Document r85oBz7a2wZp91rMxmYL7ZwJ

National Safety Congress Transactions VOL. 13 LABOR SAFETY NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 -North Michigan Avenue Chicago 11, Illinois ) CONTENTS LABOR SESSIONS Occupational Health Hazards -- Environmental........................... Paul E. Toth 3 Occupational Health Hazards -- Medical Aspects. .Herbert K. Abrams, M.D. S Some Observations on Occupational Dermatoses.......... Paul P. Boswell, MJ). 12 The year's Progress in Labor Safety.......................................... Lloyd D. Utter 16 Safety Is a Man Size Job..................................................................J. E. Trainer 17 Safety Is Our Challenge...................................................... George M. Harrison 22 Presentation of Labor Safety Awards........................................Uoyd D. Utter 25 How We Work On a Joint Basis......................................................Jack Moye 28 How We Work On a Joint Basis in Accident Prevention Programs..........................................Thomas J. Cain, Jr. 29 How We Work with Labor Unions in Oregon...................... Wm. A. Callahan 30 Other Practical Approaches for Working Together in Safety........................................Mrs. Pauleen J. Field 34 Officers of the Labor Conference, 1961-62 ......................................................... 39 Other. Volumes in 1961 National Safety Congress Transactions............ Back Cover 2 oc It has ofte taken into the may be consid The problen fining' the limi a person can out producing health and w< dusts, gases, tered in the rooms in indi are referred concentrat* >ns, based on an and are nothr or guides whi gienist to pn of an exposur or not a poten The list of trations can b can Conferena Hygienists, 10 Ohio, or if yor Industrial Hyj August, 1961, When we > marks, we tnes sidered in eval the finding of taminant in tl absorption, acc properties" of also be consic of the expostr a few of the r be exposed ....tou vironments. Lead Lead, I'm sv yet it is this trouble with tl to forget the f poison. The m tion for lead meter, and the Labor Safety OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS ENVIRONMENTAL By PAUL. E. TOTH Eng., Michigan Department of Health, Eloise, Mich. It has often been said that anything taken into the body in too large a quantity may be considered a poison. The problem then becomes one of de fining the limits or quantity of substance a person can taken into his body -with out producing deleterious effects on his health and well-being. For many of the dusts, gases, vapors, and fumes encoun tered in the environment of our work rooms in industry, there are limits that are referred to as maximum allowable concentrat: >ns (MAC). These limits are based on an eight-hour day exposure and are nothing more than bench marks or guides which enable an industrial hy gienist to properly evaluate the extent of an exposure and to determine whether or not a potential health hazard is present The list of maximum allowable concen trations can be obtained from the Ameri can Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati 2, Ohio, or if you have access to the American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal of August, 1961, you will find it there. } When we say these values are bench marks, we mean that more factors are con sidered in evaluating an exposure than just the finding of a certain amount of con taminant in the air. Factors such as skin absorption, accumulative effect or sensitizing properties' of the suspected material must also be considered for proper evaluation of the exposure. Now let us consider but a few of the many toxic materials one may be exposed to in different industrial en vironments. Lead Lead, I'm sure, we are all familiar with, yet it is this familiarity that gets us into trouble with this metal, because we choose to.forget the fact that it is an accumulative poison. The maximum allowable concentra tion for lead is 020 milligrams per cubic meter, and the little we take into our sys tem today that is in excess of this value is added on to the little we take in to morrow until the body can no longer safely hold the burden. Chronic lead poisoning -will develop among employees exposed dur ing the course of their work to excessive levels of lead dust or fume. Clinical mani festations may appear as loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, general sickness, irritabil ity, dizziness, and headache, and unless the afflicted person has biological tests taken for lead absorption, the diagnosis may be missed completely until more severe symp toms develop. Taking appropriate action when blood lead levels indicate an absorption of 0.08 milli grams of lead per 100 grams of whole blood is essential for the prevention of lead poisoning. Recommended action is to re move the employee from further exposure and to review the area of operation to make sure that all engineering controls and safety precautions are satisfactorily in use. Obviously good engineering control is re quired to prevent the lead from being dis persed into the workroom. In addition, good personal hygiene is required to further re duce exposure. Finally, biological tests, pref erably blood leads, are required to ascer tain any shortcomings in other of the first two control measures. Cadmium Cadmium metal, either as a plating on parts or the solid metal itself, will volatilize when heated above 600F to produce a toxic brownish-yellow cadmium oxide fume which has no pronounced odor or immedi ate effect but its inhalation may induce after a few hours or much less depending upon the concentration of exposure a pain ful and sometimes fatal pneumonitis. The maximum allowable concentration of this material is listed as 0.1 milligrams of fume per cubic meter of air and only by means of a well-engineered exhaust system are we able to control any operation generating the fume to a value below this level. 3 1961 Xaltonal Safely Congress Beryllium for the hemoglobin of the blood, it would Beryllium metal is being used quite ex be classified with the simple asphyxiants tensively in the aviation and missile indus such as nitrogen and hydrogen. tries. Exposi'-e to minute quantities of fume For some unknown and unfortunate rea or dust from this metal may also cause son, the hemoglobin's affinity for carbon an acute chemical pneumonitis. The maxi monoxide is approximately 300 times greater mum allowable concentration is 0.002 milli than its affinity for oxygen. Its chief mode grams per cubic meter of air and concen of action is to combine chemically with trations as low as 0.02S milligrams per the hemoglobin and thereby deprive the body cubic meter for thirty (30) minutes are of its respiratory function. There is no hazardous. The toxicity of this metal can further change in the system. The carbon be attested to by the reports of non-occu- monoxide remains thus combined until the pational illness caused as a result of air victim is removed from' the contaminated pollution or home contamination resulting atmosphere to fresh air where the chemical from dust carried home on the employee's process is completely reversed; that is, the work clothes. hemoglobin gives off the carbon monoxide Recommended control procedures are to and takes on oxygen. enclose beryllium machining and finishing There are no cumulative effects from car processes as much as possible and to venti bon monoxide for it is not a cumulative late by means of a local exhaust system. poison. The misconception expressed as Carbon Monoxide "chronic carbon monoxide poisoning" is probably based on cases where there has From the time man first encountered fire been prolonged asphyxia which has damaged to the present, when the automobile con the brain too severely for complete recovery tributes gas to his environment, carbon but not sufficiently enough to kill the victim. monoxide has been with us as an insidious This same brain damage will result re killer. You can suspect its presence where- gardless of what the circumstances are that ever there is fire, but don't be fooled into caused a deficiency in the supply of oxygen believing that just because there is a lot to the brain cells. of air present that carbon monoxide will not be formed. To illustrate this point, take Plastics the burning of newspaper in excess air Polyurethane foams and epoxy resins, are as an example. According to the experi finding wider use in numerous applications. mental work performed by Easton, the fol The diisocyanates used in the production of lowing analysis of the products of com the urethane foams are upper respiratory bustion was found. irritants and extreme sensitizers. Persons Carbon Dioxide.............................. 7.6% Carbon Monoxide.......................... 6.2% Oxygen ........................................... 7.7% Nitrogen ......................................... 77.6% Unsaturated Hydro-carbons........ 1.2% who have once become sensitized to these materials develop severe asthmatic attacks if they should again be exposed to extremely minute quantities of the material. Exposure to large initial concentrations will also re sult in an asthma-like syndrome. As % rule The maximum allowable concentration for once a person has become sensitized, he can carbon monoxide is 100 parts per million; no longer work with or in the vicinity of the concentration obtained by the burning this material. The best control measures of newspaper in excess air was 62,000 parts for protection against exposure to the di per million, enough to kill a man in less isocyanates is to put in a well-engineered, " than five (5) minutes of exposure. Sources ventilation system before operations begin. of this gas are smoke from a coal fire, flue gas from boilers and house heaters, gas from charcoal braziers and from coke burning salamanders, and whenever a flame impinges upon a cold surface--just to men tion a few. The amine hardeners used in the epoxy resin system are the principle cause of dermatological manifestations resulting from contact with these materials. We have a great deal of difficulty in trying to con vince people of die importance .of wear Carbon monoxide is not a protoplasmic ing adequate protective equipment in order tissue poison. Were it not for its affinity to prevent skin. contact with subsequent 4 ?! s i i ( sensitization, the warnings skin reactions months after ing with the developed, the care then reqi vent a recurre High Energy The race f< conquering of increased prc energy fuels ; nets. Among boranes--dUx borane. Hydrazine fuel, either al such as nitrii oxygen. It hs centration of in addition t material is ab primarily a ce causing excite Diborane is and has a in tion of 0.1 produces cong in the lungs to that of pho Pentaborane tentative max o< .....I would lil -writer his des munity: It was a tow would have be bad allowed it; town ot unna mpaainchteinderfyaceando interminable w selves tor evei coiled. It bad i that ran purp Labor Safety sensitization. They are inclined to ignore | the warnings because in many cases the ; skin reactions do not appear until several months after a person has started work ing with the resin. Once a reaction has developed, they must exercise even greater care then required initially in order to pre vent a recurrence. High Energy Fuels The race for missile supremacy and the conquering of space has confronted us with increased problems of exposure to high energy fuels and their decomposition prod ucts. Among these are hydrazine and the boranes--diborane, pentaborane and decaboraae. Hydrazine finds its use as a propellant fuel, either alone or with other compounds such as nitric add, hydrogen peroxide or oxygen. It has a maximum allowable con centration of one (1) part per million, and in addition to the inhalation hazard, the material is absorbed through the skin. It is primarily a central nervous system stimulant causing excitement, convulsions and cyanosis. Diborane is a gas at room temperature and has a maximum allowable concentra tion of 0.1 part per million. Inhalation produces congestion, edema and hemorrhage in the lungs. Its toxidty is comparable to that of phosgene. Pentaborane is a volatile liquid with a tentative maximum allowable concentration of 0.005 part per million; however, it is recommended that the exposure be kept as near to zero as is posable since no medi cal preventive or therapeutic agent has yet been devdoped for this compound. Decaborane is a solid having a tentative maximum allowable concentration of 0.05 part per million. Both decaborane and pentaborane attack the central nervous sys tem. Protection is best afforded by the use of air-supplied respirators or cartridge-type respirators that are specifically designed and designated for protection against these com pounds. In conduding this brief discussion, may I point out to you that the services of your local, state, and federal health agen cies are always available to you. Should you desire information on the potential health hazard associated with any material or process to which you or your associates are exposed in your particular place of work; fed free to contact any one of them for assistance in evaluating the problem. REFERENCES 1. Easton, William "Smoke and Fire Gases," Industrial Medicine. Vol. H, No. 10, p. 467, Oct.. 1042. 2. Etsenbud. AL, et al, 3. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, p. 282, 1049. 3. Haggard, Howard W. and Henderson, Tandeu, ``Noxious Gases." Reinhold Publish ing Corp., 1043. 4. Stokinger. Herbert E.. Ph.IX, Industrial Hygiene Quarterly, p. 341, Sept. 1956. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS -- MEDICAL ASPECTS By HERBERT K. ABRAMS, MJD. Medical Director, Union Health Service, Inc., Chicago ,1 would like to quote from a famous writer his description of a "modern" com munity: It was a town ot red brick, or of brick that would have been red It the smoke and ashes bad allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town ot unnatural red and black like the painted face ot a savage. It was a .town ot machinery and tall chimneys, out ot which interminable serpents ot smoke trailed them selves for ever and ever, and never got un coiled. It bad a black canal in it. and a river that ran purple with til-smelling dye. and vast piles of buildings full of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam engine worked monotonously up and down, like the head ot an. elephant in a state of melancholy madness. It contained several large streets ail very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, in habited by people equally like one another, who "all went In and out at the same hours, with the same sound upon the same pave ments, to do the same work, and to whom every day was the same as yesterday and tomorrow, and every year the counterpart of the last and the next.... 5 1961 National Safety Congress On every side, and as far as the ore could see into the heavy distance, tall chimneys, crowding on each other, and presenting that endless repetition of the same dull, ugly form, which is . the horror of oppressive dreams, poured out their plague of smoke, obscured the light, and made foul the melancholy air. Strange engines spun and writhed like tor tured creatures; clanking their iron chains, shrieking in their rapid whirl from time to time as though in torment unendurable, and making the ground tremble wth their agonies. .. . Before you try to guess which city this is, let me tell you. Charles Dickens wrote this in his book Hard Times, published in 1854, describing a typical city in England during the years of the industrial revolu tion (1760-1830). The description sounds too familiar for comfort to us in America in 1961, at a time when we are going through another industrial revolution: automation, atomic energy, space travel, and many volved." I am quoting from the Report of the Atomic Power Investigating Commis sion to the 71st General Assembly, State of Illinois, March, 1959* In the same report, the study found that: Gross contamination and excessive levels of radiation typify nearly all radium processing installations in Illinois Included in the sur vey. These conditions result from a lack of adequate shielding of proper routing of ma terials. as well as poor housekeeping within the plant, as noted by the contaminated paper and rags Uttering the floors, the lack of local exhaust ventilation and presence of contamination in eating areas. In addition, it was noted that labels on containers of radium-luminous compounds do not contain information as to the quantity of radioac tivity included. In all radium plants sur veyed. Uttle or no use was made of per sonnel monitoring devices, such as Aim badges and. therefore, there is no adequate record of radiation exposures received by working personnel.1 powerful new chemicals. They are excit This was Illinois, 1958--thirty years after ing developments. They offer a promise of tlie tragedy of the girls who painted watdi a wonderful world of tomorrow. However, dials: they pointed the brushes containing- they also pose serious threats to our health radium paint with their lips, and later died and well-being, unless they are properly con of bone canqer. trolled. The role of environment on health grows We must ask ourselves whether we are in importance as we gradually control the better prepared to meet these threats than infectious disease agents that caused the the English were 150 years ago. Certainly, plagues of old, and as the chemical and we are better prepared technically. In 1800, physical hazards of our industrial environ except in a few instances, little was known ment become ever more important deter about the health aspects of exposure to minants of our health and our diseases. chemicals, to ionizing radiation, or the ef A recent report of the Public Health Service fects of long hours of work, poor lighting made for the House committee on appro and ventilation. Today, however, our tech priations states: "After hearing the evi nical knowledge is sufficient, so that we can dence, the members of the subcommittee say with assurance that we know how to concluded that the health hazards resulting use any chemical with safety. We know from changes in the environment are far how *o set up proper protective measures greater than is generally realized and that to make every job safe. all levels of government, industries, and The big question is, "Are we utilizing this knowledge?" Perhaps you who represent workers in industry know the answer better than I do. Let me give you only two examples that will help provide the answer. In Illi nois, in 1958, there was found "a drug packaging plant where 103 employees were subjected to a full body fluoroscopic ex amination eadi day as they left the plant as a check against pilferage During the research and educational institutions need to step up their efforts to deal with the problem."' The number oi chemical materials man is being exposed to is increasing constantly. Over 600 chemicals are currently being added to food; over 600 million pounds of pesticides are used annually, in me United" States. Approximately 500 new chemicals are introduced on the United States market each year. examination, the entire body from the top The occupational environment is the basic of the head to the bottom of the shoes element in our total environment Our oc was exposed to ionizing radiation. The cupations largely determine how and where firm had practiced this procedure on all we as individuals will live, and, indirectly employees for some 12 years, but discon or directly, may actually influence'our life tinued it when advised of the hazards in expectancy and our mode of death. Our 6 industries, in mediate eight also largely a physical contai the water we One cxampl show that pe areas experiei residents of i difference wa tuberculosis oi of the lungs) heart disease.* Air pollutioi ing this greate conditions alsc Occupational i Occupationa sified in van the type of ease: chemica dusts, gases, agents, such abnormal temi tion, and phj ease'agents, s brucellosis in and farmers. Or occupati according to ` or the kind o toxic chemical ing an inflam titis. These o the lungs, the or various co body, and, in : Occupationa temporary, or ing. Brief ex may produce duration, and 1 A good examj arising from duced when < temperatures a the metals wl copper, magn ganese, and of More impor diseases of i eases of rela usually from relatively smal Labor Safety industries, in addition to affecting die im- Sometimes these diseases do not show symp | mediate eight-hour working environment, toms until long after, in many cases years ' also largely account for the chemical and after, the exposure has stopped. A' good physical contaminants in the air we breathe, example of this is berryllium, a metal the water we drink, and in the food we eat which may result in serious and fatal lung One example will illustrate: recent studies disease up to 15 or more years after breath show that people living in manufacturing ing the contaminated dust or fumes. areas experienced higher death rates than We must remember that diseases, like residents of non-manufacturing areas. The everything else affecting living things, can difference was greatest for cancer, and not be put into rigid categories. Not all tuberculosis of the respiratory tract (mainly chronic occupational diseases need to re of the lungs), and for various forms of sult from long-continued exposure. Only heart disease.