Document r6x2Nk2ajwzbqgdJJMLvjRvBJ

Lead Industries Association, Inc. 292 Madison Avenue New York. N. Y. 10017 Telephone: (212) 679-6020 July 10, 1969 SUBJECT: ANNUAL REVIEW, LEAD - 1968 To LIA's Board of Directors Industry Development Committee Members Please find attached LIA's latest publication "Annual Review" - The U.S. Lead Industry - 1968." We sincerely hope you find the "Review" useful and informative. Extra copies are avail able upon request. LIA is distributing roughly 3,500 copies to a mailing list that includes consumers, banks and brokerage firms, libraries* Universities and government agencies. We are also arranging for distribution of the "Review" to members of the American Association of Battery Manufacturers and the National Association of Secondary Materials Institute. A press release announcing its availability will also be sent out to the trade press. If you have any other suggestions for further distribu tion or comments about the publication, we would appreciate hearing from you. Sincerely, DMB:so Att: "Annual Review, Lead - 1968" CI David M. Borcina Secretary, Treasurer L I A 013 3 o N 704.01  *. 4 IK V: ,-r- v:.^,rV - &v-; V- I960 1 2 3 - - 4 5 6 7 t- - 8a Mine Production 247 262 237 253 286 301 327 317 360 Secondary Production 470 453 444 493 540 576 573 554 560 Ore, Matte, etc. 146 147 139 148 123 123 144 124 86 Summaiy of U.S. Lead Statistics* (In thousands of short tons of lead content) Imports Pig, Bullion 214 262 265 241 218 227 291 374 338 Total 360 409 404 389 . 341 350 435 498 424 Stockpile Releases _ _ ___ 50 36 64 27 28 Total Supply 1,077 1,124 1,085 dl 1 1,399 . 1,396 1,372 . Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Bureau of Census Estimated 11A 0184 1 :-iT" - 'J General Summary: The consumption of lead in the United States in 1968 is estimated at 1,327,000 short tons, a new record slightly exceed ing the previous high in 1966. The increase over that of 1967 is about 5 percent. Lead's two largest uses, storage batteries and gasoline antiknock additives together, reached the unprece dented level of 775,000 tons. Other outlets showing gains in 1968 were solder, ammunition, red lead and litharge. Cable, casting metals, collapsible tubes and white lead showed modest losses. Other uses remained at about the same level as in 1967. The use and production of the automobile was primarily respon sible for the 1968 record, accounting for between 55 and 60 per cent of the total. U.S. Mine production was about 13 percent higher than in 1967, despite strikes in the early part of the year, the rise being directly attributable to the increased production in Missouri. At 360,000 tons, it was the highest since 1952. Secondary lead' production increased slightly to 560,000 tons. Total Imports de clined about 13 percent to 425,000 tons. Shipments from the U.S. Government stockpile to industry were slightly over 28,000 tons, which completed the release of 150,000 tons authorized by Congress in 1965. Another 50,000 tons authorized for release to government account has not been fully used. At the end of 1968 the stockpile was at 1,165,000 tons. Stocks in the hands of primary smelters and refiners de creased heavily in smelter feed. Refined stocks were at low levels at year end. Stocks of pig in the hands of consumers and sec ondary smelters decreased sharply. Exports of lead in 1968 were roughly 8,000 tons compared to 7,000 tons in 1967. The U.S. price which had remained stable at 14 cents per lb,, New York throughout 1967 and the first 4 months of 1968 declined in two steps to 12.50 cents in mid-year, then recovered in October to 13 cents where it was at year-end. Note: Since the first of 1969 the price has moved up in three Vi cent increments to 14Vi cents per lb. N.Y. on April 8. (See "Summary of U.S. Lead Statistics" inside front cover.) Supply Supplies from domestic mines increased substantially during 1968 to roughly 360,000 tons (Table I) with Missouri accounting for 60 percent of the total, compared to less than 50 percent in 1967. Strikes starting in 1967 and carrying into the early part of 1968 affected production in other states, particularly Idaho and Utah, where substantial declines, (more than 10 per cent) were reported. Secondary lead (Table II) continued to provide a major part 4 LIAC1543 iv-i,..1- > "> - ^yr> 'Jr'/- f.-.-y r;- V-K cv* v -h-' ?-:yC5 r*":-"V'I' ./' '*V--*--rt>'.-.;i <**-- **.;:.,. . I,;-. .,,------------.- *' - -- --. .. .,i..,,,.,',;,.;i.,..