Document r59NLrdw9q8z65qLEMj4zO2q

FILE NAME Packings and Gaskets PAG DATE 1978 DOC PAG005 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Book Excerpt - Asbestos and Disease ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES An Interdisciplinary Monograph Series Editors DOUGLAS H. K. Lee E. WendelWenldel Hewson and Daniel OKUN \ complete list of titles in this series appears at the end of this volume Asbestos and Disease By Irving J. Selikoff Director Environmental Sciences Laboratory Mount Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of New York New York New York Douglas H. K. Lee Consultant Mount Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of New York New York New York formerly Associate Director National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Research Triangle Park North Carolina with the active collaboration of Henry A. Anderson Philip Chahinian Jacob Churg Susan Daum Theodore Ehrenreich Alf Fischbein E. Cuyler Hammond Coleman B. Rabin Duncan A. Holaday = Arthur N. Rohl Milton Kannerstein Robert J. Schnitzer Arthur M. Langer Ruth Lilis Herbert Seidman Yasunosuke Suzuki William J. Nicholson Alvin S. Teirstein Mount Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of New York New York New York Academic Press New York San Francisco London 1978 A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers 464 20. Procedures for Prevention and Control Because of the manifold ways in which asbestos is processed or used the specific methods appropriate to control will vary with the situation Here we will simply point out the basic principles illustrate them with some particular applications and describe various procedures ranging from substitute materials to education Several methods will need to be applied in combination to meet a specific situation Industrial hygiene handbooks describe the various techniques in detail The United States publications most frequently consulted in the compilation of this chapter are Control Techniques for Asbestos Air Pollution Environmental Protection Agency 1973 231 Industrial Ventilation Manual of Recommended -American Conference of Gov- ernmental Industrial Hygienists 11 The Industrial Environment Evaluation and -National Institute for Occupational Safety : and Health 1973 540 Similar texts are published in other countries SUBSTITUTION OF LESS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS What might be regarded as the first principle of prevention the substitution of less hazardous for hazardous materials is apt to encounter two major limitations in practice The user on the one hand will want assurance that the substitute is going to do its job the health specialists on the other will want to be certain that the substitute really 4 is free from significant hazard More than once it has transpired that the frying pan had been abandoned for the fire to the chagrin of all concerned Then of course there is always the question of costs the relative cost of the two materials and the cost of making changes in manufacture and use There are some aspects of asbestos fibers such as fire resistance and mechanical stability that are not so far as well exhibited by proposed substitutes and a decision is often necessary as to whether these properties are really needed in a particular use A good illustration of what can and cannot be done by way of substitution is given in Table 20-1 taken from a British naval publication 522 A similar situation is reported for United States naval shipyards 67 The trade journal Asbestos indicated in 1972 that glass fiber is used as a substitute in heat insulation where light weight and high strength are needed but that it is not a satisfactory replacement in friction materials in asbestos products or in some highly specialized electrical insulation materials 36 Silicone products organic compounds and plastics are used as alternate materials in certain applications calcium silicate diatomite and magnesia can reduce requirements for asbestos in some products New types of resistant plastics are being substi- of are All ships Calcium implentaocolr existng pinkNote of ful or practicable the materils practible number yelow invole its is will subtie52 large by as A will white of far Departmn so ship colred silcate operations specifd introduc reacsogbneiztaoble asbetocontaig Navy the in off is asbetosand cut be cbaliyum delagin now is by Proges should14 replacedamosite subtie Specifd to silcate up used with 510/69 Materils supliedcalium longerinsulatedD.CI. Now No An health suply a not handle in but handle and to irtan aproved an is now objectinalcloth are les this calium specifdfromcloth glas emited this by now make is with Replaced Dust to Glas coverd specifatons specifatons specifatons