* a brief exposure to a large dose of ioniz Air pollution was a major factor in caus ing this greater mortality, but socio-economic conditions also played an important rote. ing radiation (X-ray or radioactive chemi cals) may result in cancer. Similarly, a brief exposure to a sufficient dose of car bon tetrachloride may result in chronic kid Occupational Diseases ney disease or liver disease In other words, Occupational disease hazards may be clas sified in various wavs. For example, by the type of agent which causes the dis ease: chemicals, in the form of liquids, dusts, gases, fumes and vapors; physical agents, such as noise, ionizing radiation, abnormal temperatures and pressures, vibra tion, and physical strain; infectious dis ease* agents, such as the germ that causes brucellosis in meat-packing house workers and farmers. Or occupational diseases can be studied according to the part of the body affected or the kind of disease. For example, many toxic chemicals may attack the skin, caus ing an inflammation which we call dermatitis. These or other chemicals may affect / the lungs, the liver, the kidneys, the bones, or various combinations of organs of the body, and, in many cases, the entire system. Occupational diseases may be acute and temporary, or may be chronic and long-la. ing. Brief exposures to certain chemicals may produce symptoms that are of short duration, and the individual recovers quickly. A good example of this is metal fume fever, there are many variations and combinations of these conditions. To attempt a detailed listing of all of the chemicals and metals which can cause' disease would only be disturbing and con fusing. and we would be in danger of not seeing the forest for the trees. Every industrial chemical is dangerous. It is merely a matter of determining how dangerous it is and establishing procedures for protect ing against it. The time i? past when "ex perts" can stand before a group of workers, or, for that matter, a group of physicians and scientists, and say without evidence that this or that chemical when absorbed into the body is harmless. I recall only a few years ago attending meetings of in dustrial physicians and being shown X-ray pictures of lungs of coal miners, black with inhaled coal dust, and being told that this dust was. harmless. Yet, long before that time, British scientists had demon strated that coal dust can cause disabling lung disease in miners. We in the United States were merely slow to accept the evi dence. arising from inhalation of the fumes pro duced when certain metals are heated to temperatures above the melting point Among the metals which can cause this are zinc, copper, magnesium, cadmium, iron, man ganese, and others. Diseases of the Lung The respiratory system (lungs, bronchi, and larynx) is the most frequent site of chronic diseases caused by industrial poisons. For a long time, we have recognized that silica dust, as it is inhaled by the metal More important, however, are the chronic miner, the foundry worker, the pottery diseases of industry. These are the dis worker, the tunnel digger and others, causes eases of relatively long duration arising a disabling and often fatal disease called usually from long-continued exposure to `silicosis.' Similarly, we know that asbestos relatively small amounts of toxic chemicals. dust causes a serious Iur,g disease called 7 1961 National Safety Congress `asbestosis.' And, there is a lung disease portant industrial metals, causes a disease found in -workers in the manfacture of that isremarkably similar to multiple alumina abrasives, called 'Shaver's disease' sclerosis. Carbon disulphide may cause se (after Dr. Shaver who described it). The vere nervous system effects, affecting the dust has high concentrations, of alumina nerves, muscles, and brain. and silica. Diatomaceous earth, a form of free silica, similarly causes serious lung disease. And there is byssinosis, result ing from the inhalation of cotton dust. Un til a handful of years ago, some of the experts insisted that many dusts when in haled into the lungs were inert; that is, thej- produced no effect on the body. How ever, as we learn more, we find that these so-called "nuisance" dusts are also capable of causing disease For example, talc, co rundum, feldspar, graphite, porcelain, barita, cement, mica, slate, kaolin, and many others. Even farmers, as well as grain handlers in the holds of ships, suffer from a respira tory disability when inhaling large amounts of grain dust. They develop chronic bron chitis with shortness of breath, cough, etc. Chronic bronchitis can result from inhala tion of irritating dusts, fumes and gases: for example; phosphorus chloride and other volatile chloride compounds, add fumes, phosgene, nitrous gases, aldehj-des, solvents and other chemicals. One of the leading toxicologists in the country. Dr. Herbert Stokmger, of the Public Health Service, points out that: Serious and sometimes fatal blood dis eases may be caused by exposure to benzol. Of course, we know that ionizing radiation in any form--whether through exposure to X-rays or radioactive chemicals--may cause fatal blood diseases as well as various types of cancer. The bones can be affected by exposure to radioactive chemicals, fluorides, phosphorous, and other chemicals. Cadmium affects the lungs and kidneys. The heart may be affected by the metal known as antimony, and possibly by nitro glycerin, and there have been a number of reports that the heart may also be affected by brucellosis infection, which occurs among slaughter house workers and farmers. Nitroglycerin and related chemicals used in the manufacture of dynamite and other explosives make an interesting story and illustrate some of the problems in occupa tional medicine: Workers have been ex posed to this group of chemicals for many years. They have known for many years the severe headaches this chemical causes. For years, also, we have heard reports of sudden deaths among workers exposed to nitroglycerin. We do know that this . . . our experience with occupational lung chemical has a powerful effect on the body. diseases makes it difficult to escape the con clusion that all dusts. Irrespective of their It causes profound reduction in blood pres ) nature, if breathed in sufficient quantity and sure, severe headaches, palpitation of the for sufficient time, may cause profound dam age to the lung, and emphasizes the desira heart; nausea and vomiting, fainting, dizzi bility of the physician's obtaining an ac ness, and other symptoms. It can also cause curate and thorough history on individuals suspected of pulmonary disease.1 skin inflammation. Whether it can cause heart disease is disputed. Even though we Other Chronic Diseases have known this chemical for many years, Let me discuss a few more of the chronic there has bees insufficient Investigation of disease hazards, since these are the chief the health hazards, and inadequate preventive occupational health problems of the present measures. day. The chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as carbon tetrachloride, represent a large Cancer group of chemicals used in industry. These Occupational cancer is one of our most_ can damage the liver and the kidneys. The serious problems. It also provides us with chemicals known as aromatic amines, repre a remarkable opportunity to study cancer sented by beta napthylamine, used in the in general. The first breakthrough in the manufacture of dye and other commodi mystery of cancer came with the discovery ties, have been proven to cause cancer of of an occupational cancer. In 1775, is Eng the urinary bladder. The central nervous land, Dr. Perdval Pott called attention to system--that is, the brain and spinal cord soot as a cause of cancer of the scrotum --can be affected by many chemicals. Tetra in chimney sweeps. These were little boys ethyl lead causes severe brain disease called who climbed into the chimneys `to clean encephalopathy. Manganese, one of the im them out. Years after working in this 8 occupation, tb scrotum, whief penetrated th< years we hav number of urn died of lung our own urani high exposures Since then i addition to ic demonstrated 1 contributing te in various part are beta napht earlier, causing der, coal tars \ skin, chromate lung; and man; focused suspic in the work of and other metal Skm Diseases Skin disease: frequent type < we see: Most irritation by < A smaller nun reaction to a t cal contact car of the new i troubles. For These material electronics, autc casting, aircraf face coatings az various plastic Another group skin disease a ulcerations of t chlorinated hy< sldn diseases. C acne' because ii and metal wor from cutting o changes, some < cer. There are . ous to mention. Protection These are or occupational di< contact with cl will become aa he is handling ; so that he can his fellows. If Labor Safety x occupation, they died of cancer of the exposure to some harmful material, he } scrotum, which was traced to the soot which will know what to tell the doctor who penetrated their clothing. Similarly, for examines him. The alert doctor will be years we have known that an excessive able to correlate the occupational history number of uranium miners in Europe hare with the physical findings and symptoms and died of lung cancer. (Recent studies in decide whether the patient is suffering from our own uranium mines reveal dangerously an occupational disease. high exposures.1) Since then numerous other chemicals, in addition to ionizing radiation, have been demonstrated to be capable of causing, or contributing to the development of, cancer in various parts of the body. Some examples are beta naphthalamine, which I mentioned earlier, causing cancer of the urinary blad der, coal tars which can cause cancer of the skin, chromates which cause cancer of the lung, and many others. Recent studies have focused suspicion of lung cancer hazards in the work of welders, sheet metal workers and other metal workers. Very few occupational diseases produce such characteristic symptoms that they can be readily identified as an occupational dis ease. After all, the body can react to harm ful stimuli only in a limited number of ways. For example; a worker may have severe pains in his abdomen. These might be caused by appendicitis or by lead poison ing. Leukemia may result from unknown causes or from exposure to X-rays. A person suffering a certain type of paralysis may have multiple sclerosis, a disease of as yet unknown cause, or it could be man ganese poisoning. The person who has a Skin Diseases Skin diseases are, as you know, the most frequent type of occupational disease which we see. Most of them result from direct irritation by chemical or physical agents. A smaller number result from an allergic cough, shortness of breath, and is losing weight; may have tuberculosis, silicosis, berylliosis or cancer of the lungs. A his tory including occupational history and a thorough examination is the only way of telling those conditions apart. reaction to a chemical. Almost any chemi Prevention cal contact can result in dermatitis. Many of the new chemicals are causing skin troubles. For example, the epoxy resins: These materials are being widely used in All occupational diseases are preventable. If we were doing our job right, we would have nothing to talk about today. The fact is that unknown numbers of people electronics, automotires, pattern-making, die are suffering from a great variety of oc casting, aircraft, and other trades--for sur cupational diseases because we are not ade face coatings and paints, molding compounds, quately protecting against them. What are various plastics, and electrical insulation. the protective measures which we should Another group of chemicals which causes follow? skin disease are the chromates. Chrome ulcerations of the skin are well known. The chlorinated hydrocarbons also may cause skin diseases. One of them is called 'chloracne* because it resembles acne. Machinists and metal workers often get a dermatitis from cutting oils. Coal tars produce skin (1) Education: Employees should be given adequate training for their jobs, so that * they understand the process, know the ma terials they are handling, and, therefore, can protect themselves and other workers from injury. changes, some of which may turn into can Key employees should be instructed In cer. There are a host of others too numer first rid. Management and labor both, have ous to mention. responsibilities here. Shop health and safety committees can help in the health education Protection of workers. There is no substitute for These are only a few examples of the knowledge. occupational disease hazards arising from (2) Protection of the environment: This contact with chemicals. The alert worker meaps from the air of harmful dusts, fumes, will become acquainted with the materials gases, vapors. This is accomplished by means he is handling and the process he is using, of engineering measures, such as exhaust so that be can help to protect himself and ventilation, enclosure of hazardous processes, his fellows. If he should suffer excessive wetting down methods for suppression of 9 1961 Xational Safely Congress dusts, and substitution of less harmful for mittee should meet regularly with the plant dangerous materials. Good lighting and re- physician, the nursing staff, the plant safety ' duction of noise, etc. are other environ and industrial hygiene engineers, and with mental problems that the engineer can help other representatives of management to dis to solve. cuss health and safety problems and to plan Only when engineering measures are not programs of education of the workers in possible should respirators or other personal these problems. protective devices be depended on for pro (7)Govermnent safety and industrial hy tection against inhaling of harmful materials. gienic agencies: These agencies should be (3) Good housekeeping and sanitary place of work: This means a clean place of work, free of dirt and dust, and accident haz ards. There should be adequate toilet, wash called upon for help, whenever the union believes that management is not adequately providing health and safety measures in any particular problem. ing, shower, locker and eating facilities. Hand washing alone can often prevent dermatitis and other diseases. All containers of chemicals should be properly labeled. (4) Persoml protective devices: Wher ever necessary, management should supply workers with respirators for protection against noxious dusts, fumes and gases in the air; suitable gloves and work cloth ing for protection from harmful chemi cals; hard-topped shoes and hats for pro tection from falling objects; safety goggles, etc. Hotv IPe Are Doing Our Job How well are we doing in protecting our workers? Let me cite a few facts. The prevalence and Incidence of occupational dis eases in the United States is unknown, be cause in many states there is no reporting of occupational diseases. And, in those states where there is reporting, it is incomplete and not uniform. Moreover, we know that numerous 'occupational diseases are not rec ognized because of medical ignorance, de ficiency in medical education, deficiencies in workmen's compensation laws and health and (5) Medical protection: This includes first safety laws. aid facilities and a medical department Every worker should have a periodic physi cal examination, not for the purpose of dis qualifying him for work, but for the pur pose of detecting disease early so that prompt measures can be taken to protect his health. The physician has an ethical obligation to inform the worker or his family of any finding important to his health. In addition to first aid and medical care Health services in many private industrial plants are inadequate, and most workers are employed in small plants where such services are not provided. According to the Public Health Service; 90 per cent of the labor force is not receiving proper industrial hygiene and health services. The governmental agencies, federal, state and local, which are charged with responsi bility for protecting the health of workers, for work injuries, all workers and their are for the most part grossly inadequate families should have access to modem medi in their resources and services. They suffer cal care: Unions throughout the nation are obtaining such care through collective bar gaining. Union health centers and other plans, such as Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York and the cooperative health plans, are attempting to bring good care, including preventive medicine, to work ing people. from lack of funds, personnel and even from lack of authority. At least seven of our states have no occupational health units in their health or labor departments, and in all of the state occupational health agen cies in the entire country, there are less than 40 physicians employed. There is no uniformity of industrial health codes and (6) Plant health, and safety committees: standards, and the states differ in the haz Every place of work should have a com ards regulated and in their regulations for mittee of representatives of the workers the same hazards. concerned with the health protection of the There is a serious and-growing shortage men and women in the plant This com of physicians and other health personnel mittee should have authority to make pe both in and out of industry. Dr. Harold J. riodic inspections of the plant and make Magnuson, Chief of the Division of Oc recommendations to management The com cupational Health of the U. S. Public Health 10 Service; estima will need 4800 to have only 2 nurses will be expected; and 3 be needed, but c IVorkmen's Cot, Good workmi basic to the h< Without strong laws, it is difiic have really effe industrial health although the w< are the earliest in the United all cases hopele are inadequate i pensation, for r tion, and most oi up to date to ] and compensatic by radiation an cause chronic c latent periods ! first symptoms o Two states sti ease coverage: only specified c exclude farm casual employme employees in s have less than ployees are exd laws apply main employments. M are today exclt compensation lav Research The level of c health is corres] largely in the I and it is guidec nomic needs oi Even where rese much of this is by private indus sporadically hav< tions, but their inadequate. Ther system of reseat ties in various p workers and en scientific solution Labor Safely ice, estimates that by 1970, industry Hope for the Future need 4800 physicians, but is expected to have only 2900; while 35,000 industrial nurses will be needed, but only 26,000 are expected; and 3400 industrial hygienists will be needed, but only 1600 are expected. Last year, a subcommittee of the House committee on appropriations under Congress man Fogarty conducted hearings on these problems. These are published in a "Report on Environmental Health Problems," avail Workmen's Compensation Good workmen's compensation laws are basic to the health of industrial workers. Without strong workmen's compensation laws, it is difficult to see how we can ever have really effective implementation of our industrial health measures. The fact is that although the workmen's compensation laws are the earliest form of sodal legislation in the United States, they are in almost all cases hopelessly behind the times. They are inadequate in their provisions for com pensation, for medical care and rehabilita tion, and most of them have not been brought up to date to permit equitable recognition and compensation for the injuries inflicted able through the Government Printing Of fice.