Document r226j95vGjy796w52yYG25ve

110 MINEIIAI. JIKKOUIU.'ES, I !> li S TAUT BIBLIOGRAPHY The following articles are among those on tantalum that appe or became available during 1928. Ch e mic a l En g in e e r in g a n d Min in g Re v ie w . Tantalite in Australia. 20, 1928, p. 384. "The Pilbara field, Western Australia, is the principal producing cente tantalite in Australia. Messrs. Young and Moulden, of Adelaide, work lea' at Wodgina and also purchase any small lots raised. The production in 1" was 19.46 tons, valued at 2,357. In 1927 the output fell to 16.28 tons,'! the value was higher, viz, 3,808. The output is regulated by tho dem The firm mentioned is under contract to sell tho whole, output to an Amerl concern. Tantalite also occurs in association with tin in tho same district at Greenbushes, but the separation is a difficult matter. It has also reported from Coolgardie. i " In the Northern Territory Messrs. James Gitsham and A. .1. Johnson1 developing a find of tantalite on the Finnis River, about 65 miles from Pi Darwin. They have a contract for the supply of 20 tons to the Fansteelj <J of New York [North Chicago], Inquiries are reaching Australia from G Britain, America, and Europe, and the price offered has increased from 30s.! unit for 60 per cent ore to 80s. Some buyers offer to accept concentrates'c" taining as low as 45 per cent TajOj." ' In d u s t r ia l Au s t r a l ia n a n d Min in g St a n d a r d . Tantalite mining in Wes " A-uatralia. Vol. 80, 1928, p. 303. "Since June last there has been increased activity in the mining of the mine tantalite in Western Australia. Prior to 1923 the total value of this prodi mined in the State was 18,092. Last year the yield was worth 3,746, an 1926, 5,761. For the months of May, Juno, July of this year about were obtained at a value of 1,814. The tantalite mines at Wodgina are b` worked by a company in which Lady Hacket Moulden, of Adelaide, and form of Western Australia, is chiefly interested. Whilst in America recently L Moulden was able to arrange a contract for several years ahead with cer interests in the United States." ' Iv ie h l , S..J., and Ha r t , Da v id . The reduction of columbic acid. Jour. A * Chem. Soc., vol. 50, 1928, pp. 1608-1620. M-0 Va l v e Co (Ltd.) and St o pf o u d , C. W. Thermionic valves. Britli (1 Patent 277764, June 25, 1926. Chem. Aba., vol. 22, July 20, 1928, p. 249 " The filament is secured to its supports by a solder consisting of a mixture; powdered form, of C, a metal such as molybdenum, tungsten, or tantal having a higher melting point than the normal temperature of the joint, an metal such as copper having a lower melting point. Various structural de also are specified." _ Sa w , W. W. Tantalum and niobium. Chem. Eng. and Min. Rev., vol. 1927, pn. 468-469. .. A general article covering the occurrence of Ta and Cb in Western Austra It also gives the properties of the minerals and their constituents. Sc r iv en o r , J. B. The geology of Malayan ore deposits. London, 1928, 216. Briefly describes tantalum deposits in the Malayan Peninsula. / Th u t , He n r iq u e G. (Rare-metal deposits in Brazil.) Chim. Ind., vol. 1, 19 pp. 349-354; vol. 2/1927, pp. 383-384, 403-404. V We l l s , R. C. Note on the J. Lawrence Smith method for the analysiss samarskite. Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 50, April, 1928, pp. 1017-1022. TITANIUM DOMESTIC PRODUCTION During 1928, as in precoding years, the principal interest in ti nium was in its use in pigments. As rutile is comparatively rare, o . ilmenite has been used for this purpose, and the production of tit nium has been mostly in that form. HAKE 'METALS Rutile was produced in 1928 at the plant of (fat Roseland, Nelson County, Va., with abo ilmenite. Ilmenite and rutile were also shipp Pritchard (Inc.) operation 4 miles south of T A little ilmenite was produced in Los Ange Minerals Conversion Co., of Los Angeles. `here were only two shippers each of ilmen jited States in 1928, and the Bureau of Mine Iblish the figures. The production of titanium t* 10 years, so far as data are available to th o; is shown in the following table; the qua ipments rather than direct production. ><i ' Titanium minerals produced in the United Sta Hr Rutile concentrates g: ., Oii Year Short tons Percentage of TIOi > 19..................................................... 102 94-90 277 94-00 Value Sh $20,400 0) J|Tr*"'......................................... 310 270 96 m 95 m Rt- ......................... -..................... Vrr ' . h: - 40 30 <*> 95 95 8 11,000 *7,600 w glVIrglnla production only; Information regarding Florida not availab El Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures, ftlArbitrary value. ^Figures for Florida only. Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish IMPORTS ^During 1928 a considerable quantity of ilmen lie United States--13,305 short tons from Ind J3.61 per ton); 2,240 tons from Senegal, value Ber ton); and 1,679 tons from the Netherlan |$3.63 per ton); a total of 17,224 short tons mports of ilmenite for earlier years are not se he Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Comme times from Travancore and is said to carry 53 K03; the high percentage is due to tiny particle rith the ilmenite. No figures are at hand to sh J?es were imported from Canada during 1928, 1(6',to 18 per cent of TiOj has been shipped at States from Ivry and St. Urbain, Canada, fo Serrotitanium. The St. Urbain deposit carries GENERAL CONDITIONS |C. O. Terwilliger, the National Lead.Co., an oration of America did some drilling and other 3ounty, Va., but the only production known to hat of tho Amorican Rutile Co. 118 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1 92 8---PART I All three of the new operations are reported to be on nelsonite, a; dike rock composed typically of rutile and^patite, although in some? dikes other rock-forming minerals, such as feldspar and quartz, arqj] also found. / If operations actually begin a quantity of apatite about equal in. quantity to the ilmenite and of comparatively high purity will bqj roduced. There is at present no known market for this phosphate,! ut it seems probable that some use may be found for it. Apatite is| said to be less soluble in sulphuric acid and therefore more difficult)! to make into commercial fertilizers than the phosphates of the sediJ Cmentary rocks; when produced in a comparatively pure crushed form! however, it may form a profitable by-product. J Many bauxites carry considerable titanium dioxide, and Indian! bauxite is reported to carry as much as 11 per cent of Ti02. At the East St. Louis plant of the Aluminum Ore Co., a subsidiary ofj the Aluminum Co. of America, the waste sludge daily discharged! from the treatment of bauxite contains more than 75,000 pounds ofj Ti02. The results of experiments (see reference in bibliography onl page 119) carried out by W. II. Coghill, of tho U. S. Bureau of Mines,] on deslimed sands carrying 24.33 per cent of Ti02 encourage further! work on gravity separation of the titanium dioxide. 'g The market for titanium minerals is very limited; sales are all ati prices which are more or less a matter of bargaining. Ilmenite cite-f taining 50 per cent of Ti02 was quoted by the Engineering and Minings Journal at $9.50 to $11 per long ton. Itutile in carload lots wasfi ' quoted at 9J^ cents per pound. The best artificial titanium dioxide! was quoted at the beginning of 1928 at 44 cents per pound in 300-] pound barrels and on June 1 at 35 cents. WORLD PRODUCTION . The world production of titanium minerals in 1927 and 1928, as| gathered from Government reports and other available sources, isj shown in the following table. World production of titanium minerals, 1027 and 1028, in metric tons Mineral and couulry i 1927 Ore produced Content ol TiOj 1028 Vfiluo 1 Ore j Content produced of TIOi Value > > j J1 rnenlte: Bratll >........................ Canada (Quebec).. India (Travancore) Norway....................... Portugal..................... Senegal........................ United States......... Rutile: Norway....................... United Slates............ Metric tons 1,307 1,841 18, 006 5, 733 703 6,200 3, 175 45 () Per cent * 63 35 1 54 43.0 (') 60 60 00-93 $25,737 8, 077 162. 667 44,802 3, 181 16, 323 44,000 Metric tons 2, 036 0) : ft j 2, no (') ! 14,066 M C) l1 Per cent (*) V) < ) to 50 C) ( ) () $o, m] (0 ft i 6,621c (*) *j (<) 1:? <> a Values as officially reported, converted to United Stales rurrency at the annual oxenange as published by the Federal Reserve Board. * Exports. 1 Estimated. * Data not available. 1 Bureau of Mines nut uL 111.city lu publish figures. average rate < ^ HAHIC METALS ' BIBLIOGRAPHY The following articlos and patents c recently appeared. Ia r t o n , L. E., and Ry a n , L. W., assignors to Manufacture of composite titanium pigm August 14, 1928. E.Bo o q e, Ja me s Recent improvements in the q ` Paint, Oil, and Chem. Rev., vol. 86, 1928, pp . November 10, 1928, p. 4260. : "Lithopone production is now over 175,000 to white lead and zinc oxide. Recent improvements ,are reviewed. Texture is defined as freedom fro (aggregates, etc. Three tests for hiding power in Indirect tinting strength, cryptometer, ana paint-o and a method given. Relative hiding powers so :100 are as follows: American process ZnO 86-90 (ZnS lithopone 136-140; ZnS and TiOj run betwe testing texture and ease of mixing are given." H.Br a k k e n , The crystal structure of titanium m eral., vol. 67, 1928, pp. 647-549. Chem. Ab p. 4020. TiO lias a sodium chlorido type of structure, w lated density is 5.636. The data seem to indica Ironized." K.Br o w n , Br u c e Large-scale titanium pigm laboratory process. Chem. and Met. Eng., v Describes operations of Commercial Pigments Baltimore. -Ca n a d ia n Min in g Jo u r n a l . Canadian titanium Cio c h in a , J. Gravimetric determination of titan (of titanium). Ztschr. anal. Chem., vol. 73 1 Ind. (London), vol. 47, April 27, 1928, p. 301. , "The alloy (0.5-10 g.) is dissolved in aqua regi with 5-20 o. c. of sulphuric acid (d 1.8) until cop solution is cooled, diluted with 100 c. c. of cold w carbonate, treated with 2 c. c. of sulphuric acid [thiosulphate, and poured slowly into 400 c. c. of b )l to 2 minutes the liquid is cooled, Biter pulp added (washed with hot water, and ignited to titania. T 'phate is stated to prevent precipitation of part of CooHiLL, W. H. Titanium in bauxite ores and slud ' Serial 2867, Bureau of Mines, 1928, 4 pp. Che p. 2341. "Specific gravity (float and sink) fractionatio Indicates that titanium oxide distribution is no concentrate by gravity methods. Table concen .titanium was in a mixture of clay and bauxite, v (indicating its presence in minerals Buch as leucoxen Is a whitish, granular, flocculent mineral indisti amorphous Al(OH)i, and xanthitane (a hydrous tita earthy substance. A general distribution of titan (to accord with the well-known statistical informa 'tenor of 0.77 per cent TiOj. Much of it is too dis andd 'An b , Je a n So mme r , Fr it z . Titanium o ' January 10, 1928. ' Chem. Abs., vol. 22, Mar "A titanium ore containing iron is reacted on wit double the quantity of the ore and the reaction about equal in quantity to the ore treated;, the s ,to' the action of a reducing agent such as iron o reduce Fe2(SO,)i to FeSO, and the latter is remov tallization. The mother liquor is then heated'to Oder pressure to precipitate titanium oxide." 120 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1028--PART I Dit mar , It. Titanium dioxide rubber enamels. Chem. Ztg., vol. 52, 1928, pp.3 606-607. Chem. and Ind. (London), vol. 47, August 17, 1928, p. 614. " Fine-grained titanium dioxide is very suitable for tho production of snowij white and highly luminous, colored rubber onamols, since it has a better whiter coloring power than, for example, zinc oxide, improves tho rubber material, and,! unlike coloring agents containing zinc, is nonpoisonous. Such enamels may" be] produced from vulcanized rubber, since the latter is rendered very plastic and! adhesive by the titanium oxide. By the use of sulphur monochloride vapor the] enamels may be vulcanized in 6 minutes instead of the usual 34-44, giving wellft aged and more durable products." Ev e n s o n , O. L., and Mc Cu t c h b n , D. T. Use of buffers in the determination] of color by means of titanium trichloride. Ind- and Eng. Chem., vol. 20,1 1928, p. 861. "The color content of Amaranth may be determined by titration with titanium! trichloride in the presence of sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, or potassium] antimony tartrate. That of Ponceau 3R may be determined by titration with] titanium trichloride in the presence of sodium citrate or sodium bicarbonate.] Orange I maybe titrated in the presence of sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate,! or the tartrates, except potassium antimony tartrate. The correct buffer salt] must be determined for each dye." Gar d n er , D. Paints, enamels, japans, etc. U. S. Patent 1662741, March 13,1 1928. Chem. Abs., vol. 22, April 20, 1928, p. 1485. 'i "An anhydrous colloidal lead-free paint, enamel, japan or like composition, con*] tains a pigment (such as TiOj and titanium ` trioxido ') comprising a base] constituent and at least one filler constituent in which the oxide of the base con*| stituent is positively charged relatively to tho chargo carried by the oxide or] oxides forming the filler; all the constituents introduced into the vehicle may] be compounds of tho same metal as that iu the case. Titanium borate^nay be] used as a drier." -sf Gbs t et n er , D. Stencil sheet. U. S. Patent 1004075, April 3, 1928. Cheml Abs., vol. 22, May 20, 1928, p. 1832. , ,| "A white titanium pigment is used in the coating applied to yoshino or similaijj paper, the coating may also contain gellatin and glycerol." Gil mo r e, L. E. Effect of various elements on malleable cast iron. Trans. AmJ Foundrymen's Assoc., vol. 36, 1928-, pp. 287-292. Chem. Abs., vol. 221 July 20, 1928, p. 2535. "' S "The elements present in ordinary malleable iron are: Iron, phosphorus, marie ganese, sulphur, silicon and oxygen. Involution phosphorus is harmless, bud iron phosphide causes brittleness and loss of strength. The manganese-sulphur] ratio must be carefully controlled with manganeso in slight excess, but th% absolute amounts are not so important. Low carbon with high silicon make the strongest and most ductile iVon. Titanium, nickel, uranium and zirconium act like silicon in precipitating carbon. Inhibitors of graphitizntion are abnofj! mal amounts of sulphur or manganese and antimony, boron, cerium, chromiuiM molybdenum, selenium, tellurium, tin and vanadium. Malleable iron should bf regarded ns a mixture of compounds and interacting elements which, when prop erly balanced, determine the quality'of the iron." ; In d u s t r ia l Au s t r a l ia n a n d Min in g St a n d a r d . Tasmania's mineral indusjJ try. IX. Paint materials. Vol. 80; 1928, p. 227. 'ft As in most countries, rutile and ilmemte are found in small quantity at varlft ous places. The principal deposit is that at Narncoopa, King Island, at tha mouth of the Fraser River. The sea sand here contains ilmenite, SnOa, gold! monazite, molybdenite, etc., ilm'enitc and SnOj being most plentiful. Thef enriched portion appears to be about half a chain in width, lessening toward thl seashore. The depth of the deposit varies slightly, its average being about ? feet. The surface is but, 6 feet above high-water mark. The highest assay IL, TiOj from tho most finely divided material of tho magnetic product of tho sandi is 44.88 per cent. Tho results of some tests carried out on the black sand are] appended below: ' '" On 60 mesh............. Od 80 mesh............. Ou 100 mesh........... On 120 mesh.......... Through 120 mesh Magnetic product, per ceot TiOi, per ceot 3. 12 20.08 31.37 20.32 12.61 11.80 30.16 43. 