specifdcontiug fiber is now rocksil from cilosth Work from of from Deltd Glas hazrd Deltd Matres Deltd contaig Calcium Amosite temphitemprauseting Substie matres milboard finshg materil plastic plastic high BceDmn2t atwninde used and and cloth rope for litle for Asbeto sections sections cemnt inslato Asbeto Asbeto Asbetos Asbetovery in aginst Introducig insulato spaces 20-1 in protecin TABLE Proges Aplicaton Thermalmachiery Local fire 466 TABLE 20-1 Continued Application Asbestos material Progress in introduction of substitute materials Asbestos cloth more frequently used Dust suppressed cloth is now specified No prospect seen of finding a substitute fire resistant material Main applications are hangar fire curtains curtains in magazines and protection in way of welding and burning operations Magazines will be separately compartmented in new construction and at long refits of existing ships Glass is not acceptable for these usages Fire protection in magazines where jet efflux presents a potential hazard Durestos bonded asbestos fiber No substitute material suitable for this purpose Material is supplied by manufacturer to exact sizes required There is therefore no health hazard in shipyard application Thermal insulation of hull structure ( Sprayed limpet asbestos block asbestos or Amosite board q Asbestos fiber and cloth for pipe covering Acoustic insulation of hull structure ( Paxtiles Paxfelt Paxmarine 4 Amosite asbestos Limpet asbestos board Deleted from specifications Mineral fiber marine board which is asbestos is now specified Any ships still insulated with sprayed limpet asbestos will require full implementation of D.C.I. 510/69 for delagging operations Deleted from specifications Replaced by polyurethane or mineral fiber preformed sections with canvas covering which are all asbestos Deleted from specifications Existing stocks are being kept for small repairs only Replaced by mineral fiber resin bonded slab which is asbestos Deleted from specifications Replaced by mineral fiber marine board High temperature jointing and packing materials Bearing materials brake linings Bathroom and galley deck coverings Partition bulkheads Covers to bunk settee and seat locker cushions and mattresses in submarines Asbestos fiber Compressed asbestos fiber Asbestos reinforced plastics Neoprene terrazzo No substitute heat resistant material No health hazard in forms used in shipyard applications No substitute resistant material No health hazard except if these materials are ground or worked no known requirement for this Asbestos neoprene terrazzo now available Dockyards and overseers have been informed that this is the only acceptable material Compressed asbestos sandwiched between metal plywood plastic sheets etc. e.g. Marinite Solastos Asbestos cloth untreated i.e. not suppressed Deleted from specifications which now state that materials containing asbestos are not to be used Steel aluminum or plywood will generally be used pending investigations into alternative asbestos materials Deleted from specification Fire retardant foam mattresses now approved 467 508 Bibliography 493. 493. McClure H. M. and Graham C. E. Malignant uterine mesotheliomas in squirrel monkeys following diethylstilbesterol administration Lab Anim Sci 23 493 1973 494. McCrone Associates Dispersion Staining Offset Chicago Illinois undated 495. McCullagh S. F. The biological effects of asbestos Med J. Aust II 45 1974 496. McDonald A. D. and McDonald J. C. Epidemiological surveillance of meso- thelioma in Canada Can Med Assoc J. 109 359 1973 497. McDonald A. D. and McDonald J. C. Epidemiology of mesothelioma from esti- mates of incidence Prev Med in press 498. McDonald J. C. Cancer in chrysotile mines and mills In Biological Effects of Asbestos P. Bogovski et al eds IARC Sci Publ No. 8 p 189. IARC Lyon 1973 499. McDonald J. C. et al Mortality in the chrysotile asbestos mines and mills of Quebec Arch Environ Health 22 677 1971 500. McDonald J. C. et al The health of chrysotile asbestos mine and mill workers of Quebec Arch Environ Health 28 61 1974 501. McEwen J. et al Mesothelioma in Scotland Br Med J. IV 575 1970 502. McGowan L. Bunnag B. and Arias L. F. Mesothelioma of the abdomen in women Monitoring of therapy by peritoneal fluid study Gynecol Oncol 3 10 1975 503. McPheeters S. B. A survey of a group of employees exposed to asbestos dust J. Ind Hyg Toxicol 18 229 1936 504. Meikeljohn A. The origin of the term pneumonokoniosis Br J. Ind Med 17 155 1960 transl of Zenker 808a 505. Merchant J. A. et al The HL system in asbestos workers Br Med J. I 189 1975 506. Merewether E. R. A. Annual Report Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for England and Wales HM Stationery Office p 63. London 1933 1934 507. Merewether E. R. A. A memorandum on asbestos Tubercle 15 69 1933 1934 508. Merewether E. R. A. A memorandum on asbestos 3rd install Tubercle 15 152 1933-1934 509. Merewether E. R. A. Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories HM Stationery Office London 1947 510. Merewether E. R. A. and Price C. V. Report on Effects of Asbestos Dust on the Lungs and Dust Suppression in the Asbestos Industry HM Stationery Office London 1930 511. Merliss R. R. treated rice and Japanese stomach cancer Science 173 1141 1971 512. Meurman L. O. Asbestos bodies and pleural plaques in a Finnish series of autopsy cases Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Suppl 181 1966 513. Meurman L. O. Pleural fibrocalcific plaques and asbestos exposure Environ Res 2 30 1968 514. Meurman L. O. Kiviluoto R. and Hakama M. Mortality and morbidity among the working population of anthophyllite asbestos miners in Finland Br J. Ind Med 31 105 1974 515. Miller A. et al Nonspecific interstitial pulmonary association with asbestos fibers detected by electron microscopy N. Engl J. Med 292 91 1975 516. Miller J. and Wynn W. H. A malignant tumour arising from the endothelium of the peritoneum and producing a mucoid ascitic fluid J. Pathol 12 267 1908 517. Miller K. Harington J. S. and Macnab G. Effects of asbestos on macrophages in culture S. Afr Med J. 46 819 1972 518. Miller L. Smith W. E. and Berliner S. W. Tests for the effect of asbestos on benzo a pyrene carcinogenesis in the respiratory tract Ann N. Y. Acad Sci 132 489 1965 Bibliography 509 519. Mills R. G. Pulmonary asbestosis Report of a case Minn Med 13 495 1930 520. Milne J. Fifteen cases of pleural mesothelioma associated with occupational expo- sure to asbestos in Victoria Med J. Aust II 301 1969 521. Milne J. H. Thirty cases of mesothelioma in Victoria Australia A retrospective survey related to occupational asbestos exposure Br J. Ind Med 33 115 1976 522. Ministry of Defense Navy Working with Asbestos N 90/66 Min Defence Labour Div Naval London 1970 523. Moolten S. E. Industrial pneumoconiosis in New Jersey J. Med Soc N. J. 66 557 1969 524. Morgan A. and Cralley L. J. Chemical characteristics of asbestos and associated trace elements In Biological Effects of Asbestos P. Bogovski et al eds IARC Sci Publ No. 8 p 113. IARC Lyon 1973 525. Morgan A. Holmes A. and Gold C. Studies of the solubility of constituents of chrysotile asbestos in vivo using radioactive tracer techniques Environ Res 4 558 1971 526. Morgan C. Trouble in the auto repair shop Job Safety Health Dec. 21 1976 527. Morgan W. K. C. and Seaton A. Occupational Lung Diseases Saunders Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1974 528. Mortimer R. H. and Campbell C. B. Asbestos exposure and pleural mesotheliomas Med J. Aust II 720 1968 529. Moskowitz R. L. Talc pneumoconiosis A treated case Chest 58 37 1970 530. Mossman B. T. and Craighead J. E. Interaction of crocidolite asbestos with the mucociliary epithelium of the respiratory tract Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 17 88 1976 531. M^...llerH. Pleural calcification in pulmonary asbestosis Radiol Diagn 3 33 1962 532. Murphy R. L. H. and Ferris B. G. Manifestations of asbestosis v duration of exposure and age Personal communication 1967 533. Murphy R. L. H. et al Floor installation as a source of asbestos exposure Am Rev. Respir Dis 104 576 1971 534. Murphy R. L. H. et al Effects of low concentrations of asbestos Clinical environ- mental radiologic and epidemiological observations in shipyard pipe coverers and controls N. Engl J. Med 285 1271 1971 535. Murphy R. L. H. et al Low exposure to asbestos Gas exchange in ship pipe coverers and controls Arch Environ Health 25 253 1972 536. Nakamura I. Clinical and pathological studies of pulmonary asbestosis J. Nara Med Assoc 18 455 1967 537. National Board of Occupational Safety and Health Sweden Asbest Arbetarskyddsstryelsens Anvisningar No. 52. Stokholm 1975 538. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Determination of Magnitude of Exposure to Asbestos Fibers Associated with a Woman's Coat Containing % Asbestos NIOSH Rep 223. NIOSH Washington D.C. 1971 539. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Criteria for a Recommended Occupational Exposure to Asbestos HSM72-10267 Dept. of Health Education and Welfare Washington D.C. 1972 540. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Sampling air for particulates In The Industrial Environment Evaluation and Control NIOSH p 139 US Govt Printing Office Washington D.C. 1973 541. Navr^til M. and Tripp^' F. Epidemiological study of pleural calcifications in persons living in the area close to an asbestos factory Pneumoconiosis Proc Int Conf 4th 1971 p 277 Apimondia Pub House Bucharest 1971