>'..i,,]i..,',.. i iim ;__--- - - " TABLE I U.S. Mine Production of Recoverable Lead* (In short tons) e United States in 1968 is new record slightly exceedcrease over that of 1967 is uses, storage batteries and ier, reached the unprece' outlets showing gains in lead and litharge. Cable, white lead showed modest the same level as in 1967. obile was primarily responfor between 55 and 60 per t 13 percent higher than in t of the year, the rise being production in Missouri. At nee 1952. Secondary lead 300 tons. Total Imports de tons. Shipments from the y were slightly over 28,000 if 150,000 tons authorized tons authorized for release i fully used. At the end of ) tons. / smelters and refiners de ed stocks were at low levels nds of consumers and sec- ughly 8,000 tons compared ined stable at 14 cents per the first 4 months of 1968 in mid-year, then recovered t year-end. Note: Since the In three Vi cent increments itistiCS" inside front cover.) les increased substantially ns (Table I) with Missouri I, compared to less than 50 1967 and carrying into the Va/ in other states, particularly iclines, (more than 10 per- ued to provide a major part State 1964 Arizona California Colorado Idaho Illinois Kansas Kentucky Missouri Montana Nevada New Mexico New York Oklahoma Utah Virginia Washington Wisconsin Other States 6,147 1,546 20.563 71,312 2,180 1,185 858 120,148 4,538 809 1,626 732 2,781 40,249 3,857 5,731 1,742 6 G Total 286,010 *U.S. Bureau of Mines Inct. in "other states" 1965 5,913 1,810 22,495 66,606 3,005 1,644 756 133,521 6,981 2,277 3,387 601 2.813 37,700 3,651 6,328 1,645 14 301,147 1966 5.211 1,976 23,082 72,334 2,285 1,109 484 132,255 4,409 3,581 1,596 1,097 2,999 64,124 3,078 5,859 1,694 195 327,368 1967 4,771 1,735 21,923 61,387 2,384 1,031 845 152,649 898 1,500 1,827 1,653 2,727 53,813 3,430 2,762 1,596 -- 316,931 of total supply with an estimated 560,000 tons available during the year, up about 1 percent from 1967. Imports (Table III) declined about 13 percent to 425,000 tons with the decline reflected in ore, matte and pig lead. Total supplies in 1968 (Table IV) were 1,344,600 short tons, down about 1 percent from the previous year. Secondary Lead Recovered m the U.S.* (In short tons) As metal: At primary plants At other plants Total In antimonial lead: At primary plants At other plants Total In other alloys Grand Total 1964 8,505 140,702 149,207 13,421 257,101 270,522 121,853 541,582 1965 13,140 168,774 181,914 19,299 251,354 270,653 123,252 575,819 1966 9,004 147,215 156,219 10,758 272,977 283,735 132,880 572,834 *U.S. Bureau of Mines < Not yet available 1967 2,538 147,806 150,344 7,808 280,911 288,719 114,709 553,772 . Primary smelters and refiners stocks, and stocks in the ' hands of consumers and secondary smelters, (Table V) all de- dined during 1968. Total primary stocks opened the year at 184,100 tons, decreased sharply to 165,500 tons at the end of May, recovered rapidly to 185,400 tons on August 31 and then started another decline to the low of 162,000 tons at year-end. Prelim. 1968 1,900 4,000 20,300 49.684 1,490 ____ & 64 210,800 1.890 895 1,130 1,404 a . 47,275 3.498 ____ a 1,030 8,806 354,166 1968 a a a a a a a 560,000 (est! 45 L1t01S44 i i i k i i : ( , j ' ` v*:^-. .'i. ' ih ill V- 5V'vy>^*3.**iiVv=' 0.*. *---*'^ iC*.! - J^~z' -~w'-- ^ ` **, Consumer and secondary smelter stocks (total) fluctuated in about the same manner as primary stocks, reaching a peak of 116,100 at the end of July and then declining to the year's low of 83,500 tons at year end. Increased mine production along with primary smelters' capacity and the increasing availability of secondary supplies in the United States and the rest of the world augur well for the TABLE III ORE, MATTE, ETC.: Australia Bolivia Canada Colombia Germany, West Guatemala Honduras Mexico t Peru ` Philippines South Africa, Republic of Other countries Total BASE BULLION: Australia ~Belgium- Luxembourg Canada France Germany, West Mexico Peru United Kingdom Total PIGS AND BARS Australia Belgium- Luxembourg Burma Canada Denmark France Germany, West Japan Mexico Morocco Netherlands Peru South Africa, Republic of Spain Sweden United Kingdom Yugoslavia Zambia Other countries Total Grand Total U.S. Imports of Lead (In short tons of lead content) 1964 1965 1966 19.286 6.073 27,951 -- -- 5 6,375 1,069 28,243 58 34,080 117 123,257 26.658 5,096 43,622 677 -- 18 8,712 760 26,419 > 106 10,570 23 122,661 22.614 11,136 52,707 445 -- 35 11.132 624 41,610 164 1,394 2.130 143,991 2,786 -- 199 -- --1,250 603 4.838 448 -- 50 -- -- 43 25 -- 566 1.283 _ 62 -- 56 547 64 -- 2,012 42,158 -- -- 30,728 -- -- 5,017 -- 71,728 -- -- 24.510 -- 949 -- 562 30,544 -- 1,648 207,844 335,939 51,105 197 --31,697 514 307 1.653 4,638 73,546 -- 224 26,132 3,165 243 -- 514 28,640 -- 38 222,613 345,840 44,187 2,535 5,532 34,283 672 224 15,499 1,719 75,294 -- 5,137 51,593 11,986 -- -- 3,101 31,322 1,148 1,157 285,389 431,392 1967 25,553 13,764 33,474 561 4.371 197 6.513 314 36,734 37 359 2.190 124,067 _ 442 23 55 _ 95 66 71 752 53,156 23,281 2.548 37,238 423 8,202 49_,077 57,271 2,413 878 70,377 6_,989 3,307 17,680 30_,478* 280 363,598 488,417 Prelim. 1968 20.591 5.186 35,941 1 9.268 239 13.975 1 607 550 86,359 _ _ 11 54 30 95 46,919 18_,649 60,161 4,604 20,711 56_,518 205 75,103 8,297 3,868 22,918 1_9.775 391 338,119 424,573 6 U \ c jt,- -V'". stocks (total) fluctuated ocks, reaching a peak of iclimng to the year's low with primary smelters' of secondary supplies in world augur well for the 6 ugLJL.-W. ----- :. V - ...*,> mmyrTien iifii .- ...