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AWWA C400-65 American Water Works Association AWWA STANDARD for ASBESTOS-CEMENT WATER PIPE This "Standard for Asbestos-Cement Water Pipe" is based on a consensus of AWWA Committee 8340 D on the minimum practice consistent with good, economical service under normal conditions. It is not designed for unqualified use under all conditions, and its applicability under any circum stances must be reviewed by the responsible engi neer. The standard is not intended to preclude the manufacture, marketing, purchase, or use of any product, process, or procedure. First Edition approved as "Tentative" May IS, 1953; Second Edition approved as "Tentative" Jan. 27, 1964; advanced to "Standard" without revision Jul. 2, 1965. AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION Incorporated 2 Park Avenue. New York. N.Y. 10016 Prepared by AWWA Committee 8340 D--Asbestos-Cement Water Pipe R. H. Ritter, Chairman E. H. Aldrich K. A. McCord F. G. Denson C. R. Erickson J. E. Farrell W. R. Gelston R. H. Jensen X. D. Murden Producers J. R. Cran C. R. Meek Table oi Contents Section Scope .................................................... 1 Information ..................................... 2 Definitions ............................................... 3 Inspection ................................................. 4 Affidavit of Compliance .......................... 5 General Requirements............................. 6 Appendix Section Detail Requirements ............................. 7 Strength Requirements ....................... 8 Physical Testing Methods .................... 9 Test Records .......................................... 10 Marking .................................................. 11 Preparation for Shipment ................... 12 .............folloiving 12 Change in Designation of C400 With this fourth printing of the Second Edition of AWWA C400, the former designation, "C400-64T," has been changed to "C400-65." The docu ment has been advanced to "Standard" without revision. <g) Copyright 1964 by the American Water Works Association, Inc. Made in USA / 11 AM V y AWWA C400-65 AWWA Standard tor Asbestos-Cement Water Pipe Foreword The designated pressure classes, 100, 150, and 200 psi, as used in this stand ard, are intended to apply only to asbestos-cement pipe. Sec. 1--Scope This standard covers three pressure classes of asbestos-cement pipe, 4 in.-36 in. in diameter, intended to be used for the transmission of water under pressure and to be laid underground in public highways or private rightsof-way. The pressure class designations of Class 100, Class 150, and Class 200 shall mean that the pipe is intended for water service at operating pres sures of 100, 150, and 200 psi, re spectively, under the conditions of in stallation and operation encountered in many water distribution systems.* * The purchaser should determine for him self, from AWWA H2, Standard Practice for the Selection of Asbestos-Cement Water Pipe, the proper class of pipe to be used under the installation and operating condi tions that will exist on the project on which the pipe is to be used. He should then refer to AWWA C603 (Installation of AsbestosCement Water Pipe) for instruction in lay'ng pipe. Sec. 2--Information to Be Provided by Purchaser When purchasing pipe to comply with the requirements of this standard, the purchaser shall provide specific in formation in his supplementary speci fications regarding the following: 2.1. Standard used--that is, AWWA C400-65. 2.2. Affidavit of compliance (Sec. 5), if required. 2.3. Specific requirements for each size and class of pipe to be furnished regarding: a. Nominal inside diameter (Sec. 6.3) . b. Class of pipe (Sec. 6.2). c. Lineal feet to be furnished in standard and random lengths (Sec. 6.4) . 2.3.1. Number, size, class, lengths, and extent of machining of special short lengths (Sec. 6.4.3). 2.4. Whether inspection by the pur chaser (Sec. 4) and application of spe cial marking (Sec. 10.4) are required. 1 2 AWWA STANDARD 2.5. Limit for uncombined calcium hydroxide content, if any, and method of test (Appendix). Sec. 3--Definitions Under this standard, the following definitions shall apply: 3.1. Purchaser: The person, firm, corporation, or government agency entering into a contract or agreement to purchase pipe according to this standard. 3.2. Manufacturer: The person, firm, or corporation that manufactures the pipe. 3.3. Supplier: The person, firm, or corporation that enters into a contract or agreement to furnish pipe to the purchaser. 