Document r4N60Q15nXG0y2nJYD0a6rq

Agency Criteria and Standards Division Washington, DC 20460 Water A PB85-227437 Criteria for Lead-1984 N 27649 NOTICE THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED FROM THE BEST COPY FURNISHED US BY THE SPONSORING AGENCY, ALTHOUGH IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT CERTAIN PORTIONS ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RELEASED ' IN THE INT EREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE. IL DUP040009S75 TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing! 1. REPORT .n o . EPA 440/5-84-027 4. TITLE AN,0,SU3TITLS 2. 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIQNAIO. PB85 2 2 5. REPORT DATE "'" Jail. 985-t3a,ta of approval Ambient Water Quality Criteria for 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE lead-1984 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS OS EPA Office of Research & Development Washington, D.C. 20460 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NA.ME.AND ADDR. . US EPA Office of Water Regulations & Standards Criteria & Standards Division 401 M. St-, S.W.; Washington, D.C. 20460 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO. 11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO. 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE 16. ABSTRACT Document provides a summary of important aquatic toxicological ..data pertaining to lead. Criterion Maximum and Criterion Continuous Concentrations (CMC and CCC) are calculated. Any necessary adjustments are discussed. An extensive bibliography is provided. * 17. a. DESCRIPTORS KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS b. 1DENTI FIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS c. COSATi I'icld/Group Aquatic Toxicology Lead Criterion Water Quality 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Unrestricted 19. SECURITY CLASS {This Report} N/A 20. SECURI rv CLASS iritis page) N/A EPA Form 2220-1 (Roy. 4-77' PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE i 21. NO. OF PAGES fcJ 22. PRICE DUP040009976 DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use, / AVAILABILITY NOTICE This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161, 11 DUP040009977 AMBIENT AQUATIC LIFE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR LEAD U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ' OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES DULUTH;, MINNESOTA NARRAGANSETT, RHODE ISLAND i-J' DUP040009978 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Duane A, Benoit Cfreshwater author) Environmental Research Laboratory Duluth, Minnesota Charles E. Stephan (document coordinator) Environmental Research Laboratory Duluth, Minnesota Statist ica'l Supoort: John W. Rogers Clerical Support.: Terry L. Highland John H. Gentile (saltwater author) Environmental Research Laboratory Narragansect, Rhode Island David J. Hansen (saltwacer coordinator) Environmental Research Laboratory Narragansett, Rhode .Island IV DUP040009979 FOREWORD Section 304(a)(1) of che CLean Water Act of 1977 (P.1, 95-217) requires the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to publish criceria for water quality accurately reflecting the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on hea.lch and welfare which may be expected from the presence of pollutancs in any body of water, including ground water, this document is a revision of proposed criceria based upon a consideration of conttaencs received from ocher Federal agencies^ State agencies, special interest groups, and individual scientists. The criceria contained in this document replace any previously published SPA aquatic life criceria. The term "water quality criceria" is used in two sections of the Clean Water Act, section 304(a)(1) and section 303(c)(2). The term has a different program impact in each section. In section 304, the terra represents a eon-regulatory, scientific assessment of ecological effects, the criceria presented in this publication are Such scientific assessments. Such water quality criceria associated with specific stream uses when adopted as State water quality standards under section 303 become enforceable maximum acceptable levels of a pollutant in ambient waters. The wacer quality criceria adopced in che State wacer quality standards could have the same numerical limits as the criteria developed under section 304, However, in many situations States may want to adjust wacer quality criceria developed under section 304 to reflect local environmental conditions and human exposure Dacterns before incorporation into water quality standards. Ic is noc until their adoption as part of che State wacer quality standards chat the criceria become regulatory. Guidelines to assist the Scares in Che modification of criceria presented in chis document, in the development of wacer quality standards, and in other water-related programs of this Agency, have been developed by EPA, Edwin L. Johnson Director Office of Water Regulations and Standards in DUP040009980 Ta b l e s Page 1. Acute Toxicity of Lead to Aquatic Animals.................................................... 19 .2. Chronic Toxicicy of Lead to Aquacic Animals ........... 23 3. Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios' ........................ ....................................................................... ....................... .... 4. Toxicicy of Lead to Aquatic Plants ................ 25 28 5. Bipaceumuiacion of Lead by Aquatic Organisms ........... 30 6. Ocher Daca on Effects of Lead on Aquatic Organisms . . .................... 32 vi DUP040009981 CONTENTS Foreword ........................................................................... .... ............................................................ Page i Li Acknowledgments ................ iv Tables ........................ ............................................................. ............................ ..... vi Introduce: ion................................................................................................................................... Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals .......... ................................. Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals Toxicity to Aquatic Planes .......... ................... Bioaccumul at ion ....................................................... Other Data Unused Data ... ................................................... ............. Summary ......... ................... National Criteria.......................................... .... . . . .................................................... 1 4 7 9 10 10 11 15 16 References............................ .... . . . .......................................... ...................................... 41 v DUP040009982 particulate matter, chac are noc coxic and are noc Likely co become coxic under natural conditions. Although this measurement (and many others) will measure soluble, complexed forms of lead, such as the EDTA complex of lead, chat probably haye Low coxicicies to aquaeic life, concentrations of these forms probably are negligible in most ambient wacer. /' 3. Although water quality criteria apply to ambient water, the measurement used to express criceria is likely to be used co measure lead in aqueous effluents. Measurement of acid-soluble lead shouLd be applicable to effluents because ic will measure precipitates, such as carbonate and hydroxide precipicaces of lead, chac might exist in an effluent and dissolve when the effluent is diluted wich receiving wacer. It desired, dilution of effluent with receiving water before measurement of acid-soluble Lead might be used to determine whether the receiving water can decrease the concentration of acid-so.lu.ble lead because of sorption. 4. The acid-soluble measurement should be useful for most metals, thus minimizing the number of samples and procedures that are necessary, 5. The acid-soluble measurement does not require filtration at the cime of collection, as does the dissolved measurement. 6. The only treatment required at ,che cime of collection is presarvac i'-n by acidification co pH = 1.5 to 2.0, similar to chat required for the Cocal recoverable measurement. 7. Durations of 10 minutes co 24 hours between acidification and filtration probably will noc affect the result substantially. 8. 'The carbonate system has a much higher buffer capacity from pH = 1.5 to 2.0 chan ic does from pH = 4 to 9 (Weber and Scumm, 1963). 9. Differences in pH within the range of 1,5 to 2.0 probably will noc affect the result substantially. 2 DUP040009983 10, The acid-soluble measuremenc does not require a digestion seep, as does che total recoverable measuremenc. 