Document r3aLBN2RkXq9wX5nVov3Gega

Presenting tt.r herc- :s,1o")lurtHiwoyn's) ifuor yyualllrr rroabbl_ae1s11,1 | | | [ 3M R3C0134796 1370.0001 Exhibit 1370 State of Minnesota v. 3M Co., Court File No. 27-CV-10-28862 STATE_07543941 en a % a opt FF f E ELUr EGRSADe Fm Lo UIA On ROGm HEi Mo iICAI Ln . chl ina vi Thefunctionof mostorganiccoatingsisto protect a Rohs Sobeadwi Lo ee hJr. and/or decoratesubstrates.Surfacedefectssuch as Sen TRS, craters,sagsand thick edges marappearance and fpf r nS e create weakspots which decrease protection. ey Many surface defects arise from resin or foE s E E Sege EE pigmentflow in the paintfilm after it is applied. Such N movement is caused primarily by surface tension forces with the main force opposing it being viscosity. EE Bs a as ris Preventing defects will allow the coating formulator additional time to spend on the more productive ' {asksofcronnghnctonalcostrgswih proved 05S amop motes lord tasks of creating functional coatings with improved profitability. Shteh rgucvesenontonoinin,taor | SE ES ReE TDRS SS) This brochurediscusses how toeliminateor f= Elen reduce surface defects by the control of surface re tension. reese FS SC Se FFBFELLNUUEOOFRRIOi OTCCSHHOEEFMa MIFICLCAAULLd ORSSUAURRDFFAACCTTAANNTTSS Curing surface defects is never easy Ideally, J yr solutions are developed from a knowledge ofthe fri ReTe causeofthe defect.Unfortunately diagnosisis Ei often difficultsince the coating supplier is seldom SheRieimir | Sc Sennain, on site when thedetectis observed and substrate cleanlinesscan be inadequate and/or irregular. (DiEEmaahiHseieioye S (ERi Rs The maintenanceofcoating surface tension values atlow levelswith Fluorad fluorochemical surfactants FREESE pentmERmEEER can help producecoatingscapableof being used Loieerraenl Dandie in"lessthan perfecrindustrialapplications.The formulator will benefit by maintaining a quality fo A "trouble free"image and reducing unproductive EE anergy problem solving. The use of additives in the paint and coating peat BeeShee eue industry has been gaining greateracceptanceas EIR. their benefits become increasingly difficult to He Ans reproduce with modificationsofthe base resins or ESoEi=sEsTmeiieomTtenE uaa solventsystem.Much developmenttimeisstill ire SEEEERsTEme spentin solventand resin permutation(to reduce surface tension values)when the use of Fluorad fluorochemical surfactants could achieve the : S EneR em m cta S SEE o REe desired effect.The use oflowercostsolventsand resinsfrequently offsets the increase in cost of rennet |ESSA, oy cpr thesurfactant.. Ingredient mischarge can happen in the best gm. SEER run factory;a Fluorad fluorochemical surfactant has been used on more than one occasion to reduce =SRErina en scrap costs by rescuing a paintovercharged with 3: FLUORAD FI2UOROCHEMICAL SURFACTANTS IN COATINGS Fitiorad fluorochemical surfactants were first used in a major coating application in 1958.A patent awarded to H.C.Geen of the SimonizCompany claimed that3M company'sfluorosurfactants conferred superior leveling to dry bright aqueous emulsion floor waksystems.Since that time, fluorosurfactarits have been universally adopted in both household and institutional floor polish systems, ' They provide the necessary leveling and wetting . performance over floors covered with "old" polish, . or surfaces contaminated with low energy films such as grease orsilicone resins.The low .concentration of Fluorad fluorochemical surfactant needed for-good performance.significantly reduces detrimental effects,such as"black heel" marks, frequently seen with high levels of conventional surfactants. ,lust as the hydrophobic moieties In Fluorad surfactants enable them to function as highly efficient ' additivesIn aqueouscoatings,itwassoon recognized thatfluorochemicalsshould becapable of modifying surface tension in organic systems by virtue of the oleophobicity of theirfluorochemical moiety By achsakae ro s careful choice ofthe solubillzing group in the `molocul,SMchemistshavebeensbielodesign molecule,3M chemists have been ableto design Fluorad products to function as surface active agents in many solvents and resins. Surface tension control in organic systems Is now possible, not only during the application of a solvent based coating, but also during the dynamic phase ofdrying and resin polymerization.The maintenance oflow surface tension valuesthroughoutthe drying phase will eliminate,or reduce,steep surfacetension gradients which are frequently responsible for the formation of many coating defectssuch asfloating, orange peeling,and fish eyes. In an industrial situation ills not uncommon for surface preparation to be erratic. Low surface tension values will help considerably in minimizing the effect of such variation on coating appearance by Improving the ability of the coating to wet and spread on the substrate. These surfactants are used extensively to reduce the surface tension of both organic and aqueous based coatings. Spot contamination in the form of fingerprints, roller grease, condensation drip, and even gross contamination from a mischarge of a silicone defoamer, can be overcome by the use of fluorochemical surfactants. Consistent product performance is one step closer when Fluorad surfactants are used. silicone defoamer. RJC004797 1337700..00000022 STATE 0077554433994422 STATE_ - -------- a = 0 CA i SymogmmonmonooNdEeOy J HOpeog il FLUOROCARBON AND HYDROCARBON SURFACTANTS per = A surfactant(surface active agent)can be r pr y RE EeTE defined as: n A material which concentrates at the surface EET Shee of the liquid In which it Isdissolved,or atthe Interface of a liquid and another immiscible ny, BAECS liquid or solid. SEs, SAELEIEIEE Since many polymersand oligomersarethemEERIE Te selvessurface active,theycompeteforspace atan ERTIES interface.Their presence can make it difficult to a a predictthe behavior of any surfactant in specific | Bl rntai n yey a resinsystems. | EE SCTE Another definition ofa surfactantis: Ee A chemical comprised of two parts of widely (SEE, re differing polarity and solubility in liquid media. nmi e In general,surface active agents have limited The fluorocarbon and hydroCartioiliailserkthe molecules behave very differently in noriiiiiThous systems due primarily to the major differences in the solubility of the tails In the organic components In the coating.Typically,the hydrocarbon tails of conventional surfactants have sufficient solubility in organic paint systems whereby the chernical will not migrate to a liquid/9as Interface to function as . an efficient surface active agent The reVerS'els the. case with molecules having fluorocarbon tails: These moieties are not miscible with organic liquids, such as solvents or resins. By using the correct solubilizing group,3M chemists have designed luorochemicals which orientate at an organic interface to act as a surfactant(see Table 1 on page 10). solubility in the liquids in which they are used. . `mmaajjBooorrtddhiidffefffeeirrneeinntccieoesnsbsbeaetrtweweueeseennffufllluIucnorrhooicgchhheleimmgiihoctdaillnagantndhd.e i hydrocarbon surfactants. ea emm hmma Both classes of surfactants act in a similar fashion en in aqueoussystems.The insoluble portion of the ERE molecules--the hydrocarbon and the fluorocarbon | 7BWE"mES oS REE T hydrophobic chain--both orientate at the liquid surface with the hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon tail of frie el the molecule in the gas phase and the more polar orheisoon nass, portion in the aqueous phase. EEE ESSE Figure 2. 