3.4. Inspector: The authorized representative of the purchaser, en trusted with the duty of inspecting pipe produced and tests performed under this standard. 3.5. Inspection: Inspection of the pipe and the tests by the inspector. 3.6. Operating pressure: The maxi mum hydrostatic pressure to which the pipe will be subjected in normal operation after installation, exclusive of allowance for water hammer. Sec. 4--Inspection 4.1. General. Inspection shall not relieve the manufacturer or supplier of the responsibility to furnish and deliver material conforming in all re spects to the requirements of this standard. 4.2. Notification. If factory inspec tion is required by the purchaser, the manufacturer shall notify the pur chaser, in advance, of the date, time, and place of inspection and testing of the pipe, in order that the purchaser may be represented at the test. 4.3. Access. The inspector shall have free access to those parts of thi manufacturer's plant that are involved in work performed under this stand ard. The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, without charge, all rea sonable facilities for determining whether the pipe meets the require ments of this standard. Sec. 5--Affidavit of Compliance The purchaser's supplemental speci fications may require an affidavit from the manufacturer or supplier, whether factory inspection has been required or not, to the effect that the materials furnished under the purchaser's order comply with all applicable require ments of this standard. Sec. 6--General Requirements 6.1. Materials. Asbestos-cement pipe shall be composed of an intimate mix ture of portland cement or portland blast furnace slag cement, and asbestos fiber with or without silica; or port land pozzolana cement and asbestos fiber, with or without the addition of curing agents. It shall be free from organic substances and it shall be formed under pressure and cured. 6.2. Classes of pipe. Pipe supplied under this standard shall be made in one or more of the following three classes: Class 100, Class 150, and Class 200, as defined in Sec. 1, above. 6.3. Pipe diameters. Pipe shall be made with nominal inside diameters of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 30, and 36 in., as specified by the pur chaser. The average inside diameter of a standard or random pipe length shall not be less than the nominal di ameter by more than 5 per cent for sizes through 16 in. and 1.5 per cent for sizes 18 in. and larger. ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPE 3 6.4. Pipe lengths. Pipe shall be sup plied in standard, random, and short lengths, as specified below: 6.4.1. The standard length of all pipe 8 in. in diameter and larger shall be 13 ft. Pipe 4 in. and 6 in. in di ameter may be supplied in standard lengths of 10 ft or 13 ft. At least 90 per cent of the total footage of pipe of any class and size, excluding spe cial short lengths, shall be furnished in standard lengths with a tolerance of 1 in. The remaining 10 per cent may be in random lengths of not less than 7 ft. Coupling areas of all stand ard lengths shall be machined or other wise rendered suitable for making a tight joint with the coupling. 6.4.2. All random lengths shall be cut from standard lengths and, if greater than 9.5 ft, shall meet the requirements of Sec. 9.3. Random lengths shorter than 9.5 ft shall not require flexural testing. The coupling area of all random lengths shall be machined or otherwise rendered suit able for making a tight joint with the coupling. 6.4.3. Special short lengths for making connections to valves, fittings, or structures, and for making closures shall be furnished as specified by the purchaser. They shall be properly machined to serve their intended pur pose, whether at ends only or over their entire length, as specified by the purchaser. 6.5. Couplings. The number, type, and composition of couplings and rub ber rings supplied under this standard shall be as specified below: 6.5.1. One coupling of the size and class specified shall be furnished with each length of pipe. Every coupling shall include an asbestos-cement sleeve, of the same composition as the pipe, ind two rubber rings. The couplings shall be machined so as to insure a tight joint with the pipe. 6.5.2. The rubber rings used to seal the joints of the asbestos-cement pipe shall conform to the requirements of the latest revision of ASTM D 1869 (Rubber Rings for Asbestos-Cement Pipe). Sec. 7--Detail Requirements 7.1. Wall thickness. The wall thickness of the machined portion of any length of pipe shall not