11. After acidification and filcracion of the sample to isolace che acid- soluble lead, che analysis can be performed using either acomic absorption spectroscopy or ICP-atomic emission spectroscopy (U.S. EPA, 1983a)as wich che total recoverable measuremenc. Thus, expressing aquacic life criteria for lead in terms of che acid-soluble measuremenc has boch coxicological and practical advantages. On the ocher hand, because no measurement is known co be ideal for expressing aquacic life criceria for lead or for measuring lead in ambient wacer or aqueous effluents, measuremenc of boch acid-soluble lead and coca! recoverable lead in ambient wacer or effluent or boch might be useful, For example, there might be cause for concern if cocal recoverable lead is much above an applicable liraic, even chough acid-soluble Lead is below che limic. Unless otherwise noted, all concencracions reported herein are expected co be essentially equivalent co acid-soluble lead concencracions. All concencracions are expressed as lead, noc as che chemical tested. The criteria presented herein supersede previous aquacic Life wacer quaLicy criceria for lead (U.S. EPA, 1976, .1980) because these new criceria were derived using improved procedures and additional information. Whenever - adequately justified, a national criterion may be replaced by a sice-.specific criterion (U.S. EPA, 1983b), which may include noc only site-specific criterion concencracions (U.S. EPA, 1983c), but also sice-specific .durations of averaging periods and sice-specific frequencies of allowed exceedences (U.S. EPA, 1985). The latest literature search for information for chis doeumenc was conducted in May, 1984; some newer information was also used, 3 DUP040009986 a charge of two. The slope for rainbow trout was 2.475 and therefore was not used. A test of equality of slopes showed that S0..16, indicating that it is not unreasonable to assume that the slopes for the three species are the same. The pooled slope of 1.273 was used with the data in Table 1 to calculate Species Mean Acute Values at a hardness of 50 mg/L (Table 1). Genus Mean Acute Values (Table 3) were then calculated as geometric means of the available freshwater Species Mean Acute Values. Even though values are available for only four invertebrate species, of the ten genera for which acute values are available, the most sensitive genus, Gammarus, was 1,650 times more sensitive than the most resistant, Tanytarsus. The freshwater Final Acute Value of 67.54 pg/L was calculated at a hardness of 50 mg/L from the "'nus Mean Acute Values in Table 3 using the procedure described in the Guiv - lines. Thus, the freshwater Criterion Maximum Concentration (in pg/L) * 6_(1.273tln(hardness)1-1.460) Tests of the acute toxicity of lead to saltwater organisms have been conducted with nine species of invertebrates and four species of fish (Table 1). In flow-through toxicity tests with cwo fish species, less than 50 percent of the rest organisms were killed at 3,140 pg/L, which is the solubility of lead in sea water under the test conditions, but the acute value for the mummichog is 315 pg/L, The range of sensitivities of bivalve racllus.cs is also great, probably reflecting differences in life stage. The adult soft-shell clam had an LC50 of 27,000 pg/L, whereas the acute Values with larvae of four species ranged from 476 to 2,450 pg/L. Of the eleven saltwater genera for which acute values are available, the most sensitive genus, Fundulus, was 85 times more sensitive than the most resistant, Mya (Table 3). The sensitivities of the six most sensitive genera differed by only a factor of 2.5, even chough these six lowest Genus Mean Acute Values are from tests 6 DUP040009987 i lead oxide (Table 6) is much less acucely toxic chan lead nicrace (Table 1) to che mosquicofish in water containing a high concentration of suspended clay particles* Different species exhibit different sensitivities to lead, and many ocher factors might affect the results of tests of che coxicity of lead co aquaeic organisms. Criteria can quantitatively take into account such a factor, however, only if enough daca are available to show that che factor similarly ' affects the results of tests with a variety of species, hardness is ofeen choughc of as having a major effect on the toxicity of lead, although the observed ef.fecc is probably due co one or more of a number of usually interrelated ions, such as hydroxide, carbonate, calcium, and magnesium. Hardness is used here as a surrogate for che ions which affect the results of coxicity cescs on lead. An analysis of covariance (Dixon and Brown, 1979; Necer and Wasserman, 1974) was performed using the natural logarithm of che acuce value as the dependent variable, species as the treatment or grouping variable, and the natural logarithm of hardness as che covar.iace or indeoendenc variable.. This analysis of covariance model was fic Co the data in Table 1 for the four species for which acute values are available over a range of hardness such chat' the highest hardness is at least three ciraes che lowest and the highest is also at least 100 mg/L higher than the lowest. An F-cesc showed that, under the assumption of equality of slopes, the probabil ity of obtaining four slopes as dissimilar as chese is P=0.03, This was interpreted as indicating that ic is unreasonable to assume chat the slopes for these four species are the same. The slopes for Daphnia magna, fathead minnow, and b.luegill (see end of Table 1) were close co che slope of 1*0 chat is exoected on the basis chat lead, calcium, magnesium, and carbonate all have 5 DUP040009988 selecced chronic limits based on a very low incidence of black-colored tails and spinal deformities (4.7 and 0.7 percenc, respectively). For the purposes of deriving water quality criteria, such low percentages of such effects were not considered unacceptable. The concentration of 27 ug/L was selecced as che upper limit because it caused spinal curvature 'in 32.2 percent of che fish, whereas 13.2 jg/L only caused curvature in 3.6 percenc of che fish. The occurrence of black tails was not considered co be an unacceptable effect. Spinal deformities were also caused by lead in a life-cycle test with brook crouc (Holcombe, ec al. 1976) and in an early life-stage test with rainbow crouc (Saucer, ec al. 1976). Results of tests by Saucer, ec al. (1976) with the norchern pike, walleye, lake trout, channel catfish, white sucker, and bluegill were noc included in Tables 2 or 6 because of excessive mortal.icy in che controls. Even chough che hardnesses were similar, the chronic value obcained for rainbow trout by Saucer, ec al, ( 1976) is higher than the chronic value derived from Davies, ec al. (1976), possibly because Saucer, ec al. exposed che fish for 2 months, whereas- Davies, ec al. exposed che fish for 19 .monchs. Davies, ec al. (1976) described the long-term effects on rainbow crouc fry and fingerlings exposed to various concentrations of lead for 19 monchs in hard and soft water (Table 6). Alchough these cescs were neither life-, cycle (no natural reproduction) nor early life-stage (no embryos exposed), they do provide information concerning che relationship becw.een water hardness and the chronic toxicity of lead to fish. In che test in hard water, only 0 and 10 percenc of che trout developed spinal deformities at measured lead concentrations of 190 and 380 ug/t, respectively. In soft water 44 and 97 8 DUP040009989 conducted wich a variety of species and Life stages. The saltwater Final Acute Value was calculated to be 287.4 ug/L, Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals Chapman, ec al. (Manuscript) studied the chronic coxicicy of lead to ^ Paphnia magna at three different hardnesses (Table 2), The daphnids were nearly H times more sensitive to lead in soft wac'er than in hard water. Ting, value in soft water was about one-fourth chat obtained by Biesing.er and Christensen (1972) with the same Species in a different soft water in a test in which the concentrations of lead were not measured (Table 6). The chronic values of Chapman, ec al. were regressed against hardness; che slope was 2.328, buc the 95% confidence limits were -8.274 and 12.931. A life-cycle test on lead in hard water was conducted by Borgmann, ec al. (1978) wich a snail. These authors used biomass as their endpoint and reported chat lead concentrations as low as 19 'jg/L significancly decreased survival, but not growth or reproduction. Ic is not clear., however, how these invescigacors arrived ac such a low effect concentration. This publication did., however, contain suitable information for determining a chronic value* Chronic limits were taken direccly from the cumulative percent survival figure which showed no observed effect on survival at 1.2 ug/L and almost complete, mortality ac 54 ug/L. The chronic value (geomecrLc mean of the lower and upper limits) for snails was therefore established ac 25,46 ug/L (Table 2). Davies, ec al. (1976) published results of an early life-scage test with rainbow trout in soft wacer (Table 2). Even though chis test was started with embryos and continued for 19 months after hatch, it could not be considered a life--cycle test because no reproduction occurred. Davies., ec al. (1976) 7 DUP040009990 A variecy of effects on saltwater organisms have been observed. Gray and Vencilla (1973) observed a reduction in growth rate in a ciliace protozoan after 12-hr exposures to Lead concentrations of .150 and 300 ug/L. Woolery and Lewin (1976) observed a reduction in photosynthesis and respiration in che