* It is interesting reading. These hear ings raised hope that better appropriations would be made to the Public Health Serv ice and other agencies for an expansion of services in the environmental health field. In the meantime, there' is a dangerous vacuum in the supervision of hazards from ionizing radiation as differences prevail among the interested agencies, AEC, U. S. Public Health Service and the states, over jurisdiction in this field. At the moment, controls in this field are a patchwork with good programs in a few states like New York and California, but poor or almost non-existent programs in most others. by radiation and chemical hazards which The implications of all this should be cause chronic diseases, usually after long obvious. Occupational health and workmen's latent periods between exposure and the compensation vitally and directly affect the first symptoms of disease. health and life of working people. Yet Two states still have no occupational dis ease coverage. Nineteen state laws cover only specified diseases. Most of the laws exclude farm work, domestic work and casual employment In over half the states, employees in small establishments which have less than a specified number of em- the unions so far, for the most part, seem to be apathetic about this. Now that un ions are deeply involved in health insur ance, for the care of non-occupational dis eases, perhaps there will be a resurgence of interest in the environmental factors which affect our health. joyees are excluded, and in 12 states the A few unions have begun to help them ws apply mainly to a list of "hazardous" selves. Some have negotiated clauses in their employments. Many white collar workers collective bargaining agreements embodying are today excluded from the workmen's a number of the preventive measures I compensation laws. outlined earlier, 'and have also asserted the .union's right to bring expert consultants Research- into the plant The level of our research in occupational health is correspondingly low. Research is largely in the hands of private industry, and it is guided substantially by the eco nomic needs of the particular industry. Even where research is done in universities, much of this is subsidized for special needs by private industry. Governmental agencies sporadically have made excellent contribu tions, but their resources are chronically inadequate. There is an urgent need for a system of research and consultation facili ties in various parts of the country where workers and employers alike can go for scientific solutions to their problems. The United Auto Workers has a depart ment of occupational health, staffed by two experts in safety and industrial hygiene. The International Association of Machinists has a medical consultant' The International Chemical Workers' Union also has a medi cal consultant and recently appointed a staff safety man. These people can be of great help to workers in providing them with expert knowledge and honest information. Obviously, however, every union cannot and should not hire its own corps of experts and set up its own research laboratories. We are dealing with big social problems, and they must be met socially. 11 1961 National Safety Congress Professor of Sociology of Columbia. Uni versity. C. Wright Mills, defines the issue 'in this way: No moral endeavor, no political orientation, no human study that does not pay close at tention to man at work, can possibly be adequate tor our time. For work is affected by and in turn affects all that man is and all that he might become. The question we must ask ot any society or of any social pro gram is what kinds of men and women does it select, encourage, create? And, in terms of this human evaluation, the most Important question we can ask is whether work is a void in which men sacrifice themselves or whether work Is a central feature of a style of life in which man may realize himself. .. REFERENCES (1) Hunter, Donald, The Diseases of Occupa tions, Little, Brown & Co., 1955, pp 85-6 (2) Report of the Atomic Power Investigating Commission to the 71st General Assembly, State of Illinois. March, 1959, p. 25 (3) D. 8. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service. Sum mary of Report on Bearings on Environ mental Health, 1959 (4) Rumtord, John. Mortality Studies in Re lation to Air Pollution, presented at meet ing of American Public Health Associa tion, 1959 (5) Stoklnger. as quoted by Mancuso, Thomas, in Ohio State Law Journal, "Medical As pects ot Occupational Diseases," Vol. 19. No. 4, p. 631 (6) Mills, C. Wright, in Symposium, "Man and Work," Northern California Mental Health Association, San Francisco. 1951 (7) Governor's Conference on Health Basards in Uranium Mines, 0. S. Department ot Health. Education and Welfare, Public Health Sendee, Washington, D. C,, 1961 (8) Report on Environmental Health Prob lems, Hearings before Subcommittee ot Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 86th Congress. Govern ment Printing Office. Washington, D. C., 1960 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSES By PAUL P. BOSWELL, M.D. Senior Dermatologist, Provident Hospital, Chicago Incidence of Industrial Skin Diseases While there are at present no reliable statistics on the incidence of occupational dermatoses, their frequency is undisputed. Indeed, in World War II evidence indicates that there were more skin casualties than all other battle casualties in this very spe cialized occupation of soldiering. In England, a three year study done be tween 1930 and 1932 inclusively, more than 72 per cent of all occupational diseases were found to be industrial or occupational dermatoses. Reports from the compensation boards in seven states in this country indicated that 63 per cent of all compensible cases were occupational dermatoses. In a fashion more understandable to those of us accus tomed to cost and taxes, this means an estimated loss of more than ten weeks per year with an annual cost of approximately one million dollars. This, in itself, a stag gering figure Anatomy and Function of the Skin With these brief statistics, it is well to ask something of their body area, so easily disposed to such great measure of damage And again it is felt that a most superficial look at the anatomy and function of the sldn, as it is related to this question, is indicated especially for those not related to the medical sciences. It is not always realized that the skin is one of the most important organs of the body. In its embryonic development, it represents the first of the three primary or basis tissues formed, the ectoderm. And from this ectoderm the largest sensory or gan is developed, the brain. So the sldn is not only a prologue to the brain, but remains the next largest sensory organ. The sldn is an organ, a very complex organ; constituting about one sixteenth of the total body weight It contains, within its comparatively thin structure, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, glands, specialized cells such as those that produce pigment and appendages such as nails and hair. With over-simplification, we can divide the sldn in two major layers--an inner layer, called the corium and an -outer layer called epithelium. The inner layer is tough, elastic and resilient, and its chief function is to protect a injuries the me and this is the produces leathe The ephhelii protects by m sensitive, comb sweat gland s> pigment content in all normal si or quantity. Of the many following are this discussion: (1) It protec the body by the and elasticity. (2) It protec insensitive outei dermis by its stances. (3) It protec time and other of its pigments. (4) It recdv of many types terns such as pai (5) It regula tremes of exter be neutralized. (6) It secret products. (7) Finally, ii tion and gaseous All of these ing modified by fluences designet some constancy vironment Historical Backs From a hisfoi suffered by the favored in medii Not until 1700 his Treatise was and many of his today. In 1775, Per scribed the chh scrotum, as pr< Abrams. Not until the century were ad Labor Safety is to protect against normal and everyday injuries the more susceptible inner organs; and tins is the skin layer which, on tanning, produces leather. The epithelium, or outer layer, likewise protects by means of its outermost, in sensitive, cornified layer, its oil gland and sweat gland secretion, and by means of pigment content These dements are present in all normal skin and vary only by degree or quantity. tions made to this subject Then English, French and Germans began to describe the occupational dermatoses of their era. Not until World War I did American dermatologists begin their prolific and sig nificant studies. At this time there was an intense revival and expansion of the chemi cal industries and many new areas in the field of industrial dermatoses had to be explained. These new areas are still be ing met with even today. Of the many functions of the skin, the following are of particular pertinence to this discussion: (1) It protects the under-lying tissues of the body by the physical means of resilience and dastidty. (2) It protects by means of the relatively insensitive outer "horny" layer of the epi dermis by its resistance to noxious sub stances. (3) It protects the integument from ac tinic and other physical radiations by means of Its pigments. (4) It receives and transmits sensations of many types to the central nervous sys tems such as pain, heat and cold. (5) It regulates body heat so that ex tremes of external temperature changes can be neutralized. (6) It secretes water and some waste products. (7) Finally, it has a small role in respira tion and gaseous interchanges. ' All of these functions are constantly be ing modified by internal and external in fluences designed to allow man to maintain some constancy in an ever changing en vironment Historical Background of Industrial Diseases From a historical point of view, injuries suffered by the skin were known but not favored in medical writings for many years. Not until 1700 when Ramazzine published his Treatise was formal recognition achieved and many of bis observations still hold true today. In 1775, Percival Potts noted and de scribed the chimney sweep cancer of the scrotum, as previously mentioned by Dr. Abrams. In 1928, the United States Public Health Service organized the Office of Dermatosis Investigation, which is 'exclusively con cerned with occupational and other forms of contact dermatitis. This, in part, has led to formulation of laws in the majority of states designed to compensate workers for occupational diseases. Predisposing Causes of Occupational Diseases It is almost impossible to classify dearly all the professional and occupational dam ages to which skin is subjected. The new chemicals, the complexities of manufac ture and the wide usages and the resultant chemical products increase this difficulty. However, certain factors remain constant I should like to summarize some of these among the predisposing factors that play an important role: First--Illustrating the protective role of epidermal pigment, it is an accepted if not proven fact that negroes are less suscepti ble to certain skin irritants than other races. Thus they are the choice employees as grinders and dyers in dye factories, where irritating dusts' as well as dyes are the major hazards. This is likewise true where solvents are the irritating factor as in dry- cleaning establishments. However, oils and their by-products are the chief irritants of negroes and an increase in dermatosis oc curs in negroes chiefly in the form of oil acne. --- Secondly--Types of skin vary markedly in individuals as well as in races. The thin, blond-sldnned individual has trouble obtain ing employment in those industries that bring them in contact with potential ir ritants and, I may add, if those industries' pre-employment examinations are adequate Not until the early part of the nineteenth Workers with thick oily skin can tolerate century were added interests and contribu the action of fat solvents, such as soap, 13 1961 National Safely Congress turpentine, naphtha, benzol, etc, better than previous skin diseases. This may or may the workers with dry skin. It is universally not hold true for those with mycotic, or true that in occupations where clothing may fungus, infections. There is no real evidence become soaked in oils, greases and waxes that this is true: Illustrative are the dis these individuals with hairy, seborrhic or eases of psoriasis and lichen plonus. In these oily thick sldns are more likely to develop * individuals, though currently clear of the folliculitis and acne-like lesions. acute lesions, the development of trauma And, as a final note, in the same individ ual, the skin of the inner arms are more involved than the palms. may cause recurrence or new lesions of these diseases completely unrelated to oc cupational dermatoses. Thirdly--Perspiration and sebum usually act as a protective by diluting irritating agents that are already in solution. But a third predisposing factor is in that in dividual who perspires excessively and works in solid substances such a calcium oxide Here the moisture can produce a chemical change where the conversion to calcium hydroxide proves to be an irritant. To affect the skin, materials must wet the skin, thus acting by chemical combina tions or by extracting moisture and fat Obviously, these are materials soluble or miscible in sweat Fourthly--Age of the worker can also influence the incidence of occupational der matoses, another factor to be considered. Whether or not this is due to relative in Seventhly--Cleanliness, or rather the look of cleanliness, or its careless application is a most important factor. And cleanliness means not only personal but also environ mental. This is particularly true where workers handle or are exposed to fumes, dust and noxious vapors. Moreover, the clinical substances used in cleansing must be chosen judiciously, since they too can cause a reaction. The subject of cleanli ness will be mentioned later. Eighthly--The question of allergy is be ing deliberately passed over, since there is little agreement as to specific definition of this term. Suffice it to say that most, if not all, persons can be or are allergic if exposed to the right allergens. Guarding against this possibility is a herculean task. experience and lesser previous exposure in younger people, statistically they are more susceptible. Fifthly--As in all fields,. the matter of sex must be considered when discussing predisposing causes. The skin of women is usually drier than that of men. However, during menses and pregnancy there is an increase in perspiration and therefore an increase in the sensitivity as Actual Causes of Occupational Dermatoses The actual causes of occupational der matoses may be simply divided or outlined in five major groups: (1) Mechanical. (2) Physical. (3) Chemical. (4) Plant poison or irritants. (5) Biological. before mentioned. Any or all of these factors may be en Likewise, women are more concerned and more prone to individual cleanliness in their habits and so fewer incidences are reported. On the other hand, fewer women are engaged in hazardous occupations and there is an absolute statistical decrease in re ported cases. Women seek first aid more readily and sooner than men and so develop fewer chronic dermatoses reported as compensible. countered or predominant in any occupation. For example, the farm worker is exposed to most of these factors. There may be mechanical injury from farm machinery; there may be physical injury from heat, cold or the artivic rays of excessive sun light; chemical irritants ' of fertilizers and insecticides may play a role; or the bio logical infections from fungus and parasite organisms from the effluvium of animal and plant materials are important and, of Sixthly--The existence of previous non- course, plant poison. occupational diseases is also a predisposing Mechanical agents which "may cause cal factor. There are workers more prone to losities, tendon injuries, cuts and abrasions develop industrial dermatoses than others. fall within this category. These in turn These are the individuals who have had may lead to infection, or, as many investi 14 gators think, m nancies. In th of skin disease plonus, new le old lesions is a Among the p to excite occu] following most High temperc spiration leadin] intertrigo, or 1 igne. More pe result These ar ers, produced heat occurring and steel workt Cold and ele, toll amongst ou The deleterio and ultra viol< to all of you; viously indicate with medical w< of radium anc workers in the and atom-splitti Chemicals ar< nant villains in dermatoses. The are primarily s tizers. The primary i which will cam on the normal tact Only subs skin or be disso: or sebum are in these primary i cumstances, may sensitizer, on th duce demonstra contact, but onl of one or more that produce a < Here, the fiel tore and its var to explain the n mon condition. Labor Safely N gators think, may become the sites of malig|nancies. In those patients, previous sites of skin diseases such as psoriasis or lichen plonus, new lesions or an aggravation of old lesions is common. Among the physical agents that are likely to excite occupational dermatoses are the following most common; High temperatures may cause excess per spiration leading to the common heat rash, intertrigo, or less commonly, erythema ab igne. More permanent skin changes may result These are the afflictions of the work ers, produced by prolonged exposures to heat occurring in such workers as stokers and steel workers. Cold and electricity may also take their toll amongst outdoor and electrical workers. The deleterious effects of X-ray, radium and ultra violet radiation is well known to all of you; as Dr. Abrahms has pre viously indicated, this is particularly true with medical workers or technicians, miners of radium and uranium, and laboratory workers in the new field of nuclear energy and atom-splitting. Chemicals are of necessity the predomi nant villains in the production of industrial dermatoses. These can be divided into what are primarily skin irritants or skin sensi tizers. The primary irritant is defined as an agent which will cause damage by direct action -on the normal skin at the sight of con tact Only substances which can wet the -skin or be dissolved in its solutions of sweat or sebum are in this catagory. Unfortunatdy these primary irritants, under specific cir cumstances, may also become sensitizers. The sensitizer, on the other hand, may not pro duce demonstrable skin changes on first contact; but only after prolonged exposure of one or more weeks may cause changes that produce a definitive dermatitis. Here, the fidd of allergy enters the pic ture and its varied theories are an attempt to explain the mechanics of this most com mon condition. For a detailed list of those major groups, the readers are referred to the encyclopedic work of Rostenbergard Sulzberger in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. II, No. 3, June 1939. What, in general, are the methods of pre venting the wholesale occurrence of occu pational dermatoses? The ideal method, of course, is to safe guard the worker so that these noxious agents mentioned, do not come in contact with the worker's skin. This is obviously an impossibility. The modem factory or laboratory, new in specific construction and automation, is coming closer and closer to this ideal. The following basic precautions should be observed whenever at all feasible: (1) Cleanliness of working environment. (2) Personal cleanliness encouraged by shower baths, lockers" loir'street clothing and work dothing. (3) Initial physical examination to be assured that the applicant does not have any predisposing skin ailment. (4) Insistence that workers report all ir ritations of the skin, no matter how trivial, to the medical department. (5) The use of protective dothing where indicated, as well as the use of protective medications. But, whereas it is impossible to outline any few ''asic prindples of prevention, there is an encouraging number of positive factors. Train inspectors, sanitary and safety en gineers who are_ usually employed by in surance carriers mid munidpalities are the front line task forces. These people train superintendents, foremen, and plant physi cians, who in turn instruct the workers of any avoidable hazards of-the occupational dermatose. While the problem jjf_ occupational der matoses is complex and large, I, for one, am confident that American ingenuity will eventually solve it. 15 1961 National Safely Congress THE YEAR'S PROGRESS IN LABOR SAFETY By LLOYD D. TITTER Din, Ind'L Health & Safety Din, United Autoworkers, Detroit, Mich. Research: stewards, safety committeemen, et al in the The State Labor Department's Committee major industrial cities of the country. of the Labor Conference completed a pre liminary survey to evaluate the efficiency of state labor departments. The survey de veloped data on the number of industrial establishments in a state, the number of workers, the number of inspectors, and the cost per employee for services rendered by state labor departments. Results of the Technical Assistance: Assistance was given to the safety com mittee of the Iowa AFL-CIO, which series to improve the safety and health regulations and program of the state of Iowa, in co operation with industrial organizations of the state. survey will be distributed to the states and Information on on-and-off-the-job safety publicized. problems was furnished by mail and phone Exchange of Information: to an increasing number of labor organiza tions. Delegations from Japan and Mexico were furnished with information about union Program Aids: safety activities in the United States. *The 1960 Christmas holiday safety cam The inclusion of safety and health in paign was- supported by unions. Packets formation in the labor press and other of materials were sent to Council labor mem publications continues to grow. Sixteen labor bers with a covering letter urging them to publications qualified for the Public Interest take an active part in this effort Award of I960. The number of winners The third all-union Labor Day safety of the awards doubled in comparison with campaign conducted during the 1961 holi the previous year. day was by far the most successful cam Standards and Recommendations: paign which was co-sponsored by the.Standing Committee on Safety and Occupational Progress was made in developing a "Labor Health of AFL-CIO, the Labor Conference Safety Manual" to cover on and off-the- of the-National Safety Council, and other job safety and health. Work on the intro organized labor groups. About 14,500 packets ductory and occupational sections has been of materials were furnished to labor or largely completed and ready for editing, ganizations, industrial establishments, civic leaving the off-the-job safety section still and fraternal groups, churches, governmental to be completed. It is expected to have agencies, 'and other types of organizations. the publication ready for distribution in 1962. The distribution of campaign posters, Training: safety talks, newspaper releases, and other materials was two and one-half times the The Labor Conference adopted a recom amount of materials used in the I960 cam mendation supporting driver education in paign. schools. The labor press devoted far more space The Conference also supported the . Na ter safety over tiie holiday than in pre tional Safety Council's policy on go-carts. vious years. The front pages of numerous Assistance in training safety committee labor publications were entirely given over men and other union officials was given to emphasis on safety on the highways and to five unions in the Chicago area. These in other holiday activities. training courses have been expanded to in The campaign was expanded to include clude off-the-job safety. joint efforts by unions, public officials, civic The Labor Conference adopted a pro and other organizations in several states. posal to sponsor regional safety conferences Campaign efforts of local unions included or institutes primarily for labor officials. the use of posters, safety talks at meetings. 