}> .eV> future supply position of lead. The International Lead and Zinc Study Group representing essentially all of the producing countries of the world met most recently in Geneva during November 1968 and reported that a) lead consumption and production in 1968 on a world basis were essentially in balance at 2.9 million metric tons and b) that 1969 supplies of lead will exceed demand by about 5 percent. They pointed out however, that in recent years production has generally been overestimated and that any actual year end sur plus may well be less than the early estimate. TABLE IV United States Lead Supplies (In short tons) Domestic Mine Production Secondary Lead Recovered Imports: Ore and Matte Bullion Pig Lead Total Supplies Change in Stocks at U.S. Smelters & Refiners Stockpile Shipments Adjusted Supplies giving effect to changes in Stocks Exports: Pig Lead Total available 1967 316.900 653,800 124,100 800 363,600 1,359,200 18,000 (Incr.) 27,500 1,368,700 6,500 1,362,200 Estimated 1968 360,000 560,000 86,400 100 338,100 1,344,600 22.100 (deer.) 28,400 - 1,395,100 8,300 1,386,800 TABLE V Lead Stocks -- United States (In short tons) SMELTERS AND REFINERS* In Base Bullion In Ore and Matte At Smelters In Transit In Process End of and in Process & Refiners to Refiners at Refiners 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 63,954 77,839 108,547 124,600 106,074 12,920 10,880 15,870 17,764 21,706 1,117 437 223 42 600 20,438 17,613 17,532 17,878 18,129 Refined Pig Lead 35,978 18,726 17,604 18,660 11,956 Antimonia Lead 3,775 7,736 6,284 5,127 3,483 Total Stocks 138,182 133,231 166,060 184,071 161,948 CONSUMER'S AND SECONDARY SMELTER'S^ End of 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Refined Soft Lead 69,361 59,237 42,376 56,980 40,959 Antimonial 35,163 34,245 32,872 34,688 33,578 `American Bureau of Metal Statistics b U.S. Bureau of Mines Lead In Alloys 7,933 8,757 9,236 8,007 8,319 Copper Base Scrap 987 914 956 1,031 590 . Total 113,444 103,153 85,440 100,706 83,446 7 LIA01846 v I i r V- i fl i.wuti Prices: After 20 months of a stable lead price, at 14 cents per lb., New York from October 10, 1966, the price moved to 13 cents on May 2, 1968, and to 12.50 cents on July 15, its low point for the year. On October 14, 1968 the price rose to 13 cents and, with continued strength, moved upward in Vi cent increments on January 9, January 30 and April 8. 1969. Demand as of this writing (May 1.) continues strong. With producer and consumer stocks at low levels, the short-term price outlook would appear firm at 14.50 cents per lb., N.Y. Consumption: The consumption of lead in the United States dur ing 1968 amounted to 1,327,000 tons, roughly 5 percent better than 1967. With 1967 the lone exception, the consumption of lead has shown continued growth year by year since 1960 when it was at 1,020,000 tons. (Table VI) covers the details of con sumption for the most recent 5 years. Lead's largest market, storage batteries, took roughly 10 percent more in 1968 than during the previous year and was at the all time peak of 512,000 tons. This record breaking tonnage oresulted from another record, shipments of 34,907,300 auto motive replacement batteries, the highest level in history accord ing to the Association of American Battery Manufacturers. Coupled with this was the U.S. new car requirement for about 8,800,000 units bringing total SLI batteries shipped in 1968 to almost 44 million. I TABLE VI United States Consumption of Lead* (In short tons) Ammunition Bearing metals Brass and bronze Cable covering Calking lead Casting metals Collapsible tubes Foil Pipe, traps and bends Sheet lead Solder Storage batteries Teme metal Type metal White lead Red lead and litharge Pigment colors Other pigments Gasoline antiknock additives Misc. chemicals Annealing Galvanizing Lead plating Weights and ballast Other uses unclassified Total * U.S. Bureau of Mines Estimated by L.I.A. 1964 56,493 22,754 23,328 56,225 73,628 6,961 14,904 3,976 20,480 29,605 71,186 429,348 1,609 25,374 8,802 74,802 11,921 8,111 223,466 451 5,699 1,592 179 12,760 18,484 1,202,138 ' 1965 57,322 21.600 23,699 59,645 66,584 5,046 10,893 4,805 19,837 27,569 77,819 455,347 2,109 33,416 8,414 79,853 12,553 8,063 225,203 346 5,719 1,775 240 14,135 19,490 1,241,482 1966 78,435 21,588 25.447 66,491 63,250 6.671 11,987 6,041 19,984 28,938 78,898 472,492 1,966 30,421 8,131 89,500 13,695 8,562 246,879 614 5,441 1,639 428 18,090 18,289 1,323,877 1967 78,766 19,561 20,467 63,037 48,789 10,083 11,299 6,148 20,184 26,763 68,833 466,665 1,620 28,554 8,087 76,589 13,041 5,473 247,170 609 4,202 1,854 532 15,794 16,396 1,260,516 1968* 82,000 19,000 20,700 54,000 49,300 9,000 9,500 6,300 20,400 27,700 74,000 512,000 1,500 27,500 5,900 87,500 14,200 4,000 262,000 600 4,100 1,500 700 16,700 17,000 1,327,100 8 LI 01847 .'1$ V# , . -A- .\`;>v :y. 4 -- : .' ,'. hV.<H -i"flL-. :- ''** -: ' ' ` - ' .'' /" ;';. ' v - /, '- ; lead price, at 14 cents per i, the price moved to 13 cents on July 15, its low point for price rose to 13 cents and, 'ard in Vi cent increments on 1969. ay 1,) continues strong. With w levels, the short-term price cents per lb., N.Y. ead in the United States durins, roughly 5 percent better ception, the consumption of aar by year since 1960 when I) covers the details of cons. a batteries, took roughly 10 he previous year and was at This record breaking tonnage aments of 34,907,300 autoghest level in history accord- vi? can Battery Manufacturers. * car requirement for about catteries shipped in 1968 to d* 35 38 47 91 50 71 ` 87 41 34' 38 98 92 56 21 31 30 95 52 1967 78,766 19,561 20,467 63,037 48,789 10,083 11,299 6,148 20,184 26,763 68,833 466,665 1,620 28,554 8,087 76,589 13,041 