diatom., Pheodactvlum tricornutum, at concentrations of y" lead ranging from 100 co 10,000 ug/L. However, Hannan and P.atouillec (1972) obtained no inhibition of growth of che same species at a concentration of 1.000 ug/L after 72 hours. Rivkin (1979), using growth rate co determine toxicity co che diatom, Skeletonema costacum, reported a 12-day EC50 of 5.1 ug/L. Hessler (1974) observed delayed cell division in the phycoplankcon, Placymonas subcordiformus, during exposure co 2,500 ug/L for 72 hours. Ac 60.000 ug/L, however, Hessler (1974) reported not only grpwch retardation but also death. Benijcs-CLaus and Benijts (1975) observed delayed larval development in the mud crab, Rhithropanppeus harrisii, during exposure to 50 ug/L. Weis and Weis (1977) observed depressed axis formation in developing embryos of Fundulus heteroclicus at lead concentrations of 100 Ug/L. Reish and Carr (1978) found that 1,000 ug/L suppressed reproduction of two polychaece species, Ctenodriluis serracus and Ophrvotrocha diadema, in a 21-day cesc. Unused Data Some data on the effeccs of lead on aquatic organisms were not used because the studies were conducted with species thac are not resident in North America. Jennecc, ec al. (1981) did noc identify their test animals beyond common names Such as "algae, crayfish, and minnows". Nehring, ec al. (1979) did noc identify cheir organisms to species, so it is noc known if 11 DUP040009994 Marcelli (19.79), Pawlaczyk-SzpiIowa and Slowik .(19.81), Rao and Saxena (1980) , and Roife, ec al. (1977) exposed algae,, invertebrates, and fish to lead but failed co adequately describe their case mechods. Carpencer (1926, 1930), Career and Cameron (1973), Ellgaard and Rudner (1982), Ellis (1940), Grande and Andersen (1983), Jones (1938, 1939), Nyman (1981), Ozoh (1979), Rachore, ec al. (1979), Shaw and Grushkin (1957), Shaw and Lowrance (1956), Vijaymadhavan and Iwai (1975), Wang (1959), and Weir and Hine (1970) conducted tests in discilled, deionized, chlorinated, or "cap" water, Biegerc and Valkovic (1980) expressed their acute data in hours co death and concentrations were a factor of ten apart. The concentrations of lead overlapped in the tests by Sparks , ec al. (1983).. Tescs on che toxicity of lead co algae were not used if che medium contained too much of a complexing agenc such as EDTA (Davis, 1978); Results of laboratory bioconcencracion tests were noc used if che ce.sc was noc flow-through (Montgomery, at al. 1978; Wading, 1983), if the t.esc did not last long enough (Wong, ec al. 198.1), if no soft, cissues were analyzed (Stures.son, 1978), if che concentration in wacer was noc known (Rav, et al. .1981) or was noc measured often enough (Freeman, 1973, 1980), or if control mortalities were high (Valiela, et al. 1974), Studies such as chose by Ancellin, ec al. (1973), Auberc, ec al. (1.974), and Nash, ec al. (1981), which used radioactive isocopes of lead, were not used because of the possibility of isocope discrimination. Newman and McIntosh (1983b) conducted a depuration study, but noc an uptake study. ' A large number of reports on lead toxicity and residues in wild aquatic organisms could not be used for che calculation of bioaccumulation factors or toxicity due co an insufficient number of measurements of the concentration 14 DUP040009995 rep.o.rc.: Ferard, ee al. (1982), Foster (1982a,b), Gentile, ec al. (1982), Marion and Denizeau (1983), Passino and Cocant (1979), Say and Whic.coh (1983), Vighi (1981), Wehr and Whitton (1983a,b), and Whiccon, ec al. (1982), Dorfman and Whitworth (1969) exposed brook trout to lead only on week days and the concentrations were not measured during tests lasting up co 3.8 days^ These authors and Carpenter (1927), Rushcon (1922), and Tarzwell and Henderson (1960) conducted tests with only one or two fish at a time. Rainbow trout cesced by Hodson, ec al. (1973b) were not acclimated to abrupt changes in d H before stressing them with lead. Experiments reported by Hodson, ec al. (1982) were designed to measure lead uptake in opercular bone and formation of black tails correlated to different growth races of rainbow trout; however, these fish were Only exposed co one sublechal concentration of lead. No data are available on che concentrations of lead in water during the studies reported by Hodson, ec al. (1983a). Sicko-Goad (1982), Sicko-Goad and Lazinsky (1981, 1982), and Sicko-Goad and Stoermer (1979) exposed algae co only one sublechal concentration of lead. The 96-hr values reoorted by Suikem.a, et al. (1974a,b) were subject co error because of possible' reproductive interactions (Buike.ma, et ,al. 1977), Clarke and Clarke (1974) reported chat their test water was contaminated wich lead Leached from plascic exposure canks. Exposure times were not reporced by Brown (1976) and Haider (1964). Rariya, et al. ( 1969) and Turnbull (1954.) failed to report che number of fish .cesced. High concrol mortalities occurred in all excepc one cesc reported by Saucer, ec al. (197.6), Concrol mortality exceeded 10 oercenc in two cests by Mount and Nprberg (1984), English, ec al, (.1963) published results based on volume dilutions instead of nominal or measured concentrations. Brown (1968), Garavini and 13 DUP040009996 on data for four species. Bipconcencration faccors are available for four invercebrace and two fish species and range from 42 co 1,700. Acute values are available for 13 saltwater animal species and range from 315 ug/L for che raummichog co 27,000 ug/L for the soft-shell clam. A chronic toxicity test was conducted with a mysid; unacceptable effects were observed at 37 ug/L but noc at 17 ug/L and the acute-chronic ratio for this species is 124.8. A species of macroalgae was affected at 20 ug/L. Available bioconcencracion faccors range from 17.5 to 2,570. National Criteria ' The procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical Nacional Water Quality Criteria for che Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses" indicace that, except possibly where a locally important species is very sensitive, freshwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be affected unacceptably if the four-day average concentration (in ug/L) of lead does not exceed the numerical value given by *273{ l.n(hardness) ]-4.705) more chan once every three years on che average and if che one-hour average concencracion (in ug/L) does not exceed the numerical value given by e( 1.273[ ln(hardness) ]-1.460) more cjjan once every three years on the average. For example, at hardnesses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/L as CaCOj che four-day average concentrations of lead are 1.3, 3.2, and 7.7 ug/L, respec tively, and the one-hour average concentrations are 34, 82, and 200 ug/L. The procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for che Protection of Aquaeic Organisms and Their Uses" indicate chac, except possibly where a locally important species is very sensitive, saltwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be affected unacceptably if the four-day average concentration of lead does noc 1.6 DUP040009997 of lead in che wacer: Anderson (1977), Badsha and Goldspink (1982), Brezina and Arnold (1977), Brezina, ec al. (1974), Brown and Chow (1977), Ei.de and Myklescad (198Q), Enk and Machis (1977), Evans and Lasenby (1983), Gale, ec al. (1973a,b, 1982), Gordon, ec al. (1980), Holm (1980), Kharkar, ec al. (1976), Knowlcon, ec al. (1983), Leland and McNurney (1974), Lucus and / Edgingcon (1970), 'larcin and Mudr.e (1982), Marcia, ec al. (1984), Mathis and Cummings (1973), Machis and Kevern (1975), May and McKinney (1981), Mehrle, ec al. (1982), Newman and Mclncosh (1983a), Pagenkopf and Newman (1974), Pakkala, ec al. (1972), Penningcon, ec al, (1982), Pophara and D'Auria (1981), Price and Knigh.c (1978), Randall, ec al. (1981), Ray (1978), Sidwell, ec al. (1978), Simpson (1979), Smith, ec al. (1981), Tong, sc al. (1974), Trollope and Evans (1976), Tsui and McCarc (1981), Uche and Bligh (1971), Vinikour, ec al. (1980), Wachs (1982), Walsh, ec al. (1977), Welsh and Denny (1980), W.ixson and B.oicer ( 1972), and Wren, ec al. (1983), Summary The acuce coxicicy of lead do several species of freshwater animals has been shown to decrease as the hardness of water increases. Ac a hardness of 50 mg/L the acuce .s-en8icivici.es of cen species range from 142.5 u.g/L for an amphipod to 235,900 yg/L for a midge. Daca on che chronic effects of lead`on f.reshwacer animals are available for two fish and cwo invertebrate species. The chronic coxicicy of lead also decreases as hardness increases and che I0.we.3c and highe.sc available chronic values (12.26 and 128.1 ug/L) are both for a cladoceran, buc in sofc and hard water, respectively. Acute-chronic racLos are available for three species and range from 18 co 62. Freshwacer algae are affec.ced by concencracions of lead above 500 yg/L, based 15 DUP040009998 exceed 5.6 pg/L more chan once:every chree years on che average and if che one-hour average concencracion does noc exceed 140 jg/L more chan once every chree years on che average. EPA believes c'nac a measuremenc such as "ac id-soLub Le" would provide a more