'publicity in sages, exhibit celebrations, < the clergy, an The steerin will acknowb of labor orga groups with a The broad public official crating orgai uted to maid day the safe volume of tn The seat 1 veloped for ried outdnrin at union mee plant off-the-j organizations. The Labor to expand tii to include ad aids, the pn fires in home I am alwa; in any confe as this has b during my lif I am cone different capa individual, as citizen of a society, and : organisation. ested in safe life in which interest is nc I have tried of these fiel< consistent in each level This word Today a type Labor Safety "publicity in local newspapers, radio mes sages, exhibits in Labor Day parades and celebrations, cooperation with local officials, the clergy, and other groups. The steering committee for the campaign will acknowledge the splendid cooperation of labor organizations, the clergy and other groups with a special citation. The broad and intensive efforts of labor, public officials, and numerous other coop erating organizations undoubtedly contrib uted to making the 1961 Labor Day holi day the safest an' record, considering the volume of traffic. The seat belt promotion, especially de veloped for labor organizations, was car ried out during 1961 through the labor press, at union meetings, and in cooperation with plant off-the-job safety programs and other organizations. The Labor Conference adopted a proposal, to expand the off-the-job safety program to include activities on winter driving haz ards, the prevention of falls, poisonings, fires in homes of workers, and other areas of accident prevention. The program is particularly aimed at major safety and health problems. Three-panel exhibits with handout ma terials were provided for conventions of the brewery workers; the hod carriers and laborers; the oil, chemical and atomic work ers;, the steelworkers in Canada; and the joint labor-management safety conference of the Pacific Coast pulp and paper industry. Recognition of Achievement.* The award plan of the Labor Conference went into operation in 1961. Applications for. three grades of awards made to labor members of the National Safety Council and to individual labor members were re ceived from 21 unions. Awards were made to 16, ranging from the top to the lowest awards. Presentation will be made at the National Safety Congress. Membership: Labor memberships in the Council total 329, a small gain over last year, and a new high. SAFETY IS A MAN-SIZE JOB By J. E. TRAINER Executive Vice President, The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, O. I am always very pleased to take part as the split-level house, is very popular. in any conference concerned with safety, In this type of home, yon live on different as this has been one of my chief interests levels at different tunes, but aO levels are during my lifetime^ both on and off the job. parts of the "one unit called your borne. I am concerned with safety in several* One level may seem important when you different capacities--I am concerned as an individual, as a member of a family, as a are using that level but the other levels are never out of the picture and in a citizen of a community, as a member of matter of minutes youc interest may shift society, and as a member of an industrial to another level of the house. organisation. In other words, I am inter I believe the split-level label can be ap ested^ in safety on the several levels of plied to" safeiy.We may operate on one life in which I Eve and work. Having an level in the morning, and another level in interest is not enough, and knowing this, I have tried to be active in safety in each of these fields. I have also tried to be consistent in my attitude toward safety on each level. the afternoon, and stiff another in the eve ning but we are always within the bouse of safety that includes all levels. During any given day, most of ns operate on all levels of safety--in our homes, on the high way, at work, going home, at play, and Tins word "level" suggests a comparison. back home again. We need to practice Today a type of house construction, known safety on every level. 17 1961 National Safety Congress I believe in facing problems directly, and the headlines and feature stories, from the time injury. In I believe in knowing just where you stand one issue, that were concerned with acci classification, a before you start any kind of discussion or action. So before we go any further, 1 think it will be good for us to take a quick look around to determine our con dition and position. We have done some good work in safety in the United States. We have accomplished dents and safety. This is what I found: Jet plane crashes into store roof--pilot killed and 35 injured. Six from area killed in auto crash. Youth, 16, drowns in farm pond. Indiana man lolled in Ohio road crash. record of 7 n lost time injury, I give you cause I am pro indicate what : safety program cedures that ke much, but, we are not finished. There is still plenty of work to be done. Driver hurt, phones knocked out, in truck crash. of safety. Our point o: When we begin to look around, we find Grid star injured in freak accident spite of what some rather appalling figures and these figures tend to disturb us very much. They also become the basis for marching orders for the day. Very quickly they tell us what Family of seven wiped out in tene ment fire. Here we had in one issue of a newspaper, must be done I am sure you know these figures, but let's get them before us again. In 1960, 93,000 people lost their lives in accidents. Xo matter how much this figure is im proved over the years, it is still 93fl00 too 16 dead and 38 injured, and all within my community or population center. These examples bring the figures closer to home. They do not tell us that our job is done in safety. - I read these accident and fatality figures many. In dealing with the loss of human regularly, and I am sure you do, too. They lives, even one is too many. have a great .effect on me. They stimulate To express this loss in another way, every six minutes, twenty-four hours a day, year in and year out, somebody loses his life in an accident. This adds up to the 93,000 lives I mentioned. This is al most as many deaths as the United States suffered in World War I, and we thought the losses in that conflict were disastrous. me to continue everything I've ever done in the interest of safety, and to step up the pace if possible. Since our special emphasis today in this section is industrial safety, let's take a closer look at that leveL I think we will soon see that there is no level that is. not dependent on all other levels. This loss in life from accidents represents In industrial safety there has been some the entire population of Springfield, the fine work done. The fatality rate in all in state capital of Illinois. dustry has been reduced and injuries have But, there are still worse figures. We been greatly diminished. I am going to use have been talking only about fatal acci some facts and figures concerned with Fire dents. In addition to the deaths, 45 million stone, because, first, this is the situation persons were injured in 1960. If you care I know the' most about, and secondly, it to tliink in terms of dollars, these acci will serve as a typical example of indus dents cost over 13.5 billion dollars. Going trial safety in action. beyond these figures, no one can measure At Firestone, we have reduced our fre the grief, the worry, the discomfort and quency rate from 6.3 in 1946 to 1.7 in 1960 the unhappiness caused by the accidents to and to 1.3 for the first six months of 1961. the millions of people connected in some Our severity rate has been reduced from way with the victims. - -970-sn 1946 to 305 in 1960 and to 275 for safety the fig continue at very Safety progr dergone great > been associated greatly expand emphasis was accidents. Tod: goes on again* gram now inch die most minor As safety pn veloped into th passed through The first st mechanical. Th put guards on wire grilles to It is the stage and gimmicks 1 time of automa We installed 1 flying objects, we roughed up to make the e All these thing enough. The key wo "attitudes." Ind that in spite of and all other < ! getting hurt, 1 their thinking; man did. Safe We could go on and recite a lot of fig the first six months of 1961. to train men oi ures but these are enough to set the stage. Our company has received the Award not only to tr There is still a big job to be done. These of Honor of the Safety Council on a com velop safety at figures are a little bit cold because they are impersonal. They become more realistic when they represent real persons in your family, your neighborhood, or your plant. pany-wide basis, several times and individual plants have been cited frequently for meri torious performance. Firestone holds the world's record for tire plant safety-- a rec Safety opera j pared; safety s tection progran influence the n I picked up a paper recently to make an ord when one tire plant went through al scoreboards set experiment I scanned the paper and I listed most 10 million man-hours without a lost they were even 18 Labor Safely time injury. In the industrial rubber goods Classification, a Firestone plant holds the record of 7 million man-hours without a lost time injury. spin, so he would notice. There are safety contests, slogan contests, and awards of every type to impress safety indelibly on the mind of the individual. I give you these figures not only be cause I am proud of them, but because they indicate what is being done with definite safety programs and by instructional pro cedures that keep pounding home the value The third stage is going on continuously. It includes the first and second but it goes further. It moves into every level of our split-level house of safety and it tries two advanced steps. of safety. Our point of emphasis here is that in spite of what has been done in industrial safety the figures for over-all accidents continue at very high levels. (1) Make every man his own safety ex pert with responsibility for safety on every level. (2) Make every person think and act safely twenty-four hours a.day. Safety programs in industry have un dergone great changes in the time I have been associated with them. The scope has greatly expanded. In the early years the emphasis was in the prevention of fatal accidents. Today, although the fight still goes on against fatal accidents, the pro gram now includes prevention against even die most minor injury. As safety programs in industry have de veloped into their present state, they have passed through several stages. Why is this necessary? Because in Spite of all our gains in industrial safety, men still get injured and lolled. Some of these happen in industry but many more occur when the individual worker is func tioning on another level. These is a story of a prize fighter who was slightly overmatched. During the first round, his opponent had his fists in our fighter's face most of the time. He was roughed up pretty badly. His second, or man in his corner, however, thought he The first stage could be described as should encourage him and when the fighter mechanical. This is the stage when we came into the corner between rounds, the put guards on gears, stop rails on rollers, second said, "Nice round, boy; he never wire grilles to protect accidental contacts. laid a glove on you." It is the stage of guards, guides, grilles, and gimmicks to prevent injuries. It is the time of automatic stops and safety releases. We installed lights, we protected against 'flying objects, we painted, we smoothed. Are roughed up--anything and everything-- to make the environment reasonably safe. All these things helped but they were not In the second round, it was even worse, as the opponent began to put more snap into his punches. By the end of the round, our fighter returned again to his comer, a little groggy and much the worse for wear. The second told him, "That was a good round, he never landed a solid blow." The fighter was a little bewildered because enough. be frit the effects of several solid blows The key word in the second stage is and he was not very optimistic. However, "attitudes." Industrial safety people found he kept going out for each successive round that in spite of guards, automatic warnings and coining back in worse shape each time. and. alt other devices, that men were still Finally, when he had been told again that getting hurt, because safety was not in the opponent had not landed any telling their thinking; it was something the safety blows, he said to Ins second, "When I man did. Safety programs were started-- gcroutr this round, I want yon to keep an to train men on safety. This program was eye on that referee, because someone is not only to train supervisors but to de beating the hell outta me out there." velop safety attitudes in all employees. So it is with safety. All the things that Safety operating instructions were pre have been done are not enough. Someone pared; safety shoe programs and eye pro is still beating the hell outta safety. In tection programs have been emphasized to influence the man to think safety. Safety scoreboards screamed at him to be safe, they were even made to move, rotate and most cases it isn't you, it isn't you, and it isn't you. It isn't this group and it isn't that group, but the damage is still bring done. There were still those 93,000 lives 19 1961 National Safety Congress lost and those 45 million injuries. Let's see if we can find who is doing it. ~ National statistics show that nearly 70 per cent of all fatal accidents among work ers occur off the job and more than half the accidents resulting in workman dis ability take place away from the job. This leads us to a conclusion that the safety practices followed by the worker, while on the job, in many cases do not carry over after he passes through the factory gate Do you realize that in the decade 19501960, nearly three quarters of a million Americans were killed in motor vehicle public and home accidents--the other levels? We have been very interested in this offthe-job safety problem at Firestone. Twice each year we run checks of on-the-job and off-tfae-job accidents. The checks _are made in May and December and cover the acci dents in that given month. In the past three years, in these checks, we have found 31 lost time injuries on-the-job as opposed to 522 off-the-job. There have been, in these six monthly periods checked, no fatalities in the factory and three off-the-job fa talities. We have a new challenge and we must face it We must reach for that split-level type of safety that operates on every level. A man may have a home workshop which has guards on the power tools; he may wear goggles and observe all the safe pro cedures when in his shop. But, if he has a fire hazard in his attic, or he smokes in bed, or be has a car in the garage with hid brakes, or he has objects piled on his basement stairs, or he paints his house using an unsafe ladder, he is the fel low who is beating the hell outta safety. I read an article recently which made this statement, "Population is increasing rapidly. Since most fires are the result of human failure, the expected- population growth will increase the number of fires." Tins very plainly says, the more of us there are, the more there are to be careless. This is a pessimistic statement and tends to assume that you and I are not going to do anything about it This statement concerned fires but it could easily apply to all accidents caused by human failure. Take another look at that statement The more people there are, the more there are to be careless. My argument here today is that it does not need to be this way. We just have .more work to do and more people to reach. Let's turn that statement into a positive one, full of challenge: The more people there are, the more there are to learn and practice safety. Of course this is a big job. Who is go ing to do it? I gave a title to my remarks-- "Safety Is A Man-Size Job." I have built up to this climax. There are two meanings to this title. First; it means that safety fits your per son--it is your size as an individual. It is man size. It is not too big for you. It is not too small for you. It is true that safety is an over-all task, on which all groupsjand individuals must cooperate; but it is no good at all artless each individual assumes safety as his job. Advertisers talk about certain foods bring bite size--the size of a bite. Safety & man size--the size of a man. My second meaning when I say safety is a man-size job, is that safety is a really big problem. When we want to express the large proportions of anything, we say it is man-size. A man-sized cup of coffee is a big one; a man-sized appetite is a big one; and a man-sized safety program is a big one. Safety begins at this man-size level Every individual must practice and live safety. Someone has given os this very challenging statement--Take chances and the chances are that you won't have many chances left to take. First, we all operate as individuals. We begin a full-scale safety program by be ing safe ourselves--and not just on one level--on all levels. This, in itself, is a man-size job. You cannot stop a person from having an accident by telling him not to have one. "Don't have an accident;" is as futile a statement as "Don't have an ulcer." Someone has said, "You can lead a man to safety, but you can't make him practice it" In another comparison, you can put col lection cans along the streets and .highways, for the deposit of rubbish, but, whether or not people use them is largely a matter of personal atti by law, to inst but whether c to the individm I recently fat individual safet Let ns suppo tie. Three hone carbonate of so less sugar pills cyanide. The p shake them all Are you willin a pH! and swal us who love l Yet traffic sai these are the o Once in every. I wonder why odds so differei wheel? I believe thei industrial safet first is concern. cerned and has 1 each person cc own safety but men. Labor ha cooperated in . Where there is: program of any The second ! Our safety prog successful becau bility. A plant safety in his ; department mat sponsible. Safet like production, tion. So, we are l only way we cai safety is throng cerned