62 44.66 44.88 Fe, peri cent.jy . HA 2LI 26. J 316 RARE METALS The land is held under lease 9620/M at p Bowling. i The Arthurs Lake deposit consists of ilmonit floor of the uppor lake. An analysis of a cl 25.76 per cent of titanium. . Vol; 79, 1928, p. 612. .v"A substantial deposit of ilmenite, assaying 4 ported to have been discovered within 40 mi i:endeavoring to secure its commercial exploit 4o u n s o n , J. Y. Destructive hydrogenation of I, Patent 300703, 1928. Chem. Age (Lond t p. 689. Catalysts for the hydrogenation of coal, tars tion, and conversion products at high tempera silicon, titanium, vanadium, tantalum, molybd combined, or cobalt in a combined state, togeth of copper and zinc (or cadmium) either in a fre Sure is above 60 atmospheres and the temperat pf hydrogen is employed or mixtures or compo Used. The apparatus is preferably composed o illoys. The carbonaceous material is exposed through which the hydrogenating gas passes sprayed into the gas.' " Bh ma n n , K. B., and He r c ie t , L. Hygienic p "titanium white." Chem. Ztg., vol. 61, Ind. (London), vol. 47, February 3, 1928, ( Titanium dioxide proved harmless when a over periods up to 16 months, and titanium wh nonpoisonous pigment. Methods for the ana (ire described. Lo bo w s k y , Simo n J., assignor to Metal & T C transforming titanium-dioxide or rutile Patent 1640962, August 30, 1927. t " Rutile, ground to 160 mesh, is intimately magnesium oxide, preferably dead-burned m ,plie mixture is then transferred to a kiln, fu pproximately Seger cone 18, until a hard sem Calcined mass is then ground to about 150 mes approximately 90 C. with sulphuric acid arts acid to 1 part of the calcined product by stirred or agitated. This produces an exoth ' ioduct combines with the sulphuric acid an ded in the proportions of about 2 parts by jid employed and the whole stirred until a cle hich solution contains the titanium values in hatever titanium compound may be desire lution and boiling the filtrate, a brilliant whi obtained, which, when calcined, is converted xtremely fine texture and excellent covering q C.'b ie r , Ferrous alloy. U. S. Patent 16621 j. vol. 22, April 20, 1928, p. 1321. "An alloy adapted for casting in permanent s '1th carbon 2-4, silicon 2.5, 60 per cent chrom |6-1.0, manganese 0.6-3.0 and phosphorus 0. s b o r n e, F. F. Certain magmatic titaniferous Geol., vol. 23, 1928, pp. 741-746. .il l in o , N. B., and Sc h o e n e r , J. G., assign (Inc.). Welding rod. U. S. Patent L87 Ind. (London), vol. 47, October 12, 1928, p t'A welding electrode comprises a nickel rod r flap alkaline-earth metal and coated with a |d. a calcium alloy in such proportions tha '-10 per cent and the calcium 0.1-8 per cen 122 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1928--PART I BARE METALS A., andRu d o e , Er n e s t Ar n a l l , Fr a n c is . "Titanium cyanonitride" and th titanium oxychlorides. Chem. and Ind. (London), vol. 47, 1928. d d 370T-38OT. '' "The copper-colored crystalline compound of titanium produced during th! blast-furnace process for the manufacture of iron is titanium nitride, of tli empirical formula TiN. It is intimately admixed with graphite, a circumstano which has probably given rise to the fact that it has been regarded as a cvanoni tndepf the formula Ti(CN),.3TlsN, (Wohler, 1860). ' ' *1 he crystalline compound obtained by the action of chlorine on this substanc is an oxychloride of titanium and not a cyanochloride, 2TiCl(, CNC1. The con1 stitution of the oxychloride is correctly represented by the formula 3TiCl(, TKV &.Sp e n c e So n s (Lt d .). Preparation of titanium compounds and pigments- British Patents 290683 and 290684, November 17, 1920. Cliem. and Ind (London), vol. 47, August 3, 1928, p. 668. \ " Titanium phosphate is prepared by addition of a soluble phosphate to a solution of a titanium salt containing more than 10 per cent of titania and more than 16 per cent of free sulphuric acid or its equivalent. To obtain a precipitat" that filters readily, a temperature of 60 must not be exceeded. Titanium phosphate is converted into hydroxide or oxide by heating with alkali carbonat-- or hydroxides either in aqueous solution or in powder form. The soluble alkal phosphate is removed by leaching. To obtain colored pigments, the titanlu- phosphate may be calcined with salts of a colored base with a volatile acid--e. g. ferrous sulphate for red pigments or barium sulphate and ammonium dichromat for green pigments." St a n s f iel d , Al f r e d . Smelting titaniferous ores of iron. Erap, M. <5c M Cong Proc., 1927, pp. 552-669. 8 Vin a s s a , Pa o l o . Molecular number. Gazz. cliim. ital., vol. 58, 1928 d d ' 178-180. Chem. Abs., vol. 22, July 20, 1928, p. 2499. " In drawing the general conclusion that nearly all compounds, whether natura or synthetic, organic or inorganic, have even molecular numbers, certain impo tent exceptions must be recognized. Among inorganic compounds with unevea molecular numbers, compounds of manganese, .cobalt, chromium, copper, cerium, molybdenum and iron predominate, with a few compounds of titanKim, iridium, mercury, chlorine, phosphorus, nitrogen, tin, nickel, ruthenium, vans diiim, tungsten, uranium, gallium, neodymium, and.praseodymium. Only a small proportion of the elements form compounds with uneven iholecular numbers: Extremely few organic compounds have uneven molecular numbers." ' ' TUNGSTEN ** * , UNITED STATES ' In 1928 tungsten minors of the United States sold an equivalent of 1,208 short tons of concentrates carrying 60 per cent of tungsten trioxide (WO3) for $753,900, and of thoso sales, 180 tons came from stocks. Very little stock was held at the end of 1928, and the pro duction for the year was somewhat less than the sales in 1927, which amounted to 1,164 tons, valued at $724,000. Tungsten ore was produced and sold in 1928 by 12 companies. Eight of these com panies, employing 210 men, produced 93 per cent of the total output: The tungsten production of the United States during the last 10` years has been as follows: * ' Concentrated tungsten ores (reduced to equivalent of 00 per cent WO3) produced trt the United States, sold in 1910-1928, and average price per unit Year Short tone 1019.......................... 1020.......................... 1021.......................... 1922......................... 1023......................... 327 218 241 Value $353, 900 101,800 144.000 Average price por unit Year $18. 02 7.80 <10.00 1020..................... | 1027........................ Short tons 1605 1, 101 1,382 1, 208 1 $287,000 765, 600 020, 400 724, 000 763,000 A verege price per unit $8.47, 10.67 11.10 10.37 10.' ahove^he^niftrlcei1023 was made OD0 company only, which sold to Its owners at a price considerably 'Includes Mil tons produced In low, sold In 1924 for $87,000. i Prices in the United States ranged between $10 centrates of good quality. Many tons of concentr Eg to 65 per cont of W03, and prices for the lower g M.25 per short ton unit (20 pounds of W03). W from $3.25 to $4 per long ton unit (22.4 pounds o Trates carrying 65 per cent or more of tungsten tr Arizona.--In Arizona the Minerals Conversion Erected a small mill in the Tip Top district, and gwas produced; the Tungsten Production Co. (Inc Jlid some prospecting for scheolite in tho Huachu [Edward C. O'Brien & Co. erected a small mill at tungsten ores of the region. 1 ' California.--The Atolia Mining Co. worked the placer deposits and the dumps from tho East Un Jrho placers carry only about 2 pounds of concentr fcnd the East Union dumps yield about 10 pounds [ton. Such material, of course, can be made, to [operation. During tho year the Capitola Mining Work near Atolia. Cooper Shapley was in char [tactite deposits at Round Valley, near Bishop, an M scheelite was made. Beauregard Bros, prospecte l the Chedago district, 20 miles north of Bishop Colorado.--Near Nederland,- Boulder County, duction Co. (Inc.), the Wolf Tongue Mining Co., th |Co., the Molybdenum Corporation of America, G [the Ferberite Tungsten Mines (Inc.) all operat the year. It is probably fair to say that mos (during the year was prospecting for new ore bo (the known ore bodies have been worked out, a [bodies have been found. t'r Missouri.--The Ozark Tungsten Co. and Edwa [mined a little vyilframite in sec. 23, T. 33, R. 5 E [about 10 miles west of Fredericktown. -Nevada.--The Nevada-Massachusetts Co., in tains 12 miles northwest of- Mill City, was the [tungsten concentrate in the United States in 192 several' years past. The ore is tactite (a cont (limestone) carrying scheelite. The concentrates land carry about 70 per cent of W03. About 50 m [the mine and 12 around the mill. Alex Ranson [mined in 1927 from a vein, the Silver Dyke, 9 (Mina. As the water supply was inadequate to c [he moved to a deposit near Quartz Mountain in (Massachusetts Co. is also interested; this deposi [gray scheelite replacing limestone. The compa [are reported to have purchased from Garrett [deposit on Jew Mountain, 43 miles northeast of K" The Tungsten Production Co. (Inc.), of. Bould [work on the tactite on the east side of the Nigh [which follow the east shqre of Lake Winnemucca W South Dakota.--The Homestake Mining Co. co [wolframite deposits at Load until November 1, [exhausted. Prospecting in the vicinity of the ol [on Yellow Creek, 2 miles south of Lead, is under [little encouragement. , 346 MINERAL RESOURCES, 192 8----PART I nr'rU10^ countries producing small amounts of tin in 1928 Chii rS deposits are Portugal, Spain, Japan, French Indo- tina? and Frlnc^^100' Germany* Czechoslovakia, Argen- WORLD'S TIN SMELTERS Name, location, control, and capacity of the world's tin smellers in 1928 ' LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN Smelter Location Control Capacity ,! (long tons)1 Straits Trading Co .. WUJIams-IIarvev .. Singapore and Butterwortb. Straits Settlements. Livorpool. England Pcnnng, Straits Settlements... Nothorland East Judins ltcdruth. Cornwall "" ........ British........... British............................ I British........... " German and others___ 66,000.; 45.000 25.000 26,000 16,000 8.000 > Annual production o(pig tin as reported In Mining Magazine (London), vol. 30, August, 1028, p.su. > *^ By El me r W. Pe h r s o n 1 SUMMARY w Tho value of lead and zinc pigments and zin |ducers in 1928 amounted to $98,000,000, br 1 J1927. Lead pigments accounted for 54.5 per cen |.zinc pigments 43.5 per cent, and zinc salts 2 per Plead pigments sold in 1928 decreased 6 per cen B'pigments increased 6 per cent, and the value of Tl per cent. : jr The quantity of lead pigments sold by produce Kto 297,734 short tons, an increase of about 1 fcSales of litharge, dry \v;hite lead, basic lead sul increased substantially; sales of white lead in tcent and accounted for 38 per cent of the tot ppigments sold; and sales of orange mineral de I'.but represented an unimportant part of the total The quantity of zinc pigments sold in 1928 a tons, an increase of 9 per cent over 1927. Sales o 13 per cent, zinc oxide increased 6 per cent, wh decreased 7 per cent. Sales of zinc chloride (50 Baumd) amount : ,tons, an increase of 8 per cent; sales of zinc su :2,293 tons as compared with 3,211 tons in 1927. ' Quotod prices of white lead in oil and basic : constant throughout the year at figures equal to 'price ranges. The quotation on dry white lead first 10 months of the year and then dropped per pound, notwithstanding a general upward of lead during most of the year. Litharge, re : mineral fluctuated with the price of lead, and t quotations at the same level as at the beginning of zinc oxide was constant throughout the yBa The price of lithopone was steady but sligh quotation. Imports of load pigments decreased in 1928 unimportant. Exports, however, increased in value and amounted to 3 per cent of the' total domestic producers. The principal exports w red lead. 1 1 Tho stullsilog lu this report wore proparod (unless olhorwlso Indicated) on Imports and exports wore comptlod from records of tho Bureau of For by J. a . Dorsey, both of the Bureau of Minos. 348 MINERAL ltiiSOUKOJiS, J.IJCS--1-ART J Imports and exports of zinc pigments as a wholo increased in both quantity and value. Imports were equivalent to 3 per cent and exports 5 per cent of the domestic sales. Lithopono was the principal import and ranked second in experts, whilo zinc oxido was the principal export and ranked second in imports. An outstanding feature of the lead and zinc pigment industry during the last few years has been the severe competition between white lead and other pigments for the paint trade. The effect of this is roughly indicated in the comparative salos of the pigments concerned. Sales of white lead in oil decreased from 153,000 tons in 1922 to 112,000 tons in 1928. During the same period the com bined sales of zinc oxide and lithopone increased from 212,000 tons to 361,000 tons. As three-fourths of the lithopone and about one- third of tho zinc oxide, produced in the United States are used in the manufacture of paints, tlioso figures indicate tho marked degree to which the zinc pigments have invadod the paint industry at the expense of white lead. The rapid expansion in the use of nitrocellulose paints in rocont years has not materially altered tho quantity of pigmonts consumod. The average nitrocellulose paint contains considerably less pigment per gallon than oil paints, but a heavy pigment priming coat and more finishing coats are used to offset the low pigment content. White lead is seldom used in these paints owing to its chemical instability in contact with nitrocellulose products.. Zinc, oxide and lithopeffe are the pigments generally used in ni trocellulose paints at the present time, but as a low pigment content is desirable an increased use of high hiding-power pigments, such as titanium- oxide and zinc sulphide, is a possibility for the future. . PRODUCTION ' . .%,* In this chapter the pigments, and salts sold arc taken to represent the production, no account bqing fallen of the stocks on hand at the beginning and end of the year. The amounts used by producers at their own plants are included under sales. The total value of lead and zinc pigmonts and zinc salts sold by domestic producers in 1928 was approximately $97,974,000, as comparod with $99,020,000 in 1927 and $106,253,000 in 1026. Tho following tables show the production of lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts as reported to the Bureau of Minos: . Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the United ,States, 1010-1928, in short tons Vcar While lead Dry In oil Uasic load sulphate or sublimed loud Jtud lead White llluo Orange jiiinund Litharge l,RAI> AND 7JNC! P1UM.KNTS ANJ> SAL Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the United S 1927 Short tODS Value (at plant, exclu sive of container) `I'otal Average Shor tons Htulv lead sulplmlo or sublimed lead: W...li.ll.o......................................................................... Red lead-................................................. Orango mineral..................................... Lilhurgo.................................................... White load: Pry..................................................... In oil....................................... 13,482 1,001 39,073 709 81,665 38,069 119,020 $2,027,333 168,410 6,980,042 178,467 13,064,046 0, 767,386 27, 770,000 $160 169 179 262 160 176 233 16, 0 1,2 40,4 4 86,6 42,0 111,9 Zinc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in th * 1928, in a/tort tons Zinc oxide Leaded zinc oxide Lithopo `1919-*...................... 1920.......................... 1921........................... 1922........,,................ 1923.......................... 1924.......................... 1925........................... 1926........................... 1927.......................... '1928.......................... 117,639 99,444 74,329 128,466 128,987 131,470 161,354* 146,923 151,240 160, 904 27,691 30,460 10,103 19,613 23,604 26,729 31,760 23,859 20,064 24,223 78,3 89, 65, 83. 68, 100, 146, 159, 178, 200, i Figures cover production, not sales, Zinc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in t * and 1928 1027. 