'Surfactantcrionfaffon in organic coatings. FFFFFFFF HHHHHHHH AQUEOUS PHASE RE FLUORINATED BRR LRAT SURFACTANT HYDROCARBON SURFACTANT FiQUIV 1. Surtaciant oriantetion in equeoua coatings. et There is, however,asignificantdifference in ERE, efficacy due to the stronger electron withdrawing power of the fluorine atom.Surface tension values in as low as16 dynes/cm in aqueoussystems are attainable with fluorocarbon surfactants at EE concentrations aslow as.005%.This contrastswith a minimum value of about25 dynes/cm at 1% with a typical hydrocarbon surfactant. poThe small amountof Fluorad fluorochemlcal surfactant necessary in aqueous coatings reduces the tendency for floor coatings to develop "black Ba heel" marks.In addition,the low use concentration in floor polish systems has only a small effecton erg Sabie Sas. manufacturing costcalculated on a per gallon basis. | RJC004798 137700..00033 STATE orsign STATE_07543943 CTe a RE a 3 . E pR TES Rl ms : Bow eC e -- am-- ,1.0 1 4 .. TiisISION.GRADIENTS e, ManytypesalthirfaCedefecisseen incoatings cnbeattrlbUted to the presenceofsurface tension mE differencesattheair/coating Interface.Such pert irne,|S ae Sl T s . " "' :d--iPfrfoerdeuncceesdcdaunrbineggceonaetriantgeadpbplyiscuartifoanc,ecionnetgaulmairniattlieosn i iii duTehteo suunrwfaancteeddefoercetxsedseassscIrviebfeldobweolfopwiagtmeenitSr.Pi:.cally ,,efvro.tarpiosiilaltmiiosnt'so,fdsuoslvteonvtesr.sp ray,or differential and/or resin. .. nnepe peliCE Acoating consistsoftwointerfaces--the "Suffcetension values0')ofcoatingscan drift upwards(i-)ordownwards(--)assolventsevaporate %coating/air interface,and thecoating/substrate ieSinsES eS, Sided haa Se SteSs interface,Surfacetension gradientsarethe main from thesYstem.Ifthedriftvariesacrossthesurface ofthecoating,then certain characteristiccoating cause ofsurface defects in theformer,whereas patterns may be observed. | EHEERRSEENISETmOe, P shHiSmmoneysie | diinetfeee rcftasca ea,tootrhcsetolpapeototooerrr,wawreeetdtiunnegtoeoftcaaoolnotmawemeinrnearetgiyonseuarrtftaihceee dreoFoipgofufrppeai4i.niltlIcudsoetaruladltye.,sasudrhrfooappcssehhtooeunuslliddossnppdrrreiefaatddIanaanndsdidnrygyle with a coating having too high asurface tension. evenly However,asthe dropexhibitsagreater surfacearea atthe edges,thesolventwill evaporate Eofasteratthe perimeter.If,asaresultofevaporation, retn theremaining paintattheedgeofthe drophasa highersurfacetension,the paintresins willflow SURFACE TENSION towardsthe perimeterofthedrop--providingthe EE = SaEEE ptr f ee ee y GRADIENTS viscous drag ofthedrying paintcan be overcome. EE CONTAMINATION S. Conversely,Ifthesurface tension decreases,the resins will flow towards the center ofthe drop. oomaE | a -- za SOLVENT 4///k ' leads to resin migration towards posimotor. V' / 1 4'.4" /"/". EVAPORATION seen SUBSTRATE Tar / / //4: leads to resin migration towands center. j I Figure 3. Locationofsurf/code/acts. DEE TE Coma Eos DEFECTSATTHECOATING/AIR INTERFACE E ShE ot neyo Defectsatthe coating airinterfacecan becaused WEA, by solvent popping, pigment flocculation,shear S EEEEEIS EEE R , and gravityeffects,phaseseparation,poorleveling RED and surface tension effects. This brochure is aimed at those defects which can be alleviated by surface tension modification. &gm... Meat=facetension gtotilont a Typical use levelsfor Fiuorad fluorochemical etE e osee, surfactants FC-430and FC-431 toeffectsolvents and resins are reported in Table 1 shown on page10. SSRE A SE E Theclassicalwaytoavoidsuch migration isto . eT eliminatethesurfacetension gradientbymaintaining Se re surfacetension atafixed(low)value.Thiscan be RES accomplished by FluoradfluorochernIcalsurfactants EmmaE in eitheraqueousororganicsystems. E An example ofhow FC-430can be used tostop SEITE resin migration caused bythermal gradientsis Per oi Illustrated In Figure5. a 4 RJC004799 13700..00004 SSTTAATTEE_0077554433904444 TTTT mm " Sai ,,,,,--,,,,,,....., al 14....14...= CHE .y/A,s,i' ..`:..., ,,s i s .-f:4. i:-.,":-..T14.'." ,;.-: .,,..-44,..b Fluoraa uoriochernidal -. ..e4ants.; ta poeta reduce'taLiefensionk ie' sntfi,- i0t )7E1,sH-S`'?4;9",.,,-,,.,44. thatthe siirfadetension:A-WritsarelirfiaTedt,Or.0. ERat leastretinded. NotOnkkirOtheati.'aikNotaft,ta,!,;..k-gi'.' effective liLOV'erOOming.Spl4adntaillinarptit,.y...... they havealadobbeen useatoleSctie bata )as,ofldaluf accidentallyaritaniinat irvrttiaicaeWaltrO'66'"4:t.,-.1.1:4'.. defoainikt.W.t.:. --:'.