5,473 79 247,170 14 609 U 4,202 39 1,854 28 532 90 15.794 39 16,396 77 1,260,516 1968' 82,000 19,000 20,700 54,000 49,300 9,000 9,500 6,300 20,400 27,700 74,000 512,000 1,500 27,500 5,900 87,500 14,200 4,000 262,000 600 4,100 1,500 700 16,700 17,000 1,327,100 8 The next largest use for lead, also dependent on the pro duction and use of the automobile, is gasoline antiknock addi tives which in 1968 was at another peak of 262,000 tons. The increases in the demand for ammunition during the last three years have certainly been related to the Vietnam war but it is generally conceded that the strong upward trend in sporting ammunition, evident prior to 1966 is continuing. The use of calking lead declined sharply in the last two years as a result of substitute jointing materials in cast-iron soil pipe as used in small home and apartment construction. There is a likelihood that no further inroads in this market will take place. Lead for cable sheathing also lost ground, reflecting, for the most part, a cutback in the construction of the intercontinental defense com munication system requiring lead-sheathed coaxial cable. Other uses for lead which had shown declines in 1967, such as solder, red lead and litharge, recovered during 1968 to near their previous levels, and continued growth can be expected. Among other applications for lead (sheet, pipe, brass and bronze, pigment colors), there are many that appear to represent stable markets. The tonnage figures are almost unchanged from one year to the next. Yet there is reason to believe that these materials may be declining in some older markets and growing in newer ones. Sheet lead is a case in point, its traditional market in the chemical construction industry has declined while other uses, nuclear and x-ray shielding and soundproofing, show strong signs of growth. Short Term Outlook: The near-term outlook for lead is strong, with consumption in essentially all markets in the first half of the year expected to be maintained at the high level shown during most of 1968. Domestic supplies are expected to continue to increase slightly though the availability of imports remains un certain. During the first quarter of 1969 imports were down about 45,000 tons from the same period in 1968. Stocks are at low levels at the primary smelters, consumers and secondary smel ters, and replenishing stocks may well absorb excess supplies, if any, generated during the year. The U.S. Congress has under consideTation several bills calling for releases of lead from the U.S. Government stockpile. Such if enacted could have signifi cant bearing on the overall supply picture. Of growing interest during 1969 will be an expanded effort by the lead industry through research, development and promo tion in exploiting new areas of use while maintaining and expand ing present markets. A part of this overall effort will incorporate a free world program (Zinc and Lead International Service-ZALIS) that will hopefully expand the consumption of lead in the de veloping areas of the world such as Latin America, South East Asia, South Africa, India, and the Near East. Reports on Research and Other than U.S.: Incorporated in this review and which should be of interest are reports on other parts of the world as well as the joint research activities of the industry through the International Lead Zinc Research Organization and these will be found on pages 10 through 16. LI A 018*8 9  u **^v '?-' .'. vjr <* ' ' rA -' ' i-.'..Vy`. ^-*'^.,* -`.-* .. f. .' j,V' s' 'V -" i fcrfl Lead International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc. (ILZRO) Research lead research and development work in 1968 was directed to fundamental and applications-based programs, including archi S. F. Radtke. Director ot Research. International Lead Zinc Research Or ganization, Inc. New York, N.Y. 10017 tectural and battery applications, cable sheathing, lead-coated steel, dispersion-strengthened (DS) lead, chemicals, paints and pigments, and ceramics. A study of cast iron soil pipe jointing method showed that competitive materials may not have the long-term sealability required in the interest of public health and so adequately demonstrated by the historically successful service of lead tarred-oakum joints. The study demonstrated that the calked lead tarred-oakum joints are leak-proof in coated and uncoated cast- iron soil pipe under the elevated temperatures created by auto matic appliances using large volumes of water. The coated pipe ! withstood temperatures of 170F and 10 psi while the uncoated pipe had similar results at temperatures to 200F. In efforts to develop lead roofing shingles, research has in dicated a variety of laminate combinations are suitable for fur ther study. Another approach to expanding use of lead sheet for roofing involved development of a composite sheet produced by coating standard screens with lead. The leaded screen com posite appears well-suited to continuous production techniques" and research has been directed to this aspect. Success would make possible application of lead as roll roofing from long coils which also could be blanked into standard shingle configuration. Another program involving lead-plastic composites sought to combine the respective