8hort tons Valuo (nt plant, exclu sive of container) Total Average Sh ton Zino oxide 1............................................... Leaded zino oxide 1................................ Lithopone.................................................. Zinc chloride, 60 BoumG................... Zinc sulphate........................................... 161,240 28,084 178,904 36,096 3, 211 $19,887,212 3,193,014 17,163,620 1,640,446 185,865 $131 . 100 123 24 67 200 46 38 68 2 i Zinc oxide cootalnlnK 6 por cent or more o(leod Is classed as leaded tlno 1910......................................................... 1920.................................... ................. 1921......................................................... J922...................................... ................... 1U23......................................................... J24........................................................ 1U2'>......................................................... 1920......................................................... J 927......................................................... JII28......................................................... 30. 085 33, 078 20, 738 41,598 37, 780 42, 022 13, 426 37,1)08 3H, (109 42, 049 tnu, 005 112,017 143,545 153,393 ) 25, 087 144.H72 120, 479 111,845 110, 020 111,923 9, 908 12,412 1J,508 13,705 11,1)40 14,572 14,990 12, 271 13,482 10, 002 i Figures lor red load include orauge mineral prior to 1U2J. 1, 350 928 103 972 800 1,088 1, (}'.)U 1, 23(1 1,001 1,234 ' 32, 302 1 34,431 21,805 30, 509 38, 037 30,813 41,009 12, 550 31), 1)73 40, 497 (V (b 381 370 040 331 K4U 813 709 459 40, 739 02,329 41,909 58,201 75,107 74,724 80, 540 H2, 540 81.056 85, 570 350 MINERAL RESOURCES, 2 928----PART I ! LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS . AND S Statistics for lead arsenate, load acetate, zinc stearate, and other)* lead and zinc salts and compounds are collected biennially by the! Bureau of the Census for odd years. The following tables show the| production (exclusive of pigmonts) during the past few years. Lead acclatc, lead arsenate, and other lead salts (exclusive of lead pigments) pro-'} duced in the United States, 1010, 1021, 1023, 1020, and 1027 ^ Year Lend ncof.ole Total pro duction Produced for sale Lead arsenato Other salt#! 1 Short tons Short tons Value Produced for sale (short tons) Value 1919................................................... 1921................................................... 1923................................................... 1925................................................... 1927.................................................. 2,506 1,408 2, 753 3,432 0) 2,092 372 616 1,251 1,508 $652,435 90, 305 160,133 359,686 395,122 5,733 4,015 5,378 5. 969 * 10, 704 $2,000,341 1,629,440 2, 229,431 1,777, 552 3,100, 257 Value ! i\ $335,604* 120,327 388,891 102,996 254,809 1 Not given. * The statistics for 1927 are not comparable with those for preceding years as the figures prior to 1627 donot| Include data for the production reported by establishments eugAgod primarily in the manufacture q {J patent and proprietary medicines and compounds. 'a Zinc stearate and other sails and compounds of zinc (exclusive of zinc pigmenU zinc chloride, and zinc sulphate) produced in the United States, 1923, 1920 and 1927 * Year * 1923................................................................. ..... 1926............................................................................. Zinc fltnnrnlo Short tons Valuo Ollier saltal and com* !| pounds, !jl value s 227 393 111, CO $410,913] COMPETITION BETWEEN PIGMENTS Throughout the nineteenth century white lead was used almost! exclusively as the pigment base in the manufacture of paints, but! during the last 25 years its dominant position has been challenged by* the competition of zinc oxide and lithopone. The increasing use of! these two pigments, particularly lithopone, is duo to their lower! first cost and to the constantly improved properties that have been! attained as a result of scientific research on the part of the producers,! Production of lithopono hjis increased from less than 30,000 tons ini 1913 to more than 200,000 tons in 1928, three-fourths of which iaf used in the manufacture of paint. I Another influencing factor in the pigment industry has boon thel development of nitrocellulose paint, lacquer, and onamol9. Nitro-| cellulose paint was dovoloped for uso in tlio automotive industry, inf which the practico of mass production requirod a satisfactory paint! that would dry quickly and thus assist in speoding up the production! process. During the past few years, however, its use has extended tot many other branches of industry; in 1927 more than 11,000,0003 gallons of nitrocellulose paint, lacquer, and enamels were produced.! This represents between 10 and 15 per cent of the total volume of! paint and varnish produced in the United States 40 per cent over 1926. Although it is impossible f the effect of this product on the mineral pigment I of interest may be noted. First, the growing i paint is limiting the field of white lead, which is Ion account of its chemical instability in contac | products. Lithopone, zinc 6xide, and titanox ar L titanox being a recent development. The seco [is that, notwithstanding the lower pigment co I nitrocellulose paint, there probably will be no m [quantity of pigment used per unit of painted surfa [pigment base coat and more finishing coats are r I Titanium pigments have been increasing in i |especially since the development of titanox. Ti (per cent of titanium oxide and 75 per cent of bar [claimed that this pigment excels the lead and zin Epower and inertness; consequently, it is finding a [with the nitrocellulose paint manufacturers. In [chiefly in interior enamels and mixed with zin [paints. Used alone in exterior paints it has not as itory. Extensive development of titanium pigm [been retarded by limited sources of raw materia [production; recently, however, new sources and [developed, and it now appears that titanium wi [lead and zinc pigments. The fact is significan [Lead Co., one of the most important pigment pro [States, has secured a commanding position in [field. _ I' The poisonous qualities of white lead have long [much discussion which at times has resulted in [against its use, particularly in France and Belg |1928, a royal decree was issued in Spain which ['November, 1928, the use of paints containing mo [lead for interiors would be prohibited except f lauthorized by the Ministry of Labor. It also pr I preparations containing lead must be labeled ilegislation of this nature has as yet developed in I; In the lead and zinc pigment industry white lea ized as competing against the field. Although th gcompetition on the consumption of white lead in lean not be accurately gaged; undoubtedly the pr glead industry has been seriously hampered. T land lithopone will probably increase with further [paint, in which white lead is seldom used, Leg [tending to restrict the use of lead paints on acco Eous qualities. Further development of titan gprobably provide competition for both lead and [pigments boaring the brunt on account of their h 1 A red pigment known as minium of alumin ifactured in France by dehydrating, grinding, and [grades of bauxite. This,pigment has been used Khe railways of France as a substitute for red le Effith oil it is said to have a greater covering powe ST 30631--31------31 352 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1928----PART I LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND S Zinc sulphide has long been noted for its excellent pigment qualities;;! and is one of the principal constituents of lithopone. Its use unmixed 'l ns a pigment, however, has boon very limited in the past owing to its?| comparatively high cost, but rocontly it has been used in increasing! amounts. In 1928 the production of zinc sulphide for market was;l reported, but the amount produced can not bo disclosed ns disclosure^! would divulge confidential information. Imports increased from'' 132,000 pounds in 1927 to 338,000 pounds in 1928. The American Bureau of Metal Statistics repor ing quantities of zinc materials were used in t lithopone in 1928: Roasted ore, 35,805 tons; galva js/tons; and zinc oxide and fume, 8,000 tons. In amount of slab zinc was used which was omitt accounting to avoid disclosing confidential informa PREPARATION AND USES CONSUMPTION OF LITHOPONE Through the cooperation of the producers of lithopone the BureauL of Mines is able to show the distribution of lithopone sales in 1927'i and 1928. Distribution of lithopone sales by industries, 1927 and 1928 Paints, varnish, lacquers... Floor coverings and textiles Rubber........................................ Other uses.................................. 1927 . 1928 Short tonjs I'or cont Short tons Per cent . 131,145 31,180 7,653 7,010 . 170,094 74.1 17.0 4.3 4.0 140,122 35,416 6,808 9,032 100.0 - 200,408 74.4 17.7 3.4v. 100.0.'. Lithopono producers reported, an'"annual productive -capacity of 202,000 tons at tho end of 1927 and 227,000 tons at the end of 1928. . , SOURCE ' The following table gives the quantity and source of tho lead and zinc contained in the pigments and salts produced in the Unitod States in 1927 and 1928.- It shows that in 1928, 90 per cent of the lead in lead pigments was derived from pig lead, 4 por cent from ore, and less than per. cent'from socondary material. For zinc pigments the proportions were 70 per cent from ore, 21 per cent from metal, and 9 per cent from secondary material. The zinc in zinc salts is derived largely from socondary material. Metal content of lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts produced by domestic manufacturers, 1927 and 1928, by sources, in short tons 1027 1928 Soiircu Lund in ----- -------------- --- . -- plgmonts 1 _____ Zinc In-- Pigments Salts Lead In pigments 1 Zinc n-- Figments Salts Motftl.................................... 13. 130 1, 240 121, 81H) 34,003 13, 072 47 4 0, 544 10, 405 242,914 654 123, 904 14) 890 12G 4 10,463 ----------------- -------- . 257,096 169,879 0,605 . ...... . .. 264, 033 170,438 10,693 1 Includes ftlso load recovered iu ilno oxide am] leudod rluc oxkla. The mota) content of Jciul Bcotate aud lead arsoonte Is not available, os no canvass of tbelr production is made by tho Bureau of Mines. Moreovor, these salts are derived Trom pig load, and their metal content bns already beeu takeo into statistical account In the figures covering lead production. * Zinc ashes, summings, drosses, aud old metal. WHITE LEAD White lead is the basic carbonate of lead an most important of the white pigments used in oi erties of white lead that contribute to its usefuln very great hiding power and the facility with wh can be worked with a brush. Owing to its relat and the fact that white-lead paints are blackened taining sulphur, the use Of less-expensive zinc oxi paint pigments has increased during recent year retarded expansion of the white-lead industry. The largest pkrt of the white lead manufact States is produced by the "stack" or old Dutc perforated disks of high-grade metallic lead, call inches in diameter, are placed in small clay pots, well in tho bottom containing dilute acetic ac arranged in tiers within a large room. Each t boards and a layer of spent- tanbark. The lead basic carbonate by the action of acetic acid va COj and the heat necessary to vaporize tho aceti by the fermentation of tno tanbark. The pro three to four months for completion. The corr are washed, crushed, screened, and ground in wa either dried to form dry white lead or ground wit to form the oil pigment. In the United States of the product is ground in oil. Somo whiteleaais also made by the Carter proc lytic process. In the former metallic lead is fine of steam and is then treated with dilute acetic acid in slowly rotating wooden cylinders. The proce about, 12 days. . ' In the electrolytic process, a lead anode and a used,, each of which has an independent contin electrolyte kept separate by a porous, diaphragm are solutions of sodium acetate containing sodiu anolyte contains the exact amount of carbonate itate the basic lead carbonate, whereas Ihe catho tively large amount of carbonate. During elect solves at tho anode surface and is immediately basic carbonato in suspension in the anolyte. At is generated at the cathode, passes through th replaces the C03 precipitated with tho lead, th anolyte at a constant concentration. Tho catho a carbon-dioxide absorption tower whore it is res strength. The basic lead carbonato is filtered washed, dried, and barreled. 354 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1928--PART I LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS A It ia estimated that more than 85 per cent of the white lead pro duced in the United States is used in the manufacture of paint. It is the only important whito pigment that is used unmixcct with other pigments in oil paints; it is also used in varying proportions in many' mixed pigments. The dry white lead is used in paints, as a constituent of the glaze used in the finer grades of pottery, and to some extent in the manufacture of rubber. The United States produces an export surplus''of about 0,000 tons annually, most of which is manufactured in bond from foreign lead. BASIC LEAD SULPHATE Basic lead sulphate is also known as sublimed lead and is marketed in two forms, "white" and "blue." The white variety is usually made by vaporizing powdered galena at a high temperature in the. presence of air, which oxidizes it to the basic sulphate. The resultant fume is collected in bags, and owing to the zinc content of the ore, used it usually contains about 5 per cent of zinc oxide. This product is usually not as white as basic carbonate white lead but has a more stable color in the presence of sulphur gases. It is used chiefly in the manufacture of prepared paints and mixed pigments. A small amount is used in the manufacture of rubber. Some sublimed lead is made from pig lead. The blue variety is generally a by-product of the smelting*bf pig lead and is collected from the fumes leaving^the smelting furnaces. Its color is due to small amounts of carbon and lead sulphide. Paints made from blue load are- especially useful' as protective coatings on metallic surfaces. Some blue lead is also used in the manufacture of rubber. . > , ' . LITHARGE Litharge is the monoxide of lead and is produced by the oxidation of molten lead at ft moderate temperature in a reverberatory furnace. The oxide forms.on the surface of the molten metal and is raked off. into iron pots. The texture and color of the litharge, which affectT its use in the various industries, are controlled by the temperature ' of the furnace and the method of cooling. The chief use of litharge is i in the manufacture of storage-battery plates. The negative plates ' are usually made of straight litharge, whereas the positive plates i are a mixture of red lead and litharge. It is estimated that more i than half the litharge produced in the United States is used in the ! battery industry. The second largest use of litharge is in the rubber ;j industry where it acta as a cure accelerator and toughener in the: production of mochanical rubber goods and rubber clothing. Other j uses are in the manufacture of load-chromate color pigment, in tho; refining of petroleum products, in the manufacture of insecticides, i pottery glaze, and enamel ware, in making glass, and as a drier in 1 the manufacture "of varnish and linoleum. RED LEAD Red load is the tetroxide of lead and is made by heating powdered j litharge at a modorate temperature in a "coloring oven." The; marketed product varies in compoi'.tion, averaging about 85 per ; cent pure red lead and 15 per cent 1: harge; the latter is unchanged ' in the process of manufacture. About two duction is used in the manufacture of stora an important pigment in paints used as a pro surfaces and accounts for