-.:' oa ER .,_%,,i,,.,..., , . ..-1 '7-;:l'FI:.. ,CrVKits;. c 61:1-.4:.ti4:,,...%).1-, 4,.'..J.i>.,,&-..f..,. BENARD:CECLS'."!.-.^',.:r ...' --7.. n.:''7.7. .- ', Bena-rd'itilrarippeardtie' n plvinItelior:a1t- ro.ri'''.4.1..:;! ' Rem (see FlgbniZ).They arise'frgnblitulatiiiilliciim.. EER within the'doiting film.Theseeddycuirentsire' caused by differences In temperature,surface tension and density . . O.w 5. Resin migration due to he-s1(surtroi"ensJon w-actle . ' TS a Panels were coated with epoxy resin and cured ' in an oven for 10 minutes at 240F on a metal shelf . formed In a diamond pattern. bol 7 CRATERING SE. |S SLE The main causeofcrateringisforeign matter Ea `saStpaapggeeea..rCCioonnngatomanmiintnghatetisiouonrnfasauuccechhotfastshddeuuspsaktgi,ngoteldluprairntgiciltessf,luid Ee oversprayand oil,Is usuallyfound atthecenterof E EE the crater.In thecase ofasilicone oil droplet,the e low surfacetension oilcreatesasurrounding area Ey ofreducedsurfacetension.Coating resinsflowaway FERAL from this area to the highersurfacetension areasin the bulk of the solution.The resultis a crater (see Figure 6). L 7N pE siaCnagy E f mrm oY me CONTAMINANT S FLUID 4',7' . A Rpm Z Fluid How fri(Wardcellsduetow:facefonslongradients. Pigmented systemscan exhibitcolorchanges (floating)dueto separation ofthe pigmentsasthey arecarried in the eddycurrents of Benard cells. The effectcan be reduced Ifthe rate ofchange in surface tension with temperature or concentration is minimized,the viscosityIncreased,orthe applied coating thicknessreduced.. ,SUBSTRATE /7/'' 4 4, Craterformation duetosuffacetendon greclionts. aoa 1337700..00000055 stareorsisss STATE_07543945 "TKVS1, ,-e4Prb......"..."''''"'"- - r onspeur ORANGE PEELING econ Localized surface tension variations across the S S fE oE re coating surfacecreateslightmoundsand dimplesin f T S thesurface of the coating.Similar irregularitiescan E Ee ER also beobserved when dewetting occurs.Thiseffect, described as"orange peer issometimes desirable EnmaE S E to hidesubstrate roughnessin large objects.Iforange REREE peeling is undesirable,theeffectcan be reduced by the use of Fluorad surfactantsto control the surface ESSERE tension variation and improvesubstrate wetting. Increased viscosity to lowercoating mobility will also reduce the problem. PeTunEFANG PICTURE FRAMING EERE Thiscommon coating effectappearsasa build up of paintatthe edgesofcoated articles.Itshould not E SE TiL mEEe beconfused with sagging,which occursatthe lower inETISEIEES edgesof vertical substrates.Pictureframing(see EE E Figure8)isthe resultofsurface tension gradients LTI. occurring atthe edgesofasubstrate due to afaster rate of evaporation ofthe coating solvents atthe extended surface.Since the coating resins are E EEE RE IE generally higher In surface tension than the solvents, the resins will tend to flow towards the edges and create the picture frame or."fatedge"effect. ng LEVELING HE tctrc Paradoxically,the leveling capability ofacoating should be improved with high surface tension which E Ene emnies tendsto minimizethesurface area(and hence , smooth the surface)ofthe applied coating.Leveling defectscaused by application methodssuch as i Ret g brush marksand rollerstriationsshould be reduced Enonetens ifthesystem surface tension can be increased. However,the presence ofa surface tension Jamel, gradient--exaggerated bya high surface tension value--can also produce a leveling problem similar to those mentioned earlier. EE tg In afreshly applied non-level coating,surface EERSEa sree tension gradientscan becaused ifthecoating RE components have differing evaporation rates and differentsurface tension values.Less volatile components will evaporate slower in the valleys of e EheEeRheEeienn the applied coating,andtheconverseforthecoating atthe peaks..The surface tension gradientwill cause ns a flow of coating solids to the peaks--resulting in poor leveling(see Figure 9). m ae m )/./ /4 eeP , FRESHLY