sciencifieally correct basis upon which to establish criceria for mecals. The criteria were developed on this basis. However, ac chis cirne, no EPA approved methods for such a measurement .are available co implement the, criceria through the regulatory programs of the Agency and che Scares. The Agency is considering development and approval of methods for a measuremenc such as ''acid-soluble". Hncil available, however, EPA recommends applying che criteria using che co.cal recoverable method. This has two impacts: (1) certain species of some mecals cannot be analyzed directly because che cocal recoverable method does noc distinguish between individual oxidation states, and (.2) chese criceria may be overly protective when based on the coca! recoverable method. The recommended exceedence frequency of chree years is che Agency's best scientific judgnenc of che average amounc of cime it will cake an unstressed I syscem to recover from a pollution event in which exposure to lead exceeds che criterion. Scressed systems, for example, one in which several outfalls occur in a limited area, would be expected co require more time for recovery. The resilience of ecosystems and their abilicy co recover differ greatly, however, and sice-specific criteria may be established if adequate justification is provided, 'The use of criceria in designing waste treatment facilities requires the seleccion of an .appropriate wasteload allocation model. Dynamic models are preferred for che application of chese criceria. Limited data or ocher 17 DUP040010000 i < r- c m -rre O' 4- (0 CI-M* -- ON 4<-- L 4- re X r* Os ON -- --* XL. * 9 JC *" L. .* 9 Ul 0 PO re re ui <ji re V > >9 9 9 o c 9u 9 4- Ul -I- *0 Q>re Ul 44"- -- n">% >0 > fv r* 4- UJ -- > m 0 O<0 -- Ul 4- 9 .* 4- --> A r- sO r-- 4 > - .9 .ore 4U- 4 -- re ui t4-N.<U& 9 f- > * JO E y 9 0 O' 9s 0 O' O' 0 > re 0 X CD O CD Q - --* 0p*'wfl .X v NO .> 0 *" cn e --c. 0u> uu J9C 490 --u c XX NO NO O' *" we eo -- Ul L. L. JC *o <J c --9 XX nO NO 0 O' C C 0Ul LL 9 JC O --v c XX NO NO ON 0 CD C --9 QUl uu .XO 1c3 -- . XX mm re 4- C --*" f> -- nt n on X J- NO NO O' 3 Ol c ~c QUl UU J p oc X9 XX >0 NO .ON 6'~~ Ol e --C. OUl u u. X T3 OC -- XX JJ3* re ~ - -j U 9 5-W0r OO CN O O \P I O ift Ain O --i u x >. mJ O Va 0v O O CN in oO o tv o r- o o oo Oo O o o o in A m a O p O \p <n .*n CM o o *a CO CM CM V CM U) : 0^ " !8 <5 *o *3 3 *TO3 3 x/) X T5 . .3 3 t .3 3 23 Ul -3 C Ul -- re o re re .e- re mm .3 re re 4- re 3 t o re 4re- re re 3 L. .4- oC o e -- 9 3 re K 4- 3C O3 L. U 4 - re Ul 20 9 -- AO o cE 9 o re re V3 x in > u 4- 3C 0 13 4U- MU. re *o o JS o Jz re re X cn 4 L. 4- 3C 0 * l V. 4- * re o o^ .A 0 cE re re X cn 4-. --C wo 43 Ul 03 uc ^ 2c --> l re X (/) 4re L. 3 re re X3 re -- *-- re >. re o re --u o re <3 o *o OU ca c -- re E T3 re re x a 4- E re -- U_ Q. J0 O im ca c -- re E a re X x a 6 re -- u. q . 0 OL ca c -- re E *o re re x x a 4* E re -- xx re -- .W .C Xx re v-- re 4o- --re -- re 33 OX re E 0 X CD 3 *u Ul ,40 EL o re CL o CL 3O CD X X y o l_o *E -- re 02 E 0 3a -- X -j 20 B lu e q lli, Lepomls m acrochlrus S, U Lead chi o r I do 560 442,000 52,310 P ickering 4 H enderson, 1966 DUP040010001 Table I . Acute T o x ic ity of Lead to Aquatic Animals COO' Ga Oa** X --0*** .&s oin.moo *<-* 3"U ^a 0~ VI v OV> G --* te\_oj o U 5> G SP 3 0 i i--u iTi 'o\ CD -- a 0 4" 0 + a CU 0u <fl CL, .3 ID C .C (T3 ox (D 4* 0 4a. e l. ..ID U e 0. 9 *0 C S. 0 PX 0 4- CL C L. ID U e v> as id e 65 P> U 2 U o X 0 4c 3 O X OJ L. 9 A re u O 4- z0 6 ; U 4- 0 c a 5a X CO O' 0 ** 9 .MB _k 0 o CO O' o o o o o NI O in t-- ,o K> o o 0 .0 0 4- 4- 00 0 0 *o 4^ 0 0 <0 G 0 0 u U L. w ,U U U .0 4- 4- 4- 4~ 4- 4- C ' C c 'c C C :U P P P P p P ro ID G <e 0 0 0 0 o0 -J -J _i 0 0 00 -J --J XX P p X X X p 3 X X t CO CO cc c? d CO CO t t co 3 U 0 c OJ > .*e m --x e- 0-- ea to <1 G c *o C IQ GE c. 0 .0 o-- OC p JZ 0o To o0 0 c -0 C ID 0 Eu 00 o-- .0 c P -C to a. --0 P-CJ 0 c *O C0 .0 E l_ 00 g-- 0c P ,C ga --0 Po 0 .c c C0 0 L. 00 g-- 0C P iC 0a -- 0 0.0 0 c. te.a e0 0E U' 0 .0 U-- 0c p .c 0 a. --0 UQ X e C3 0 CL l- ^ 00 O oc P JZ 0 ,OJ --0 oo V) 3 -- 3 X0 > *3 C f-- 00 u jc 0a U 0. 0 (J P0 0E O CO 00 00 cc E o p 3 0 IA a. p t/j O 3 &u --0 C E a E0 <o 0 P 3 0 (A Q PW 03 Ok u --0 ZE aE E0 < C3 IA 3 tfl 0 -- IA 4IA U --0 4- c: > o 0O L. U oo lA E lA (A P lA 3 lA u .* 0 0 4a> pc --0 X+- 19 Rainbow tr o u t (2 m ost, SaImo g a lrd n e rl FT, M Lead n itra te - 8,000 - H a le , 1977 DUP040010002 u &(ft XL9. 4q- *a 9 c B "5g au 99 j c JC 4- cr e (A JyZ .3 3e mJ "B >N ST 9 L. <0 L 3 I/I 9 T> -*> O -^T CO 5s + +9X- e c 3 II (ft (ft e uo (0 9 39uU 0 z 9ift 9ao 9ue <0 -e9o (ft o (3ft <P + 9 O3 a: ((fftt c * U9 u. u <* o X. 0 (ft (ft .3 $9 V(A. 9 U S >Q > 4- T> (ft X 0 h- E *96 4 9 49~ U3 < mJ 9 eU k 'i sO CO oto in in tn ;n CM 3 y ic u CM CM CM f\ u +9 (0 .*3(Cft wU9L. 9 "O n9 c 0 u VI m CM 9in* N1"\ nmm in 5f 4r 0c c iup -- 9Cof*t 9\ w I - iA .-tf\ - Ci) *n OJ CM ^ 0\ O C- 0~1l o rr O ic' c m V)j -- c m -- -- -- -- R esults are expressed as lead, n o t as the chem ical. .<U <so s: --'0C *o (40- C<0 O3 (3ft SCcOn T3 T3 v> u3i . j U3Q ! = 5 S' 40 IE 4- O 3C I .4- S > Jc8 :o.~ UJO 10 *0 9 cr 0 0 &*- jC 9 93 10 4<0 3 mm --O0 -- XU a: L. flD < <9 4- fo*> --\0 II ,II CL CL * 22 DUP040010003 Table 1. (Continued) CD CO 0* o\ -a G 0 COOs O C u . 0 cc -- ft 4" 4" > Cc 4U 4" ft XX 3 4 IA ft U jo -- mr*e Oft -- L. ft 2 0 cfnt u 3 --ft r4T> ft pi U-- t** s * ,L ft lA UJ CN 00 o> 4eo O , "*** ft r> .4 4 CL 4ft- 4Q". ft 4 co Os rs Os L- Z (J -- (A vus ae 3 --J x U 4*" o(A 4" ft 0= lVO X * .c 4L. ft x * c 3L. P c E u 3O 00 fts C 3 W ft P C 10 * o a* 4 --<0 >-j -- 9 Ui U 4- a 3 *- o. o (A < x C in .-> (JA UOJNeJ -- L. can 0 SrOrr CO in o<n .CO <r r*~ O CO o r o o. 1ft o . x--\4t 4J1 m J*\ m O in in O "IT CN r- an cn aAn KA*S * . co ri-n ,mVo o r~- o o o CO vO vO on r> in ir*n. n o *T in an o CN rC-N an An An lA (A a c ** jr I C JO U>sQ u > X10 WEG tf) UJ O LU Cco.: cc >U--J < l ( L- < if) -- 10 o U 4r A** u ft ft u ft 4- U ft ft 4l_- 4f-t ft ' t. c 4- 4ft- .4 ft Uu 4- 4..4U- . 4- ft L. 4ft u C c c e C e 'c C c C ,C C o 1 3 _l 33 ft : --l 3 ft ft mJ 3 ft 3 ft _J 3 ft -fJt 3 3 ft -fJt 3 3(0 _fJt a 3 J.S0 4X 3 3 3 3 3 2? X 3 P :.X X * *,, if) CO cn to CO if> LL*. CC CO )-- U. if) hC>* - .ft(A U a CO > -- IA --3 US 3 .1/1 3 lA 3. ffi .-- 3 4--> ,!E X L>. -- IA 10 w 'L. -- cn 4IA- >- OV 4" U un --O it) -- <a o fLt. CL o ft i>_ --y ft c w cr L. U-- 4~ > lA ft >- 0u C tA U0 +ft- <(Af) (A ft w UJ U ft * --. L. ft ft >l_ c o -- L. - E e to ou ft S0T GO ft U 3 OX -M. 3 ft ft U ft ----* U JfZt c ft lA u 41- ft >4* ft o> CO X -- (A 3 ft O 3 ft sCl --4u O. ft oy o< ft r: JO CA .lA o. `0 33 cn iA > > XX 4f*t J3O ft * o u oa~(A . G ft o. a EE << L. JO ft U 4<Ao -~ tA u US e l. cr y cc 3 QO us 3 4* * . >3 0c .--ft C L. -- E> 3C o ft -a -C O us c CL -- ft u ft Q jr >. co o m 3 4- u Lo.' 4O *G O'. O G u3i --y --3 E3 Ee 33 X U_: , ft US u f>t iA c ft c 21 A tla n tic 'sllverside., Hen Id I a men Id I a S, t) Lead n itr a te - >10,000 >10,000 B e rry , 1981 DUP040010004 .04 ^ -* -oue- wa L. 5 *% .9 3 42 \ \ Acuto-ChronIc Ratio c 6 oOo --Xe CL O- * o c .a c E: U' o-- OC T3 a. -- SJ p c cn e 6 u y -- 0e t > -c a *- oa * i_ .+- 3C 0*0 U L, +* *a o no CE K tn +' c 0 +* 3 </ 0a s_ e -.4* -- .* 0> 0-- u CD CD . H P mVmI VI a *o *o is VI VI zz S 3 j O 24 DUP040010005 Table 2 . Chronic T o x ic ity o f Lead to Aquatic Animats Results of Regression Analysis o f freshw ater Chronic T o x ic ity versus Hardness CO p r*- fo. CT' N > *1s0 P IS O' O' .4- O' *-- L. +* _ <0 * JZ 9 ~U 4 4- O a V) 4- P +- 4* 4- > 4- 4- 4- tWt- 4- GL Ct a > U .c 0 C c U C .L. C L. *o jD S L. .9 2E -O' <0 o 3. P3 u E Vi CL 3 <0 u iw cL -o V) 4- .* L. 4-* u e ra s 9 e > r- 3 9 o JC JO r: O' O' 0 et m O X O X U..X PD-- to X >e.* ca P Pp 4T CN 03 in* O.f CO: rsi -- -- co 00 CO 00 oK0\ O CO * v * --I = CO T O' +* 4- a. uu u -- tf> V> 3 <A C 3 <0 -J X XT in w c u 4" in 4- u u 4- c o 3. -- e- c cr, c c 3C a "O c c c L, L. a E E u e u 4- -- 3C 0-p U L. 4> - 4* 3m 03 cc (A O a tO - -- . *- c E C >to _J O-- OC 3 -C CL -- . y a. o-- Oc o ca -- ya u -- oc o a -- ya 8 * Pc o e. xx. in 01 W -O O CE CL CO 4 -- J O> c-- u CD tO 23 XL & m m a 0 *o "O mm > > ZZ `S in in u CL X .<u0 DUP040010006 Species Mean Acute-Chronic R a tio Species Mean Acute Value (uq/L)** CO 1 t l fM I I l 1 i l .1 1 o o o o m in m p sr*o CO m Pi rn in<r rs p in A rAO AA K\ CM A pc m-- u-- > > i-- --tf) <0 Cp "Pt' -- --c --.c s:- p in L_ .> *p- --m .C' E o 4* ~(0 CP ----c 4- < in 3 * IQ 01 C C * cu -- <0 > p<0 <o= . p 4mS 0c a-- L. . Cl (J/c> C'>J< . C JO m W *a p p. in in > >* X lA U%---.a. 4- r in > 0 .w 4- 0 w0 **- in *. in o3 rLa. Q_ U . o c o u --u 4- '> (A >* 0 -u. 4-' c in u0 <fl *- in m i_ UJ O u c cu. * E. ou c HO u u 3 X ift 3 4O P a0 t--* :U Qu .P0 <V u j O l. 4in- O .* CT in in E Cu Cc! Oc a ra co 4P . 4 ra pu Oo.--m c. .a. EE << --in b mm' -- -a in p in o in E3 !-- 3 4>- Xs in +3-- U 0L. 4- JOZ .Ocr in 3 u-- 3E P. .E3 3 X u. - :BT o SO r A --& m Ab r* co rin p> r in *T in N-> in rA mm AA o Os CO p>* v ITS IA CM Species Genus Mean Acute Value <pq/L)** Rank* 26 DUP040010007 27,000 S o ft-s h e It clam, Mya a re n a rla Table 3 . Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values w ith Species Mean Acute-Ghronlc R atios S xuo .XL -- 0 01 oIQc 00a. 4suco < 03 p e. 00 P* X-- VJ > -J 0 >v --0O U4> a OP o> O CO < CO P O O :0 O p O to o r-. CM oO CM *r O' <1 <y CD *r O 4T in P CM lT\ yi P in CM CM CM to UJ o LU .a. to cr UJ J-- <c 5 to VI UJ 0 iH; O 0 CL CO in p> e uY in 3 m 3. tn u *0 *CD > c C --0 S H- V) 3 4to u s (0 *m .c 3 in -- in *- in 30 -- u O to OO 4<0 3 O 4 W 0 .MB * mm >- -- a. u a :0 O CL in -p u . 0 0 u u 0 -T S -- in CD 6 o 3 C. -- CD -J in 0 " *g J0 0u ca .c ^ --. m 6 *D 0 0 .3 cl xz 4- E 0 ^ 0. MB <W 0 c. 4co +" 3 03 UC 4- -- 0> .0 -- U0 e to tr> 3 0 0 C S > u 4- 3C O3 V C. 0 * cri 0 o cE 00 a: to 3 U o c a > XT. *0 --X -- 0-- e a. to .< 0 .C *a C0 0 u 0 O--- oc 3 -C. 0a -- .(o' OG o 3 3 in a. 3m 03 CL l_ --0 P Cu E e0 <o I CO c<o z0 >0*^ O0VpC) <4uO3- ~vaa p P c e mm m NO P Ny o CM CO CO Iff 4T O mm P CM in yr <M o P in CM P OD yD in 27,000 25 DUP040010008 -o 3 T) 0 13 Hu 0 00 (_ L. L. CL CM CL CL to eo > ,<pn > > o> o O o AO 0 NO "5 0 0 0* r-- PS r- P- fs O' p 10 49 *3 0 p 0 4 ID 0 <0 0 0 c t_ e e U c k. C c >. <0 x a. 0 X a. 0 0. 0 JZ 0 " -- 04 40 X -- PM 0 -- CM 0 JO c i; > C M > CO C > e a 0 . a -- (0 oe . Oi o-- Q-- 5 0 a 4tn f8i wg oO .to 4 CM O tn 8 in in NO o M CM 0 JL JL xX +> O * * .'tn US UJ O 4* * .0 L. C o >4. 4-- CM X O 3 o x k. 4* * *4. O OL . 4p CD X 4* O LC o> 0 *4.4to -- in j o o in O UJ 15, *4. O &> U CM X %O k_ C CD O *4.4* in to x 3 ?L. *+** >4. O eo u CN n 4* ae >n .+0-1 7 8o tn a CM k. M m* Wm--** i >!? *?3 > x> ID L '3 X >~ 4 4in- -- >* JQ L. 3 X h <l to 4- CO -- U 4* II Q. L. 0 a. 4- CO u. 0 Si *- Ux *qO3P: 4:*ou- Tabltt 4 . T o x ic ity o f Load to Aquatic P la n t* 0 3 4- -- E 0 JC' O CL o 3 3 --O 4* 0 - a. in in 0 4 L 0 0 0 - JC V Cl a. j 0 tL 4 Ea L LM 3 E 3 E o o. 0 E o U 4* E V) T3 a 0 0 3 U U 3 E w 3 E E 3 L c 03 % -- OO L. L o o 4 0 e > 0 JZ 4* 4* *L * L. 0 *L T3 TJ 0 C S3 0o --o o 2 0-- 0 .-- 0O 0o 0o 0C 0C 0 4- -- 0-- o CD.* --C << CT-* --c << CD -- --x .< O cn-- --X <O o>-- --x <o --O < to CD -- < ton CD-- -- < tn 0> --0 OX LU 3> iu x 0 '.3 > k. 0 a 0 a 0E ai 0 --X <u 0 3 > u 0 a 0 > Cl ftj Q) 0 -- JZ <o 28 DUP040010009 i 27 DUP040010010 Table 3. (Continued) /C r ite r io n Maximum C o n c e n tra tio n = (287.4 ,/g/L) 2 = 143.7 ug/L Table 5 . Bioaccumulatlon o f Lead by Aquatic Organisms pi"* O' ro 40 c c <0 pi u 0 r*> O' _._0 ro 4 0 L. 0 O. CO to l> O' * <0 40 u 0 0 Cl CO r> O' rO' ro 0 4" 40 0 ue <0 0 y 0 ao CO I r-r: 0 V ,40 c 0 .1/1 o .+< V CN CM CN r*. r- r>* r> f PM O' O' O' O' CA >- " 4- A * 0 VI m m e, 0 0 00 50 u 4-v 00 ro ro ro 0m m .0 CD 1 L. N 4- N N N 0 4- CD 3 0 a 3 3 e rs 0 O' y fa ro y . 0u o -- in h- CO CO </5 X X x X X X x X n N O' o* CN rr ITS ` r- ro* X XX X X XX Xa cn O o . CN r*r in ,o CN p> O O' 1*- CN CN *-- V) 4(0- >O O CN i. lUAJ so o '* CN :CN I cn UUJ in K> N"l 4(0 L. .C r0o o>f >. g > >. g > g >* g . 90 0000 O *5 3: "5 36: 30C 0 $ O in in vi a L-- 0-- A 4- >* ro 3 V) ro J- c Ur in a -- I.- L. V) + 4- o oc U VI ro IA w 0 0 3 L. 3 er IA v 4* ' uy ro 0 > *4 3 (A ro a 4" U !>.C 03 *6 c. . u --0 LC (A ro -- ro *- O 4- -- -- V) > 0 -- ro -- ro 5*- 5' 00 VI -- 0 cr E. -- -- IA cu u 0> 00 i ro E ro >* 00 ro o-- 3a p C >j c 4- 4- ro u u ro -- </> co _i 0 </ c l O0 0 40 0 I/) 0O IA xn in us p o p o6 O to <75 to <?j Ml' .MR. 0 3 4. P 4E E3 5-- +- > ro 4- aS <A Ml MR --3 0 VI 0 V) .3 VI E .3 -- 3 -.4-' > iA --R Amt 3 0 VI 0 VI 3 VI E3 MR 3 44- . .0 Z IA -M e.M. --3 .0 VI 0 in 3 (A E3 0H 3 4* -- >CQ S (A M. --3 IA 0 in 3 IA E '3 .0 :-- :3 4.4- > czj lA RM % MM -t* 3 0 vi o: in 3 IA E3 .0 t3 4--> 0 x| 30 Eastern o yste r. S oft parts Lead n itr a te HO 556 C rassostrea v irg in lea Zaroogian, e t al 1^ 79 DUP040010011 AI <]a, Champla p a rv u la Lead n i tr a te - Reduced te tr a - 23.3 S teele & Ttiursby sporanqI a 1983 production > co O' uoo pwo 4cn" COO'* .o <0 Q_ <3 c Ooo' 4-- o .0 43 U 3s -b a o Q. cr .in o 4o*- --C0 O' O 3 X "3 vf\ vO ^ o in U UJ m O UJ O S o U N3 (A "8 g CD <0 to or. e -- 13 <a . E g.s *- > R3 - aA oc .* S0r *> 4- --C <</>. 29 DUP040010012 1979 Kuhn, ann 4 1981 Bringmann, 1978; Bringm 1980 b , y c , cc e e 43 e* VeO-' Ot<fso' L. O' CD *-> ifn-* .j3tz O' * JP .49 e c rtCo mC --O' E IE eo c c vO Oi. CUD(7-- JZ o CO SS.c3CL*.201* ON e c* 3 XI EOC- Cr<D-0 L. Os CO ** S' O3.3CU ,d .X 3 <CJ C3 -- r.2 0- *c33ub 0 c i.3* JS ye<o K\ CO3N5' 3.LO33C. S' -- --In33UoD *3le3_ 0 4 O33Ue 9 P -<c90 2J*c--u113Z00 r--*Os*Nv. J--"J2V.<3eOZo rO---n>' 4C.33 >. '~xC3:*oC.6O' v. -3 Cl TOs' cE<o0 E . cn c: .r* u m -- 'ps. mL. --i oo oo.oo 0 9 0- o 0 so Soooooo o ooooooooo Vi c r oucn c 4p 4 ax U .4= C3 -- 4c- .c40 4 axi y3 --c McV .c 4- 0 . c --4 CL 43 U -C --c --c o 4 u 3 CMC 3C 0 L-t To-4r -- 10 % X ;Oin 0f^" 0 * y 3 CMC 300 40 Hu4*r- 43Xo O*- -- 0 4 3 U3 y3 a 3 IA ku e o 4 33 U y-- 3a *.50 C V O 4* y 3 CMC 3. Oo --4.0* --3 X OtfN 0 --4- 0 .4y 3 CMC 3 0o --0 Lr 4 K-- Xto mO 0 4- c 4- 0 .C --4" ax> O 4= cc c +: 2. 4- a.o <j j = c: c 20 In c ip ie n t In h ib itio n 72 h rs yj (A lA l *r. igJ8 4OC- L1X0. -0E~}O O 0 c Ou XI E <0 X' P 0 .4- fl 3 L. 44- O c 33 4* 4 U y c 33 4 U 4 C 3 .4o 4 4 4U 4 U c c 3(0 3 3 (A Vy9&) 3U3 3Uc3r 3lA --C* 0Cl . t3Ecyion .in Oe a3U S MinV 3 4lA X s 4oy>o- CD 2 33y: -333u' s 1ft --3 C Ou 3i36n: teyo a. --O*' J.C9Sc < aCA. -lCoe03A --cr* --46= <o lA 4c3 4Ua e --UE3ai0n 440dBQ cO < a. MMtfVi MuV laA Euain --uciA : *-- <3C --> alA E -3 3 U eIA sIA 0 ap IaA n 4E0* -UM3 4- ><0 C .2 yo ea*!yc 4ou XIuyAT X UJ 3 4a3. m ME9V cO 4yu 303in 03 flu 32 P ro to z o a n , Entoslphon sulcatum ------ -- . Lead a ce ta te - DUP040010013 a> \5 Os -- 0 4*> o CA c u a. wu 4oe- +ou U 40 X * CO O .8 * 9 cr e u CL *<5 U 9 +tA <7 3 xO c a> vo CO sO Os *" - _ to 4- 9 9 O'. c u CL M * \fs o p* o nr 4--CO- ~tA > CU430l w*1o0 C! c > 2 3 CL a --3 "6O +- -a xm> o3 c<0 (A M *10 * -- *fofl h>i- lA -- -- ID ,C C 31 DUP040010014 Hardness (mg/L as CaCO^) Species Chemical D u ra tio n Ef fa c t Result (iiq /L )* Reference O' NO O' 30 r- PK O' 0 0 cer a> c a ou u O - c w Z i n* O' NO O' p> -CO O' O' * O' * 9 NPO> 9 9 IQ 4- O' V 0 4- o 0 *a 0 * k S' u u U c 0u 9 up a 9 cP u9 L. 9 9 1 CL 9 to 3 a. to O o vn O m o \ 1 NO P in v\ o m m 04 lA Ip 04 KN cc P po p fA +- e. NO o-- CM CO <Q M > II -- ^ 4. > mb o . > > . 8 2 2in u. n u. Ou u in a -j U 09 Z in in O mj 9 .9 n r** KN p* O' O' <lk MM bb -- PP* O' 9 49 9 49 99 *-* *k .k .k k e c c c-- 0 .UN iOn- i0n 0in o> ~o x> 9? o a. zo s CO JO p o Mr CM >. >4- 40-- > C-- 0 --y 4- IQ Po P< C.mJ --< >* 4- 4" o > -e -- O 4-- ,U 4- IQ PO -- 1 P< :c --j --< in O o CM ep w in *-- e: I *- tz *-- >9 9D6 --O n c. in tn in m u> UN in UN >- > > > > >* > 9 9 9 9 9 99 9 -a 13 93 -o " 93 93 "P *r TT -- Pk 9* PCM CM --- UN tn in > >. .>. in 99 9 . 'b 93 "O -Tf CM CM cs tA O nr P in in .4T m P pk 4T in n n m tA fA fA fA 499 C. U 4> +- C 'c . 4- p* +* 4- 9 9 9 9 .9 9 U L. Uc 4- 4- 3 P UN c C tf> e 93 93 9? 93 93 93 t : 99 9 999 9 9 -J --1 9 U 1 c 4- 4-- 99 l_ U 4- 4m cc 93 93 93 9 99 .J -J UN 93 C 9 4_ a 9 ku >> a> --S >c 9 O. Z U4 UN 93 C k |Q >k t_ P Ok E9 >* -- C-- v U > E ,k- 9>.P' a Z ixi 9 U 9 > P S UN 9 k L, >* -i >-.p 9O Z U4 9 U C L. 0 .MB 9 U in > y >* u --9 kr C o C L. o +- +" CO-0 9 49 U> u O tn > ko >> u --9 Co C L. o 4k 4co a. C 4" P > y --> ^ UN un a --0 93 u 93 9> OX O tn in 3 l_ *4* >* C -- 4- y UN > f- P 93 o 93 9 9U O0 k m u -- 9-- 4- M UN E C M. -- tn tn 9? -- U 93 fA tn 13 VN 0 U. k >. 9 U + P >i * E . --9 w l~ ku 4- DC O 93 uu 4- -MB 9 a po o cE 99 nr co UoN E CM u 4> 3C 0 93 U i4. M- 9 15 P0 CE 99 a CO k Cb 4- :3 C O -93 l_ s. 4- -- 9 po 9 o C 99 0 CO k L. 4- .3 t 0 "o uu 4- -- 9 O1 PO e 99 Z co 34 Rainbow tr o u t. Sal mo q a lrd n e rl Load n itr a te 135 32 wks A ffe c te d RHG, 13 Iro n c o n te n t, and ALA-1) In blood Hodson, e t a l . 1978a DUP040010015 B lrg e , 1978 IC50 (death and 1,660 deform ity) oGO O' 0> r* O' 4 u c C u. 0 . 0 P 0 xX JO O' r> O' 4 C o 0 P xO -G , CM CM '45 CO o r* n- P- fK O' CO so O' O' O' O' O' O' -- . r^ O O' in r> O' . m 4- 4- 4* 4- 4- r*^ 4- 4- 4- O' c v c c 0 -- 0 e +- o 4 4- tn 0 cn <0 Ui 05 4" -- 4-'-- E in 102 V ,U > 0 > 0 t? *o 0 t_ 42 X CD CD O Q o o < X CJ 4 . c (0 c 4.0 u r* :xo: 2o' B -- O j <: 9 j 0o o **- j* -- -- !<W0 L. 42 0 c o-- --0 co --> --- * * *-- 4- V +- -iCn . Q JUC'*!-- r: c < -- .**~ -- _J -O o .< H TJ HI *- C.OD ifl O ** -r 2? .C < "3 CoCMN J 4- ob iCn3 .* -- N x Sg O 0.0 iTV ,0 0 0 o 0 o o P s .e -* .O 4- 5* o jr- < ~.C <--I O 4* C x S3 P .-4 c UJ <o -o c^ o . 4- ^ O --c c0 > .-4c42 ----* ~*O ;g5 42 u g 'r i- c.o c O u 3. o W v -N*l\ e -j O .;nn % o CM - H-' ;n sCMo 0 P vmb *r sr 7 days 195 o c aoe w vO AH 44U3O-- T--:CUu3 M0V via>J. 10 4SC2 O B: X CO L. M. a. L. 4- C QP c. l_ 4- -- *u o 42 O C . CC (/> 4- 4- .4- U c ru: C -- e P *8 * 1 Ti -J I . 