the familiar orange .all steel construction. Red load is the mos compounds used in the production of flint also used in potter's1 glaze, enamel ware, and facture of varnish. ORANGE MINERAL Orange mineral is a form of red lead; it composition but differs in physical properties gravity and lighter color.. It is usually mad under a process that requires groat care an (the price is highor than that for any of th Orange mineral is used chiefly in the man vermilion color pigment known as eosin lak - production of printer's inks and enamels. ZINO OXIDE b Zinc oxide, the monoxide of zinc, is made .United States--the French and the American 'llic zinc is heated in a current of air, and the 'collected in long chambers. The product is fineness and is labeled "white seal," "gree The white-seal variety is the finest and wh gravity is much lower than the specific gravit -jit is used chiefly in high-grade enamel pain 'seal are the intermediate and heavy grades, L ' American process zinc oxide is made by h jore and anthracite coal to produce a meta turn is treated with air to form the oxide. Th ;in bag Tiouses. As lead is usually .present oxide contains some lead compounds. It white as French oxide but in othor respec American process of making zinc oxide pre ]Statos. Zinc oxide has been used as a paint pigme fQr several centuries, but the increase in p States during the twentieth century has been oi the rubber industry. In an estimate mad i:use of zinc oxide in the various industries w Per cent ^Rubber 63 ' Paints and enamels______________ 33 Oilcloth and linoloum 6 :Exports1_________________________ 4 Ceramics3 Miscellane Zinc oxide is used in the manufacture of ru ^ficial properties it imparts to rubber. It incre ; and the resistance to abrasion and tear a qualities by counteracting tho tendency of ru 'Obemlcal and Metallurgical Engineering, vol. 33, January, 1036 356 MINERAL RESOURCES, 192 8--PART 1 under action of light and heat. All of these properties are essential in making automobile tiros, tubes, and accessories, which represent about 76 per cent of the entire rubber industry. Zinc oxide is seldom used alone as a paint pigment as it dries to a hard smooth surface which on aging tends to crack and peel off, leaving an unsatisfactory surface for repainting. -It, has a more] stable color and costs less than white lead, has excellent white colon and covering properties, and is durable. Theso many advantagek, make zinc oxide a useful constituent of mixed paints, in which itj finds a large usage. It is generally mixed with lithopone, white; lead, and inert pigments. Zinc oxide is also used in the manufacture of oilcloth and linoleum]! pottery glazes and glass, celluloid, druggists' supplies, printer's inks,; leather finishes, ana for many othor purposes. The United States produces an exportable surplus of about 13,000] tons annually. LEADED ZINC OXIDE f Loaded zinc oxide is made by a method similar to the American] process of making zinc oxide. The ore used contains lead in varying! proportions, and the finishod product may contain from 5 to 35 per, cent of basic lead sulphate. The properties of this pigment aro similar] to those of zinc oxido and basic lead sulphate. It has fair hiding power; but is not so white as American .process zinc oxide. Loadoa zinoj oxide is used chiefly in tho manufacture of phint. ^ * LITHOPONE ... Lithopone is the newest of the important white pigments, andl its introduction into the`United States datos back to the close of! the nineteenth century. It contains about 70 per cent of barium.sul-J phate and about 30 par cent of zinc sulphide. The latter, a powerful! pigment, is responsible for the useful pigment qualities of lithopone.! The process of manufacture consists in mixing proper proportions ofj solutions of barium sulphide and zinc sulphate. The resulting pra-l cipitato is heatod to a rod heat and plunged into cold water, aftpr| which it is ground, dried, and powdered. ' The use of lithopone in the United ptateg has increased rapidly and! has spread to many industries. Its chief use isdn paint manufactured in which it is favored on account of its low cost and many good qualities. Formerly the use of lithopone was confined to interior paint, as the pigment would discolor in sunlight. In recent years]! however, the refining process has been changed, and it is claimed! thatf lithopone with a stable color suitable for exterior paints is nowj being produced. It is generally mixed with other pigments, notably zinc oxido. . f'S A large quantity of lithopono is used in the manufacture of oilcloth! and linoleum, artificial leather finishes, window shades, and printer's! inks. The distribution of tho 1927 and 1923 sales of lithopone i| given on page 352. The United States has a small excess of lithopone imports overj exports. " LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS AND S ZINC SALTS Zinc sulphate, sometimes known as white vitr by treating secondary zinc material with dil which upon evaporation yields the white crystal to some extent in calico printing and in dyeing, oil, as a disinfectant afid astringent, and as a siz to painting. In addition to theso uses, severa used yearly in the manufacture of lithopone, bu an intermediate product it is not separately reco ;,of Mines. ' Zinc chloride may be prepared by treating chlorine, or with hydrochloric acid, the lattor b used. Practically all zinc chloride produced in is made from scrap metal or secondary materia ashes, skimmings, and galvanizer's scrap. Owin properties it is usually marketed in solution, alt may be obtained in air-tight containers. Zin .chiefly as a preservative of timber but is also u and disinfectant, in the refining of petroleum, in in the manufacture of hard fiber, for medica dentistry. PRODUCERS AND PLANT Tho following companies roportod salos of lea and zinc salts of their own production in 1928. White lead: Anaconda Lead Products Co. (electrolytic process) East Chicago, Ind. ' Carter White Lead Co West Pullman, Chicago, 111 E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co_____________ Philad Eagle-Picher Lead CoEast Do--------------------- :----------------------------------- Cincin Euston JL,ead Co..Scranton, Pa. W. P. Fuller & Co____South San Franoisco, Calif. John T. Lewis & Bros. Co Philadelphia, Pa. ' National Lead Co. of California____ _________ Melro National Lead Co___ !'________ __ Chicago, 11 Do--------------------------------------------------------- St. L Do------------------- ---------------------- --------------- Brook Do............... .................................. ................_ Port Do--------------------------------------------------------- Cinc National Lead & Oil Co. of Pennsylvania____New K Sherwin-Williams CoChicago United Lead CoPerth Wetherill & BroPhiladelph Basic lead sulphate, or sublimed lead: Eagle-Picher Lead Co._________________ ____ Galena Do_______________Joplin, Mo. St. Louis Smelting & Refining Works of National Lead Co__ _____________________ Collins 'Red lead, orange mineral, and litharge: `-1 Eagle-Picher Lead CoEast Do----------- --------------------------- -------- --------- Joplin, Do............... .................... .................. _______ Newar |. Do............. .............................. ........................Cincin Evans Lead CoCharlesto Franklin Lead Oxide CoFranklin W. P. Fuller & CoSouth Grasselll Chemical CoEast 358 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1928----PART I Red lead, orange mineral, and litharge--Continued. Harshaw Chemical CoCleveland, Ohio. John T. Lewis & Bros. Co................................ Philadelphia, Pa. Metals Refining Co............................................Hamrapnd, Ind. National Lead Co. of California Melrose, Calif. National Lead Co......................... .......... ......... Chicago, 111. Do---------------------------------------------------- St. Louis, Mo. .Do---------------------------------------------------- Brooklyn, N. Y. National Lead & Oil Co. of Pennsylvania___ New Kensington, Pa. Sherwin-Williams Co.................. ......... ............. Chicago, III. Wetherill & Bro............................................... Philadelphia, Pa. Zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide: American Zinc Co. of Illinois............ ..............Hillsboro, 111. American Zinc Oxide Co........... .......... ........... Columbus, Ohio. Eagle-Picher Lead Co...................... .................Hillsboro, 111. Empire Zinc Co----------------------------------------- Canon City, Colo. Grasselli Chemical Co................................... . East Chicago, Ind. International Lead Refining Co. (French process)------------------------------------------------- East Chicago, Ind. Do. (French process)............................... Akron, Ohio. Mineral Point Zinc Co...................................... Mineral Point, Wis. New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pennsylvania)...........Palmcrton, Pa. Do. (French process)--------------------------Freemansburg, Pa. Ozark Smelting & Mining Co........................... Coffcyville Kano. River Smelting & Refining Co........................Florence, Colo. 'Lithopone: ' Chemical & Pigment Co. (Inc.).................... . Oakland, Calif. Do----------------------------------------------------- Collinsville, 111. Do---------------------------------------------------- Sti Helena, Md. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co_____;______ Newark, N. J. Do------------------ ;------------------------ -.-------: :Philade]phia, Pa. Eagle-Picher Lead Coi.___ Argo, III. Grasselli Chemical Co..... ....................... Grasselli, N. J. Krebs Pigment & Chemical Co.._.-____ .... Newport, Del. Mineral Point Zinc Co_____________________ Depue, 111, New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pennsylvania).;___ Palmerton, Pa. Sherwin-Williams Co...'............. ...................... Chicago, 111. United Color & Pigment Co Newark, N. J. Zinc salts: Arkansas Preservative Co................................. North Little Rock, Ark. Charles Cooper & Co........ ............................... Newark, N. J. General Ctemical CoChicago, 111. Grasselli Chemical Co_____________ ________ East Chicago, Ind. Do----------------------------------------------------- Grasselli, N. J. Do--------------------------------------------------- - Cleveland, Ohio. Do----------------------------------------------------Weirton, W. Va. Harshaw Chemical Co........ ........... ....... .......... Cleveland, Ohio. Charles Lennig & Co. (Inc.)------------- -----------Philadelphia, Pa. Merrimac Chemical Co_____________ _______''EVerett, Mass. Monsanto Chemical Works................ ............. Monsanto, 111. Ozark Smelting & Mining Co.......................... Coffcyville, Kans. ... * ' ! > t IMPORTS AND EXPORTS Lead pigments.--Imports of lead pigments into the United States are relatively insignificant. In 1928 imports of white lead and red, load decreased, while imports of litharge and orange mineral increased.. Exports of whita-lead pigments increased 7 per cent in 1928 and amounted to 4 per cent of the total domestic output of basic car bonate white lead. Unitod Kingdom took 66 per cent of the whitelead pigments exported in 1928. Combined exports of red lead and litharge increased 46 per cent and amounted to 2 per cent of the total domestic production of these two pigments. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND SA EBasic carbonate white lead, red lead, litharge, and orange consumption in the United States, 1919-1 % ' t' . Basic carbonate while lead Red lead Lithar Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds r !Q20.................................... ne2i.................................... [1922.................................... 11923.................................... >1924.................................... i 1925.................................... i1928.................................... 1927.................................... 1928............................ 21,213 160,077 124,178 222,465 336,802 141,150 213,028 297, 667 330, 421 106,236 $2,490 10,449 12.698 21,335 31,386 13.478 21,635 31.690 29,901 16,889 7,199 23,078 12,236 1,405 3,000 1,874 3,452 9, 691 61,088 24,676 $1,130 1,780 680 94 220 166 268 817 4,403 1,610 21,002 100 1,770 22, 626 1,838 2.417 122 1,182 2,100 White lead and red lead exported from the United Sla * Year White lead * Short tons Valu 1919 ... 1920 .............. ............................................................................. ............................................................................. 1924___ . ......... ...... ............................................... 1925........................................................................................................... 14,017 14,901 6,161 4,698 * 6,172 6,065 * 6,832 6,239 *6,047 * 6,470 $3,037 3,195 993 710 836 853 1,293 1,119 947 962 i Exports of white lead and baslo lead sulphate or sublimed lead not class figures f'or --1923-1928- may .Inc.lu.de an unknown quant ity of baslo lead sulphat 1 Exports of red lead and litharge not classified separately for 1923-24 and ear3 may Include an unknown quantity of litharge. Figures (or other years White lead 1 exported from the United States, 1927-28 Destination 1927 Short tons Valu North America: , South America: > Other........................................................... .......... ......................... Europe: Other-1.............................................................................. -.......... Asia: Oceania, including Australia.......................... ............................. 61 48 105 866 88 668 30 48 29 635 642 679 4,007 2 4,688 144 4 148 - 1 10 6.047 $10 10 25 67 20 134 6 7, 6 92 113 77 680 668 35 36 3 947 i While lead and basic lead sulphate or sublimed lead not classified separat Include an unknown quantity ol baslo lead sulphate or sublimed lead. 1 Less than 1 ton. 360 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1928--PART I Zinc jngmcnts and salts.--Lithopone is the principal zinc pigment imported into the United States. Imports of lithopone increased 24 per cent in 1928 and were equivalent to 5 per cent of the domestic output. Imports of zinc oxide did not change materially in 1928; they were equivalent to less than 1 per cent of the domestic produc tion. Imports of zinc sulphide have increased from about 8,000 pounds in 1926 to 338,000 pounds in 1928. Imports of zinc chloride and zinc sulphate increased substantially in 1928. The Netherlands supplies about 75 per cent of the zinc pigments imported into the United States. Zinc oxide is the principal zinc pigment exported from the United States: in 1928 there was a slight increase in the quantity shipped abroad. Exports amounted to 9 per cent of the domestic output. Canada took 43 per cent of the total, and United Kingdom took 29 per cent. Exports of lithopono increased 58 per cent; imports, how ever, exceeded exports by 6,600 tons, or the equivalent of 3 per cent of the United States output. . Zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc sulphide {while), zinc chloride, and zinc sulphate im ported for consumption in the United Slates, 1919-1928 1910 1920 1021 1922 1023 1924 1925 1926 1027. 1928. Year Zinc oxide Lithopone Dry Short tonq. Value In oil Short tons Value Short tons Value 105 1(431 1,280 2,712 1,036 1,703 1,274 1, 127 1,399 1,348 $44,338 289,890 145,071 301,599 212009,,401250 205,582 108,807 220,427 208,657 3 $1,351 739 $122,708 14 3,600 1,714 203, 240 57 17,649 5, 247 432,019 42 8,695 10,763 886,671 89 21,934 10,440 776,383 110 25,874 6,830 543,025 132 31,187 04 23,103 80,,363806 478, 395 661, 700 77 18.619 7,979 656, 166 107 25.620 9,885 808,200 Year Zinc sulphide > Pounds > VbIu o Zinc oblorldo Short tons Value Zinc sulphate Short tons Value 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1924. 1926. 1926. 1927. 1028. 