arid acce _ Safety is a r People work; dr attitudes as thi people to embi they will drive : safely. If every indh safety attitudes he trill frown < behave safdy. ' Labor Safely tof personal attitude. You can force persons, not be tolerated and those who work with -by law, to install safety belts in their cars him should be critical of his action. but; whether or not they are used is up I believe that with men thinking and liv to the individual Safety is man size. ing safety that there will be benefits all I recently heard a very clever story on along the line. Workers will be interested individual safety. in the quality of their product because such Let us suppose I put 331 pills in a hot* tie. Three hundred of diem are simple bi carbonate of soda; thirty of them are harm less sugar pills and one is deadly potassium cyanide. The pills all look alike. Now, we shake them all np and offer you the bottle. quality will contribute to safety. He will be interested in good housekeeping because it has a close relationship to safety. Most important to all, he will think safety and practice safety on every level of his splitlevel life. Are you willing to take a chance, select If safety is to he a way of life, appearing a pill and swallow it? Not very many of in every level on -which we operate; who us who love life would take the chance. is going to bring it about? I say the job Yet, traffic safety engineers tell ns that is a man-size one. Management, labor and these are the odds on running a red light the individual must all work together in Ogee in every 331 times there is a fatality. promoting the safety theme. And you must I wonder why the individual looks at the operate on every level of your life. More odds so differently when he is behind the than this, you must operate consistently on wheel? all levels. We must be consistently safe. I believe there are two key reasons why industrial safety has been successful The first is concern. Management has been con A safety attitude must be practiced at home, at work, on the highway and in the com munity. cerned and has taken every measure to make Safety Is non-controversial There is only each person concerned, not only for his one side. So we do not need to cast bal own safety but that of his fellow work lots or hold elections. Management and labor men. Labor has been concerned and has have no argument on safety. So we can cooperated in industrial safety programs. spend all our energies in promoting the Where there is no concern there is no safety safety attitude. program of any value Certainly we need to continue all the me The second key word is responsibility. chanical means we have ever used in indus Our safety programs at Firestone have bear trial safety. We need to continue our drive ^successful because we have placed responsi against industrial accidents but we must bility. A plant manager is responsible for expand our virion and find a way to ex safety in his plant He, in turn, makes tend safety practices to all levels. Howard department managers and supervisors re Pyle, the Council president, has said it very sponsible. Safety is a responsibility just like production, cost, and economical opera tion. So, we are back to the individual The well, "We want every American home safe and safe el home." ' There is still a man size job to be done in malting safety a full-time; around the only way we can ever accomplish split level safety is through the individual bong con cerned and accepting responsibility. dock attitude. There is still a man-size job to be done in industrial safety, to hold our gains and Safety Is a matter of personal attitude. to cut deeper and deeper into accidents and People work; drive and play with the same attitudes as they live. If we can teach people to embrace safety attitudes then they will drive safely, work safely and play poor safety practice. There is still a man-size job to be done cm the public safety level safely. There is stiff a man-size job to be done If every individual tries to improve his on the traffic safety leveL safety attitudes then he will be safer and Attitudes are exposed by behavior. You he win frown on all persons who do not don't have to be a psychologist to develop behave safely. The unsafe individual can sound safety attitudes. You do this by the 21 1961 National Safety Congress way you act, by the things you do, by the way you talk. By your attitude you uot only control yourself but you teach others. Each individual must have concern and he must accept responsibility. . I will dose with a little verse that tells a story: If everyone who does a job, would say a little prayer. And keep in mind those other folks de pending on his care. And make a vow, and pledge himself to never take a chance. The great crusade for safety would sud denly advance. The job is man-size. Now, let's do what we can to become men capable of a mansize job. SAFETY IS OUR CHALLENGE By GEORGE M. HARRISON President, Brotherhood of Railway Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express & Station Employes, AFL-CIO, Cincinnati, Ohio It is pleasant to be able to begin my -iemarks by noting that today's news on the safety front in American industry is the best we have had for some time. The last two quarterly releases of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, covering the first six moots of 1961, have each reported that work injuries in manufacturing plants reached record low rates during that pe riod. The rate of 10.4 disabling injuries per million man hours worked, which was set in the first three months of this year, equalled the all-time record low for any quarter, established in the last quarter of 1960. In fact, according to a September release, the first six months of 1961 produced the best six-month average recorded, six per cent lower than in 1960 and 1961 may be the best year on record. This optimism then is qualified by the injection of a note of caution. "However," the Labor Department con tinues, "the greater-than-seasonal increase in May and June could indicate a rising trend resulting from increased industrial activity. Previous experience suggests that increased industrial activity is followed by an increase in injury rates." Those words are worth repeating, for they certainly make dear that safety is, indeed, our challenge. "Increased industrial activity" says the Labor Department, an the bads of past experience, "is followed by an increase in Injury rates." Aren't the implications contained in tins .statement truly shocking? Aren't they a tragic indictment of the ethical standards --or the lack of them--which our indus trial society exhibits in this area of in dustrial safety? Is it really necessary in order to reduce the killing and maiming of workers to have that happen only because of a decline in business which brings re duced industrial activity? In other words, are safety and prosperity incompatible? The facts, based on past experience, would seem to indicate that this is the case. I would like, however, to challenge such a conclusion. I do not believe that prosperity and mounting accidents are necessarily re lated. In fact; I would contend that greater prosperity can make possible the necessary basic expenditures and greater care which will insure greater safety on the job, re duce the staggering economic losses result ing from accidents, and thereby make pros perity even greater. In recent years, industrial accidents have accounted for only about one-seventh of the deaths and for about only one-fifth of the injuries of die more than nine million dif ferent kinds of fatal and disabling acci dents suffered within our nation annually. The shocking thing about these statistics is that they tend to reflect a gross in difference to accidents'on the part of us as individuals. This is borne out by the fact that by far the greatest number of disabling accidents--four million of them annually--occur More than two nually are of a Safely Council elude such categ curring in huntii recreational activ than by motor \ eta Finally, ea< ddents take a ii and one third n for the highest the neighborhoo annually. Thus nearly s< cidents occur eil highways or in other public acti of accidents wh< clearly is very hi) ness as individu most of this tra We find that t cupational injuri running at the r rear ever since 1 The yearly aver (1946-1955) was disabled for life for life, and 1,89, abled--a yearly a and deaths. The of these acriden Department estitr conservative," is When estimated : plovees of 1.4 1 yearly economic cupational aedde billion dollars. This needless t death, pain and : been going on fot 15 years which . War II ended, have suffered fro the nation has : economic losses tolL When we i accidents amount all accidents, the of hopelessness w serve. However, the It us cause for cot Labor Safety annually--occur right in our own homes, jlore than two million more accidents an nually are. of a nature which the National Safety Council classifies as public, and in clude such categories as those accidents oc curring in hunting and swimming and other recreational activities, in transportation other than by motor vehicles, in public buildings, etc Finally, each year motor vehicle ac cidents take a tragic toll of more than one and one third million victims and account for the highest number of fatalities, in the neighborhood of over 37,000 deaths annually. Thus nearly seven out of every nine ac cidents occur either in our homes, on the highways or in recreational pursuits and other public activities. These are the kind of accidents where individual responsibility clearly is very high. Carelessness and selfish ness as individual weaknesses account for most of this tragedy. We find that the huge annual toll of oc cupational injuries and deaths has been running at the rate of about two million a year ever since the end of World War II. The yearly average for a ten-year period (1946-1935) was 17,040 killed or totally disabled for life, 83,600 partially disabled for life, and 1,893,000 more temporarily dis abled--a yearly average of 1,994,000 injuries and deaths. The annual cost to employers of these accidents, according to a Labor Department estimate which it terms "highly 'pservative," is more than $3.5 billion, /hen estimated annual wage losses to em ployees of $1.4 billion are added, the total yearly economic loss to the nation of oc cupational accidents amounts to nearly $5 billion dollars. This needless toll of economic waste and death, pain and mutilation of workers has been going on for too many years. Over the 15 years which have elapsed since World War II ended, some 30 million workers have suffered from industrial accidents and the nation has paid some $75 billion in economic losses to support this accident toll. When we recall that these industrial accidents amount to less than one-quarter of all accidents, the picture takes on an aspect of hopelessness which it may very well de serve. However, the long-range picture can give us cause for courage and a hope for an end to this tragic suffering and economic waste. The truth is that, over the years, real and significant progress in reducing work accidents is being made. Industrial accidents have been reduced steadily since the turn of the century through the elimi nation of some of the unnecessarily haz ardous working conditions, through better laws for the protection of employees, and through joint cooperation of labor and man agement in many industries. This progress lias even picked up speed in recent years. The casualty rate in American factories in 1951-1955 was 173 per cent Jower than in 1936-1940. hi 1956 the number of casualties in manufacturing per million hours worked was 20 per cent lower than in 1949, and in the first six months of this year it was down 30.6 per cent These figures indicate that real progress has been made, and is being made, in re ducing the toll of accidents in indnstry. They show that the battle for safety is not hopeless. They prove that with proper con cern by management with joint labormanagement cooperation to prevent acci dents, and with adequate interest and action by the legislative and administrative arms of the government accidents con be prevented to a remarkable degree. They show that where there is a will, there is still a way. Before progress of this kind can take place, however, there dearly must be a will to do something about it on the part of both management and labor and government Nothing proves this more dearly, in my opinion, than the tragic record of what has been happening in the railroad industry in recent years. I happen to know a little something about that industry, since I have spent most of my working life as either a railroad employee or a railroad labor union official intimately concerned-about the con dition of the industry and the working con ditions of its workers. I have already said that I do not be lieve that the rate of aeddents in industry must be related to its rate of output, as the Labor Department press release quoted at the outset says "previous experience sug gests." Certainly, experience in the rail road industry does not bear this out. Most of you are well aware that the current level of operations in railroading has not matched levels in recent years and therefore if the 23 1961 National Safety Congress ratio between accidents and output implied by the industrial accidents experience were to be accepted as a universal assumption, we should expect that the level of accidents in the railroad industry would have been at one of its lowest points. Just the opposite; however, has been the case. While we have had a substantial reduc tion in the number of passenger trains operated since the enactment of the Trans portation Act of 1958, the number of pas sengers killed or injured in the first seven months of this year has been running at a rate of more than 2,000 aimuallj', con siderably above 1957 to 1960. I want to emphasize that notwithstanding these accidents to passengers, railroad travel still remains by far the safest of any form of transport In 1959, for example, the safety record of U. S. railroads was nearly four times better than that of buses, 13 times better than that of domestic "airlines and 45 times better than that of automobiles. This ratio, which has held fairly constant for many years, remains about the same even though railroad accidents have been increasing alarmingly. Obviously the increase in railroad accidents to passengers which has occurred this year merits attention, con cern and remedial action. Hazards of train operation have risen rapidly despite all the new mechanical and automatic devices that have been introduced. Remembering that the casualty rate in American factories was 17.3 per cent less in 1951-1955 than it was in 1936-1910, it is particularly shocking to note that the rate of casualties in railroad train service increased by 60.6 per cent in the same period. Nontrain accidents decreased, but by only 26 per cent The accidents arising from motor ve hicles colliding with trains at railroad-high way crossings rose from an average of 3.87 per million train miles in 1930-1934 to 4.14 in 1951-1955. Between 1957 and 1960, on the basis of statistics compiled under new re porting rules, the rate climbed from 4.55 to 4.83. As might be expected, the rate of casual ties to individuals in grade-crossing acci dents has also climbed. The railroads today are paying more than $100 million annually in property damage and another $100 million yearly in personal injury claims. In summary, may I suggest that there is every reason to believe that through real labor-management cooperation, sincere gov ernment interest, and increasing individual concern on the part of labor, management and the general public, the toll of accidents can be reduced significantly. Unsafe surroundings, work places and un safe conduct take a needless and indefensible .toll of human lives and destruction of prop erty that must be stopped. Vigorous enforcement of laws against unsafe conditions and conduct must be relent lessly pursued. Education and investigation of the causes and the wide dissemination of these facts are essential to understanding of adjustments necessary in our practices and human behavior and our progress to a safe tomorrow. Everyone has the right to expect safe conduct by his neighbor in the workshop, on the streets and in public places. The conscience of America must be awak ened to the dangers always present in most activities. The slaughter of human beings on the`highways is a blot upon America and in many cases results from reckless disregard of the rights of others. I am alarmed by the tempo of American life which encourages disregard of reasonable precautions to avoid this national tragedy. 24 PRES! Vice. Pr United At While many dividual union on outstandin{ and off-the-jol ever been givei efforts of unic Labor Goafere Council appro> to give tangibl safety work ol dividual memb The award been designate rial Award fo is in three ca: Honor; b) th the Award of was named in to the secretar his work in I in organized Si National Safet tors, and for founders of tl National Safetj Awards to ir meat are caUei in number: a) Service; b) Q: ice; and c) Cil ice. They will have contribute cause of aedde The presenta the 1961 Natioi rotes the laboi is a history-ma Conference of is very happy labor organizalii granted awards plishments in th> "The Harry I Distinguished l four fcbor orga 1. Unit'd Mine It would take Labor Safely } PRESENTATION OF LABOR SAFETY AWARDS By LLOTD D. UTTER Vice. Pres, for Labor of the National Safety Council, and Safety Dir. of the United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, AFL-CIO, Detroit, Mich. While many union organizations and in dividual union members have been carrying on outstanding safety programs both onand off-the-job, no formal recognition has ever been given acknowledging the dedicated efforts of unions in this area. In I960 the Labor Conference of the National Safety Council approved an award plan designed to give tangible recognition for outstanding safety work of union organizations and in dividual members of the labor movement The award for labor organizations has been designated "The Harry Read Mano rial Award for Labor Organizations" and is In three categories: a) The Award of Honor; b) the Award of Merit and c) the Award of Commendation. This award was named in honor of the late assistant to the secretary-treasurer of AFL-CIO for his work in promoting labor participation in organized safety, for his service on the National Safety Council's board of direc tors, and for ins work as one of the founders of the Labor Conference of the National Safety Council. Awards to individuals in the labor move ment are called "Citations," and are three in number: a) Citation for Distinguished Service; b) Citation for Outstanding Serv ice; and c) Citation for Meritorious Serv ice. They will be granted to unionists who have contributed outstanding work to the cause of accident prevention. The presentation of the labor awards at the 1961 National Safety Congress inaugu rates the labor safety awards plan. This is a history-making occasion and the Labor Conference of the National Safety Council is very happy to announce that seventeen labor organizations and individuals have been granted awards for 1960 for their accom plishments in the field of safety. "The Harry Read 'Memorial Award for Distinguished Service to Safety goes to four hbor organizations: 1. United Mine Workers of America. It would take hours or even days to re cite the reasons why the United Mine Work ers Union Is receiving the top award today. This organization was among the first to take an active part in an industrial sec tion of the National Safety Council, and played a major role in the enactment of the Federal Coal Mine Safety Act The United Mine Workers, along with its participation in national safety campaigns of every sort, carries on an aidless cam paign of education and accident prevention through the United States Bureau of Mines. Over 188,000 members of this great union have completed this safety training with over 300 locals and several districts par ticipating 100 per cent It is a distinct honor for the Labor Con ference of the National Safety Council to present its very first award--and the very highest award--to the United Mine Workers of America. Here today to accept the award is Charles Ferguson, safety director of the United Mine Workers of America. Z International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, AFL-CIO. Equally deserving of the top Labor Con ference award attainable by a labor organiza tion is the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, AFL-CIO-CLC - It is our honor today to so present the highest award to this labor union for its outstanding work in both on-the-job and off-the-job safety promotion and accident prevention. Among the outstanding activities under taken by the IBEW over the past two years, we note the formation of a full-time safety department which actively participates in the formation of state electrical safety standards and in establishing joint labormanagement safety committees at the local level It has established an accident re porting system and has formed minimum safety standards under which the electrical craftsmen work. 25 1961 National Safety Congress Other splendid achievements are the dis tribution of over 400,000 Mouth-to-Moutli -Resuscitation Instruction cards as a public service and the establishment of a radia tion safety department at the international union levd. The union's monthly periodical always carries a full-size safety poster on the back cover and consistently contains printed articles dealing with safety. Many other factors were taken into con sideration by the Awards committee when judging IBEWs activities, but the above should suffice as an indication of the ex cellent job this union is doing. Here today to accept the Harry Read Memorial Award of Honor on behalf of the Brotherhood of Electrical Workers is Mel Boyle, administrative assistant to inter national secretary-treasurer, Joseph Keenan. 