be less than the manufacturer's standard by an amount exceeding 0.08 in. for pipe having a design thickness of 1 in. or less, or by an amount exceeding 0.10 in. for pipe having a design thickness greater than 1 in. 7.2. Imperfections. The inside sur face of each length of pipe shall be free from bulges, dents, and tears that result in a variation in diameter of more than 0.20 in. from the diameter of adjacent unaffected portions of the surface. The coupling areas of the barrel of each length of pipe shall be free from dents and gouges that can cause leak age from the joint. Flaking on the exterior surface and edge of machined ends shall not extend back more than 0.500 in. from the end, have a depth of more than 0.125 in., nor extend around the perimeter more than 0.500 in. at any one location. Sec. 8--Strength Requirements 8.1. Minimum bursting strength. Each length of pipe and each coupling shall have sufficient strength to with stand an internal hydrostatic pressure of four times the rated operating pres sure for its class. 8.2. Flexural strength. Each length of pipe tested in flexure, as specified in Sec. 9.3., shall, except as otherwise pro- 4 AWWA STANDARD TABLE 1 Flexural Test Loads Nominal Diameter in. Class 100 Class 150 Class 200 Total Applied Load--lb 4 1,200 1,460 1,860 6 2,800 3,700 4,900 8 5,330 7,600 10,130 vided in that section, support the load indicated in Table 1. 8.3. Crushing strength. Each length of pipe shall have sufficient strength, when subjected to the crushing test as specified in Sec. 9.4., to support at least the load indicated for its class in Table 2. Sec. 9--Physical Testing Methods 9.1. Test specimens. All pipe and couplings tested under this standard shall be in a normal, air-dried condition when tested. 9.2. Hydrostatic tests. Hydrostatic tests shall be performed as specified below: 9.2.1. Each standard, random, or short length of pipe, and each coupling sleeve shall be tested under an internal hydrostatic pressure as follows: Class 100, 350 psi; Class 150, 525 psi; Class 200, 700 psi. All air shall be expelled and the water pressure shall be in creased to the test pressure at a uni form rate of not less than 100 psi per second. The specified test pressure shall be maintained for at least 5 sec. Any pipe length or sleeve showing leakage* sweating, or other defect shall be rejected. 9.2.2. From each 300 standard lengths of pipe or fraction thereof, of each size and class, one length shall be hydrostatically tested to a pressure four times the rated operating pressure for that class in the manner specifiet in Sec. 9.2.1. If inspection by the purchaser has been specified, the in spector shall be permitted to select the length of pipe to be tested. Each length of pipe so tested shall be re tested in the manner and at the pres sure specified in Sec. 9.2.1. 9.3. Flexure tests. Each standard length of pipe having a nominal diame ter of 4, 6, or 8 in. shall be tested in flexure for at least 5 sec. The supports shall be 9 ft apart, except that, at the manufacturer's option, lengths greater than 12.5 ft may be tested on supports 12 ft apart at 75 per cent of the load specified in Table 1. The total load shall be divided equally and applied at the third points of the clear span as shown in Fig. 1. Each pipe so tested shall support, without evidence of cracks or other defects, the appli cable total load shown in Table 1. The load shall be applied at a minimum rate of 500 lb per second, and the total load shall be maintained for at least 5 sec. TABLE 2 Crushing Test Loads Nominal Diameter m. Class 100 Class 150 Class 200 Applied Load per Foot of Length--lb 4 4,100 5,400 8,700 6 4,000 5,400 9,000 8 4,000 5,500 9,300 10 4,400 7,000 11,000 12 5,200 7,600 11,800 14 5,200 8,600 13,500 16 5,800 9,200 15,400 18 6,500 io,ioo 17,400 20 7,100 10,900 19,400 24 8,100 12,700 22,600 30 9,700 15,900 28,400 36 11,200 19,600 33,800 ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPE 5 9 ft (12 ft) ' 'S * S' < Pipe - =1 ; , <P t \P ! L____ 3 ft ___ <____ 3 ft _____ ____ 3ft_____ J r (4 ft; ~ r (4 ft) ' (4 ft) Fig. 1. Flexure Test Assembly end. The upper and lower bearings shall extend the full length of the test section. 9.5. Machines for testing. The ma chine used for the hydrostatic test shall have gaskets that seal the ends of the pipe without materially counteracting the hydrostatic test pressure. The ma The numbers not in parentheses repre chines used for the flexure and crush sent the distances between bearings, S, and pressure points, P, for lengths of pipe shorter than 12.5 ft. The numbers in parentheses indicate the spacing that may be used on lengths of pipe longer than 12.5 ft. One-half the total pressure is applied at each point, P. ing tests shall be substantial and rigid throughout, so that the distribution of the load will not be appreciably affected by the deformation or yielding of any part of the machine. 