4-- P c. V. o 4- 4= Cu u p Pp p -*1 >u >L. .05 C * c. 4- 3C 0P t_ L. 4> -- 10 1O 0 XJ o E CC </> 4- 5-g 0 > L. 42 S u 4- 3C OP uu 4- m. 2> 5o cE X V5 U ; cr e mm t. 4- 3C OP u c. 4- -- * O' 0 -D .0 CE X co * u in -- 0 EC CM 4--C w0 430 ' 03 uc 4- - o0 --> l. CD ..CO sJC o --> im n X co 35 0 . c > -- 4Pc 0 M +4- PM 30 01 3 lm C 4- o -- >-- ^u 0 42 > 0 E-- U5 CO '-'.CO 0 0-- 0 Ec CM 4C w0 4-- 30 03 i. C 4r -- 4C o> o-- u m to G o ld fis h (embryo, la rv a ). Carasslus auratus Lead c h lo rid e DUP040010018 R e fe re n c e M a rc h e ttl, 1978 WN x\ r*. r> -M * v V o SO r*- P3D- r>o. 4 C m o 4- 4- V .e cr cr c * V -- -- M * Ml 4* 4ee v u &sot.r 4- p c-r . * u u p 4- c 3 3 >> 9 L. s 4- .O ) 35 3 d in e XT x: --~ * 4_ r-- --o CO --o *--CO o u ' > . in c o~ 0 O' X-- ox -- on b. P p o: c9r u C.ruLa < JWO CC JiZn cr m o o 1W L0 XV enco 0*-N U-- O' -- z fy P $ o3 o uO P tfl .o in Io: Ii 0 4- cwo---c lir 0 3 cr lub 1* o 3 . *aS ius min o3 , P aU Oc V3a) ua, xa\ o o *Z VWwa. X-yto3T. a. a R esult (u g /l)* 1,650 E ffect KC50 D uration 96 h rs Hardness (mg/L as CaCOj) - C h e m ica l Tetram ethyl lead a P 4- 4~ L. 0 u o 4 u U 4- 44 4- o JO j C 0 vu uo c e P TO p P _j _J -J mJ TO p _J --i + V 9 +* u 4-' -- cr c --3 < L, 0 JZ a. o 4~ E OJ M in o U 0 .cr-- -- <p c 0 4JC c a o 4* > iA JZ C 2 L. -- 33 <- a o x a. c 0 4JC C CL 0 4>. XC ao L. -- 3 .3 4- a. O z a. 3 4 U U Cr M </) 0 in 1- 3 O <J 3 X U- L. IQ a t. a uo a. u E o -- U TO O * . U +- o u 4^0 o> >. L. '0 a 0-0 38 E P E-- LP O 5 ' u 4- O u 4- 0 O> >* Lr -- o a. a. o E P E -- uP Q * JZ o 4- O U 4JC o y ->h .->> y --^ 0 a, CL o <A 3 4-' L. E b. L Ow in 3 .4- -- -- u jr P y0 >* c -- 0 4-: 0- P O* oaT. --ao_ oa DUP040010019 S p e c ie s A lq a , Shiner perch, lead n itra te - - 27J5 in h ib itio n 7.8 Abou-Don I a 4 Menzel x> -- O o O u eS o ffl <</0> O c 6 to V10I *V9wo) Q. o V<0 V) L9. > '3 .U C ce ** * 40 DUP040010021 0 (0 t* SI3 L. N 3<0 -- OCO' CM PO * (ft > * . mm JO) (ft UT 3 r> T> z r*. f0 O' O' <0 0 4- O' u CD \0 o fS CD IU .0 1* tft (ft O' oo M U 4- 4 P -p* -- (ft 3C 0 V)+" LU S CD 03 3itP) vi a a a." w o o o r "1 (ft <0 4-- <N > * <0 X X) 4- -- o a : 4- (0 4- 4- x: e <J 3* xa -J E 0 U, \ 3 OV-- L. L. 4- O) o * O + E in LU d O' LU i U o < a ) IQ P- -- __i oo o 30 .o o. form ation -- L. TO TO >* E 4- "iZ 1 CM in a. o o in (ft u> >*-- II -- . 3 u -TO 4a a: <o -- a *o O. o cc '** > u. t o Cl a ((fftt (ft Ki cjQf 'Ol . Vo.i O 10 E CJ C\pO 3S oo o a a "8 10 CO cr x 13 --. to Fundulus h e te ro c lltu s .in --3 TO (ft (ft 3 (ft s; -- 3 4z (A 3 TO (ft (ft 3 (ft E3 -- 3 4f- > ce Z c a *u L. > 4" (ft >* OW +*. C (ft (- 0 (ft 4- Ift (ft *0 L. ui CJ a -- **-- c. g 9 4- a tft (h >* E u -- -- L. -- C (ft l . t +4- 0> vi Z (ft *3 Vc 4- O (ft -- U0 --E e ift O3 --u U 9E EG <X u (ft 3 9 a 0 c w a 0 c. u O 4T3 *" 3 za . i. 0 4U O-- \m U 93 --a "b *o . c- o U-.Z 4<0 43y * jC 3 - a . O M.M1' 3 so JO ico C i 39 DUP040010022 AposcoL, S, 1973, A bioassay of toxicity using protozoa in the scudv of aquatic environment pollution and its prevention. Environ, Res, 6: 365. V Atchison, G.J., et al. 1977. Trace metal contamination of bluegill (Lepomis.macrochirus) from two Indiana lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soe. 106: 637, x Aubert, M., ec al, 1974. Utilisation du'une chaine trophyodynamique de type pelagique pour I'etude des transferts des pollutions mecallique. Rev. Int. Oceanogr. Med. 28: 27. Badsha, K.8. and C.R. Goldspink, 1982. Preliminary observations on the heavy metal content' of four species of freshwater fish in NW England, Jour. Fish Biol. 21: 251, Baker, M.D., et al> 1983. Toxicity of pH, heavy metals and bisulfite to a freshwater green alga. Chemosphere 12: 35. Behan, M.J., et al. 1979. Lead accumulation in aquatic plants from metallic sources including shot- Jour, Wildl. Manage. 43: 240, Belding, D.L, 1927, Toxicity experiments with fish in reference to trade waste pollution. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 57: 100. Benijts-Claus, C, and F. Benijts. 1975. The effect of low lead and zinc concentracions on che larval development of the mud crab, Rhithropanopeus 42 DUP040010023 REFERENCES Abou-Donia, M.B. and D.B. Menzel. 1967. Fish brain cholinesterase: its in hibition by carbamates and automatic assay. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 21:y99. Adams, E.S. 1975. Effect of lead and hydrocarbons from snowmobile exhaust, on brook trout (Salvelinus foncinalis). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 104: 36.3. Ancellin, J., et al. 1973. Aspects of biologiques et physico-chimiques de la contamination radioacciye d'especes et de sediments marins. In: Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environment. Incernacional Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Auscria. p. 2.25. Anderson, S.S. 1948. The apparent thresholds of toxicity to D.aphnia rnagna for chlorides of various metals when added to Lake Erie water. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 78: 96. Anderson, R.L. , et al. 1980. Survival and growth of Tanycarsus disslmilis (Chironomidii) exposed to copper, cadmuim, zinc, and lead. Arch. Environ* Concam. Toxicol, 9: 329. Anderson, R.V, 1977. Concentration of cadmium, copDer, lead and zinc in six species of freshwater clams. Bull. Environ. Concam. Toxicol. 1.8: 492. Anderson, R.V. 1978. The effects of lead on oxygen uptake in che crayfish, Orconectes virilis (Hagen). Bull. Environ, Concam. Toxicol, 20: 394. 41 DUP040010024 Analysis and Quality Assurance. EPA-6Q0/9-80-022, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, p. 519. Birge, W.J,, et al. 1981. The reproductive toxicology of aquatic contaminants ' In: J. Saxe.na and F. Fisher (eds.), Hazard Assessment of Chemicals: Current Developments. Vol. I. Academic Press, New York. p. 59. Boggess, W.R. and B.G. Wixson (eds.). 1977. Lead in the environment. PB 278278. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, Borgma- . U., et al. 1978. Rates of mortality, growth, and biomass produc tion Ox uymnaea palustris during chronic exposure to lead. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 1109. Borgmann, U. '1980. Interactive effects of metals in mixtures on biomass production kinetics of freshwater copepods. Can. Jour. Fish. Aquae. Sci. 37: 1295. Boutet, C, and C. Chaisemartin. 1973. Specific toxic properties of metallic salts in Austropotamobius pallipes pallipes and Orconectes limosus. C.R. Soc, Biol. 167: 1933. Brezina, E.R. and M.Z. Arnold. 1977. Levels of heavy metals in fishes from selected Penna. waters. Publication No. 50. Bureau of Water Quality Management, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 44 DUP040010025 Bringmann, G> and R. Kuhn. 1977b. Results of the damaging effect of wacer pollutants on Daphnia magma. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 10: 161. Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1978a.. Limiting values for the noxious effects of ' water pollutant material to blue algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) and green algae (Scer.edesmus quadricauda) in .cell propagation inhibition tests. Vom Wasser 50: 45. Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1978b. Testing of substances for cheir toxicity threshold : model organismsMi croc vs t i,s (Diploeystis ) aeruginosa and Scer.edesmus quadricauda.. Mice. Inc. Ver. fh.eor, Angew. Limnol. 21: 275. Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn, 1979. Comparison of coxic limiting concencracions of wacer contaminations coward bacteria, algae., and protozoa in che cell-growth inhibico.n test . Haustech. Bauphys. Umwelctech. 100: .249. Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1980a. Oecermi.nat.ion of che harmful biological effect of wacer pollutants on protozoa. II. baccericvorous ciliaces. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 13: 26. Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1980b. Comparison of the toxicity threshold of water pollutants to bacteria, algae, and protozoa in che cell multiplication inhibition test. Water Res.. 14: 231, 46 DUP040010026 Carpenter, K.E. 1927. The lec'hal action of soluble metallic sales of fishes. 3r. Jour. Exp, Biol. 4: 378. Carpenter, K.E. 1930. Further researches on the action of mecallic salts on fishes. Jour. Exp. Zool. 56: 407, Carter, J.W. and I.L. Cameron. 1973. Toxicity bio.a.s.say of heavy metals in water using Tetrahvmena pyri forrnis. Wacer Res, 7: 951. Chapman, G.A., et al, Manuscript. Effects of water hardness on the toxicity of metals to Daphnia magna. U.S. EPA, Corvallis, Oregon, Chapman, W.H., et al. 1968. Concent rat ion factors of chemical elements in edible aquatic organisms. UC.RL-50564, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia. Christensen, E.R., ec al. 1979. Effects of manganese, copper and lead on Selenastrum c apricornu cum and Chiore 11a scigmatophora. Wacer Res. 13: 79. Christensen, G.M, 1975, Biochemical effects of raefhylmereuric chloride, cadmium chloride and lead nitrate on embryos and alevins of che brook trout . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 32: 191. Christensen., G. , ec al. 1977. The e.ffecc of mechyimercuric chloride, cadmium chloride, and lead nicrace on six biochemical- factors of the brook trout (Salvellnus foncinalis). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 42: 523. 50 DUP040010028 Demayo, A., ec al. 1980, Guidelines for surface wacer quality: inorganic chemical substances - lead. Inland Waters Directorate, Water Quality Branch, Ottawa, Canada, y Demayo, A-., et al, 1982. Toxic effects of lead and lead compounds on human' health, aquatic life, wildlife, plants and lifescock. CRC Grit. Rev, Environ. Control 12: 257, Devi Prasad, P.V, and P.S. Devi Prasad, 1982. Effecc of cadmium, lead and nickel on three freshwater green algae. Water Air Soil Politic.' 