3. International Brotherhood of Operative Potters, AFL-CIO, Local 89, San Pablo, California. The Labor Conference is pleased to name another winner of the highest award for a labor organization--the International Broth erhood of Operative Potters, AFL-CIO, Local 89. This local represents workers at the American Radiator and Standard Sani tary Corporation in San Pablo, California. This local has received so many awards from the National Safety Council over the past ten years that it would leave you breathless to hear them alh Its safety ac tivities are manifold, including such outof-plant programs as instruction in the safe use of firearms for youngsters and participa tion in the "Swim to Live" program. On May 8, 1961, the employees of this plant established a new "world's record" for safety in the clay and mineral products industry by completing a full ten years with out incurring a chargeable lost time in jury. For that they received an Award of Honor from the Council. The Labor Conference is proud to present its top award, "The Harry Read Memorial Award of Honor" to Local 89 of the In ternational Brotherhood of Operative Pot ters, AFL-CIO. Here to receive the award for the local union is Brother E. N. Steward, local union president 4. General Industrial Workers Union Local 146 of the Distillery, Rectifying, Wine and Allied Workers, AFL-CIO, Linden, New Jersey and a "Citation for Dis tinguished Service" to: Joseph P. Shepherd, Local 146 safety chairman. The fourth labor organization to win the Labor Conference's highest award is local 146 of the Distillery Workers union, AFLCIO, which represents employees of the General Aniline and Film Corporation in Linden, New Jersey. Here again is an outstanding example of a union that is concerned not only about in-plant safety- but community safety, as welL To give you a-brief idea of the scope of its activities, this local union deeply in volved itself in a Bike Safety campaign in the community, gave every' employee copies of New Jersey Traffic Accident Facts prior to Labor Day, and copies of the Driver's Manual of the State of New Jersey. On- August 26, 1960, a major goal was accomplished at this plant when 1,500,000 man-hours were worked without a lost time accident. These activities are an indication of the imaginative programs which this local union carries out. To the local union we are happy -to pre sent "The Harry Read Memorial Award of Honor." To the local's safety committee chairman, Joseph P. Shepherd, who sparkplugged those programs, we are proud to present the "Ci tation for Distinguished Service." Here to receive the awards are Joseph P. Shepherd and the local's current safety committee chairman, Hayward Webber. "The Harry Read Memorial Award of Merit" to: United Steelworkers of America, AFLCIO, Local 1010, E. Chicago, Ind. "Citation for Outstanding Service to Safety" to: Kenneth S. Kovack, United Steelworkers Local 1010 Safety' Chairman. An "Award of Merit" is presented to the United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO, Local 1010, East Chicago, Indiana, which represents workers at' Inland Steel Com pany in East Chicago, and a "Citation for Outstanding Service" to Kenneth S. Kovak, 26 chairman of th< committee. Here to recei neth S. Kovak, cording secretai "Award of Men is Louis Chickie, "The Harry R Merit" to: United Auto 837, Elkhart, ] An "Award < Local 837 of thi America, AFLthe Taylor Prodi seh Products Co Here to recei' the local union safety chairman. "The Harry R Merit" to: Local 5, Indus Shipbuilding \ CIO Local 90, Indu Shipbuilding X CIO. An "Award i local 90 of the ] and Shipbuildin AFL-CIO, and c same Union at t Bethlehem Steel Here to receiv their respective president, and 1 mittee chairman Olivero, presiden committee chaim "The Harry Reai mendation to: Brotherhood o Enginemen, A' In recognition Safety Awards motive crewmen, an "Award of O erhood of Locotr men, AFL-CIO-1 Here to receiv dation" is Brotl dent of the Bi Firemen and Enj Labor Safety chairman of the local's safety and health remittee. Here to receive the "Citation" .is Ken neth S. Kovak, -who is also the local's re cording secretary. Here to receive the "Award of Merit" on behalf of Local 1010 is Louis Chiclde, treasurer of Local 1010. "The Harry Read Memorial Award of Merif to: United Auto Workers, AFL-CIO, Local 837, Elkhart, Ind. An "Award of Merit" is presented .to Local 837 of the United Auto Workers of America, AFL-CIO, bargaining agent at the Taylor Products Division of the Tecumseh Products Company, Elkhart, Ind. Here to receive the award on behalf of the local union is Alice Reed, the local's safety chairman. "The Harry Read Memorial Award of Merit" to: Local 5, Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America, AFLCIO Local 90, Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America, AFLCIO. An "Award of Merit" is presented to local 90 of the Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America, AFL-CIO, and office workers local 5 of the same Union at the Quincy Shipyard of the Bethlehem Steel Company in Quincy, Mass. . Here to receive the awards on behalf of jieir respective locals are Mr. Fitzgerald, president, and Mr. Houruda, safety com mittee chairman for Local 90; and Mr. Olivero, president, and Mr. Swizzero, safety committee chairman for Local 5. "The Harry Read Memorial Award of Com mendationf to: International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sul phite and Paper Mill Workers, AFL-CIO. To the International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers, AFLCIO, we present the "Award of Commenda tion" for their nationwide efforts during I960. The committee to accept this award is composed of Vice President Elmer Meinz; International Treasurer Henry Segal, and International Representatives, Wellington Meyer and Edward Zeminger. "The Harry Read Memorial Award of Com mendation? to: Independent Radionic Workers of Amer ica, CUA. An "Award of Commendation" is pre sented to the Independent Radionic Work ers of America, bargaining agent at the Zenith Radio Corporation in Chicago, Il linois. Accepting the award on behalf of the organization is Eugene Raetz, president "The Harry Read Memorial Award of Com mendation" to: Local 1235, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, AFL-CIO. An "Award of Commendation' is pre sented to Local 1253, International Brother hood of Electrical Workers, AFL-CIO, representing workers at the Orangeburg Manufacturing Co., a division of Flintkote, Orangeburg, N. Y. Here to receive the award on behalf of the local union is Arnold Smith, President and Allan Kurtz; Director of Safety. "The Harry Read Memorial Award of Com mendationi" to; Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, AFL-CIO-CLC In recognition of its nationally known Safety Awards -Program for railroad loco motive crewmen, we are pleased to present an "Award of Commendation" to the Broth erhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, AFL-CIO-CLC Here to receive the "Award of Commen dation" is Brother H. E. Gilbert, Presi dent of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen. "Citation for Outstanding Service? to: Lois F. Maledd, Local 272, International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper MM Workers, AFL-CIO. Everett, Wash ington. A "Citation for Outstanding Service is awarded to Lob F. Maledd, safety director of Local 272, International Brotherhood of Ptilp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers, AFL-CIO, representmg.workers at the SimpsonJLee Paper Company, Everett, Wash. We are pleased that Lob has come all the way from the state of Washington to re ceive this highly-deserved award. 27 1961 National Safety Congress "Citation for Distinguishes Servia? to: P. L. "Roy" Siemiller, General Vice Presi- dent. International Association of Ma chinists, AFL-CIO, G. G. Grieve, Secretary, Labor Confer ence, National Safety Council. And now we have two "surprise" awards to make to two of our associates in the Labor Conference, both of whom have made outstanding contributions beyond the call of duty to the development and growth of die Labor Conference. It gives all of us in the Labor Conference the highest pleasure to present die "Citation for Dis tinguished Service" to Brother Roy Siemifler, General Vice President, International Association of Machinists, AFL-CIO, and to the Secretary of the Labor Conference, Gil Grieve. HOW WE WORK ON A JOINT BASIS By JACK MOYE President, B. F. Goodrich Local 5, United Rubber Workers, Akron, Ohio It is a thrill to be here speaking for thousands of our members throughout the ~United Rubber Workers and for many other unions that have benefited from the ef forts of joint safety committees. A little over two years ago this would not have been possible, for the history of The B. F. Goodrich Company shows a continual fight by management against the endeavors of our local union and others to obtain joint safety committees. This was true of a good many of die Rubber Workers* systems throughout the United States and Canada. However, our members in 1959 had made up their minds that they were going to fight for this committee, along with many other things, and the establishment of such a committee was brought about by the ef forts put out through a 55-day strike. Our people fought to get it. They thought it was worthwhile, and realize it even more so today; for remember, it is their fingers, hands, feet, eyes and lives that have been saved through cooperation of this land. I am pleased to say that, to my knowledge, this fight against a joint committee was not . led .by management people who are directly responsible for safety in the Goodrich plants. To make a committee of this type suc cessful, we have found that it takes ac tion by both parties (labor and manage ment), not just words. We have that sort of action in the Akron B. F. Goodrich joint committee, for any time of the day or night, including Sundays or holidays, we individually and collectively are in the plant looking at problems. We have found that our members get a "lift" when they see the joint committee in the department looking at their problems and attempting in some manner to solve them. To make a joint committee really suc cessful, I feel that the department com mitteeman should always have a part in the discussion when a safety problem is be ing investigated in the department, and that he should be kept informed of the handling that has resulted through the joint effort. Having the committeeman in on a problem, as well as the foreman, brings about better results. It does not leave it in one person's hands and one person's thinking. Also, I strongly feel that you should make sure that a problem is (me of safety or health. Believe me, you will lose the value of tiie committee if you allow other types of problems to be tied in with safety. There are other people connected with our union that handle personal problems or standards problems. Use your people that are assigned to those types of cases to take care of them. The safety committee's value greatly in creases if this rigid rale is followed. Man agement of tins plant realizes that if the joint committee makes a recommendation to resolve or correct some condition, that it is actually tied in with safety, that it bears looking into, and that they had better be about correcting it Our committee meets every week, at which time we not only discuss the prob lems going on in tiie plant, but exchange 28 ideas, speak f above all try to accidents. This of a joint com drive for futu right road. A desire to 1 is another requ its actions gets spark that is ni ing on the con trust and that progress in safe One of the ve about through < now dozens of their ever beinj joint safety cot that department to appear on t is distributed - HC IN i .3 Talking with industrial saftt; Goodrich Co., w ber Workers lc erative I like tivities, I wan participation has plus. Why do I bd agement-labor c dent prevention me tell you tl always'-the- case pany. I rememb the URW and urged, and strut as part of the ag to the untiring have had co-oj right plants wit over two years. The results 1 report this to y Labor Safety ideas, speak fredy to one another, and above all try to see ahead to prevent future accidents. This is one of the great goals of a joint committee. When you learn to drive for future results, you are on the right road. A desire to help bring about true safety is another requisite. If your committee in its actions gets "humdrum" it will lose the spark that is necessary. Keep people work ing on the committee that have a mutual trust and that have the drive to make progress in safety. One of the very profitable benefits brought about through our joint committee is that now dozens of problems are solved without their ever bring put in the hands of the joint safety committee, for we have found that department management does not want to appear on the bi-weekly write-up that is distributed throughout the plant and which is brought to the attention of the higher groups of management This, in my opinion, is one of the greatest gains of a joint committee. Now the foreman in the department is malting it his business so very often to be about resolving the prob lem and not just sloughing it off. If you can make the people that work in the department realize that they can ob tain great results by cooperating with and putting pressure on their immediate supervision, part of your battle is-wan. We of the Goodrich URW unions fought long in 1959 to obtain, among other things, a joint, forceful safety committee. We have pledged, and are using the same effort, to make it the best (me possible. Jointly we have corrected many hundreds of health and safety problems in the past two years. We are proud of our joint safety com mittee; we hope you are of yours. HOW WE WORK ON A JOINT BASIS IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAMS By THOMAS J. CAIN, JR. Director of Safety, The B. P. Goodrich Co., Akron 18, O. Talking with you this morning as an industrial safety specialist for the B. F. Jioodridi Co., which has right United Rub ber Workers locals using joint, or co-op erative I like better, safety program' ac tivities, I want to emphasize that such participation has a very derided and definite plus. Why do I believe that co-operative, man agement-labor or labor-management, acci dent prevention efforts are desirable? Let me tell you that such thinking was not always , the case, even with my own com pany. T remember that for some ten years the URW and especially Local 5, pleaded, urged, and struggled for such a committee as part of the agreement. Finally, and tb inks to the untiring efforts of Jade Moye, we have had co-operative committees in the right plants with URW locals, for a little over two years. The results have been splendid. I can report this to you with no reservations. Our agreement states that problems which are not resolved to the satisfaction of the union members of the committee (three in number, with three company members) may be taken to the step immediately preceding arbitration for handling. We have had no such problems to date. Our goal is to see that we don't have any. If yon are one of the "doubting Thomas's" as to the effectiveness of _co-operative han dling of safety problems) I can tell you that you may have overlooked one of the big advantages of such arrangements. HutP~ dreds, yes thousands, of situations which tnight ordinarily be submitted as formal grievances requiring hours and hours of discussion and reams of paper work, are handled on an informal basis--solutions are arrived at with promptness and the time required for "labor problems" is greatly reduced. Remember, these problems normally require a great deal of time and expense for the members of your Local, too; so the ad- 29 1961 National Safety Congress vantage in savings of time and money is difference. We have had the "right" people j not by any means unilateral. --for example in the Local 5-Akron joint Your plants will be safer and working safety committee the president of the Local, conditions will be improved, with co-opera Hr. Jack Jfoje, set the right example by tive effort After all, that is the real goal serving on the committee at the outset --to keep our employees and your mem and has continued to serve, despite his busy bers safe at their work, and there actually schedule. Another member representing Local is now with us a much greater effort to extend our efforts to off-the-job safety as all of us should be doing. In a recent meet 5 is a past president of Local 5, Mr. Jack Saylor, and he's here today attending the Labor Section of the Congress. In the other ing of the co-operative committee in Alcron, URW locals similar leadership has been a request was made for an auto seat belt provided. I can well understand how, with safety exhibit to be placed in the Local out such leadership and sincerity of purpose, 5-URW ball. similar committees elsewhere might have I wish I could tell you that, as a re sult of co-operative efforts in accident pre vention, we have practically eliminated in "rough going" at least in the getting-started period. In closing my report to you, I would juries. Unfortunately such is not the case. At this moment all I can report to you is that I am thoroughly sold and our indus add that I do wish all local unions includ ing URW might emphasize to a greater extent the observation and correction of trial relations heads are sold, on the job which has been done to date in spreading our accident prevention programs to have repeated unsafe practices. After all, all_of us are our own best safety directors and the area could be extended to indude our direct participation on a formal basis bv "buddy" working next to us. URW members through their safety* com Also, to our good friend John Kumpel, mittee representation. Safety and Compensation Representative, Undoubtedly one of the chief reasons we URW International, I urge greater efforts have been successful is that once the agree with additional safety training for URW ment was reached to provide joint participa members. tion, there has existed sincerity of purpose Let's all get at it---there's a big-joh to from both sides. do. Co-operative, or joint safety committees As in all endeavors people make the can and must help. HOW WE WORK WITH LABOR UNIONS IN OREGON By WM. A. CALLAHAN Commissioner, Oregon State Industrial Accident Commission, Salem, Ore. In my state, Oregon, safety is so inter twined with Workmen's Compensation that it is impossible to talk of one without speak ing of the other. The Legislature has placed the responsibility for Industrial safety in the hands of the Industrial Accident Com mission and has very wisely decreed that up to five per cent of all income of the Commission may be used to prevent acddental injuries. There is a humanitarian reason as well 30 as a monetary reason for. doing sg,, J. believe it to be true that those responsible for caring for injured persons and know ing firsthand of the results of accidental injuries, both in suffering and in money, are more enthusiastic about a safety pro gram than others with less direct knowledge. The framers of the Workmen's Compen sation Law in their discussions nearly a half-century ago knew and rmlized that an occupational injury prevented would elim- inate a claim, a saving of n human sufferin; The commit* the bill for th labor represent Commission pr among its thre of labor. Wm. resentative on i also served on the bill' for tl advanced in yet a member of fourteen years and was a stau Prior to the Compensation i leaders had be Employers' Li; sentiaHy a sal an employer w ing a safe pla sued for dama and could not defenses forme Labor men c