t fo u r (4) f i l t e r e d batohes* A u n it b atoh o f c h ic le as drawn from th e b lender w ill c o n tain o h io le from 100-200 d iff e re n t bags of block chicle* SAMPLING ADD TESTING CHICLE . 1* Sampling fo r P relim in ary T est o f Crude Blook C h icle as Reoeivedx Upon r e c e i p t a t f a c to r y o f e a c h l e t o f c ru d e c h ic l e , a sample l o t , c o n s is tin g o f t e n (1 0 ) b a g s ta k e n a t random , i s im~ m ediately sen t up to th e desiooatlng departm ent and th e re s e p a ra te ly ground, bag by bag* A two (2 ) pound sample o f ground e h ie le i s removed from eaoh bag l o t and f in a lly th e w hole tw en ty (2 0 ) pounds i s q u a rte re d down t o one two (2 ) p ound sample, which i s sen t to th e lab o rato ry * This sample ( in a k r a f t paper bag provided fo r t h i s purpose) i s marked as to d a te , l e t number, and i n i t i a l s from th e se p a ra te blocks o f o h io le , w hich e n te re d in to th e sample* v/ K Z 00063 .'0 jit? . :<J i 4 -* 2 Sam pling f o r T e s t o f D e sic c a te d C h ic le* (D esiooation i s o aap leted a t le a s t two weeks b e fo re c h ic le i s used) At th e tim e o f d esio o atio n o f a l o t , a sample i s ta k e n from each bag o f d e siccated o h ic le a t tim e o f f i l l i n g in to bags# on th e follow ing b asis* Using 6 -1 /2 gram u n it b ro a se sampler# i f l o t c o n tain s . about 40#000 pounds crude w eight# or less* Using 6 -1/2 g rm u n it;b ro n se sampler# i f l o t co n tain s a p p ro x im a te ly 60# 000 pounds oxnde w e ig h t U sing 8 -1 /2 gram u n it bronze sampler# i f l o t c o n ta in s approxim ately 80#000 pounds or over# crude w eight* , These samples a re c o lle o te d in fib reb o a rd boxes and as soon as t h e l o t i s c o m p le te ly bagged# s e n t down t o th e la b o ra to ry # marked w ith date# l e t number# and number o f bags (d e s ic c a te d ) in lot* 8 Sam pling f o r Check o r C o n tro l T e s t (Made a t tim e o f u s e o f C h io le ) When u sin g d e s ic c a te d c h ic le # a sam ple i s ta k e n o f each d iffe re n t lo t of ch icle as i t is used in each f i l t e r press b a to h made up# on th e b a s i s g iv e n below* I f th e lo t of o hicle had an o rig in a l crude w eight o f about 80#000 pounds# o r over# u s e th e 1--1 /2 gram b ro n z e sam pler I f th e l o t was sm aller th a n 80#000 pounds# use th e S -l/2 gram bronze sam pler# Upon com pletion o f a l o t o f ch icle# th e sample re p re se n tin g t h e l o t i s s e n t down t o th e la b o r a to r y i n t h e f i b r e box i n whioh i t has been c o lle cte d This box i s marked w ith th e date* l o t number* and number o f f i l t e r p re s s b a tc h e s i n w hioh t h e l o t i f uhJfcdle w a s, used (T hese sam ples a v erag e ab o u t four (4 ) pounds in weight* as s e n t to th e lab o rato ry ) 4 The sam ples c f c h ic le s e n t down to t h e la b o r a to r y a re an aly zed f o r le a d b y a method w hioh i s e s s e n tia l ly t h a t o f Dr H o rw itt, except fo r a s lig h t d if f e r e n t i n th e method o f ashing th e sample : ' ., \ ' . 6 I f a l o t o f orude b lo c k o h ic le i s found t o be su b stan d ard as reg ard s oontent o f lead# th is l o t s h a ll be p la in ly marked w ith "Do JTot Use* s ig n s and s h a l l be s to r e d on a f l o o r w here only c h io le o f th is n atu re w ill be kept 6 In a d d itio n t o th e sam pling and a n aly ses o u tlin e d above# d a ily random sam ples o f ohewing gum a re b e in g t e s t e d f o r le a d * 00G6.3ri Table 1 i D is trib u tio n of A n a ly tic a l R esu lts on Commercial C hicle from V arious P roduction ,,. ; Areas According to Lead Content ______ ** Lead in p.p.m. 1 Belize * Campeche x Carmen *I 0--0*49 0*05-0.99 l5 :6 x0 X0 x7 x1 1.00-1*49 0*- 6 *. ; -1 1.60-1.99 " i i 4.' i 0 x3 x3 2.00-2 .49 r * 1 *, o .. <x 0 . ' ' ; * * f * ... * X: '.s'':.::.: 2 50--2.99 1 :* 0 *0 3 *00-3*49 t1 1i 1 3 *50--3 *S9 i 0 X0 i1 4.00-4.49 , x $ J 0 i0 4.80--4.99 <; >: i 0 r* 0 *0 5.00-5.49 : I : 0 X 0 x1 5.50--5.99 '1; 0 1 0 x0 6.00-54.00 t 0 X 0 x .1 iX 1 X . All Results 1 X 23 t X \x; 2 X x 18 X X XCozumel X X0 x 2 X0 x 1 X3 I 2 X2 x 2 X 1 *vl. a X X0 ;I 0 X0 i 1 X0 x 0 X0 x 1 X0 1 0 10 x1 X1 i 0 X1 x 1 X X X X8 X x 12 1 I M1 X XX X XLos Chenes x Meridax fuxpena XAll R X Xi X 11 X0 X 1 X 4 1 80 X 2 X 3 X 12 I 0 X 0 X 1 I 16 X 0 -X' 3 X 0 X 14 X 0 'X 0 0 X3 1 i_t; X X X' ; X X ',X X 0 .x 2 X 0 I 3 '4 0 t 1 X 0 X 5 X 0 X4 X0 X 5 X 0 X1 X0 X 2 t 0 X0 X0 X 0 X 0 I 1 X0 X 3 m0 X0 X 0 1 0 X' 1 I 6 X0 X 9 X XX X X XX X X' XX X X X l -..X 21 X 8 . X 93 XX I o o Q > fable 2 D i s t r i b u t i o n p f B e s u lts o f A n aly ses o f F in is h e d than. i""~~- ' ' in la b o ra to rie s o f M waufaoturing P la n ts , Lead i n J1Ej 2?. 0 0.19 0.2 M 0.89 0.4 m 0.69 0.6 - 0.79 0 .8 mt 0 .9 9 1 .0 aw 1 .1 8 1 .2 m 1 .8 9 1 .4 1.59 1.6 - 1.79 1.8 1.99 Frequency ., 5 67 154 102 54 10 8 5 F 1 Kean - 0*6 417 R ? 0 0 Co373;