10, 036 46, 482 93, 537 27, 160 11,844 0, 078 14,004 7,800 132, 223 338,030 $4,413 15,027 8,330 8,453 6, 403 6,727 6, 680 4,125 22,984 47, 236 1 665 2, 109 1,367541 319 400 608 470 663 $192 76, 496 213, 905 87, 609 44,104 28,911 60,712 61,005 40, 060 47, 185 c) 60 17 17 20 13 17 66 205 683 $162 3,038 820 1,004 3,466 1, 266 1,368 4,590 0,390 28,866 > Less than^'toa StQted lu pouud3 rather than tons because of Its high value and smaller quantities. LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS AND SAL Zinc oxide and lithopone exported from the United State * Year Zinc oxide Short tons Value mo f.1920. I 1921 ......................;................................................................................... \ 1022 U23. r 1924 $ 1925. t 1926. f!927 fc 1928. 14,703 11,164 2,611 3,977 6, 024 3,927 10,865 14,601 14, 494 1< 799 $3,059,27 2,161, 64 420,26 603,12 743, 67 606,63 1, 603, 56 1,917, 42 1,821,78 1,849,88 > Not classified separately prior to 1922. Zinc oxide exported from the United Slates, 1927 and 1928 Destination | 1927 Short tons Value North America: Canada.................................. `Cuba....................................... Mexico................................... Panama................................. Other....................................... ; South America: Braxll.................................... Other...................................... Europe: France.................................... Italy......................................... United Kingdom............... Other................... -V.............. Asia: . Philippine Islands............ Other........... ........................... Africa.............................................. Oceania, including Australia i Loss than 1 ton. 6,544 46 87 73 30, 5,786 $703,77 7, 66 16,68 13,04 7,49 809,36 14 131 ' 146 1,708 1 686 . 3,410 1 1,836 7,638 2,67 26,38 29,06 189,13 77,82 300,76 206,01 809,71 99 711 ! 12,70 84,39 810 97,09 6 81 111 16, 74 14,494 1,821, 78 362 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 2 8----PART I PRICES AND VALUE The total value and the avorago price received by producers from sales of lead and zinc pigments and salts are given on preceding g^Oi^ potations as^eportel- by the Uu, ramt and Drug Reporter is shown in the following table. Range of quotations on lead pigments. and zinc pigments Jyj36~198t in cents a pound and salts at New York, Product 1926 1927 Basic lead sulphate, or sublimed lead, dry, In casks White lead, or baslo lead carbonate.* Dry, Id casks............................................ In oil, carload lots............. ................................................. Litharge, American, commercial powderedVcasks Red lead, dry, Id casks............................ Orange mineral, American'casks............. *........................ Lead acetate, brown, broken, barrels................................ Lead arsenate, powdored, drums .................... Zlno oxide: ............................ .. American process, lead-free, bags, car lots___ ___ American process, leaded, barrels, car lots French process, red eoal, begs, car lots....'"""' French process, greeo seal, bags, car lots ............. . French process, white seal, barrels, car lots*........... JLithonone, American, bags, car Jots Zlnochilloorri,dJe: '* ............ Solution,1 drums. Fused......... .............. Zinc sulphate, barrel? 1 Reported as "paste, barrels/' in 1926. - 9.00-10.00 7. 76- 9.00 9. 76-10. 76 12.16-12.30 10. 60-11.76 11.00-12. 26 13. 26-14. 60 13 00-14.60 1 10.00-12. 00 8. 60- 9. 76 10. 73-12. 16 8. 76-10. 76 9.76-11. 25 11.76-13. 60 12.00-13. 60 13. 60-16.00 o. 60- 7. 25 0. 60- 8. 00 0. 38-10.13 10. 38-11. 13 11.03-12. 38 6. 38- 6.03 0. 60 0. 76- 0. 88 0.38 10. 38 11.03 6. 38 3. OO- 4. 25 6. 25- 6.00 .3.00- 4.00 2.76-4.00 6. 25 3. 00- 3. 76 1 At works. 7.75 8.26- 8. 60 10.73 8. 60- 9.00 9. 60-10.00 11.60-12.00 * 12.00-12.60 13.00-15.00 6.60 ` 6.88 0. 38 10.38 11.63 6.26 2.76- 3.26 6'. 26 3.60- 3.76 u basl? lead sulPhata and white lead in oil were constant throughout the year, notwithstanding an upward trend in the price of lead-during most of the year. Dry white lead wan quoted at 8# cents during the first 10 months, hut in November it was cut to 8yt cents. Quotations on litharge, red lead and oranee 6rf tRUptUated Wlth the lead market and were the'same at the S PLtthnetayeaj f / the begmning. The range of quotations on lead acetate.and lead arsenate was lower in 1928. 0n Xlde an^.bthopone wero constant throughout the year, although the price of zinc increased steadily from Fobruary wMlaeCrtber( he I?n,ce range of zinc chlorido was lower in 192{f while that of zinc sulphate was somewhat higher: ' ZINC1 By El me r W. Pe h r ' GENERAL SUMM Salient figures of the zinc industry in the Production of primary zinc: From domestic ores..--....................-............................... ................... From foreign ores.......................................................................... .......... Stocks of zlno on hand at smelters Dec. 31............................................ Ratio of electrolytic zlno to total primary zlno production______ Recovery of unalloyed secondary zlno............................ ....................... Prices per pound of prime western zlno at St. Louis: Avorago for year.................... .............................. ............ ...................... . Highest monthly avorgge........ .................. ...................... ................... Mine production of recoverable zinc..................................................... Tri-State district (Joplin region)....................................................... Western States............. .................. ........................................................... World smelter production of zlno................... .......... ................................ From a statistical point of view the d of the United States, which began in th to a definite end early in 1928, and durin definite improvement was noted in the b The price, although considerably under the consistently after February. The St. cents per pound at the beginning of the cents the latter part of February, and th of 6.35 cents, which was maintained th yearly average was 6.03 cents, as compar The production of primary zinc in th to 602,581 tons, as compared to 692,51 from domestic ores Raving increased 2.5 foreign ores decreased 29 per cent. In 192 to nearly 27 per cent of the total produc cent in 1927. Coincident with this, M as the leading producer of metallic zinc. zinc increased 7 per cent. The apparent consumption of primary for all time and was 12 per cent greate industry showed the largest tonnage inc while die casting exhibited the largest perc ing used considerably more zinc m 1928, slight decrease. * Work on manuscript completed October, 1929. * Tho statistics in this report were prepared (unless otherwise on Imports and exports were compiled from reoords of the Bu by J. A. Dorsey, both of the Bureau of Mines. 372 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1928--PART I perature below its melting point and that the vapor forms an alloy o the surface of the metals to be coated; The process is especially adap ed to the coating of quantities of small articles and threaded hardware such as screws, Dolts, and nuts. Zinc dust is also used as a reducin agent in the manufacture of dyes, as a precipitant of gold in the cyan anc^ as a P^Smut in paints, especially marine paints. The following companies reported the production and sale of zinL dust m 1928: , Producers of zinc dual in Ihe United Stales in 1928 LocAtioD of plant The Alloya Co_ ---------- ---------- ------- ------------------ San Francisco, Calif. Federated Metals Corporation....................................Trenton, N. J. John Finn Metals Wo/ks....... ........... .................... ......... San Francisco, Calif. Grasselli Chemical Co................................... .................. Meadowbrook W. Va/> New Jersey Zmo Co. ................................. ..................Palmerton, Pa. i +n0.9rp^ atl0n........... -........................ ......... Philadelphia, Pa. United States Zinc Co--------------------------------------------- Sand Springs, Okla. ( ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Zinc oxide,: leaded zinc oxide, and lithopone are the principal), pigments of zinc, and the chloride and sulphate are the principal^ salts. These products are manufactured from various zinciferous materials, such as ores, metal, and secondary substances. In 1928 the total zinc content.of all zinc pigments and salts produced and soldi amounted to 187,031 tons, an increase of 4 per cent over 1927. This. was derived from the following sources: [ Short tons Domestic ores.............. . ............................ ................ 124, 090 Metal------- ....................................-......... ......................... 37,688 secondary material................................ ............................. 25,353 * ! " The following table gives the primary zinc content (that is, zinc derived directly from ores) of zinc pigments and salts produced for market in the United States during the last 10 years. Primary zinc content of zinc pigments and salts made in the United States, 1919 ' 1988, in short tons 1 Year Pigments Salts Year im................................... 1920........................ 1921.................................... 1922.................................... 1923............................ k ............. ' 96, 817 110,605 63, 480 93.112 116, 970 3, 393 | 1924... ....... 3, 749 1026.......... - 1,801 1,673 1928......................................... * Includes some zlao derived from primary drosseslfrom zinc-reduction plants. PJgmoiits Salts 108, 282 110, 654 127, 085 121, 899 123,964 673 2,106 47 126 . ^e <iir6Ct use of zinc ore in the manufacture of pigments and salts increased 2 per cent in 1928, while the use of metallic zinc and second ary material increased 11 and 8 per cent, respectively. Ore was used in`the following products in 1928; the percentages represent proportion of the total zinc, recoverable from the ore entering the various pigments: ' .. Aznenoan prooeas zino oxldo...... .......................... . __ _ Lithopone_________ ____ ,,________ __ "*__ __ ~ Leaded zloo oxide______ I.I,".......................... I............."" Por'cont 70 7, <1 zin c |,The metallic zinc was practically all used in the ma tench process zinc oxide. The secondary zinc was d |lOWS: Lithopone Zino salts gi| Loaded zinc oxide.---------------- ------- ---------------- ------------>Further details of thb production of zinc pigments a riven in the Mineral Resources chaptor on lead and zinc SECONDARY ZINC I The accompanying table shows the amount of se recovered in the United States as metal and in zinc du aents, and zinc salts, 1925 to 1928. Secondary zinc recovered in the United States, 1926--1928, in 1925 1926 JBebondary zinc, redistilled. [Secondary zinc, remolted... Total zinc recovered unalloyed. gRecovered zinc in alloys, excluding old brass remelted. &6oove/ed zinc in remeltod brass (estimated)................... _ Secondary zinc recovered as metal................................ I Secondary zinc recovered In zino duet.................................... ^Secondary zino recovered in pigments....................-.............. ^Secondary zinc recovered In zino salts.................................... Total secondary zinc. __________________________ 30,181 22,249 40, 709 23,771 61,430 64, 670 13,300 13,430 63, 300j 63,000 128,000 6,232 11,714 10,928 141,000 4,400 12,480 10,084 166,000 108,000 The recovery of secondary zinc increased 7 per cen exceeded all previous records. The production of increased only 2 per cent. _ Secondary zii^c recovered in the form of metal increas due to increases of 14 per cent in redistilled secondary cent in remelted brass. That recovered in dustj pigme increased 11 per cent, all .three products having con stantially to the increase. ' Since 1910, the first year for which satisfactory data production of secondary zinc has increased steadily, exc postwar period. Since the production of primary zinc at about the same rate, however, there has been little ratio of secondary to primary zinc. From 1910 to 191 of secondary zinc as metal was equivalent to 23 per cent zinc output. During the war and postwar periods the r by extraordinary conditions, but during the last five avoraged 24 per cent. In 1928 the ratio was 26 per ratios for copper and lead were 43 and 40 per cent, resp relatively advantageous position of zinc is probably du percentage consumed in dissipative uses, such as zinc dust, pigments, and salts which yield little secondary estimated that less than 36 per cent of all the zinc mine ever available for secondary usage. 606 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1928--PART I PnTiaM gi j\Pr!>per y 0wed by the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. was worked by lessees, and 4,086 tons of silver-lead-zinc ore wr shipped to the flotation plant of the Timber Butte Milling Co The Eveline mine was operated by a lessee who shipped dearf/l 000 tons of lead-zinc ore to Butte for milling and 2 cars of first-class siliceou thJ6Lre Anaconda for ameiting. The Badger State property of. the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. was reopened and produced 1^637 nr**0* 0re Tf mUling grade. Other producers of lead-zinc nw5,e t'b0 MlJJ.nle Moulton, Lizzie, Goldsmith, Curry Gar- field-Salyador, Magna Charta, Elba, and Venus. The Moulton i The^R?vbt' und Ven^S a S, I?roduced first-class siliceous silver ore!; wortW ^W6r """ ?f the A^conda Copper Mining Co S' SmTllf? Butte-BunwhTcker; LEAD1 By El me r W. Pe h u s o n 2 GENERAL SUMMARY Salient figures of the lead industry in the United Stat Production of refined primary lead: ' .From domestlo ores............................................................................................. short t From (orelgQ ores and base bullion............................................................ .......... d Recovery of secondary lead: As pig lead........... ........................................... ...........................*.....................................d In alloys................................................... .................................. ....................................... d Total production of pig lead (primary and secondary)......................................d Imports (general): Lead In base bullion.....................................................................................................d - Lead In ore.........................................................................................................................d ' Exports: Refined pig lead from domestic ores.............................................................. ........d Refined pig lead from foreign materials ........................................... ................. d Appareut consumption of refined primary lead................................ .. .......do 5?tImate<4cSoo3umptIoQ of primary and secondary lead..................................... d Prices per pound of refined lead at New York: Highest monthly average................................ ................................... .................. .ce Lowest monthly average.............................. ...................................................... ....d - Average for year..............................................................................................................d Quotation at end of year.............................................................................................d Mine production of recoverable lead................................................................. short to Southeastern Missouri district..*............................................. ........per cent of to Utah............... ................................................................................................I......do Coeur d'Alene feglon............................. ..d Joplin (trl-State) region......................... ......................................:..............................d All othor.................. ...d World sraoltor production of lead......... ..............................................................short to United States......... ................ i................ ....................................... ....per cent of to Mexico.,............... ..................................... c. .......... ............................... ..4.do... Australia.......................................................................... d Canada....................................................... ...........................................*L_........................d All other........... ........................................................... ..................................____ ...d i Revised figures. ' '. 'Exclusive of the output from Virginia,figures for wbloh the Bureau publish. . ' . ... The depression in the primary lead industry,' w steadily during the past few years, appeared to h in 1928, and a slight but definite upward trend the latter part of the year, i`Although the pro refined lead in the United States was 2 per cent' le the decline was due largely to curtailment durihg year. The American ureau of'M''eta-l S- tatisticsr --i--:----------------- .V 1 Work on manuscript completed December, 1920. '` 'The statistics in this report were prepared (unlessotherwise Indicated) b m Imports and exports were oomplled from records of the Bureau of Foreign . A. Dorsey, both of the Bureau of Mines., ,. 30631-31- -47 l. . 608 MINERAL RESOURCES, 192 8----PART I monthly output as in July, after which there was a definite upward trend. Outstanding features in the production of refined primary lead in 1928 were the 6 per cent docrease from domestic ores and the 21 per cent increase from foreign materials. The latter was the net result of the 34 per cent increase in the refined lead produced from foreign base bullion and the 18 percent decrease in the amount obtained from smelting foreign ore. \ The downward trend in the price of lead, so apparent in 1927, con-? tinued during the first part of 1928, reaching the low point of tho year, early in March; during the remainder of the year the trend was defi nitely upward. The New York monthly average was 6.50 conts for January. The low average for the year was 6 02 cents for March. By, October the average was again 6.50 cents. There was a slight reces sion in November, but the price again averaged 6.50 cents for December. The average for the year was 6.31 cents in 1928, as' compared to 6.75 cents in 1927. Owing to the depressed London market in 1928 the New York price exceeded the St. Louis average by only 0.17 cent per pound, as compared to 0.23 cent in 1927. Tne,, New York price was 1.73 cents above the London average in 1928, as f compared to 1.50 cents in 1927. ) The recovery'of secondary lead in pig lead and in alloys in 1928? broke-all . previous records; it amounted to 308,600 tons or the .; equivalent of 49 per cent of the primary lead produced from domestic j ores. Secondary lead recovered as pig lead amounted to 138,000r' tons or 45 per cent of the total secondary lead recovered in 1928. The total consumption of lead in the United States, as estimated t by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, amounted to 930,500 ', tons hi 1928, an increase of 11 per cent over 1927 and surpassing all)? previous records. Storage batteries ranked first among the consum-'j era of lqad in 1928 and showed a 26 per cent increase over 1927 in the quantity of lead used. Cable covering Was next in importance and used 12 per cent more load in 1928 than in 1927. White lead*, was the third largest consumer in 1928, but showed a slight decrease in the quantity of lead used. This industry, which consumed 23 per cent of the total lead used in 1922, took only 13 per cent of the total in 1928. Owing to the large increase in the recovery of secondary' lead there was a decrease of 1 per cent in the apparent consumption of primary lead. - Mine production of lead in the United States showed a 6 per cent decrease in 1928, fairly general throughout the States--production in the Western States having been curtailed 6 per cent and that in . - the Mississippi Valley States, 5 per cent. Oklahoma suffered the largest tonnage cut, and Virginia was the only State in which there w r b a substantial increase. , General imports of lead in base bullion increased about 10,000 tons ,? or 9 per cent, largely as a result of importations from Peru, where:-; an American copper company began lead-sinelting operations. Im ports of lead in ore decreased nearly 15,000 tons, or 36 per cent, i-; largely as a result of smaller shipments from Mexico. Exports of.1) refined pig lead .from domestic ores were nearly 12,000 tons (461 per t cent) greater in' 1928 than in 1927; at the same time exports of ' foreign pig lead decreased nearly 21,000 tons, or 17 per cent. An important development in the United States lead industry in 1928 was the organization, on November 14, of the Lead Industries T.yun : Association, comprising both producers and con fpurposes are to promote service among lead in munity at large, disseminate accurate informati of leaa products, collect statistics on marketing -lead and its products, and develop methods to;im those in the lead industries. Its membership i engaged in mining, smelting, and manufacturin States, Mexico, Canada, and South America. E ciation began distributing weekly reports on the p stocks of pig lead and white lead in the United World smelter production of lead in 1928 am short tons, a decrease of about 1 per cent as c Production outside of the United States increased' output, which ranked second to1 that of the Unit to 13 per cent of the world total; it was 6 per cent A' ustra"lia was th'i'rd', with 9- per cenntt of tne wor 6 per cent less than in 1927. Canada ranked fou it increased its output 2 per cent. Spain fell off fifth, with slightly less tnan 8 per cent of the wo and Belgium followed in order, with little change i increased its output 19 per cent, and Peru and P .their production considerably. , The London price of lead m 1928 averaged 2 or 4.58 cents per pound, a decrease from 1927 o pared with a decrease of 7 per cent in the Ne low price prevailing in Europe caused European p curtailment of output along the lines of the Zinc was held in London in September, 1928, but negative. Arrangements were made for collect tistical data, but it was concluded that world inconsiderable, that production was about kee sumption, and that curtailment of output was time. Later in' the year it was announced .th would be held in March, 1929. . :?.. During'the past few years some important o largo a uantities of lead have been developed../i; is the Mount Isa depqsit in Queensland, Austral to have ore reserves as follows: 3,500,000 tons otc ing 9 per cent lead and 3.6 ounces of silver per of sulphide ore containing 6.1 per cent lead, 8i2 p ounces of silver; and an additional 500,000 )to much higher grade.. : Production is expected in.l9 of the plant is to be eventually 2,000 tons of ore p there was considerable development of lead-zinc in British Columbia, from which an increased out Buchans mine in Newfoundland is reported-to ha 000 tons of ore averaging *7.65 percent lead,U7.8 ounce of gold, 3.25 ounces of silver, and 1.4 per, c tion at the rate of 300 tons of ore per day wasibe of the year, and an increase to 500 or possiblyil:,00Q soon. In France, Russo-Asiatic Con8olidated:? ore bodies at Villemagne and St. Sebastian .wh promising futures. No substantial discoverie reported in the United States in 1928. 610 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1028--PART I PRODUCTION GENERAL Pig lead produced in the United States for domestic market an' export is derived from three main sources--domestic ore, foreign or': and base bullion, and secondary materials. The following table shows * P1^ ea<^ Prducod from each of these sources from 1919 to 1928. - Pig lead produced in the United States, 1019-1928, in short tons 1919*. 1920.. 1921.. 1922.. 1923.. 1924.. 1925.. 1926.. 1927.. 1928.. T Year - From do mestic ores sod base bullion From for eign ores and base bullion From secondary materials 424.433 476,849 398,222 468, 746 643,841 666,407 064,921 680,686 002608,,230220 "--- 57, 787 62,808 r.0,387 63,916 74,481 124,086 112,048 118,256 128,210 164, 869 55, 684 56,350 40,370 76, 480 06, 430 90,400 112,420 125.000 119.000 138.000 Total v.' V 537.904 586,007 494,969 608.142 714,762 780,893 879,389 923,941 916,630 910,071 . nTi1 tota^ production of pig lead for domestic market and export in' 1928 increased 3,541 tons, or less than one-half of 1 per cent. The, production of pig lead from domestic ore and base bullion decreased , 0 per cent, whereas that from foreign ore and base bullion and from . s> secondary materials increased 21 and 16 per cent, respectively. ' ' " r * PRIMARY LEAD l REFINERY PRODUCTION ; lead is classified by the Bureau of Mines as primary or secondt ary, according to whether it is derived directly from the smelting of i ores anP frm base bullion or is reclaimed from industrial lead scrap/: borne plants.that ordinarily smelt ore frequently add lead scrap to the , charge so that the resulting product is an inseparable mixture of lead from both sources and is all marketed as refined pig lead. Never- roeless, the smelter calculates the quantity of secondary lead so pro duced, thus enabling the Bureau of Mines to obtain a consecutive rec ord of the amount of primary lead being supplied to the trade each . yoar. . Primary lead may be produced from domestic ore or foreign ore and from base bullion. The smelting of lead-bearing ores from the Western States yields an impure pig lead (base bullion) that contains valuable mounts of silver and gold, m addition to objectionable impurities such as copper, arsenic, and antimony. This base bullion is given lurthor treatment for the removal of the impurities and finally emerges rofined pig lead The smelting of lead-bearing ores from the Mississippi Valley and Southern States yields soft lead pure . enough for marketing, but some of it is desilverized and is designated , P^this report as desilverized soft lead. Foreign ore is first smelted . into base bullion and then rofined for market. Foreign base bullion I lnt0 kbe United States is also refined before marketing l- of these products for market are referred to as refined lead. The f,- -following table gives a summary of the rofined primary lead produced s in the United States from 1720 to 1928. [72D-19I2 0913.......... 0914. 2916......... Efllfl...... 0917--.. 0918.. $919. D020.... 0921.. .. D922----H923_____ 0924.-.. [01992256.--........ U927..-. 0V9*2.8.. .. s load content of antlmonlal lead is excluded; see p. 015. The total production of refined primary lead m th Bin 1928 was 1.9 per cent less' than, the 1927: output,(a Iper cent less than the 1926 production, the maximum ito date. The greater relative decrease in total' yalu larked decline in the average price of lead. "The, tq 10 per cent less than-that lor 1927 and .29 ,perc Hor 1926, and amounted to only 68 per cent oritha,fc:fp Ihnnual value up to the end of 1928.` - " _ m Two tfntstanding features in the production of Tn ^United States in 1928 wore the increased output Itla*it, o-afn..ldeathd.e.f.rodemcroeraeseadn,dpbraosdeubcutiollinonfroo*fm*fordeoigm--n-e--os-t-ricTMigoLrae--sm*-pr lltons, an increase of 2l(peV cent over'1927..( ^roign Pcent of the tafal output'in 1)928, whpreas it SnaLp Kof the total in 1927. This increase .was alldue to^ lotion of refined lead from' foreign base bullion, \vmch ('cent in 1928; refined lead denved from the smltln decreased 18 per cent in 1928.' The production of domestic" ores in 1928 was 42,118 tons, or 6-per ce | (in 1927 and was lower'than in any year sinceT 924^ " of refined lead of domestic origin in 1928 was lowe since 1922 and amounted to. only -64 per cent , of . 1925. The following table shows the quantity an lead produced in the United States from domestic; 1928. ' " ' '' Refined lead produced in the United Stale) from doTMefIi< '* .......... Year Short tons Value Year ,` 1919 .................................. . 1920 .................................. . 1921 .................................. 1922 .................................. J923................................... 424,433 476,849 398,222 468,746 643,841 *44,990,000 .76,296,000 36.840.000 61.662.000 76,188,000 1926.;.. 1927....* 1928-...-..TM.~..: I 612 MINERAL RESOURCES, 192 8---- PART I GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE OP LEAD RAW MATERIALS SMELTED OR REPINED IN THE- UNITED STATES . The following table shows the source of the ore and foreign bas bullion from which refined lead was produced in the Unitea State from 1919 to 1928. Most of the base bullion produced in the West' ern States is shipped to the Mississippi Valley and Eastern States fo refining. In reporting the production of lead by sources most of th refiners make the distribution on the basis of base bullion, so tha the total lead given in this table as from domestic ore include both base bullion and refined lead and thus contains a large pa of the antimomal lead produced from domestic ores. The tot`! here given for 1928 exceeds the total production of refined lead fron domestic ores, as shown on page 611, by 16,496 tons. The productio oi.antimonial lead from domestic ores in 1928 amounted to 17,930 tons Primary lead smelted or refined in the United States, 1919-1918, by sources, i short tons . 'i Source of ore 1019 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1926 1927 1928 Domestic ore: Alaska............... .. Arizona............. .... California............ Colorado..*......... Idaho--................... Illinois Kansas i___ __ ' Kentucky/-.// Missouri i___..... 646 6,407 2,004 18,867 80,001 ; 077 7,951 83 160^341 691 6,987 2,260 17,762 117,101 048 8,421 114 171,909 778 3,813 614 12,104 99,707 . 271 10,939 41 161,028 324 7,218 3,018 11,108 91,487 760 10,900 73 202,246 400 8,828 6,168 23,886 127, 797 1,280 20,207 66 169,823 682 0,372 2,806 26,491 123,709 1,089 12,896 201 191,601 609 10,281 4,148 3J, 865 123,863 474 16,001 06 208,647 17,613 13,231 11,666 14,651 18,845 21,226 22,008 6,053 New Hampshire.. 10 8,660 3,663 4,264 8,044 8,070 14 978 1,010 7,918 1,232 37.040 160,618 222 *7,530 139 210,366 23.041 New Mexloo--.... 1,418 1,123 Oklahoma <_ 49,984 68,494 ......Oregon............. t South Dakota ' ! is" 6 Tennessee <4..'___4 Texas......... Utah................... ` Virginia/___ _ 2,371 66,1082 2,706 I 64,006 . Washington..//; `i,"6e6` 2,*460 Wisconsin*-..: . 3,976 3,841 Undistributed!// 110 201 Zlno residues...!.. 4,887 4,866 384 46,902 2 1 61,872 "326' 1,079 101 713 1,230 1,638 2,263 3,782 4,383 8,377 67,436 69,602 66,017 78,487 70,004 *65,790 37 47 2 751 1,020 9852 6 2 436 6 1 770 2 79 19 6 40 27 31 102 275 63,130 104,678 119,318 166,844 161,127 156,199 "478' *2; 008 1.582 2,067 2,179 2,802 1,714 2,262 2,214 442 1,823 601 1,973 2,889 2,062 2,067 75 1,284 691 862 16 1, 320 2 1,541 606 1,906 969 8,144 637 28,683 141,748 398; 20,889 268 192,789 20,470. 6,828 8,409 62,817 7' 87. 437 161,724 4,944 . 1,68J327,:' 102 427,826 494,347 396,287 481,689 661 036 1682,000 686,461 695,830 684, 166 Foreign ore: ' ' Africa................ : Australia-.____/ 644 69 ...Canada........ _.......... Central America. ! ...... . Mexico-........... ........ 696 12 122 2,261 11 South America/!! 2,537 : o'-lier iorelgn'. .. 116 Focfignbaae bullion; < `anada........... 667 M exlco_____!/!!! 