benefits of each material to produce a superior cable sheathing. The research led to development of a modified polyethylene-lead composite which did not delaminate after exposure in a test chamber at 185F and 100 percent humidity for seven days. A proprietary adhesive was used as the bonding agent. Research is continuing. All parameters were satisfactorily determined to permit plating of lead and tin-lead alloys on steel by means of electro deposition at speeds comparable to those achieved in tin plat ing. The electroterne process developed in this research has aroused considerable interest as an alternative to producing terne plate by the hot dipping method. A related program was initiated to study the operating parameters influencing the production of lead-coated steel in a low-tin or tin-free lead alloy bath. This objective would permit lower cost replacement for terne plate in such applications as automotive fuel tanks, oil pans, fire doors, air conditioners, and others. I In the organolead area, the first commercial pilot production and shipment of an organolead compound was made by an ILZRO licensee in April, 1968. The order consisted of 200 kilograms (440 pounds) of triphenyllead acetate and was shipped to a com pany for use in making 200 gallons of ILZRO Formula No. 1 anti fouling paint ordered by the U.S. Navy for shipboard tests. Several other ILZRO licensees began production in pilot quantities. Several new patents were granted in various countries cover ing use of organolead compounds as catalysts for production of 10 -y i. * m m nMMi,"" LI AO 18 49 / ../V* - *, ' '\t' - ---------- .'T ;\K .t " ganization, Inc. (ILZRO) 1968 was directed to grams, including archisheathing, lead-coated chemicals, paints and ng method showed that le long-term sealability ilth and so adequately essful service of lead ted that the calked lead ited and uncoated castatures created by auto water. The coated pipe psi while the uncoated to 200 F. lingles, research has in>ns are suitable for fur- ing use of lead sheet 0 ;omposite sheet produced The leaded screen cornproduction techniques aspect. Success would roofing from long coils d shingle configuration, stic composites sought ich material to produce led to development of a which did not delaminate 185F and 100 percent adhesive was used as the determined to permit el by means of electroe achieved in tin plat- in this research has ative to producing terne ted program was initiated fencing the production of ree lead alloy bath. This cement for terne plate in anks, oil pans, fire doors, mmercial pilot production id was made by an ILZRO isisted of 200 kilograms id was shipped to a comZRO Formula No. 1 anti shipboard tests. Several in pilot quantities, various countries covertalysts for production of 10 polyurethane foams and as an organolead lubricant additive. A total of 225 samples of 52 different organolead compounds were distributed during 1968 to 78 individual applicants. In addition to the applications already mentioned, the samples also were being tested for use as cotton preservatives, bilharzia control, anthelmintics, and rodent repellents. In efforts to produce a lead-bearing enamel which has im proved properties of opacification, adherence and durability when applied on aluminum, a series of low-melting leaded frits were developed. These were white, chemically durable and self-opaci fied. Compositions and firing conditions for these frits were dis closed in patent applications. The growing interest in ceramic or ferrite permanent mag nets, including oriented lead ferrites, is the object of a program to develop materials and techniques for manufacturing oriented lead-based magnetically hard ferrite bodies having properties superior to currently used ferrites. In a former phase of this pro gram, it was learned how to make high-lead ferrites in the iso- 0 tropic (unoriented! form, with magnetic properties approximately 40 percent greater than conventional barium and strontium fer rites. A patent application was filed on the compositions and firing techniques required to produce such lead ferrites. Where "quiet" is a must, lead-acid battery powered vehicles will be found, near the putting green, outside your motel room and as here, gathering eggs in a captive egg factory. 11 LIAC185C if-fc * .;v- V;r 7*# . *+i :-* ' -. - - '4; - v< 7- .-.' V\*.' ;-:.7*V* w:;Vv,.-.. -* * -"^nrVa-'-iMHrii r ' i' i '~' Lead in the U.K.--1968 R. L. Stubbs, DirectorGeneral, Lead Develop ment Association, Lon don, England Consumption of lead in all forms at 385,000 metric tons was about 2Vi% less than in 1967. This set-back occurred despite substantial growth in lead for batteries and was mainly the result of a continuing recession in the manufacture of medium voltage power cables following the boom in 1964/65 when production probably responded to over optimistic forecasts of growth in power demand. Consumption for batteries became in 1968 the biggest out let for lead instead of cable sheathing. This growth reflects not only the greater number of new cars manufactured and on the roads, but also the expanding use of battery powered vehicles-- industrial trucks, milk floats, etc. There was also a substantial rise in lead anti-knock compounds. Lead