17: 263. Pilling, W.J. and C.W. Healy. 1927, Influence of lead on the metallic ions of Cu, Zn, thorium, beryllium and thallium on che germination of frogs' spawn and the growth of tadpoles. Ann. Appl, Biol. 13: 177. Dilling, W.J,, et al. 1926. Experiments on the effeccs of lead on che growth of plaice (Pleuronectes piatess a). Ann. Appl. Biol. 13: 163. Dixon, W.J. and M.B. Brown, eds. 1979. BMDP Biomedical Computer Programs., ?-series. University of California, Berkeley, California, p. 521. Porfman, D, 1977. Tolerance of Fundulus beteroclitus to different metals in saltwaters. Bull. New Jersey Acad. Sci. 22: 21. 52 DUP040010029 V Ellis, M.M. 1940. Pollution of the Cceur d'Alene River and adjacent: waters by mine wastes. Special Scientific Report No. 1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p'. 61, x English, J.N, , ec al. 1963. Pollucional effects of outboard motor exhaust laboratory studies. Jour. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 35: 923. Enk, M.D, and B.J. Mathis. 1977. Distribution of cadmium and lead in a stream ecosystem. Hydrobiologia 52: 153. Evans., R.D, and D. C. Lasenby. 1983. Relationship between body-lead concentration of Hv sis relicta and sedimen.c-lead concentration in Kootenary, B.C. Can. Jour. Fish. Aquae. Sci. 40: 7.8, Fe.ra.rd, J.F,, et al. 1982. Value of dynamic cests in acuce ecpcoxicity assessment in algae, _Xn_: W.C, McKay (ed.), Proceedings of the Minch Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop. Can.. Tech. Rept. Fish. Aquae. Sci. No. 1163, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, p. 3.8, Ferguson, J. and B. Bubela, 1974. The concentration of Cu(II), P.b(II), and Zn(II) from aqueous solution by particulate algal matter, Chem. Gaol. 13: 163. Fisher, N.S. and G.J. Jones. 1981. Heavy metals and marine phytoplankton: correlation of toxicity and sulfhydry1-binding. Jour, Phycol, .17: 108. 54 DUP040010030 Gale, N.L., ac al, 1982.. Lead concentrat ions in edible fish filets collected from Missouri's old lead belt. In: P.D. Hemphill (ed,), Trace Subscances in Environmental Healch-XVI. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, p, 12. . Ga.ravini, C. and P. Martelli. 1979. Effect of lead acetate on erychropoiensis and ulcrastruccural changes of erychroblascs in the catfish. Mo.nitOre Zooi. Italy 13: 83. Gentile, J.H., et al. 1982, The use of life-cables for evaluating the chronic toxicity of pollutants to Hvsidopsis bahia, Hydrobiologia 93: 179. Gentile, S.M. 1982. Memorandum to John H. Gentile. U.S. EPA, Marraganset.c, Rhode Island, Goettl., J.P., et al. 1972, Laboratory water pollution studies. Colorado Fisheries Research Review. Gordon, M., et al. 1980. Mvt ilus cal i fornlanus as a bioi.ndicacor of crace metal pollution: variability and statistical considerations. Mar. Pollut.* Bui 1. 11: 193. Gould, E. and R.A. Greig. 1983. Shorc-cerm low salinity response in lead-exposed lobsters, Homarus americanus (Mi.ln.e Edwards). Jour. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 69: 283. 56 DUP040010031 Hessler, A. 1975. Effects of lead on aLgae, Mutagenesis experiments on Placymonas subcordi f.ormis (Cnlorophyta:valvocales). Mutat. Res. 31: 43. Hodson, P.V. 1976. Deica-amino levulir.ic acid dehydratase activity of fish ^ blood as an indiccor of a harmful exposure to lead.- Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33: 268. Hodson, P.V., ec al. 1977. Evaluation of erythrocyte delea-amino levulinic acid dehydratase activity as a short-term indicator in fish of a harmful exposure to lead.. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34: 501. Hodson, P.V., et al. 1978a. Chronic toxicity of water-borne and dietary lead co rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Lake Ontario water. Water Res. 1.2: 869. Hodson, P.V., et al. 1973b, pH-induced changes in blood lead of lead-exposed rainbow trout. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 3.5: 437. Hodson, P.V., ec al, 1979a. Effects of increasing dietary ascorbic acid on chronic lead toxicity in rainbow trout. Am. Jour. Clin. Nutrition 32: R28. Hodson, P.V.., et al. 1979b. Effect of fish age on predicted and observed chronic toxicity of lead to rainbow crout in Lake Ontario water. Inc. Assoc. Great Lakes Res. 1: 84. 58 DUP040010032 Jackim, E, 1973. V Influence of lead and ocher metals on fish .delea-aminolevulinace dehydrase activity. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can, 30: 560. Jackim, E., ec al. 1970. V / Effeces of .metal poisoning on five Liver enzymes in che killi'fish (Fundulus hetarocficus) . Jour. Fish. Res . Board Can. 27: 383.. Jana, S. and M.A. Choudhuri. 1982. Senescence in submerged aquatic angiosperms: effaces of heavy metals. New Phycol. 90: 477, Jana, S. and M.A. Choudhuri. 19:84. Synergistic effects of heavy metal pollutants on senescence of submerged aquatic plants. Water Air Soil Pollut. 21: 35,1. Jeonecc, J.C., ec al. 1981. Some effects of century old abandoned lead mining operations on screams in Missouri, U.S.A. Minerals and the Environment 3: 17. Johnson, M.S. and J.W. Eaton, 1980. Environmental contamination chrough residual trace metal dispersal from a derelict lead-zinc mine. Jour. Environ. Qual. 9: 175. Johnson, W.W. and M.T, Finley. 1980. Handbook of acuce toxicity of chemicals to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Resource Publication 137. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. Jones, J.R.E, 1935. The toxic action of heavy me.cal salts on the chree-spined stickleback. Jour. Exp. Biol, 12: 165, 60 DUP040010033 Knowlcon, M.K., ec al. 1983. Uptake of lead from aquatic sedimenc by submerged macrophytes and crayfish. Arch, Environ. Concam. Toxicol. 12; 535. Kopfler, F.C. and J. Mayer- 1973. Concentration of five trace mecals in the'' waters and oysters (Crassostree virginica) of Mobile Bay, Alabama- Proc. Nacl. Shellfish Assoc. 63: 27. Laube, V.M, , ec al. 1980, Strategies of response to copper, cadmium and lead by a blue green and a green alga. Can. Jour. Microbiol. 26: 1.300. Leland, H.V. and J.M. McNurney, 1974, Lead transport in a river ecosystem. Io: Proceedings of the International Conference on Transport of Persiscenc Chemicals in Aquacic Ecosystems. Parc lit. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, p. 17. Lloyd, R. 1961. Effects of dissolved Oxygen concentrations on che coxicicy of several poisons to rainbow trouc (Salmo gairdneri) Jour.. Exp. Biol. 38: 447. Lu, P. , et al.. 1975. Model ecosystems studies of lead and cadmium of urban sewage sludge containing these elements. Jour. Environ. Qual.. 4: 505, Lucus, H.F. and D.N. Edgington- 1970. Concentration of crace eleraencs in Great Lakes fishes. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 27: 677. 62 DUP040010034 Martin, M,, ec al. 1984. Relationships between physiological stress and trace toxic substances in the bay mussel, Mytilus edulis, from San Francisco Bav, California. Mar. Environ, Res. 11: 91. Mathis, 3.J. and T.F, Cummings. 1973. Selected metals in sediments, water, and biota in the Illinois River. Jour. Water Polluc, Control Fed. 45: 1573, Mathis, B.J, and N.R. Kevern. 1975, Distribution of mercury, cadmium, lead and cha11iurn in a eucrophic lake. Hydrobiologia 46: 207. May, T.W. and G.L. McKinney. 1981. Cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and selenium concentrations in freshwater fish, 197.6-77 - National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pescic. Monic. Jour. 15: 14. Mehrle, P.M., et al. 1982. Relationship between body contaminants and bone development in Ease-Coast scriped bass. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. Ill: 231. Merlini, M. and G. Pozzi. 1977a, Lead and freshwater fishes: Part I - lead accumulation and water pH. Environ. Polluc. 12: 167, Merlini, M. and G, Pozzi. 1977b. Lead and freshwater fishes: Parc II - ionic lead accumulation. Environ. Polluc. 13: 119. Metayer, C., ec al. 1982. Accumulation of some trace metals (cadmium, Lead, copper and zinc) in sole (Solea solea) and flounder (Placichchys flesus): 64 DUPO40010035 V Nehri.ng, R.B, 1976. Aquatic insects as biological monitors of: heavy metal pollution. Bull. Environ. Contain.. Toxicol. 15: 147. v Nehring, R.B., ec al. 1979. Reliability of aquatic inseccs versus water samples a's measures of aquacic lead pollution. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 22: 103. Necer, J. and W, Wasserman. 1974. Applied Linear Statistical Models. Irwin, Inc>, Homewood, Illinois, Newman, M.C. .and A.W. McIntosh. 1983a, Slow accumulation of lead from contaminated food sources by the freshwater gastropods, Phvsa Integra and C.ampeloma decisum, Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 12; 685. Newman., M.C. and A.W. McIntosh, ,1983b. Lead elimination and size effects on accumulation by two freshwater gastropods. Arch. Environ. Concern. Toxicol. 12; 25. North, W.F, , ec a.1. 