49,664 South America___ 1,171 460 1,186 22 19 2,729 2,747 90 1, 9J9 42,421 64 2,877 6 17 1,012 2,235 73 1,699 41,648 8,604 14 619 7,260 2,458 43 2,900 47,118 99 3,632 18 139 18,867 1,461 72 60,193 6 4,633 30 328 33,328 7,663 397 77,701 14676 6,386 6 470 ' '233 3J, 107 32,693 4,496 0,893 269 70,046 12 2 4,138 1180 22,844 6, 606 96,841 642,697 2 10,129 81 07 \ U,830 1,608, 30 117,193 : 11,044 67,787 62,808 60,367 128,380 | 164,869 Grand total... i486, 643 647,166 1446,664 I812.M4 1 797,664 DroduSnJfStiSrteSi13 DO""r*e,ntl,erou3 or a0,t l6"d- A smu11 quantity 0f the lead ^ 1 vit** from Colorado and New Mexico ores Is also nooargentlferous th ,,i^flrodutlon ,or Kanaasara 27,(97 abort ton. and /or Oklahoma, {1,680 too,, Io view at SoSi f M 8,,n,m K8 an<f"ameiter fljmraa for those States, it Is reasonable to assume th .some Kansas ore was shipped to the smelters irom Oklahoma points. LEAD ., I Fifty-seven per cent of the lead produced in 1928 fro fires was from Western States ore, and nearly 43 per ce 6re mined in the Central and Eastern States. Small - a derived from Alaska ore and from residues from zinc- sm Teased production was the general rule in the- mipo Virginia showed the greatest increase; Arizona .'and' uade slight increases. . ' . : ; '"Xj /o (Refined lead produced from foreign ore. amounte{l:t07 Mexican ores supplied 56 per cent of it, Canadian > ores lad South American ores nearly 6 per cent.- Lead.'s Mexican ore decreased 35,per cent m l928 and thati American ore decreased 72 per cent, while that from - C icreased 146 per cent. fi* - Mexico supplied 91 per cent and South America. rof` the foreign base bullion refined' in; the United> S Refined lead from Mexican base bullion increased 22ipo production from South American base bullion was,thelf fiCinll DsOeTv_Ve_*_rwaikl _Jy_ew_ma_i_.rsb_;} anll--o-f;it --c--am--e from..Pe# ru,* wherei an A j m [c ompany b- egan large-sca'le l'ead1-spielfci-n-g----o--p--e--r-a-t-i-o--n--s-', j-. 1 SPECIFICATIONS FOB PIG LEAD . <i). . - i .-i The American Society for Testing Materials classifi three grades--corroding, chemical, and common. ThoT l'as to chemical composition are shown in the follornpg IitHouiabJa chemical composition of the various grades of pig lead, a American Society for Testing Materials , ,. . Corroding lead,* not over-- v8Ilver........... .................... --.................. T. Copper............. ................ ................. ?; Copper a&d silver together......... fcArsenlo.................................. ................ 1 Antimony and tin together......... ^ Zlno......... ............................................... J Bismuth............................................... Lead, by difference ......... -- Per cent 0.0016 . .0016 .0026 .0015 .0096 .0016 .002 .06 99.9300 iThe maximum limits for bismuth, oopper, and silver have been given, but It, iny delivery will contain the maximum of all three. *1,. * /Chemical lead Is a designation that baa been used for many years in the ttrade l iJJverJzod lead produced from Southeastern Missouri ores. /( ^ Not given. Less than 0.005 per cent. Not specified. iiM 614 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1928--PART I SOFT LEAD ,, A large part (44 per cent in 1928) of the lead produced in the Uni States froin domestic ores is derived from the nonargentiferous& ores of the Mississippi River Basin. The two principal ore-prodif areas are the Southeastern Missouri district and the tri-State dial (Joplin) at the junction of Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma.. $ former district produced about 71 percent and the latter 26 per' of the total soft lead in ore mined in 1928. . . Eighty-two per cent of the soft pig lead produced in 1928: marketed without desilverizing, and 18 per cent was desilveriz The former, which is known in the trade as chemical lead, conta: 1 to 4 ounces of silver to the ton and 0.04 to 0.08 per cent copper) is 'Used chiefly in the manufacture of cable, pipe, and sheets. De venzed' soft lead is used largely in the manufacture of white le'L where a .very pure product is required. X.A' substantial quantity of high-grade lead concentrates fromi.t Mississippi Valley is used each year in the manufacture of lead p' ments, principally ; basic lead sulphate (white sublimed lead) ,a leaded zinc oxide. In 1928 more than 10,000 tons of soft lead w recovered in this manner. The fallowing table summarizes the production of soft lead fro 1922 to 1928. , -'HI Ifli'MJ.t'i , >1 f ' ' . > ' r " '>'V Soft lead produced in th% United Stales from domestic ores, 1922-192%, in short toh -------- T"-- ! . Soft pig lead Year ; Undesll- Desil verliod verized Soft lead re covered in pig ments Total soft lead Total domestic lead ' Soft lecaednptoe of do-, mestlo, lead J 1922............. 1023................ .......................... 1924.................... .......... 1925........... ......... ............ 1926............. .. ................ 1927............................. ............. 1928.............. .......... 200,260 190, 740 226003,,666160 268,666 233,944 226,003 74,305 61,332 63,440 46.032 65, 707 65,487 40, m 233, 555 262.081 267,064 309, 402 314,272 280,431 274, 408 13,802 13,0(2 16,338 17,647 13,686 13,130 10,406 297,447 205,693 282,402 327,039 327,967 302,607 284,933 488,448 667, 247 603,486 684,968 710.990 005, 600 062, 402 Si 47 -48 , 43 46 44 44 ' Includes Uomosiio refined lead, domestic lead In aottmoolal lead, and domestic lead In pigments. . ANTIMONIAL LEAD Antimonial lead is an important by-product of the refining of base' bullion. In 1928, 33,058 tons of primary antimonial lead was prow duced, which contained 29,626 tons of lead, an increase of 36 per cent over the 1927 output of antimonial lead and equivalent to 6.5 per cent^ of the total refined,lead produced from base bullion. The principal uses of antimonial lead are in the manufacture of storage batteries bearing metal, and type metal. The consumption of antimonial lead' m storage batteries increased nearly 40 per cent in 1928. The fol lowing table shows the production of primary antimonial lead from 1919 to 1928. ' " 1 ' 1 LEAD ' product primary antimonial lead produced in Ihe United Sta Antimonial lead > < ` >''V Total lead refined from base bullion (short tons) By product anti* znonial lead (percent age^! total) From domestic (short tons) From foreign (short tons) Short tons Total Antimony Value Short ) tons ' ...... 266,638 273, 135 238,329 249,107 366,241 423,429 467, 477 484,669 . 607,099 ' 606,603 ^Average. ................. : 5.2 4.6 4-2 3.2 3.9 4.9 4.3 4.6 4.8 v, 6.6 9,674 9,604 7,881 7,068 11,636 13,693 14, 472 18,909 10,040 17,030 4,200 2,931 2,183 1,007 2,666 7,194 6.196 3.616 8,807 16,128 13,874 12,636 10.064 8,076 14.190 20,787 -19,667 22,624 24,847 33.065 $1,513,968 1, 903,266 870,069 844,993 1,960,870 8,876,7)3 3,785,647 3,916,714 3, 277,043 3,978.318 1, 013 2,033: -1,689' - 1,441 <: -`2,763? ' 2,624*? . 2,93" - 2,736* ": 3, 432/ 4.7 -------- -............. ......... -- . . ci.-,;. -!,' SECONDARY LEAD ,.uch of the lead consumed ,in the United, Sijalesi Inufacture of articles fr.om -whichi.there is.'.a.largelrR metal. This is particularly,true,>of the storgg^ppH ch is the leading singlp ponsumer pf 'ean.andi.m jwh re and rapid return of secondary nmtal.' r Thw Wqu e for much of the increase in.theratjjp of'8econd^yjlp lomestic ^primary lead; production-,]Jn 1944: 9 equivalent to only 12 pgr,cent, of the prJmary,0U|tpi $9 ores; in 1928 the ratio was 49 per cent, an increaseiftq 1927 and the record to- date,'; Other 1impqrtp,nt;,4 industries in which there'isla large return of seftopdtury table manufacture, building, bearing metal, and type m " V Fifty-five per cent of the secondary lead outputupA92 wred in the form of alloys, principally alloys of load, tin, and 45 per cent was recovered as pig lead. ' S'-. The following tables show the recovery of seconda Tatio to the refined primary lead produced in thoUmte domestic ores. Further details of the secondary lead; be found in the Mineral Resources chapter on second Secondary lead recovered in the United States, 19r*1998, ' * ' *' ... Pig load T f]022....................................................... 1923....................................................... f 1924.......................................... ............ : 1026............................................. .. 1926....................................................... 1027......................................... ? 1928............. ............................................... ...............j.;..'.... 76,480., *96,480' 00,400 .112,420 126,000 119.000 188.000 fill ^ S 010 MINERAL RESOURCES, 192 8--PART I Ratio of secondary lead recovered to refined primary lead produced in the United ' States from domestic ores, 1913-1928 Year 1013........................... 1014.............................. 1015.............................. 1916............................. 1017.............................. 1018.............................. 1010........................ 1030............................. 1031.............................. 1023.............................. 1023....................... 1024....................... .. 1025.............................. 1020........................... 1027.............................. 1928............................ Refined primary lead j Secondary lead Short tons Average price per pound (cents) i j Short tons Ratio to re* fined pri*' mary lead1 (per cent). 411,878 512, 794 507,020 552,226 548,450 539,905 424, 433 476, 849 306,222 468,746 543,841 566,407 654,921 680,685 668,320 626,202 4.4 3.9 4.7 0.0 8.6 7.1 5.3 8.0 4.5 5.5 7.0 8.0 8.7 8.0 6.3 5.8 72,834 61,002 78,900 96,300 93,600 97,100 122,100 124,660 103,780 169, 660 194, 490 204.500 226, 880 277, 300 276,000 308,600 18 12 10 17 17 18 2200 .3240 30 30 85 41 41 49 . PIGMENTS . Lead pigments manufactured in 1928 contained 254,000 tons of lead derived from the sources shown in the following table. Refined pig lead is used in the manufacture of white lead, litharge, red lead. sut limed lead, and orange mineral, and in 1928 about 243,000 tons of the" lead contained m lead pigments was derived from refined pie lead: white lead accounted for 52 per cent of it, litharge 32 per cent, red c vr ?e,r c?n^ an^ sublimed lead and orange mineral 2 per cent.'1 Sublimed lead and leaded zinc oxide are the principal pigments in' which the lead content is derived from ores. * ^t t t^ierJ <iet^8 Pro<iuction and value of lead pigments m:; the United States are given in the Mineral Resources chapter on lead" and zinc pigments ana salts. Lead in pigments,' 1901-1928, by sources, in short tons :i . .. _ Year * . r-1 ' - . ----- .-------- 1922..........................' .. .. 2923.......................... 1924................. ... ............................. ....................... ................................................................... 1927..."......... ........................................................................................... 1928................................ ......................................................................... Lead in pigments from--- Domestlo ore foreign ore Metal Scrap 13, 802 13,612 16,338 17,647 23.685 13,136 10,465 ............... 646' ......... II--III 241.096 236.641 260.930 260.064 240,902 242,713 242, 914 111 ............. i'029 1,246 664 . MINK PRODUCTION . by s t at es The Bureau of Mines canvasses every mine yielding lead in order to ascertain the quantity and metal content of the ores produced. Allowance is made for metallurgical losses, and the estimates of re- LEAD fcoverable lead are combined into State totals. Suc 010-year period 1919 to 1928 are given id the follow ibureau is not at liberty to publish the total for Virgin Iwould disclose confidential information, so the outp lis excluded from the United States total. a, Mine production of recoverable lead, 1919--1928, by States tit is said tbgt a few tons of lead ore was mined at tbe old UDlpman mine in .treated at a small smelter owned by the mine, operators. . * *513 pounds. '. '(Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. < Exclusive ol tbe output from Virginia, figures lor wtaloh the Bureau ot Mines The foregoing table shows a total production'o recoverable lead in 1928, a decrease of 6 per cent from produced nearly 32, per cent of the total and Utah cent each, a total of 78 per cent for the three.1 St ranked fourth in production with 7 per cent, and Colorado and Kansas with about 4 per cent each, per cent, and Nevada, Neyr. Mexico, and Arizona cent each. The combined output of all other State tion is shown in the table amounted to less.than. 1 pe Curtailment of production waa.fairly gene^l throp The three largest producers,Missouri;,Utah, ana Wk and 4 per cent, respectively. ' Oklahoma'suffered cut, its output having been reduced 8,000 tons,- Colorado's output was reduced 0,600 tons,- or Arizona's 2,700 tons, or 28 per cent. The produoti larger in 1928 than in 1927. : ... Additional details of mine production of lead,ma chapters of Mineral Resources covering the mine p silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the various States - . ' -1' *. iW _. 618 MINERAL RESOURCES, I92S- -PART I . BE DISTRICTS Min* production of recoverable lead in the vrinrir.nl . .. ,. : United Ssttaaukee,, yt9otl-iiia-tn.iti'^, *n,ka m,S___^vet" n^t d^utTlcts o/ District Statu 1922 11)23 1924 1MJ ,m | m7 1028 ^eillo__......I-KZenStucZk"y*-U^.R--n-o./.s.l.! 68l,,8(4S6I 317123569) '42,,'076447| 20,4020206| 6,022BOfBBKEpsaPSEIDAvYPiTCMWVnJpwoapeUrgLBuWSlenHaoPMuTsJBleafyolSyrnnreruohoierngpapoeoarum*suactlkaiamoeiotooriluFcoJtlnindrapeUnulrnocspkearrnehnenludlnkbemmtketna_odhretcCewesgtludJgp.ttruaeR_iiaamttC_dr.hkeaw_vnc..uhii_r.roroCV.M_...ot_Synen.'..iaaPL.M.o-a._O.a.ad(lu..nr..._..-aa.lrC.a_.Wi.cp...oubn..teio.Ci....'.tnme.l.i.rs.tA..l.n......syir....l.n.usobte...o....t..se.trga...iM..e.....l.sly.e..tn..n.ue....i./ete..r;.yc.u........rti.i..--.r.....y..oegt..!.es.rt..o.....n..n...o...b.......an.e...!.........s.ksn*.gCe..u..........e....!.!.i....n..t.i........n.....!...n...pi..y....VM.o........r)!....o.!..1H.....!.....t....!pe...../..."..t.'n.......a.....'n*..i....t.........i!.g..sI........o.'...'i!......k.."......n.......sVil.."."..n.......Vo............os..".......""!a.....n....."..*.....u"`......i....I.'"..r.....iUUM.IMN..-.INdW.-C-NICd..IIN.-MANItt.Ndo.CA.-eaMd-doCU.oa.ae.U-aIK..ae..oMan.era.-.hadveOowrnoe.hna.hv.-.oisha.ow.dt.itlthlvdzoao.han.lzvwdoaaiaah.it.alkh.onons.fooaoadoold.oo.dthoadlosnrh,irs.ohasMa.tnr._od.on.aann__,a.oN.daaa.a.raM_..on.h..._g..!a.d_n.aa.a.ed.s._....a..Wnd....o!uoa.._.to....._.o.._,...iz..o....!o.._.o..a....ma._r..r..x......!..._.....ii....tni........^..s.cJ....._.....h.M.....!.,.!a...._.......cc..o..".........e.!!..._...!.........o..o........i....._..!....!...r..s..*I....."......n.._I"""...n..............s/.!......s.........."..T.,....."*......o.".....i"".........."n....l...........ju'..'.*......j....!._.*".V1.I...r*._...i*._. 2,1*12211816421,20737631,48852*442,,55038,0638,975i0575338,00,2,58o200207097871,82(084'0360671123613230!11246486604513)4>2?388.352112.,1.17121,21814616m24178,0254,10653272,7172948,,11446107p64,,31,3738,17*,87.0,3010J00756603226437777188908)3748872584108472J710202066861|831121J,11I1.1,8,212,314281,1802,240,3100377280,483250421046,247,0773,1,65,,6,90886,0832,65064,7,202113363371210142004038642442706256805480241)55j0736,7,|083211111',,3132,3,,1'212,3113473,201512,1,48,,,28238,330311,54438715,4,1,28278,361,"63816,704,2603,0527I5,477,693078,68S052501843375151655067472482247O71402015308084677021111212[2j,,131h.202,2,1311,411540,.41,250102,,020,520.,2077.54806,60201,078678,071.,441,3,431,,044026,1006240',601030,587301880657302830287540846982766785154711,20262651.11|12'11,113,2111,,2311216,43623,6,637,0762,,,094,075397,3,0444226,86384.28,3802,43030,0,,80,87,87257311670,70,22644800,8047019013516114622780207030239310991986608740877213121,1111123014,548,13,2464401,104,34,07803,0112625610,6162,1180,46.,83,001,846,J239,,22740131,,8808,,23,14867722560303006845603765843514246266346,404086381616368590863011 Now Placers.!!!!!........... --do................... Troy--..................... New Mexico... * Mammoth. Boll.............. ..................... Montana............... Nevada....."' -v-d.........Einbree. ........................... Austtnvlllei !................ 1 cnnessoe.. if)Boulder i. ........... Hr?)ola-_____----- Idaho_______ .......... 