sheet continues to make progress as a building material, but with the decline in the use of lead pipe, consumption for these products together was at about the same level as in 1967, as were also the other main uses, solder and alloys, pigments and compounds. The U.K. draws nearly half its lead supplies from scrap recovered at home, which is either refined or re-used directly by apv consumers. The production of English refined lead from sec-vJ ondary and scrap material, increased in 1968 to 143,900 metric tons; this does not include secondary antimonial lead. The pro duction of refined lead from bullion imported from Mount Isa, Australia rose by 40% to 92,200 tons. Imports of refined lead, 121,300 tons, came largely from Australia (53,000 tons), Canada (49,600 tons) and S.W. Africa (13,000 tons) with smaller quan tities from the Netherlands and Bulgaria. U.K. Lead Consumption by end-uses (In 100 of Metric Tons) End use Batteries Cable sheathing Sheet and pipe Other semi-manufactures (shot, foil, collapsible tubes, etc.) Anti-knock compounds Pigments and compounds Solder and other alloys Miscellaneous uses 1964 87.6 122.9 72.6 15.1 35.2 33.8 40.6 20.2 1965 86.3 134.6 70.3 15.3 36.7 31.4 39.8 20.7 1966 85.1 115.9 67.4 12.8 35.2 33.9 39.3 21.1 Total consumption 428.0 1 435.1 410.7 Production-, refined lead from imported bullion `Production: refined lead from secondary and scrap material Imports refined lead Exports and re-exports of refined lead U.K. Refined Lead Supplies (In 100 of Metric Tons) 1964 1965 1966 57.6 44.7 62.2 122.9 127.7 112.8 134.0 14.1 177.3 24.1 147.7 19.5 'secondary antimonial lead recovered from scrap not included 1967 87.2 102.6 68.5 11.0 36.9 32.4 34.6 21.8 395.0 1967 65.9 126.1 115.5 39.9 1968 96.2 80.8 66.4 11.3 40.4 33.4 34.5 22.1 385.1 1968 92.2 1419 121.3 60.2 LIA01851 12 -3-- *v s *i:ut.-. V. r'- w . 11 i Vi*--.' t ms at 385,000 metric tons is set-back occurred despite ;s and was mainly the result ufacture of medium voltage 1964/65 when production tic forecasts of growth in Tie in 1968 the biggest outig. This growth reflects not manufactured and on the oattery powered vehicles-- ere was also a substantial ad sheet continues to make vith the decline in the use products together was at were also the other main compounds. lead supplies from scrap ined or re-used directly by sh refined lead from sec-Vir in 1968 to 143,900 metric antimonial lead. The proimported from Mount Isa, Imports of refined lead, alia (53,000 tons), Canada 1 tons) with smaller quan ta. es .966 15.1 .5.9 57.4 .2.8 J5.2 13.9 19.3 :i.i 0.7 1967 87.2 102.6 68.5 11.0 36.9 32.4 34.6 21.8 395.0 1968 96.2 80.8 66.4 11.3 40.4 33.4 34.5 22.1 385.1 A comparison between lead production 1968--total 273.441 tons -- and lead production 1967 -- total 288.948 tons-- shows a certain decrease in 1968. Several factors are decisive for this decrease. One of them is that the German lead industry was engaged in a rather large exportation in 1967 (abt. 68.000 tons), mainly to the U.S.A. In 1968 a few works were shut down and some changes and investments for rationalization were made by the lead producers. Lead consumption in 1968--as far as statistics are already available (l-lll quarter)--was different in the individual fields of application. However, the sales figures in the battery market show a marked tendency upwards. Lead in the Federal Republic of Germany-- 1968 Dietrich Boehr, Bleiberatung E.V., Dusseldorf 4, Germany Lead Consumption in the Federal Republic of Germany (including West Berlin) by fields of application 0 Cables Batteries White lead, red lead, litharge, chemicals, etc. Semi-finished products Mould castings Letter and bearing metals, lead-zinc alloys and similar Surface protection, baths for heat treatment Homogenous lead coating Iron and steel industry Powder Total: l-lll Quarter 1968 in metric tons 63.231 68.923 43.371 40.677 3.987 2.913 946 358 1.907 241 226.554 Lead Production 1968 in the Federal Republic of Germany Smelter soft, fine and hard lead1 Lead alloys 66 1967 1968 2.2 65.9 92.2 Figures in metric tons Total Soft and fine lead Hard lead From total of Other pre inland and melted and foreign ores old material Refined ingot lead Total' Letter and bearing metals 2.8 126.1 *o ! Total 1968: 273.441 238.032 35.409 120.019 153.422 20.825 26.143 13.218 7.7 115.5 121.3 Average 9.5 39.9 60.2 per month 22.787 19.836 2.951 10.002 12.785 1.735 2.179 1.102 'including production of battery firms, including alloyed ingot lead. 12 ' >j- 13 \_\ S.C1852  l; .V '?- . >/ -i - t itVoi^MVM*ffi^nt -1T'iXfT.