APPLIED COATING onSEE | :BleJ | 250 = Figure8. Havreframing.Soiktsmove Mamasofhighersuffaco tension. nfsFluorad surfactants are particularly effective drivingforcheoeftha is es ete in reducing thesurfacetension gradientwhich isthe defect. hy driving force ofthis defect. IG ER SURFACE TENSION Eo i a SOLIDS MIGRATE DUETO SURFACETENSIONGRADIENT SURFACETENSION GRADIENT Figure 9. Movementolsactsin nongevelcoating. S i ESas rr In mostcasesit iswisertoavoid surface tension En gradients(particularly on large areas).Fluorad i surfactants are used extensively to control leveling Paby depressing surface tension valuesthroughout ody hiae nndcgu' ring cyocf swlevisn of ctohaetdirnygisnygsatnedmsc.uring cyclesofa wide varietyof 1370..000006 RJC004801 SsTaAtTeE_o0r7s5eanes 43946 --- DpErFsEeCrTeOsATTHECONNGISUBSTRATE W SiI roR acnchE essoess DEFECTSATTHECOATING/SUBSTRATE INTERFACE Alp seroe raryos nde. Soko of imc oo mA or Allsubstrates haveasurfaceenergy(tension). DETER The pioneering work of Zisman established values i, EEE re for thesurfaceenergyofsolidsand although Zisman's ginetnok ekeeHe rldirasn| weing ndotps orrees amaTsnns work did nottake intoaccountthe variationsseen id in surface energydue tosurface roughness,the values never-the-less provide a foundation for the [I ranking ofthe difficulty of wetting varioussubstrates. frTesien p 1 en vey TABLE2. TYPICALSURFACEENERGYVALUES OF VARIOUS SURFACES we - 3 F SR e irs aLIuQUIsDS. Water . Ube . . Ea Bo srihedsieinet, SiliconeOil "mn Dynes/cm mN/m 73 29 . 20 Pl . | Ecsite. RESINS Liquid Epoxy ... Liquid Polyester HLL ! See Alkyd... . ........ Polydimeth.y.Istioxane . 48 . as . 25 20 wr Eas Sen, SOLIDS Pttosphated Steel =H 1 | Emenee Aluminum . . Tin Plate.. . BB YT | DEE Polyester Polyvinyl Chiorde.. ..... . Polystyrene BELL 1 | Sherman. Polyethylene Polytetralluoroethylene . . - 43-56 37-45 35-45 43 ss 33 31 18 PAeet SEEES, A liquid willonly wetandspread overasurfaceif the forces of attraction between the liquid and the frsubstrate are greater than the cohesive forces within OL the liquid. ern = The conceptofthe"spreading coefficient"has been used to predict the ability of a liquid to Rr hae i aS, spontaneously wetand spread on asubstrate. If Yu..nd Is the surface tension of the coating, ER es i TEE Ysdidis thesurface energyofthesubstrate, En ji and Yusisthe interfacial tension between the coating and the substrate,then the spreading Ee. coefficientSC isdefined as: SC = Vseta -- (YLieuu -I- Xis). Ee, 3 Spreading will only occurifthiscoefficient ER i. isa positive number.Defectswill be prevented or reduced if Yllauld and Yus are made assmall Samim tas aan coungrowet SRE aspossible. The minimum criteria for any coating to wet i A and spread on a solid isforthesurface tension ofthe Ee nel ee, coating to be lessthan the surfaceenergy ofthe | i A substrate.Examination ofTable 2and comparison with ERE Table 1 will provide an illustration of how Fluorad fluorochemical surfactantscan assist in helping EERE EEE coatingswetand spread on challengingsubstrates. Similarconclusionscan be drawn lithe substrate Iscovered with a contaminating film of hydrocarbon or silicone oil.Only in this Instance,the surface tension valuesofthe oil film can be substituted for that of the solid substrate. Additional steps which can be taken to improve wetting and spreading are the replacementof resins and solvents with those having lower surface tension values and higher viscosities. The energy expended during coating application and the degree ofsurface roughness will both Influence spread of a coating on asurface and,if a coating can be made to spread,even temporarily, ttIhthwoeivlvilisbscceoosspiiottsyysiisbslsuufefftfioiccimieaenintntltlyyahihiniggahhc..ontinuousfilm i!f However,ifthe movementto highersolidssystems frequently limits viscosity modification or the choice of resins,the necessity ofincorporating an efficientsurfactant becomesthe only practical option. Figure 10 illustrates three epoxy-phenolic formulations