1972. Marine algae and their relations c.o pollutionproblems. In: M. Ruivo (ed.), Marine Pollution and Sea Life. Fishing Trading News Ltd., London. p. 330. Nyman, H.G. 1981. Sub lethal effects of lead on size selective predation by fish-application in the ecosystem level. Verb. Inc. Ver. Limnol. 21: 1126. 66 DUP040010036 Pawlaezyk--Szpilowa, M, and J. Slowik. 1981. The bioeumalation .of copper and lead by Scenedesmus obllquus. Acta Microbiol. Pol. 30: 79. Pennington, C.H., et al. 1982. Contaminant levels in fishes from Brown's Lake, Mississippi". Jour. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 27: 139, Phillips, G.R. and R.W. Gregory. 1980, Accumulation of selected elements (As, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn) by northern pike (Esox lucius) reared in surface coal mine decant water. Proc. Montana Acad. Sci. 39: 44. Phillips, G.R. and R.C. Russo. 1978. Metal bioaccumulation in '.shes and aquatic invertebrates: a literature review. EPA-600/3-78-103. ..ationil Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia. Pickering, Q.H, and C. Henderson, 1966, The acute toxicity of some heavy metals to different species of warmwater fishes. Air Water Pollut, Int. Jour. 10: 453. Popham, J.D. and J.M. D'Auria. 1981. Statistical models for estimating seawater metal concentrations from metal concentrations in mussels (MytiIns edulis). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27: 660. Price, R.E, and L.A, Knight, 1978. Mercury, cadmium, lead, and arsenic in sediments, plankton and clams from Lake Washington and Sardis Reservoir, Mississippi. Pestic. Monit. Jour. 4: 182. 68 DUP040010037 .Rachore, H.S. and H. Swarup. 1978, A shore note on che pollution ecology of Chiro.nomus cencans larvae in a river. Narl. Acad. Sci. Leccers 1: 235, Rachore, H.S., ec al. 1979. Toxicicy of cadmium chloride and lead nitrate co Chironomus cencans larvae. Environ. Polluc. 18: 173. Ray, S. 1978, Bioaccumulacion of lead in Aclancic salmon. Bull. Environ. Concam. Toxicol. 19; 631. Ray, S., ec al. 1981, Accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium and Lead from cwo conearainaced sediments by three marine invercebraces--a laboratory scudy. Bull. Environ. Concam. Toxicol, 26: 315. Reish, D.J. and R.S. Carr. 1978, The effect of heavy metals on che survival, reproduce ion, develOpmenc and li fe cycles for cwo species of polychaecous annelids. Mar. Polluc. Bull. 9: 24. (Table 3 available from author.) Reish, D.J., ec al. 1976. The effect of heavy metals on laboratory popula tions of cwo polychaeces wich comparisons co che water quality condicions .and standards in Southern California marine waters. Wacer Res. 10: 299. Rice, H., ec al. 1973, The effects of some trace metals on marine phytoplankton, CRC Cric. Rev, Microbiol. 3: 27. Rivkin, R.B. 1979. Effects of lead on growth of che marine diatom Skeleconema cost arum, Mar, Biol. 50: 239. 70 DUP040010038 Schulz-Baldes, M. and R.A. Levin. 1976. Lead uptake in two marine phytoplankton organisms. Biol. Bull. 150: 118. v Schulze, H. and J. Brand. 1978. Lead toxicity and phosphate deficiency in chlamydotfionas. Plant Physiol. 62: 72 7.. Scott, K.J., et al. Manuscript. Toxicological methods using the benthic amphipod Ampelisca abdita Mills. U.S. EPA, Narragansetc, Rhode Island. Shaw, W.H. and B. Grushkin. 1957. The toxicity of metal ions to aquatic organisms - Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 67: 44 7. Shaw, W.H.R. and B.R. Lowrance. 1956. Bioassay for the estimation of metal ions. Anal, Chem. 28: 1164. Shuster, C.N. and B.H, Pringle. 1969. I Eastern oyster, Crassost.r.ea virginica. Trace metal accumulation by the American Proc. Natl, Shellfish Assoc. 59: 9:1. Sicko-Go.ad, L. 1982. A morphometric analysis of algal response to low dose short term heavy metal exposure. Protoplasms 110: 75. Sicko-Goad, L. and D, Lazinsky. 198.1, Accumulation and cellular effects of heavy metals in benthic and planktonic algae. Micron Microscopia Acta 2.2: 289. Sicko-Goad, L. and D. Lazinsky, 1982. Polyphosphace body formation and degradation in Plectonema bpryanum. Micron Microscopia Acre 13: 459. 72 DUP040010039 Stanley, R. A. .1974. Toxic icy of heavy metals and salts co Eurasian wacermilfoil (Mvr i.ophyllum s pic a turn !..) Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. .2: 331. Steele, R;L. and G.B. Thursby. 1983. A coxicicy test using life stages of Chamnia parvula (Rhodophyca). Ip; W.E. Bishop, et al. (ed$.), Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment. ASTM STP 802,. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia., Pennsylvania., p. 73. Stephan., C.E., et al.. 1985. Guidelines for deriving numerical nacional water quality criceria for the pro.cecc.ion of aquacic organisms and their uses. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia. Stewart, J. and M. Schulz-Baldes. ,1976. Long-term lead accumulation in abalone (Kaliotus sp,) fed on lead-created brown algae (Egregia laevigata) . Mar. Biol. 36: 19. Stone, C.L., et al, 1981. Bioavailability of lead in oysters fed to young Japanese quail. Environ. Res. 26; 409. Stratford, H.K., ec al. 1984. Effects of heavy metals on wacer hyacinths. Aquae, Toxicol. 5: 117. Scromgren, T. 1980. The effect of lead, cadmium, and mercury on che increase in length of five intertidal fucales. Jour, Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 43: 107, 74 DUP040010040 Tucker, R.K, and A. Matte. 1980. In vitro effects of cadmium and lead in ATPase in the gill of the rock crab. Cancer irrora.tus, Bull. Environ. C.on tarn. Toxicol. 24: 847. Turnbull," R. , et al, 1954.. Toxicity of various refinery materials co freshwater fish. Ind. Eng. Chem. 46: 324. U.S. EPA. .1976. Quality criteria for water.' EPA-440/9-76-023. National Technical Information Service, Sjpringfield, Virginia. U.S. EPA, 1980.. Ambient water quality criteria for lead, EPA-440/4-80-057. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia. U.S. EPA, 1.983a, Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. EPA-600/4-79-020 (Revised March 1983). National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia. U.S. EPA. 1983b. Water quality standards regulation. Federal Register 48: 51400. November 8. U.S. EPA. 1983c. Water quality standards handbook. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, D.C. U,S. EPA. 1985, Technical support document for water quality-based coxics control. Office of Water, Washington, D.C. 76 DUP040010041 Vinikour, W.S., ec al, 1980. Bioconcencracion pacterns of zinc, copper, cadmium and lead in selected fish species from che Fox River, Illinois.. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 24; 72^7. Wachs, B.~ 1982. Concentration of heavy mecals in fishes from c.he river Danube. Z. Wasset Abwasser Fors.ch, 15: 4,3. Wallen, I.E., et al. 1957. Toxicity to Gambusia affinis of certain pure chemicals in turbid waters. Sew. Ind. Wastes 29: 695, Walsh, D.F., et al. 1977. Residues in fish, wildlife and estuaries. Pestic. Monit. Jour. 11: 5. Wang, ft. 1959. Analyses of a toxic face or., lechal to paramecium present in npn-glass-disclll.ed water, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 101: 682. Warnick, S.L and ft.L. Bell. 1969. The acute toxic icy of some heavy mecals co different species of aquatic insects. Jour* Water Pollut* Control Fed. 41.: 280. Waterman, A.J. 1937. Effects of salts of heavy mecals on development of che sea urchin, Arbacia puncculata.. Biol. Bull. 73: 401. Wading, d.R. 1981, Effects of mecals on che development of oyster embryos. South African Jour. Sci. 77: 134. 78 DUP040010042 Wading, H.R. 1983. Accumulation of seven metals by Crassoscraa ^ijas, Crassoscrea margaritacea, Perna perna, and Choromytijus metidionalis. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 30; 317. y' Weber, W.J., Jr., and W. Scumm. 1963. Mechanism of hydrogen ion buffering in natural waters. Jour. Am. Water Works Assoc, 55; 1553. Wehr, J.D. and 8.A. Whitton. 1983a. Accumulation of heavy metals by aquatic mosses. 2; Rhynchostegium riparioides. Hydrobiolpgia .100; 261. Wehr, J.D, and B.A. Whitton. 1983b. Accumulation of heavy metals by aquatic mosses, 3: seasonal changes. Hydrobiologia 100; 285. Weir, P.A. and C.H. Hine. 1970, Effects of various metals on behavior of conditioned goldfish. Arch. Environ, Health. 20: 45. Nei.s, J.S. 1976. Effects of mercury, cadmium, and lead sales on regeneration and eedysis in the fiddler crab. Oca pugilator. Fish. Bull, 74: 464, Weis, J.S. and P. Weis. ,1977. Effect of heavy metals on development of the kil.lifi.sh., Fundulus heteroclitus. Jour. Fish Biol, 11: 49, Weis, P. and J.S. Weis. 1982. Toxicity of methyl mercury, mercuric chloride, and lead in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) from Southampton, New York. Environ. Res. 28: 364. 79 DUP040010043 Woolery, M.L, and R.A. Lewin. 1976. The effects of lead on algae. IV. effects of lead on respiracion and photosynthesis of Phaeodaccylum cricornucum (Bacillariophyceae) Water Air Soil Polluc. 6: 25. Wren, C.D>, et al. ' 1983. Examination of bioaccuraulatipn and biomagni ficac.ion of metals in a precambrian shield lake. Water Air Soil Pollux.. 19: 277. Zaroogian, G.E., et al. 1979. Crassostrea virginica as an indicator of lead pollution. Mar. Biol. 52: 189. 81 DUP040010044