9.6. Retests and rejection. The fail ure of any specimen tested for crushing 9.4. Crushing tests. On lots con taining more than 100 lengths of each size and class, one length from each 300 lengths, or fraction thereof, shall be tested for crushing strength. If in spection by the purchaser has been specified, the length of pipe to be tested shall be selected by the inspector. From each selected length, one un strength to support 75 per cent of the crushing load listed as required in Table 2, Sec. 8.3. shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot of that size and class manufactured during the same shift as the test specimen. If any specimen tested for crushing strength supports more than 75 per cent but less than 100 per cent of the machined section of pipe 1 ft long shall be cut. This section shall be tested p p by the crushing test method shown in Fig. 2. After 75 per cent of the speci fied load has been reached, the load ing shall be applied at a uniform rate of approximately 2,000 lb per minute. The test section shall not fail until the total load applied exceeds the appli cable value shown in Table 2. For this test, the two lower bearings shall consist of two straight wooden strips with vertical sides, each strip Fig. 2. Crushing Test Assembly having its interior top edge rounded to a radius of approximately 0.5 in. The strips shall be securely fastened to a rigid block, with the interior vertical faces parallel and a distance apart of not less than 0.5 in. nor more than 1 in. per foot of diameter of the pipe. The upper bearing shall be a rigid wooden The diagram at the left shows a side view of the test assembly; that at the right, an end view. P represents load; R, approximately 0.5 in.--the radius of the bearings; D, the nominal diameter of the pipe; and C, the clear space between wooden supports. C should be 0.5 in. for diameters of 12 in. and under, 1 in. for 14-24 in. inclusive, and 2 in. for block, straight and true from end to 30 in. and over. 6 AWWA STANDARD crushing load, two additional pipe sec tions of the same size and class, manu factured during the same shift, shall be subjected to the crushing test. The additional lengths shall be selected by the inspector, if inspection has been specified. The failure of one of these additional specimens to meet the crush ing strength requirements specified in Sec. 8.3 shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot of that size and class manufactured during the same shift as the test specimen. If any pipe subjected to the hydro static tests specified in Sec. 9.2.2 fails to withstand the specified pressure, two additional lengths of the same size and class, manufactured during the same shift, shall be subjected to the same hydrostatic test. The additional lengths shall be selected by the inspector, if inspection has been specified. The fail ure of one of these additional lengths to withstand the specified pressure shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot of that size and class manufactured during the same shift as the test lengths. Sec. 10--Test Records The results of all crushing tests shall be recorded and retained for one year and shall be available to the purchaser at the place of manufacture. Sec. 11--Marking 11.1. Standard and random lengths. Each standard or random length of pipe shall be clearly marked on the outside surface with the trade name, nominal inside diameter, class, hydro static test pressure, and date and shift of manufacture. 11.2. Special short lengths. Each short length of pipe shall be clearly marked on the outside surface with the nominal inside diameter, the class, and the letter "T" to indicate that it has been hydrostatically tested. 11.3. Couplings. All component parts of each coupling shall be clearly marked for use with the pipe for which they are intended. Each coupling sleeve shall also be marked with the letter "T" to indicate that it has been hydrostatically tested. 11.4. Special markings. If factory inspection is made by the purchaser or his authorized inspector, each pipe and each coupling sleeve shall receive an additional special marking of no more than three letters, as required by the purchaser. Sec. 12--Preparation lor Shipment All pipe and couplings shall, un less otherwise specified, be prepared for standard commercial shipment. ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPE 7 APPENDIX Test for Uncombined Calcium Hydroxide This test procedure is provided for use in those instances in which pur chasers specify a limit for uncombined calcium hydroxide in asbestos-cement water pipe manufactured in accordance with AWWA C400. The frequency of such tests by the manufacturer or supplier should be determined by mutual agreement be tween the manufacturer or supplier and the purchaser and specified in the con tract agreement. The date and results of the tests shall be available to the purchaser on request. Reagents Phenolphthalein indicator. Dissolve 1.0 g of phenolphthalein in 100.0 ml of absolute ethanol.* Glycerol-ethanol solvent. Prepare a solution consisting of glycerol and an hydrous or absolute ethanol,* 1:2 by volume. To each liter of this solution add 2.0 ml phenolphthalein indicator. Adjust the solvent to slightly basic with either dilute NaOH in absolute ethanol * or standard ammonium ace tate, depending on the original pH. Standard ammonium acetate solu tion. Dissolve 16.0 g dry crystalline ammonium acetate in 1 liter absolute or anhydrous ethanol.* Standardize the solution by the analytical proce dure described in Step 3, below. * Specially denatured alcohol No. 30, 3a, or 2b, or alcohol consisting of 95 per cent specially denatured alcohol No. 3a plus 5 per cent isopranol, may be substituted. Procedure Step 1. Brush representative sam ples of the pipe free of dust and drill with a clean, sharp 0.2S in. carbide tipped drill inward from the outer sur face until the drill point emerges from the inside wall. Drill on a clean sheet of glazed paper at a rate of penetra tion of approximately 1 ipm. Use a soft brush to collect all drillings. Screen through a 20-mesh screen im mediately, and place in a weighing bottle. Step 2. Place the bottle with top removed, in a drying oven at 105 C for 2 hr, and then cool to room tem perature in a desiccator. Step 3. Weigh out 1 0.010 g of the dried sample to the nearest 0.001 g and place it in a dry 250-ml erlenmeyer flask, to which a teflon-encapsulated stirring bar, 60 ml of the glycerolethanol solvent and 2.0 g Sr(N03)2 have been added. Attach the flask to a water-cooled condenser (with a standard 24/40 glass joint) and place on a hot plate with a magnetic stirrer. Boil the solution gently for 30 min, stirring it slowly. Then remove the flask and filter the mixture, under vac uum, through a Buchner funnel. Bring the filtrate to a boil and titrate to a colorless endpoint with the standard ized ammonium acetate reagent. De termine the endpoint by comparison with a similar mixture containing no phenolphthalein indicator. Do not add 8 AWWA STANDARD excess ammonium acetate at any time, because an excess may react with cal cium silicates and aluminates. Standardize the ammonium acetate solution by titrating against pure CaO that has been freshly prepared by cal cining pure calcium carbonate or cal cium oxalate to constant weight in a platinum crucible at 900 to 1000C. When the calcined CaO has cooled in a desiccator, perform the following operations in rapid succession: Grind it in an agate mortar. Then weigh out 0.05 to 0.06 gram CaO into a dry 250 ml erlenmeyer flask and add 60 ml of the glycerol-ethanol solvent and 2.0 grams of anhydrous strontium nitrate to the flask. Place a Teflon encapsu lated magnetic stirring bar into the flask and attach a reflux condenser. Adjust the heating rate and stirring speed to obtain a vigorous boiling and complete agitation. Titrate the hot solution with ammonium acetate solu tion every 5 min. The endpoint is reached when no further color appears in the solution after 10 min of boiling. Titration is to be carried out only on a hot solution. Good titration proce dure is evidenced by a change to pink color on cooling. Calculations Standardisation of ammonium ace tate solution. Standardize the ammo nium acetate solution by the formula: ,, WC.O X 1.32 =------ v.------ in which E is the weight of Ca(OH)2 in grams per milliliter of ammonium acetate solution; WCaO is the weight of CaO in grams; and Va is the volume, in milliliters, of ammonium acetate used in titration. Percentage of uncombined calcium hydroxide. Determine uncombined calcium hydroxide from the formula: EV Percentage Ca(OH)2 = -7W7 X 100 in which V is the volume of ammonium acetate solution required by sample, in milliliters; and W is the weight of the sample in grams. 6P_3M-- 7/68