measure for tl on the ballot, in. 1910 the vot< enacted the n there were onl Oregon, but 1 safety persuad their example, v the measure. Oi industrialized s credit it has fi pass a right-to- Labor. men campaign for tl In the Labor D sixty men can painted by Otfc to vote for thi is known to s< very young m safety. The C Labor purchase phlet of that 3 the measure. I was not pi men who were (hat drafted t 1 Labor Safety inate a claim. There would, of course^ be \a saving of money; but more important, /human suffering would be prevented. The committee of nine men who drafted the bill for the law had three prominent labor representatives as members, and the Commission provided for by the law had among its three members a representative of labor. Wm. A. Marshall, the labor rep resentative on the original commission, had also served on the committee that drafted the bill for the law. Mr. Marshall, now advanced in years, lives in Seattle. He was a member of the Commission for nearly fourteen years during the formative period and was a staunch advocate of safety. Prior to the establishment of Workmen's Compensation in Oregon, a group of labor leaders had been active in promoting the Employers' Liability Law. This was es sentially a safety law and provided that an employer who was negligent in provid ing a safe place of employment could be sued for damages by an injured employee and could not use the three common-law defenses formerly available to employers. Labor men circulated petitions to put the measure for the Employers' Liability Law on the ballot At the November election in. 1910 the voters, by a substantial majority, enacted the measure into law. In 1910 there were only 14,878 union members in Oregon, but those dedicated pioneers of safety persuaded 56,258 voters to follow \their example, while only 33,943 voted against /the measure. Oregon has never been a highly industrialized state, but to its everlasting credit it has firmly resisted all attempts to pass a right-to-work law. Labor, men were very active in their campaign for the Employers' Liability Law. In the Labor Day parade of 1910 more than sixty men carried a banner 300 feet long painted by Otto R. Hartwig urging people to vote for the measure. Brother Hartwig is known to some of you, and even as a very' young man was a true believer in safety. The Oregon State Federation of Labor purchased space in the Voters' Pam phlet of that year pleading for support of the measure. I was not privileged to know all the six men who were members of the committee that drafted that masterpiece, but I am certain that those I did not know were fine gentlemen equal to those I have known. Two of this group are still with us--Brother Bert W. Sleeman and Brother Otto R. Hartwig, mentioned previously. Both were young men then. Brother Hartwig in his early twenties, but both then, even as in later years, leaders and staunch union men. That message in the Votersf Pamphlet? is worth reading to you. It was as follows: "This Is the call of the plain people to the plain people for relief. Oregon Is making a name for itself as the best home for the im migrant because of its political reforms and the powers which the people have taken into their own hands, and yet Oregon stands back ward and almost alone in her failure to rec ognize that the injury or death of a work man is as much a part of the conduct of the business as the bursting of a boiler or break age of the machinery and to prevent the death or injury of the workman should he as much a part of the cost of the business as the protection of machinery or replacing old with new. The iron machinery Is insured and guarded from injury in every way, but the human machinery is. in fact, too cheap to be worth protecting. Every form of capital receives the aid of special privilege laws: land held in vacancy, money authorized to he issued by certain institutions only; and manufacturers are protected by tariff laws. The only factor in the production of social wealth which is not protected in any sense whatever is labor. Babies are born without limit and must live, and there are always plenty waiting to take the dead man's shoes. This bill does not ask so arbitrary and artifi cial a thing as that the laborers' wages be protected and guaranteed by taw, bat it does ask that the employer be compelled to use diligence in protecting the laborer as to his life and limb, while earning wages; that a safe place in which to work be provided and that ropes, chains, beams, machinery, etc., be properly tested before the workman is asked to risk his life with them. Sorely this is a reasonable request. Ten per cent of elec trical workers are killed. It is a more haz ardous employment than war. The same may be said of workers on bridges and high steel frame structures. "Senator Elihn Boot, in his speech before the National Civic Federation, said: 'It seems to me that our present system of dealing with those injuries that come to our employes in our great industrial life is foolish, waste ful, ineffective and barbarous. . . . The cost of support which is made necessary by the injuries suffered in a business is just as much a part of the cost of the business as the tools that are worn out and the material that is consumed. ...' "The bill itself is drawn from those of Illi nois and Pennsylvania. It is not only inher ently just in itself and such as no just man or humane man ought to complain of, bnt it is good policy for Oregon, if she expects to be an attractive home for intelligent work ers. Bead tiie bill. "OBEGON STATE FEDEBATION OF LABOR. "By J. F. CASSIDY, Secretary." Oregon Secretary of State, Voters' Pamphlet, 1910, pp. 85-86. 31 \I 1961 National Safety Congress That Is the heritage bequeathed to us these splendid union members, the Com today by those sturdy pioneers of yester mission would find it very difficult to de year. Could we do otherwise but cany on velop and revise the safety codes. the work that they started? Our Commission believes in bringing the The conditions of a half-century ago that . message of safety to the people we serve. caused those men to rise up to action were Each year regional safety conferences are by today's standards absolutely terrifying. held in various parts of the state. Local Structural iron workers and electrical work rallies are held, sometimes in remote areas. ers lost 10 per cent of their members each Union members help greatly in promoting year in fatalities. Joyce Kilmer in his im these affairs. For many years it has been mortal lines wrote; "Only God can make the custom to have as co-chairmen for all a tree." God must have been fond of Ore conferences a labor man and an employer. gon, for He covered miliums of acres of We try to balance the program with em the state with beautiful trees--pines, firs ployers and labor men. One of the best and hemlocks--the finest examples of His safety skits I have ever witnessed was handiwork. acted out entirely by loggers dressed in Those beautiful trees fell prey to the genuine working and worked-in clothes. demand for lumber. Logging methods of One of the really spectacular demonstra fifty years ago were crude. Much of the tions, and one that is used quite frequently tree was wasted; and worse yet, human at our safety conferences, is a demonstra brings were sacrificed in the process of tion of safe handling of high voltage elec - converting the standing trees into market tric lines. These lines are not energized, able lumber. The wrath of God seemed to but are handled as though they were. After descend on the people for their wasteful that demonstration an accident is simulated: methods of harvesting the trees that God a flashlight bulb very graphically imitates had made. The terrible toll in human lives an arc; a lineman drops over, only his and broken bodies called to the higher in safety belt holding him. His partner on stincts of men for a safer and better way the pole immediately goes to work apply to do it Even so, change came slowly. ing artificial respiration. The ground men As the Industrial Accident Commission spring into action: the radio in the truck became better established, the safety pro is used to call for an ambulance;. tackle gram developed with it The Legislature is rigged to bring the injured man down in 1939 entrusted die Commission with the from the pole. Meanwhile the second man administration of the Oregon Safety Law. on the pole top continues giving the "vic giving the Commission complete charge of tim" artificial respiration. If it can be staged industrial safety. With that came the au outride, the wail of the siren on the ap thority to promulgate safety codes which, proaching ambulance may be heard. The when filed with the Secretary of State; have audience is tense; if they are seated you the force and effect of law. The annual may be stu-e they are on the edge of their budget for safety work is nearly $800,000. chairs. Counting the fifteen girls in the office, this This demonstration requires employer par finances a force of 102 persons at this time. ticipation, of course, and I wish to pay a Everyone from the Director to the newest compliment to our Oregon employers in all person is dedicated to making our state a industries; they are wonderfully coopera safer place in which to work. tive. But tins demonstration is almost al Labor unions started the movement for safety in Oregon, and it is only to be ex pected that their interest should continue. Union members serve unselfishly on code ways performed in off-working hours by onion linemen, cheerfully and for free. Another example of union members pro moting safety. committees, supplying knowledge that only Time does not permit me to tell of all those actually performing the work can the examples of cooperation between the have- These committees, composed of the Commission and labor unions and their best informed persons from Labor, em members. Several former union business ployers and technical men, aid the Com agents and officers are now continuing to mission in establishing safety codes for the serve their brother members as safety rep industry of our state. Without the help of resentatives in our accident prevention di 32 vision. Our people offices and union i My presentation plete without telli for safety in the This was present labor people at a more than fifteen ers accepted and safety program w< works far better tried to do it aloi state meetings, an joint meeting of tl --Washington, Or the delegates spea is impossible to employers and wt by tbe unions. Tl of the Pacific Ce & Paper Manufact union members, b and recognition. In early 1944 I local union to tbe CoundL I evident] of the need for a mittee. It was fo self to be the d still functions aft years. We asked the basic safety coursi resentatives of tl next twelve wed 11 AM. to noon, instructors taught tives of die Pc Council bow to ai dents, how to loc the most successf unsafe attitudes, that were taught t representatives. I am quite sur . to say that upon tl ing course, the I Council had the b representatives in 1 I would not h Oregon we have plenty. We have i none of the hug the eastern part tomed to. Most ol Labor Safety POur people are welcomed at union than fifty workmen and many, many of and union meetings and conventions. them less than ten. To make this situation My presentation to you would not be comeven more difficult; there is a tremendous plete without telling you of the program turnover in these small employers. This is for safety in the pulp and paper industry. particularly true in logging and construc This was presented to the employers by tion work. labor people at a wage negotiating meeting The growing custom of subletting parts more titan fifteen years ago. The employ of the work has been a big factor in the ers accepted and it was agreed that the increase of these small employers. We have safety program would be a joint affair. It found that working with unions is of tre works far better than when the employers mendous help in coping with the problems tried to do it alone. I have attended their, present when workmen shift rapidly from state meetings, and I have attended their one employer to another. We have our joint meeting of the three west coast states problems with employers who. want to cut --Washington, Oregon and California. All corners, but what troubles me most are the the delegates speak the same language; it problems we have with workmen, our own is impossible to tell who represents the union members. It is most distressing to employers and who are the delegates sent have workers who for some reason seem by the unions. This joint safety program to feel that they have put something over of the Pacific Coast Association of Pulp on someone when they get by with a vio & Paper Manufacturers and their workmen, lation of a safety rule. Fortunately, there union members, has gained national fame is much less of this than formerly. - and recognition. As late as fifteen years ago the Com In early 1944 I was a delegate from my mission's safety men sometimes met with local union to the Portland Building Trades less than a cordial reception when visiting Council. I evidently talked too convincingly places of employment I am pleased to say of the need for a health and safety com this has greatly improved. In fact there mittee. It was formed, and I found my is complaint now that our men do not get self to be the chairman. This committee around often enough. still functions after more than seventeen I try to attend all of the labor conven years. tions in the state and bring some of the We asked the Commission to teach a Commission's safety people with me. If basic safety course to all the business rep for some reason I cannot he there, I have resentatives of the Counci!, and for the someone there to represent me. Our people tt twelve weeks, every Tuesday from are well accepted, and the acquaintances /A.M. to noon, the Commission's safety made are a great help in the future. It is instructors taught the business representa much easier to transact business with a tives of the Portland Building Trades person who is not a stranger. Council how to analyze the causes of acci dents, how to look for unsafe conditions, the most successful methods of correcting unsafe attitudes, and all the other items that were taught to the Commission's safety representatives. We still have * far too many workers killed and maimed; last year the Commis sion paid $25,844,000 to injured workers or for their medical care. I would bate to think what this figure would be if we did not have the excellent safety program I am quite sure that it would be safe that we have. The accident frequency for to say that upon the completion of the train all industry of the state has shown a steady ing course, the Portland Building Trades decline over the years. Last year the fre Council had the best safety-trained business quency was lowered by the phenomenal fig representatives in the country. ure of 9.47 points. That is too great a re I would not have you fadieve that in Oregon we have no problems. We have plenty. We have very few large employers, duction to hope to duplicate every year, but we will make every effort to reduce further acddehtal injuries. none of the huge plants that people of Oregon's safety program has gained na the eastern part of the nation are accus tional recognition, and it could not have tomed to. Most of our employers have less been accomplished without the cooperation 33 1961 National Safely Congress of union men and -women. It is very diffi cult to measure just how many lives have been saved. A study made a few years ago showed that if the frequency of five years previous had been applied to the employ ment of 1958, the claim costs would have been about $5 million more than they were. That savings of $5 million of claim costs means that fewer persons were injured, fewer wives became widows, and more fathers came home to their children after the day's work. No monetary value can be placed on die blood that was not spilled, the bones that were not broken, and the suffering that didn't occur. This is the real achievement of a safety program. This is the end for which dedicated people serve. Conservation of manpower and the alleviation of human suffering are being accomplished. Oregon has witnessed a phenomenal im provement in the conditions that existed when Oregon citizens, aroused by the appeal made to them in the Voter/ Pamphlet by those union leaders of more than a halfcentury ago, established the Employers' Lia bility Law by their campaign for votes for safety. Although much progress has been made and we are encouraged by that progress, the job is not yet done. The number of widows, while smaller, is still too large. Fewer workmen are disabled, but there are still too many. The standards of the future must be higher than the standards of today. We of today must carry on the work be gun many years ago by our predecessors and pass on to our successors an inspiration to accept as their motto, "One injury is too many." OTHER PRACTICAL APPROACHES FOR WORKING TOGETHER IN SAFETT By MRS. PAULEEN J. FIELD Chairman, Safety Committee United Auto Workers Local Union No. 652, Lansing, Mich. I wonder just how many of you have joint industrial health and safety commit tees, partial cooperation--or none at all. We all recognize the fact that some large and small industries, with wise managements, do have joint labor-management safety com mittees. But very few companies with multi plant operation enjoy 100 per cent coopera tion between labor and management . . . "in each and every section of the country-" Ford Local 600, for example, has a full time safety director, at the union level, as well as a workable strike clause to take care of unadjusted industrial health .and safety problems. The West Coast Papermakers and Paperworkers enjoy cooperation with management in regard to safety'. These examples are but two, however, of a wide area which is as yet untouched by complete harmony or even agreement between management and labor in respect to the industrial health and safety movement Well-coined phrases such as "Safety is everybody's business," come to mind, let us say, instead, that "The safety movement cannot survive without active participation of all citizens, including labor and manage ment m whom dedication and selflessness are the prime requisites." Our safety committee has approached man agement for a top level meeting to discuss areas of safety we could agree on, such as traffic and home safety, as well as pro tective equipment We were promptly in formed that management and General Motors, maintain that planning and adminis tering the safety program and providing adequate safety facilities is a management responsibility which they always have and always will continue to fulfill. This being the case, they could see no need for a labor-management safety committee. There is none so blind as they that' will not see. In my opinion, opposition to joint effort is a narrow-niin< tude. Insofar as concerned, this and the necessar work in safety, mentis cooperatic management our: ting conditions, could to educate families against off-the-job. How then do agementis coopers 1. Form your small as your n on plant size. 2. Conduct ttaf mittee so they m hazards. This sh Cross class. Res - tained through health mid safetj Labor Standards, labor and health tional Safety Cot 3. District con committeemen, ar also have educat without managen committeemen jus every area of ti should be establisi mittee and safety' 4. Safety griev useless. No hums bargain another's fifteen days befoi table to be discus ment Untold icji caused in. the m a hazard or there have the right ti safe conditions wi ized. Should this national should b< 5. Provided yot successful and efl your membership the case in the unit For example, w< an over-zealous f< off the line that buffed enough. R< couple of bumpe Labor Safety k a narrow-minded and shortsighted attipde. Insofar as our safety committee was concerned, this viewpoint added incentive and the necessary stimulus to continue to work in safety, with or without manage ment's cooperation--not only to prove to management our sincerity in improving exist- thereby endangering the lives of the em ployees in the department, but he ended up bring injured himself. This was con trary to all the training he had supposedly received. Employees in the department were greatly rdieved and their morale boosted when the condition through publication was ting conditions, but also to do what we could to educate the membership and their families against fatalities occurring on or off-tbe-job. corrected. Weekly or monthly articles on all phases of safety, bulletins from your state health department; National Safety Council, as How then do we operate without man well as safety cartoons, will attract atten? agement's cooperation in safety? tion and bring about an increased aware 1. Form your committee, as large or as small as your needs, depending primarily on plant size. 2. Conduct training classes for the com mittee so they may more readily recognize hazards. This should also include a Red Cross class. Resource people may be ob tained through your international* union health aid safety division, the Bureau of Labor Standards, Washington, D. C, state labor and health departments, and the Na tional Safety Council, all free of charge. ness to the membership and. their families. 