-T*r*i - ,,. -' Lead in Italy--1968 Elemer Varady, Direc tor. tstituto ttatiano del Piombo e dello Zinco Milano, Italy During 1968 for the first time in Italy the production of lead bullion decreased as compared to the previous year of about 3.000 metric tons. The fact is a consequence of the renewal of the equipment of the Foundry by one of the Italian producers. The production of lead bullion from mineral and refining from 60.500 metric tons in 1967 is decreased to 57.600 metric tons in 1968. It is expected that in 1969 the production will increase again to about 80.000 metric tons in consequence of the total employment of the production capacity by both the two producers. During 1968 the consumption of lead at the first stage of transformation has registered an increase of 6.500 metric tons, i.e. about 4.5% as compared to the previous year. The increase is principally due to the consumption of lead in battery in con sequence of the increased production of cars and to an increase in the use of lead for chemical purposes and particularly for antiknock compounds and for stabilizers of PVC. The trend in consumption for short and medium time is favourable specially in consequence of the more increase in the automobile industry and for the chemical uses. Imports of lead as bullion or scraps were of about 53.000 metric tons in 1968 and it is expected to decrease of about 10.000 metric tons in 1969. The base price for lead bullion at the first 6 months of 1968 was L. 172 minimum and L. 186 maximum-, in the second half of the year the price was L. 174 minimum and L. 186 maximum. Italy-Lead Consumption by Industry (in metric tons) End uses 1966 1967 % 1968 -% Batteries 32.200 38.200 Cables 18.000 20.500 Chemical uses oxides antiknock comp. others 15.000 9.600 400 16.800 13.400 700 Semifinished tube, sheet ammunitions 31.000 14.300 33.000 14.500 -1 Alloys solders others 2.600 2.900 2.900 2.900 Others 4.000 6.100 42.000 18.000 20.000 13.500 1.000 34.000 13.500 2.300 * 3.700 3.600 @ Total 130.000 149.000 + 14,7 151.600 + 17,4 14 LIA01653 in Italy the production of lead o the previous year of about onsequence of the renewal of one of the Italian producers. )m mineral and refining from reased to 57.600 metric tons the production will increase > in consequence of the total city by both the two producers, n of lead at the first stage of icrease of 6.500 metric tons, e previous year. The increase ion of lead in battery in conon of cars and to an increase turposes and particularly for iIizers of PVC. r short and medium time is a of the more increase in the lemical uses. scraps were of about 53.000 lected to decrease of about at the first 6 months of 1968 iximum; in the second half of ium and L. 186 maximum. ustry 1968 42.000 18.000 20.000 13.500 1.000 34.000 13.500 2.300 3.700 3.600 .7 151.600 = % ft + 17,4 14 The 75-mile long San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system uses leadsheathed cable for critical 12-mile portion of electrical system that required direct underground burial. Lead in Australia--1968 The sales of primary slab lead in Australia in 1968 were about 30,000 tons, down 10% on 1967 consumption of about 42,000 tons. In addition, it is estimated that 20,000 tons of secondary lead was used. End use statistics for primary slab lead sales in Australia in 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1968 are given in the following table. Neil A. Hanley, Genera! Manager, Australian Lead Development As sociation, Melbourne, Australia End Use Cables Batteries-Metal Batteries-Oxide Other Oxides Ccmpounds White Lead Sheet and Pipe Foil and Collapsible Tube Other rolled Extruded Solder Alloys Miscellaneous Total 1964 8,962 5,025 6,446 5,775 551 4,758 32 2,369 3,191 1,781 2,700 41,590 1965 5,928 4,658 5,399 4,878 947 3,547 254 1.869 2,314 1,668 2,659 34,121 1966 10,145 6,349 4,952 4,503 942 2,817 39 1,840 2,762 1,522 2,569 38,440 1967 11,227 8,353 4,710 4,240 1,169 2,939 41 2,015 3,307 1,134 3,171 42,306 The sales of primary slab lead in Australia have been stable in the area of 40,000 tons per annum for many years but there, has been a steady increase in the quantity of secondary lead* consumed. At this figure the sales of primary slab lead in Aus tralia average around 7.3 lbs per head for the Australian popu lation of about 12 million. 1968 10.377 7,391 4,767 4,230 734 2,402 35 1,279 3,782 1,031 2,088 38,116 15 Lead in the Developing areas--19G8 R. L. Stubbs, DirectorGeneral, Lead Develop ment Association, Lon don, England The developing areas of the world--India, South East Asia (excluding Japan), Latin America, the Middle East and Africa -- have together steadily grown in importance as consumers of lead. Detailed and authoritative statistics are not available for all countries, but the following table gives a broad picture of refined lead consumption. It is based on statistics published by the In ternational Lead and Zinc Study Group and information obtained by lead development associations. Everywhere lead batteries are the most strongly expanding use of lead as in the world as a whole. In some countries, which _ have had long connections with European and US industry-- notably India, South Africa, Brazil and Argentina--the range of uses include traditional ones, for example sheet and pipe, and scrap provides a useful subsidiary source of supply. Nearly half the lead consumed in Mexico is for making litharge which is mainly exported. The rate of growth in consumption has varied from country to country. In India it has been hindered by a shortage of foreign currency but is now recovering again; in some Latin American countries lack of growth in recent years is attributed to sluggish economic conditions; and in South East Asian countries con sumption is responding to stronger industrial and economic ex pansion. However in the developing areas as a whole, consump tion, having reached 315,000 metric tons, is now about 11% of the free world total. Some of the countries in the developing areas are important mine and metal producers of lead for the world market, notably Mexico and Peru in Latin America. South West Africa (adminis tered by South Africa) has since 1964 also been a large source of supply; Zambia and Morocco are small producers. CONSUMPTION OF REFINED LEAD (In 1000 of Metric Tons) India S.E. Asia (excluding Japan) Middle East (Pakistan, Israel, Iran, etc.) Africa-. South Africa Other Latin America: Argentina Brazil Mexico Other Total 1964 42 14 6 20 16 31 30 54 25 238 1965 32 18 8 17 16 38 24 56 30 239 1966 40 19 1967 55 26 10 15 20 13 16 20 36 . 