of similar viscosities, but Increasing solids content,coated on "contaminated"oily tin plate and baked. With no flow control agent added, the "conventional"40% solids formulation based on diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A(DGEBA)with an epoxy equivalent weight(EEW)of 2000,shows good coverage with some pinholes. When a lower equivalent weight DGEBA of 500 is substituted to JTaoocthlaileervreeta6rca0ctt%oionsnoinlniotdos,dsrmeoppvlleertesecrreaastuelsrtisnhwghires nobaaviloiuqlusid.d DGEBA of EEW =190 is substituted to reach 80% solids. When Fluorad surfactant FC-430 is added to each system,good wetting and leveling is observed in all cases. FORMULATION "SeG.,-lOecVscomy. 3 earls GEM IEEIY=2C00; I Dal Marlton 75108 140%stikal 3 oats OGEHMEEn=500 1 yarllon 76108 16096 sokIsl 3pansDMAtEEW.,190 esi methylon 75103 1805o3603) TA o53% C430 Figur010. ZiCsalye.`40300!,)cooing;with IdenticalsolventWands:with arth 7 RJCO 04802 13700..00007 SSTTAATTEE_0077554433094477 Tkua n Sr o 44 3% E ETT1N Fo ER rim ay nTecoomBTILY : ,'i NSrnenhoned'inthe'prev.ioussection,spreading pS may occur with systems having negative spreading EE oE n ER n = E Sona coefficients.But,ifthe viscosityofthecoating is f m low,the coating will retractfrom the surface(dewet) S r. overa period oftime. SE Dewetting will become evident when defects such Rin as craters, islands, pinholes and the retraction of the emSa oo 1 rekacon cf ha emcees coating toform beads occur. E EEERR ety cupid From the equation ofspreading,it isseen thatthe SEER, reduction ofthe surfacetension ofthe liquid,andthe interfacial tension between the liquid andthe solid,to rN the lowestpossible values will reduce this effect. soem, Y Surfacecontamination isone ofthe mostfrequent SEAT | causesofdewettIng.Inadequatesubstrate cleaning E Er ST a, or control,careless handling(fingerprinting, E S S e) conveyor oil), are prime suspectsfor this problem. RE Unfortunately,in an industrial environment it is E EEE ma HE often not possibleto reliablyremovethese causes. S The bestcourse may be to assume problems will. soucrcfuarcaentdendseisoing..n the pzaintsystem with a low r. ' ' RECOATABIUT(, The comments on wetting and dewetting apply . to recoatability--onlythesubstrate in question is now a previously applied coating. Apartfrom incidental contamination between coating operations, recoatabllity problems are caused by the previously applied coating. Formation of a low energy surface from the use of certain resins,curing regimes,or additives migrating to the surface of the undercoat, are responsiblefor mostof the problems. Remedies are the same as those suggested above:adjustmentsto the formulation ofthe final coat using lower surface tension resins and solvents, or reducing the surface tension of the applied resins and solvents,or reducing the surface tension of the ' applied coating with surfactants. Higher viscosity coatings may also reduce the effectofthe low energy substrate.When practical,solventwiping or lower baking temperaturescan sometimes help. LL | F7Oure11. 1m.i1n10e0r5&snoeiclpoastlrmipvn*notiledmiler*micecorrevignend+Oh a RJC004803 13700..00008 SSTTAATTEE_007755443048 3948 . JO a useLeveLs rie USELEVELS r Bon rTTn. Therangesof use concentration depend on the RPC osey solventvehicle used.Table5(page11)assistsin the nd selection of an appropriatesolvent. : Se E n Typically,theuseofFluoradsurfactantsinaqueous media is between.005% and .02% based on resin The capability of Fluorad fluorochemical Spon. SESSA surfactantsto be used assurfactants in organic front Ee media allowsthe coatingformulatorto reduce SEee SESRGRRER. defectscaused bysurfacetension variationsin memmnanaen MEESTER organiccoatingsaswellasaqueoussystems. ETEen Re Coatingswith fewer defectstranslateto infrequent mation {ER SAL PREC EE Interruptionsofthecoating lineand higher EEEDTINIEN mene productivity,lessrework and lower reworkcosts, solids.In water reducible coatingsthe level is between.05% and .3%,and