6. Where the local union consists of sev eral units, each dealing with a small plant, every unit should have an industrial health and safety committee. The local union hall should be the focal point for all meetings. Safety material, training manuals, etc, would be on hand for all the committees to uti lize Safety posters from the National Safety Council can be placed on the local union bulletin board. The chairman for each of these unit safety committees could meet every two months 3. District committeemen, stewards, top to discuss the different plant problems and committeemen, and the membership should have an exchange of ideas. also have education. If you are working without management's cooperation, safety committeemen just will not have access to every area of the plant, therefore liaison should be established between the shop com mittee and safety committee at all times. 7. Wherever possible, make the entire membership part of your program. Set up a booth during local union elections or at membership picnics. literature can be handed out concerning industrial safety, borne safety, traffic safety. In fact, cover the )4. Safety grievances in most instances are whole field. You will be surprised at the eless. No human bring has the right to interest shown. During the 1958 strike; for bargain another's life away. It usually takes instance, our committee, with the hdp of fifteen days before the grievance is on the the picket captains, gave out 5,000 copies of table to be discussed by labor and manage the Michigan traffic violation point system. ment. Untold injury or even death can be caused in. the meantime. There is either a hazard or there isn't The employee should have the right to refuse to work in un safe conditions without fear of bring penal ized. Should this be in dispute, the inter national should be called in at once. Ten or twelve-minute films on different phases of safety, are usually available which can be made part of the safety committee's report during membership meetings. The steward and committeemen's monthly meet ings serve as an effective method for not only education but also as a source^of tn-- 3. Provided you have all the facts, a very successful and effective method of keeping your membership informed is to publicize the case in the union paper. formation in regard to existing conditions in the various districts in die plant Above all--keep records. I'll go into this important area a little further on. For example, we were having trouble with If, however, you do not receive satisfac an over-zealous foreman grabbing bumpers tion m correcting an existing hazard, after off the line that he thought had not been going through toe foreman, general fore buffed enough. Result was, not only did a man, etc, we in the IXA.W. have found the couple of bumpers get away from him. most effective method to be the following. 35 1961 National Safely Congress Send direct to the international health usual for the employee who receives an and safety division: (1) the problem and injury to be given a reprimand for work what it involves; (2) the area; (3) the ing in an unsafe manner, even though in foreman's name; (4) the particular plant tbe majority of cases, by haring the proper involved. The international industrial health, engineering or education, the accident would and safety personnel will, in turn, send the not have occurred in the first place. information to the state labor department or health department; whichever is the most appropriate place. In this way, not only the international will receive an answer, but also the local safety committee. De pending on the reply, the committee can follow up to see if the condition is cor rected. Both the UA.W. safety director and in dustrial hygienist also may enter the plant by request, through your international rep resentative and/or regional director. Safety committeemen trained to detect hazards could eliminate many of these ac cidents before an injury or death does oc cur. He also could talk to his fellow em ployee, should he, through ignorance or lack of knowledge of the job, be working in an unsafe manner. Safety signs throughout the plant should be changed with ever increasing regularity. By signs, I do not refer to the monthly posters' sent out by the National Safety CouncH, but to the large signs placed When management sublets a job to out throughout the plant by management. side contractors, try to convince them to indude the plant's safety standards in the contract Nothing is more demoralizing to the regular employees than to work side by side with these workers when they are not required to wear the same type of safety equipment, such as safety glasses, etc. It is not unusual to find that each man agement in G.M. has different ideas about safety standards and the wearing of pro tective equipment While one plant has 100 per cent eye protection, another has eye protection in only what is considered haz ardous areas. For their own protection fe male employees wear caps, glasses, shortsleeved blouses and slacks in one plant, while in another, dresses, skirts, no head protec tion are the mode. This can only lad to misunderstanding and an indifferent attitude on the part of the employee in regard However, even the pasters should be in a prominent place for all to see. Employees -become so accustomed to the same old sign, it doesn't even register; thus the need for eye catching slogans. Department-wide safety contests, with prizes, for the lowest injury rate should be conducted. A catalogue of prizes, sent to tbe borne so the family can be made a part of tbe contest, would add incentive. Not feasible, you say? Why not, when thousands of dollars are spent on recreation prizes. Management and labor could conduct a joint safety check on cars in both a spring and fall campaign, and certainly all steps should be taken to include labor in the local safety councils which are a part of each community and represent all seg ments of society except labor. to the safety program. None of the previously mentioned points Joint labor-management safety committees can be of great use to management in both small and large plants. The foreman, a very busy man, is responsible for produc tion, quality, and, supposedly, safety in his are going to be easy. It will take courage but; as Winston Churchill said, "Courage is rightly esteemed the first of human qualities, because it is the quality that guar antees all others." department On top of this, he has to-worry - - Perhaps you have-heard-about the man about efficiency. It is not unusual to have who went out to play a game of golf. the foreman call the employee to die desk every so often and say--"Sign here." If the employee asks what I am signing for, the reply is, "I've just given you your safety talk," or, "You've had your good housekeeping talk for the month." After teeing off, he found that Us golf ball had landed in a sand trap, right smack dab on the top of an ant-UU. Well, each time he took a swipe at the ball to get it out of the trap, he killed a' couple of thousand ants. This kept up until there were only To further aggravate good working con two lonely ants left One ant looked at ditions and employee morale, it is not un the other and said. *`-`1 don't kn if you want on the ball." . This is what We have app throughout tbe of them in tl for a working indeed. One of in the 30's was do we find our at the bottom There is not venfion and the or industrial c good to put tb to speak. Harinj subordinate to equivalent to 1 sodation deddu search and inve The four "E'< cation, engineer After an inji or even $200 worker or famil ahead. You are a week, wHch a family of thi fare, with all ta We in the cm utilize the treme bership which is vice presidents, tional represents portance of inc it is brushed as for what are c things. Must we coni safety through ti come such a glut turn aside witho another occurren Our own Geor; when he said, ` to the job, stay live long enough the union has v table? More of < than we are orgai It is up to tb to go to work ; the grass roots: 1. To make l Labor Safety '"I don't know about you, buddy, but safety committee a mandatory standing com }if you want to survive, -we'd better get mittee in every local union, in our consti -'on the ball" . tutions, through convention action; This is what we must do in labor. . 2. Through membership action, to request We have approximately 78,000 local unions regional health and safety conferences at throughout the United States. With 63,000 least bi~annually; of them in die. AFL-CIO, the potential for a working force for safety is great indeed. One of the reasons for organizing in the 30's was working conditions. Where do we find ourselves today? In most cases, at the bottom of the totem pole. There is not enough concentration on pre vention and the cure of industrial injuries or industrial caused illnesses. It does no good to put the cart before the horse* so to speak. Having industrial health and safety subordinate to Workmen's Compensation is equivalent to the American Medical As 3. By requesting our regional directors to include a full week of industrial health and safety classes at our regional summer schools; 4. By taking out membership in the Na tional Safety Council Labor Department Only by doing these things will we build the solid foundation which' is necessary to grow on. In this way also we will eventually receive the language we so desperately need in our contracts and the legislation to back us up." sociation deriding to eliminate medical re We must keep our international health search and investing in cemetery lots. and safety department aware at all times The four "E's" of safety should be: Edu of industrial hazards. In the event of in cation, engineering, enforcement and effort. juries, keep case histories. As UA.W. Re After an injury or illness occurs, $100 gion 1C Director, E. S. "Pat" Patterson, or even $200 trill never compensate the said at a recent safety conference held in worker or family for the lifetime of misery Lansing, "Each year we negotiate we are ahead. You are lucky if you receive $36 faced with the same problem. Management a week; which cannot even begin to keep at G. M, lor example, polishes all their a family of three. The end result is wel safety awards and hangs them on the wall. fare, with all taxpayers sharing the burden. Each time we bring up health and safety, We in die union movement do not fnliy utilize the tremendous resource of our mem bership which is available. Even though our they point to their walk We realize that problems exist; the law today makes it necessary only to report lost-tune injuries." rice presidents, regional directors, interna However, it cannot be emphasized strongly tional representatives, etc. recognize the im enough that if we continue to spread our portance of industrial health and safety, adequately trained muon safety personnel it is brushed aside in too many instances so thin, the rank and file have a stupendous for what are considered more important job ahead. Most of our international unions things. have only one or two safety personnel to Must we continue to make progress in safety through tragedy? Has manpower be come such a glut cm the market that we can turn aside without a thought to preventing another occurrence? take care of the U. S. Other internationals .have only part-time personnel, no established industrial health and safety departments, or even safety film libraries for the rank and file to go to. Our own George Brown put it very aptly when he said, "Would you mind -getting-to the job, staying on the job, and still live long enough to collect all the benefits the union has won across the bargaining table? More of our people are bring killed than we are organizing." In the state of Michigan we have to work with an antiquated 1909 industrial law, no building code;'and wetted'40'Ybustruction workers lolled last year. Even our school hot water boilers are not covered under the law, to protect our children. For lack of adequate staff, the state labor department could make less than half of the annual It is up to the rank and file, therefore; inspections required under the horse and to go to work and put pressure on from buggy law. There are approximately 16,000 the grass roots: industrial establishments in the state, with 1. To make the industrial health and 22 inspectors. We need at least 144 more to 37 1961 National Safety Congress do the job even under the present inade quate law. It is little wonder that work men's compensation insurance rates jumped 11 per cent last year. It was interesting to note that school custodians met in East Lansing recently. While there, one minute of silence was observed for a fellow custodian who un fortunately was blown up while performing his duties at the school By the grace of God, it was one unfortunate victim and not a whole school of children. But even one is too many. Not one recommendation was made from this meeting to the HouseSenate Labor Committee to amend the law to cover all boilers, increase the Labor Department staff or provide adequate funds for the department Each of these points discussed with you today are but part of the overall picture Management and labor should join hands with pride and humility to work side by side towards a common goal which is greater than all of us. Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. This is 1961 with all its auto mated machinery, new hazards from chemi cals and radiation. The old problems still have to be whipped before we can lick the new ones. We have a long way to go and a short time in which to do it. Return home determined to work en thusiastically towards wiping out the misery and heartbreak caused by these needless deaths and injuries. OFFICERS ( Ni Vice President j United Autoi CIO, Detroit Labor Conferen Standards, U Labor Conferen International Labor Conferem Safety Cotmc Labor Conferen Legislative I ton, D. C; ! ternational U reau of Lafx Ferguson*, S Hun*ter P. t Engineers, A United Broth' Representing Sit EXCE R. THO! Chairmen of L pational Safe! ers, AFL-CI man. United . Deputy Direc ton, D. C; i tional AssocL chairmen: Jo and Occupath Safety and 1 tional Office; President, In tional Healthand Agnailti --George T. of Labor. W resentative, L Training--Vl< Electrical Wc Kumfel, Sp< Linoleum and OFFICERS OF THE LABOR CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1961-62 Vice President for Labor--Lloyd D. Utter, Director, Industrial Health & Safety Division, United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, AFLCIO, Detroit, Micb. Labor Conference Chairman--George T. Brown, Deputy Director, Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C Labor Conference Vice Chairman--Hunter P. Wharton, General Secretary-Treasurer, International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL-CIO, Washington, D. C Labor Conference Secretary--Robert M. Wilkins, Manager, Labor Department, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. Labor Conference Representatives to N.S.C. Board of Directors--Harry See, National Legislative Representative, Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, AFL-CIO, Washing ton, D. C; E. D. Swisher, Vice President; Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers In ternational Union, AFL-CIO, Denver, Colo.; George T. Brown, Deputy Director, Bu reau of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C; Charles Ferguson, Safety Director, United Mine Workers of America, Washington, D. C; Hunter P. Wharton, General Secretary-Treasurer, International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL-CIO, Washington, D. C; Finlay C Allan, Assistant to President, United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, AFL-CIO, Washington, D. C Representing State Labor Departments on Labor Conference Executive Committee--Clar ence R. Thorkbrough, Commissioner, Arkansas Department of Labor, little Rock, Ark: Chairmen of Labor Conference Standing Committees--Rodger Coyne, Director, Occux pational Safety and Health, International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Work) ers. AFL-CIO, Washington, D. C; Congress Program--Dan Sain, Safety Chair man, United Auto Workers Local No. 599, Flint, Mich.; Executive--George T. Brown, Deputy Director, Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of Labor, Washing ton, D. C; Eire Safety--Edward B. Haggerty, International Representative, Interna tional Association of Fire Fighters, AFL-CIO, Cincinnati, Ohio; Membership--Cochairmen : John D. Dinners, Executive Secretary, AFL-CIO Committee on Safety and Occupational Health, AFL-CIO, Washington, D. C; R. J. Lamoureux, Director, Safety and Health Division, United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO-CLC, Na tional Office, Toronto, Ont, Canada; Nominating--P. L. * Stemhler, General Vice President, International Association of Machinists, AFL-CIO, Chicago, I1L; Occupa tional Health--Dr. F. A. Van Atta, Industrial Hygienist, United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, AFL-CIO,"Detfoit, Mich.; Planning --George T. Brown, Deputy Director, Bureau of Labor Standards; U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C; Publications--J. George Eichhorn, Grand Lodge Rep resentative, International Association of Machinists, AFL-CIO, Chicago, 111.; Safety Training--Victor E. Whiiehouse, Director of Safety, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, AFL-CIO, Washington, D. .; State Labor Departments--Jons R. Kumpel, Special Representative, Safety and Compensation, United Rubber, Cork; Linoleum and Plastic Workers of America,-AFL-CIO, Akron, Ohio. 39 Other Volumes in this (1961) Series:; nr ...... .; ,c-y ..**s *1: ^ > Users of Nits volume will find much value in Hs companion volumes, which offer the eomplefe record of the 49th National, Safety Congress! Here is the fish VoL No. Title lto9 I0or Copies more 1 6mwI Sessions and Index to all Volumes........................$ 55 $ AS 2 AtrMpact; Air Transport.............................. . 55 3 Automotive and Machine Shop; Power frets and Forging .65 55 4 Cement. Quarry and Mineral Aggregates.. 55 5 Chemical and Fertilizer................ .................. 55 6 Civic Leadership; Church, Home, Women, Youth, Farm.. .90 50 7 Coal Mining..................................................... .................... .65 55 Construction; Public Employee........................ .................... AS 55 9 Electrical Equipment.......................................... 55 10 Food and Beverage; Meat Pacling.Tenning end Leather___ Products; Trades and Services..................................... .65 55 II Glass and Ceramics; Rubber......................... .................... .65 55 12 Industrial Subjects Sessions (ASSE).............. .................... .90 50 13 Labor................................................................. 55 14 Marine............................................................... 55 15 Metals.............................................................. ........................... 65 55 16 Mining............................................................... 55 17 Motor Transport; Transit.................................. ........................... 90 50 18 Occupational Health Nursing.......................... 55 19 Petroleum .............. .......................................... 55 20 Public Utilities................................................... 55 21 Pulp and Paper; Printing and Publishing.... ...........................65 55 22 Railroad ........................................................... 55 23 School and College......................................... 50 24 Traffic ............................................................... . 55 25 Wood Products; and Textile............................. ................... 55 55 26 Early Morning Sessions--"Time Management'^.. .7. ..... 55 55 Stock No. 02251--1 02251--2 02251--3 02251--4 02251--5 02251--6 02251--7 02251--8 02251--9 02251--10 02251--11 02251--12 02251--13 02251--14 02251--15 02251--16 02251--17 02251--18 02251--19 02251--20 02251--21 02251--22 02251--23 02251--24 02251--25 02251--26 COMPLETE SETS (26 Volumes} ..................... ..;............ $1050 $1050 022.11 All priest shown are'subject fo s 10 percent discount to NiHeml SafetyCouneilmembers. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE. CHICAGO 11. ILL. 2M36202 mum ix 022.31--13 40