24 60 30 255 35 25 65 28 282 1968 60 29 22 if 39 26 68 28 315 16 LIAC1855 - 'V' >_ s, *.." . ...( '' . ' ' i-f- .' v, Id -- India, South East Asia ; Middle East and Africa -- ance as consumers of lead. are not available for all s a broad picture of refined tistics published by the Inp and information obtained ie most strongly expanding In some countries, which opean and US industry-- fa d Argentina--the range of ample sheet and pipe, and urce of supply. Nearly half making litharge which is on has varied from country 'ed by a shortage of foreign i; in some Latin American ars is attributed to sluggish East Asian countries conidustrial and economic exireas as a whole, qonsumptons, is now about 11% of eloping areas are important ' the world market, notably outh West Africa (adminis4 also been a large source mall producers. INEO LEAD Tons) 55 1966 32 40 18 19 8 10 17 20 16 16 38 36 34 24 56 60 30 30 39 255 1967 55 26 15 13 20 35 25 65 28 282 1968 60 29 22 e22 21 39 26 68 28 315 16 Miscellaneous The balance of this review consists of tabulations covering supplementary world data. World Lead Mine Production* (In thousands of short tons) 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968a America's 936 1,060 1,113 1,135 1.188 Europe 376 399 470 509 501 Africa 237 271 241 221 230 Asia j 107 ; n4 120 1 124 127 Australia i 412 397 399 ! 410 410 Total 2,068 2.241 2,343 2,399 2,456 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968a Source: International Lead Zinc Study Group. Lead content by analysis of lead ores and concentrates plus the lead content of other ores and concen trates known to be intended for treatment for lead recovery. ` Estimated World Refined Lead Production* (In thousands of short tons) America's 1,331 1,359 1,393 1,316 1,419 Europe 996 1,027 1,064 1,164 1,210 Africa 100 132 141 138 131 Asia 151 143 151 184 197 Australia 244 241 243 239 224 Total 2,822 2,902 2,992 3,<T41 3,181 Source: International Lead Zinc Study Group. Total production by smelters or refineries of refined pig lead, plus the lead content of antimonial lead-- including production on toll in the reporting country--regardless of the type of source material, i.e. whether ores, concentrates, bullion, alloys, mattes residues, slags or scraps. Remelted pig lead and antimonial lead are excluded. a Estimated Sleek, fast, seaworthy . . . and quiet too. Soundproofed with 1 lb. sheet lead, conversation is com fortable on the La Maria III. 17 > h i.w ih 'mu b.u * '''h..y.y. ... *~T~ - rf- ^ 1-^'a^t-gak^-- United States O.E.C.D. Countries All Other Total World Refinery Stock Figures* (In short tons) Dec. 31, 1968 33,606 56,220 73,301 163,127a Dec. 31. 1967 29.664 58.398 93.169 181,231* Based on American Bureau of Metal Statistics -- "Summary of Lead Re finery Statistics in U.S.A. and Outside USA." 'Represents approximately 85 percent of the Western World or 75 percent of the World Total. 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968' America's 1,274 1,309 1,412 1,367 1,444 World Refined Lead Consumption* (In thousands of short tons) Europe 1,308 1,315 1,307 1,293 1,343 Africa 39 36 40 36 47 Asia 264 217 228 282 315 Australia & New Zealand 70 70 76 79 77 'Source: International Lead Zinc Study Group. Includes consumption of the types of lead reported under "World Refined Lead Production" (above). * Estimated Total 2,955 2.947 3.663 3,057 3,226 I ..." .'-V . i--'.-'A/-'. 'L vV '; .?<Y .- >; ^ Dec. 31, 1967 29,664 58.398 93,169 181,231a ummary of Lead Re- World or 75 percent Australia & ia New Zealand 4 70 7 70 '8 76 12 79 5 77 s consumption of the xluction" (above). Total 2,955 2,947 3,063 3,057 3,226 The Lead Industries Association, Inc. was organized in 1928 and now includes fifty-nine corporate members representing all segments of the lead industry. LIA is a non-profit trade association for the lead industry of the United States with sister associations in major countries throughout the world. The association neither produces nor sells lead, but collects and distributes information relative to the uses of this metal. A booklet entitled "Publications and Films" is available upon request. An extensive library of lead information is housed at the Association's New York headquarters and data pertaining to lead^ and lead products may be obtained by letter or telephone inquiry to the technical service department. The staff of the Lead Indus tries Association will cooperate without obligation in the solution of your lead problems. I Li ACie^8 r- 'x ' ; ' : ;5rv . \i " ;3rv-- .*7 /--u- , 7^ * ; ' ' . ' - .'s'.. V . ~ - " ""' - --'' ' ''~V ' ":r'l'Cy-r .