in solventcoatingsthe level is between.1% and.7%,baed on coating solids. To ensure the most effective use of surfactant, it isrecommended thatastocksolution ofthe product be prepared prior to addition to the coating.Often, a 1%-10% solution is made.Instructions how to do this are given In the individual technical data sheets, greater reliability and improved quality. All these p R me r MAREN es factorsimplysavingsand satisfied customers. A wide selection of Fluorad surfactants are ean. EEE, available to assist the coating formulator(listed in . Eprnateacm, TUSERRRREE Table 3,page 11).The effectiveness and choice of Po A the best Fluorad surfactant in coatings is dependent semen EERE on the degree of its solubility/insolubility In the coating media. The surfactant should be active at EEShOERIEtET EERIE the surface the momentthe defect is abouttoform. EmtEtitedEen mer Thus it may be necessary to consider the solubility relationships of the surfactant at various pH,or in a 3M AND COATINGS The 3M Company has had a long tradition of coating various substrates with a wide variety of varnishes, paints,adhesives, binders,sizes and resins.Programsare continually underwayto Improve coating performance and many of these will yield commercial products in the future. Share your problems with us;3M sales and technical service staff will work with you to solve them, SRURERA EEE moot solvent,a liquid resin,or any mixture ofthese ata SEUSSELSMET momen variety oftemperatures.With these variables,ItIs Ete SEL impossible to provide precise recommendations for the choice of a surfactant to cure each defect, but EIEDIIIIInEEY LE Table 4(page 10)is an appropriate starting point LSstmessimtenal Relea Table4suggestsstarting concentrationsfor aS BE evaluation ofthese surfactants in the various EEEeREIEERERIR, onee coatings.The valuesin Table4arethe percent 3M Corporate Headquarters Industrial Chemical Products Division 3M Center Bldg. 223-6S-04 St Paul, MN 55144-1000 800/541-6752(Ordering Product & Pricing) 612/733-1683(Literature Requests) 612/736-1394 (Telesales) o concentration of surfactant,assupplied,taken on National Sales Office S LLe ------e BERRI ET Tssheebo es a weightbasis. An improvement in wetting and leveling has been observed in some water reducible coatings when Flupradflyorochemical surfactant FC-171 has been blended with.FC-7430-or FO1431id a 40/60 ratio and EERIE, ae used at a level of0.2% based On coating solids. 3M Company-- ICPD 908 North Elm Street Hinsdale, IL 60521 800/362-3455 CANADA Other blends of Fluorad surfactants may also prove 3M Canada,Inc. useful in other systems. P.O. Box 5757,Terminal A CE L E wa Foaming can sometimes be reduced if FC-170-C and FC-171 can be used. London,Ontario N6A4T1 519/451-2500 13700..00009 RJC004804 SraTe arsasois STATE_07543949 -- Ba eTS :.?1-7... '... .. .: ..* v.....,.12:,... it :71,.., . Xii'" ..4:::". IF: ... . . , . '4..1 V aii . : ' . . ._- yr ..`;'.4N" fb 'eZie SURFACE TENSION (Dynes/cm) FC430 FC-431 'Vq :: N5 EEE Gramsolsolid/100 mlofsolvent Distilled Water Methyl Alcohol Butyl Cellosolve' Cellosolye' Acetate Cellosolve' Methyl Ethyl Ketone Toluene Solvesso,100 Dimethyllormarnide NIAX' LG56 Triol Phenyl Glycidyl Ether Dibutyl Phthalate Emer Polymeric Isocyanate, ,Ttedemetk atUnionSAM,00CO:PrXit Sr Mademark of Esso Com:nation 'Mender MRS.MobayCnemcalC, o easy HBEEREE BE .5 .2 .1 Blank .5 .2 .1 27.6 28.0 30.3 72.0 34.6 35.7 36.6 18.5 18.6 20.3 23.4 19.2 19.3 19.9 21.5 21.7 23.0 292 19.9 20.2 21.1 22.0 22.9 23.7 28.7 20.5 20.7 21.2 19.8 20.4 21.4 29.5 19.6 19.6 20.8 21.9 22.6 22.7 24.4 21.5 22.1 22.5 21.1 22.9 23.7 28.8 20.2 202 20.2 21.9 23.4 24.0 30.3 19.5 19.5 20.3 20.3 21.0 222 37.0 20.9 21.3 22.2 ' 18.9 21.0 23.0 33.6 27.6 34.0 34.0 19.9 20.1 20.6 43.8 19.8 20.2 21.1 20.8 22.5 22.6 34.3 19.4 19.4 21.0 19.2 20.2 22.9 48.1 20.1 20.7 22.9 . .TABLE4. SUGGESTED FLUORAD FLUOROCHEMIC.ALSURFACTANTS FOR VARIOUS COATING SYSTEMS COATING SYSTEMS SUR FACTAN.T_GKOICES ---- -Nelues sTibern are starting poloteoneintratIonsbased oncoating resin solids) FC-120 FC-129 FC135 FC-1700 FC-171 FC-430 FC-431 FC-740 .. .. . AQUEOUS Emulsion (Latex) Acidic im Neutral Basic Colloidal Dispersion = EAcidic Neutral Basic WaterReduoiblo Epoxy ET Polyester Urethane Alkyd Cellulosic Se Acrylic NONAQUEOUS = SolventFree HISolids or SolyentBased Epoxy Polyester | EE Urethane Alkyd Cellulosic Acrylic Oleoresinous 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% lB e8 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01: 1 0.011: 0.01% 0.C1% 0.10%* 80.10%* 0.10l,. 010%* 0 lcy- #50.10Y 0.25% 0.25% 0.01% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 025% 025% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% =0.20% 0.20% 0.50% =0.50% 0.50% 0.50% nc-tr8I.ENDEDWITH FC.430 -FC471 SLENDEOWITH FC-431 ,:i; *i > . a ; # St '10 RJC004805 13700..00010 STATE_07543950 ra tes, mt a4fd oreB 5JE R ERA T a C T SAS be : TABLE3. TYPICAL PHYSICALPROPERTIES OFFLUORAD FLUOROC4M-IOALSURFACTANTS* E |moe i PRODUCT GENERALSTRUCTUFIEOR CODE DESCRIPTION(RI= CnF2.1-1) TYPE SPECIFIC VISCOSITY FLASH POINT %ACTIVE GRAVITY S 25C(cps) (Closed cup) FC-120 FltS03* NH4'(n -'0) Anionic 25% '0 EE Er EE AE FC-129 RPO2N(C21-15)C1-,:CO2"K ;t1-8) Anionic 50% 3 FC-135 RISO2NFIC3H6N -;CN3)3I n -8) Cationic 50% 12 EE Emami 8| 8 | PC-170C RtS02N(C21-15)(CHICH20).H:11 8) Nonionic 80% 1.3 PC-171 RiS0aN(C2H5)(CHzCH20)..CH3(n -8) Nonionic 100% 1.4 FC-430 Fluoroaliphatic Pc.ymeric Esters Nonionic 100% 11 FC.431 Fluoroaliphatic Pvymeric Esters Nonionic 50% 10 FC-740 Fluoroaliphatic Polymeric Esters Nonionic 50% 1.0 J ad : Notlocspecification curooses -l'Oinueous 10 30 30 400 150 7000 50 150 138F(58C) 115F(48C) 53F(11C) >300F(>148C) >300F(>148C) >200F(>93C) 18F(-8C) 132F(55C) pH 8.5-9.5 8-11 3-5 8.8 6 7 NA pmTABLES. SOLUBILITY OF FLUOROSURFACTANTSIN SOLVENTS (GRAMSOFSURFACTANT/100GRAMS OFSOLVENT) [Tm rem[rom eosTeln rom[on[oo[rm] SOLVENT FC-120 FC-129 FC-135 FC-1700 FC-171 FC-430 FC-431 FC-740 Distilled Water Methyl Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol Isopropyl Alcohol Ethylene Glycol Monoetayl Er-er Dipropylene Glycol Monomethyi Ether Ethylene Glycol Monoetnyl Et-ar Acetate Acetone Metnyl Ethyl Ketone Ntax L.2-56Idol Ei Phenyl Glycidyl Ether Ea Dibutyl Phthalate Ounethyllormamide Polymeric Isocyanate Toluene Solyesso 100 Kerosene Heptane <1 >10 >10 >10 Cl <1 <1 Cl - :3- <1 <1 -, - >10 <1 cl <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 ' <1 <1 - <1 -0.1 -0.1 >20 <1 <1 >10 100 2-5 3 >10 <I >20 100 100 100 100 - . 2 100 >20 >20 100 <I - - >20 >10 >20 - _ 100 - - - <1 - ,00 >20 >20 >20 <1 2 >20 100 100 100 100 - >5 >20 >20 >20 100 IEEE YE - - - 1 <1 - - - - 0.5 1 - slzli|zl:|E - - >20 1 >20 - - >20 >20 >20 >20 <1 - - - 5 2 - <1 <1 >20 >20 >20 >80 - - - >10 >20 - - - - - - >80 Cl < Cl Cl <1 >80 pr -- 9 A ee II . _ RJC004806 137700..001111 STATE 07543081 STATE_07543951 LT ~ Te - pial Lo " IMPORTANT NOTICETO PURCHASER:Allstatements.lechnmalinformation an: ,:ommo:1 ns brochure ere based on tests CO believe loop relUN,.but the accuracy or cernoletenHS'won! :. guarante: e, The following is made In lieu of all wartanties of merchantabady and fitness Ice purpose St VSand rrs--.adorese-TV obligation will be to replace such Quantity of the product proved to be delecrve Bev,.,sima.use. a II delormme Me suitab,*of the product for itsintended use,and uset assumesall rick and liability writs:ever nection tut"tne use 01 the product NEITHER SELLER NOR MANUFACTURER WILL BE LiABLE Er--ER IN TO.- 3R IN CONTRACT FOR ANY LOSSOR DAMAGE DIRECT.INCIDENTAL.OR CONSEOUENTIAL.AR:5'.3OUT C.T-IE USE C.OR THE INABILITY TO USE THE PRODUCT NOstatementor recommendation contain,: - b,e:-iire has ePt elect unless inan agreement Signed bythe officers cf seKerand marmlaztoar 96.C, 2 .69, 7 3 1.2 3 i092 Faxmac.1a macaw&alma L EEE m 33MM ChemicalSpecialties 3M Industrial Chemical Products Division 3M Center Bldg.223-6S.04 St. Paul. MN 55544-000 RJC004807 13700..00012 STATE_07543952