480 2.921 377| *1528 3i 5 612 732 3, 443 *),"050 2 1.160 1,260 1,414 3 530 21 ~937 1, 276 if) ` 2,645 126 260 331 128 448 782 217 627 231 306 466 800 1,682 <*) 157 3,100 18J 1,105 14'J 2,303 () 194,27 136,2 70, i 52,37 44; 4J, 18 4"2"; 33 7,-" 6,1 M 2,6 2,6 3, 7` 1.4 3. 1,2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 j.r 786 T 0* 526 503 400 490: 466 41f 414T' 264 100 196 * 140' 101 48 33 2V ! Not listed according to rank ` , .pureau ot Mins, not 8( ,,bwiy t0 pub||sh Sf te0;??"1,8 >! *u of th. d uced J,0D0rton8Wof lead^or more e minin/ districts that have pro dOuocieterdfoSrtamlea.nSy'fvfeVarshfncnrMl Jr,ur1d00M0LTMT^;b""taes<lbefetnft?he largest' p<ro*- ond m' 1928, with 22 per cent of Ihtf , t ?glu of Idaho ranked sec- reg on (fri-State) atth^unct on of M?'tal credit- The Joplin ranked third, with l 1 per centof^/T^T' I^a.naa'.and Oklahoma and ?ark aty districts alHn T7?h hre W, Th<> Bingham, Tintic, 1928,-'having " produced 8 7 and^anlted fourth, fifth, and sixth i'n un.M stftte. n, ^ Jni^0sirtardi.J5r&oooff t`he con- LEAD f tributed 3 per cent, and Butte district, Montana, 2 per Rush Valley district, Utah, was the only other district, tha more than 1 per cent 0/ the total in 1928. ' ' ' ! LEAD BALANCE SHEET OF THE UNITED ST _ '- a Most of the lead ore mined in the United States is sm |its lead con tent .emerges in marketable form as j)rimary. I lead and antimonial lead. Some of the ore is used in the m of pigments and some may be exported, but for severa amount exported has-been negligible. The total primary lead in the various products in which it is produced for I compared in the following table with the estimates of roco.v ; in the ore mined. The table begins with 1907, the first yea | the mine production of the entire country was deterpiihe quantities compared were determined by independentiCanya producers and consumers of lead-bearing ore, the.table giv on the accuracy" of the figures. ,' : . Comparison of mine production of lead and primary domestic lead`acc lead products manufactured tn the United States, J907-1928fy^sf , Primary lead accounted fpf ln^^ Year Mlno production Refined lead Antimonia) lead -4l Pigments' made from .- ; ;ore , - 9 IP07-J918.............................................' 6,653,706 1010..... *1020______ J921........... 1022.......... 1923........... 1924........... 1925........... 1020........... 1027........... 1028........... 426,589 406,814 414,401 477.633 647,217 606,068 . 684,430 683,917 665,486 >627,168 5,249,081 424,.433 476,849 398,222 468, 746 643,841 666,407 654,921 680,686 668,820 626,202 124,163 8,330 8,032 6,676 6,810 9,794 11,741 12,600 16,620 14,044 16,825 ",* 121, 760 >6,603 11,179 >443 15,212 rt"600 0,989 nji 414 . 13,802 488 13,612 Ml\667, - 16,338 693 17,647 ..kr684 13,686 710 13,136 . 606 10,466 '",'662. J0J9-1028......... .................... . 6,623,8.10 6,608,626 109,380 134,056' j , 7:3, 10,767,707 233,648 256.811 11,256 1 Includes 8,325 tons of lead produced /Tom domestic ores smelted outside the country ' Includes 3 tons of lead produced from domestic ores smelted outside the oountry; O Exclusive of the output from Virginia, figures for .which the Bureau of Mines li paww- . . .< -. The table shows substantial discrepancies for individ probably due largely to variations in mine and smelter, etp but in none of the last 10'years has:the discrepancyje^cp cent of the total lead produced. From 1907 to 1918---If ^ production exceeded the primary lead accounted* for^iniU ucts by 150,000 tons, or less than 3 per cent. From.il9 there was an excess of 129,000 tons, or 2 per'ce^tl'fij^^j lead contained in the lead products. - For the total',periad.-D 1907 to 1928, mine production exceeded the primary.lqa,d lead products by only 21,000 tons or less than one^th/oi 620 MINERAL RESOURCES, 192 8--PART I LEAD SMELTERS AND REFINERIES A list of lead smelters and refineries in the United States, Canadi and Mexico follows. .' " UNITBD STATES Arizona: Douglas--Phelpa Dodge Corporation. (Smelter.) Caandrreflae?y )y_Selby P'ant' Araerloan Smelting & Refining Co. (Smelter Colorado: ?UorsvlfitI^Uiang0 Pvnf( Arae,ric?n Smelting & Refining Co. (Smelter!') L (Smelte7)A kaDSa3 Va 6y P ant' Amerlcan Smelting & Refining Co' Idaho: KeUogg-RunUer Hill & Sullivan smelter. (Smelter and refinery.) t! Chioago--Federated Metals Corporation.* (Smelter.) ' tm^T7udr^rySrKine & Wrks National Lead ^ Indifna^^-Feder<l1 P'ant' American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smolter.) ... East Chicago--International Lead Refining Co.< (Refinerv onlv 1 East Chicago U. S. S. Lead Refinery (Ino.j.* electrolytlo process.) (Refinery onlJy, Kansas^ Qa'ena--Galena plant, Eagle-Picher Lead Co. (Smelter.) h: Betts- Granby American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co.* (Smelter.) Herculaneum---St. Joseph Lead Co. (Smelter and refinery.) Joplin--Eagle-Picher Lead Co. (Smelter.) M(Smelter Helena--East Heiena plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. Nanrd8refine?")aha~0maha P'ant' American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smelter; New Jersey: PeX Amhnlbap Ptlani- Uu S- M,eta.ls ?efiniD8 Co- (Smelter and refinery.) (Smef"r anrrefinery )m y P'ant' American Smelting & Refining Jo' Oklahoma: St Louis--Ontario smelter, Eagle-Picher Lead Co. (Smelter ) > Texay p'<irpaLGap|e e~PieniryiVanla Smalting Co.` (Smelter and refinery). Utah*' E P E fa8 plant> American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smelter.) Internationale--Internutional Smelting Co.` (Smelter.) Midvale--United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. (Smelter.) Murray--Murray plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smelter.) CANADA B1ud.)C0l("J S_meUing C' f Canada (Ltd.). (Smelter and refinery. Betts electrolytic process.] n((tSSammrieeoll:tteerG.))a ^^--Klngdon Mining, Smelting & Manufacturing Co. (Ltd.). Chihuahua: Chihuahua--American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smelter ) CSmeiter T)0rre0n~Amerl0an Mtal C` (Ltd')' (Cia' Metallurgies de Torreon.) Nuev1oLeonTM aPftn--Cia' Min` y Fundidora de Zimapan. (Smelter.) Monterrey--American Metal Co. (Ltd.). (Smelter and refinery.) (Cia. Minera , de Petioles--S. A') Monterrey--American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smelter and refinery.) 1 0f "jcondary materials but treating some load ores. ! Subsidiary of Anaconda Copper Mining Co. 1 Plant key|n(is:!8 Unlte<1 8t"" 8"8ltln8. Refining & Mining Co. ~ - .,.ubial J ., . .i UWl LEAD Han Luis Potosi: San Luis Potosi--American Smelting oo. (Ltd.)..; <oi *A.) (Smelter.) if'In the following paragraphs the production by imelting companies, for which published dat fc The American Smelting & Refining Co. is the EIJmw".the United States and operates several lead sm ... various parts of the T(nited States and Mexic Extensive mining operations in North and South lowing table shows the principal metal products [operations during 1927 and 1928 in all countries Metals produced by the American Smelling & Refining Gold.................... ______....________..._________ounces.. Silver................. ....... ............p0uncj#^ Lead....,......... Zlno................- ........... "1""---"TM"TM-- ................... -............ .......... do------ Copper.............. u. An important domestic subsidiary of the A E Refining Co. is the Federal Mining & Smelting mines in the Coeur d'Alene and. tri-State;,(Jo strictly a mining organization, its products- plants of the American Smelting & Refining Co. shows its production in 1927 and 1928, and the 1928. .. J 1937 Oro ............................................................................... .-short tons.. aold"".;_'i................................................................................ ounces.. Silver............. .............. ............................................................... ........ -- Lend............................................................................................hort ion8~ Zlnc........... ............................................................................................. d0 1.187, 0 67.'7 3,187,1 45,6 44,8 The Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining & Conce mines and a lead smelter m the Coeur d'Alen largest producer in that district'. The met output) in 1927 and 1928 was as follows: Ore mined and milled............................ ..................................... .............. ------------- :---------------------------.. ' : ' . The company also does custom smelting but on that phase of its operations. ; . ... .. c... 622 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 28----PART I Tho St. Joseph Lead Co. is the largest operator in the Southeaster Missouri lead district. The company's mine production in this di tnct m 1927 and 1928 was as follows: 1 ............ el,rt?--[ `.g.jjj; UAd content.................................................................. ..................................................... S JTMl 2JJ ZInocoacentratoB................................................. 16!j22 1028,r 4,3MU' 203,80 147,69 The company smelts part of its ore and ships the balance to custo smelters in the St. Louis district; it also has interests, the chief prod uct of which is zinc, in other parts of the country. ' 'The International Smelting Co., a subsidiary of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., operates a custom smelter at Tooele, Utah, the production of which in 1927 and 1928 was as follows- 1927 snw.............................. ................................................................ pounds..! MO, 073,315 aoid!::::;;;:;:;:;::;;;;....................................... ........ ou?n"s- -| 4 001, 707 .............................. 68,850 20, 119,391 M6,613,624 8,439,372 65,117. 20,664,286 ------------!; The product of the Tooele smelter is base bullion, which is refined*' by another subsidiary of the Anaconda company, tho International- Lead Refining Co., at East Chicago, Ind. ;i Important smelting companies, which do not publish production- statistics, include the Eaglo-Piclier Lead Co., the St. Louis Smelting- & Refining Co. (a subsidiary of the National Lead Co.), and the , United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. ` WORLD ASPECTS WORLD SMELTER PRODUCTION The following table shows the world smelter production of lead: from 1924 to 1928, so far as statistics are available. Official figures are used wherever possible. For countries for which official data are not yet available the figures are taken from the yearbook of the American Bureau of Metal Statistics and other reliable sources but in later reports the official statistics will be substituted as received. " There is always a possibility of duplication in figures showing world production, for some countries send "work lead" or base bul lion to other countries for refining. Furthermore, secondary and antimonial lead are often included in the figures showing the foreign, production, so that to put the United States on an equal footing in> the statistics it would bo necessary to include in its production the domestic output of secondary lead and antimonial lead. The figures for the United States represent refined lead that was smelted in this country, whatever the source of the ore. p?; b LEAD . World production of lead, 1924-I928,in [Compiled by L. M. Jooea, of the Bureau of.Min Country > 1924 1926 ll '192 Jutrails--............................................................... tBcbcalovakla,....!......................................... - uoe.. Birmany........... .. MBdUl.----Edia (Burma').. 4,636 130,494 4,986 77,060 76.503 <> , 2,264. 13,881 67, 427 6,387 6,106 62, 600 7,700 161,209 6,408 87,480 104,303 4S6 ' 2,212 . 20,643 - 60,468 i 4,811, J 6,366' i-.48.03f- 16 ,8 - 12 i , ,1 U/i.9 > ^6 rndh-CbiDa.......... Bari...... -- Mexico...... ................. Northern Rhodesia., Norway-..... -...... . Peru.. Poland.... ................................................. Portugal........................... ....................... Rumania.................................. .-- liustai......................... ...... Southwest African Protectorate. Spain.. Sweden......... .......... .......... .. [Tunisia.............................. [Turkey---------- ---------------[Union of South Africa... [United States (reflnod). [Yugoslavia........................... ',22,662 2,041 133,440 5,009 642 149 , 21,264 1 ' 31 433 S ,. 686 813 ' 141,840' 477 14,201 . 6,104 ' 4,600 666,013 . 11, 487 24,476' bti'28 3,337 103,242' 3,406 ! 406 150 , 28,637 , .2 60 489 ` ' , ; '1,021 : , ,*(1 1,010 : 163,672637' 16,013 .- i 1 |*' 4, 786 ' r^ ~C36,'700' Ttoo 10,060 II 1,307,,000 577,000 ; J. 5 ------- '------- 111 By countries where smelted But not nocissarlly reflnod. pin addition to the countries listed, China smelts lead, but no reliab nlfllclal estimates of production in 1926 range from 1,500 to *1,600 tons. BO Approximate production. ....IS< Data not ayalleblo. . IE* Yearuntied Sept. 30. . B * Year ended Mar. 31 of year following that stated, K t Exports. The world smelter production of lead in 1928. ureau of Mines, amounted to 1,705;000 metric ader the 1927'butput. The American Bureau itimates the 1928 output at 1,675,277,metric ton Iader its estimate of production for 1927. The rankfort am Main, reports the 1928 world outp ms or about 1.5*per cent under the 1927 outpu In 1928, eight countries produced nearly 90. orld's supply of lead, as follows: United States, 3 3.1 per cent; Australia, 9.2 per cent; Canada,er cent; Germany, 6.5 per cent; Belgium, 5.4 Burma), 4.7 per cent. Other countries which p lore of the world total were as follows: Poland, .3 poroent; Italy, 1.2 per cent; and Tunisia, 1.0 nd Peru each proddeed 0.8 per cent. " : The largest tonnage decrease in 1928 (43,40 Sent) was in the United States. : i- Spain fell off 13,000 tons, or 9 per cent, and A sor 6 per cent. The 1928 outputs of Germany ap equal to those of 1927. Italy and France, show 8 per cent,-respectively. The largest tonnage i [Peru, which for the first time became an 632 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1928--PART I merit relief has been attempted in the form of reduced taxationjo prospecting permits and reduction of transport charges on low-grad ores. Development of new areas has been retarded by lack of-ade quate transportation. ff! Tunisia exports some ore to Belgium, France, and Germany. YUGOSLAVIA Production of lead in Yugoslavia in 1928 was nearly 14,000 met:: tons, or 30 percent more than that in 1927. Exports were 8,800 tons' of which Austria and Hungary took 96 per cent. The Central Europea Mines (Ltd.) was the principal producer, its smelter at Mezica na'j ing produced 9,734 tons of virgin soft lead. Trepca Mines (Ltd.), a subsidiary of Selection Trust (Ltd.), wa _ reported as developing the Stantrg lead-zinc-silver deposit near th| town of Kosovska Mitrovica. The ore body is a replacement in lim, stone. Reserves were estimated at 1,750,000 tons, averaging 11* per cent lead, 10.6 per cent zinc, and 3 ounces of silver per ton.11 IMPORTS . The United States imports much lead in various forms, principal! in base bullion and ore. Some of it is entered for .immediate com sumption; most of it, however, is entered for warehouse, is smelted and refined in bond, and is then reexported as refined pig lead or i~ manufactured products. ' GENERAL IMPORTS * The following table shows the general imports of lead into the United States, by classes, including both imports for immediate con,sumption and imports for warehouse. Of the total lead imported in 1928, as shown in the table, 82.9 per cent was in base bullion, 16:7 per cent in ore, and 0.4 per cent in pigs, bars, sheets, and old. Im(r ports in base bullion increased 9 per cent in 1928, while imports i ore decreased 36 per cent. Lead, imported into the United Stales, 1919-1928, bp classes, in pounds (General Imports] Voar Lead in ore Lead In base bullion Pigs, bars, sheets, and old Total lead content 17092210.... 1922................................................................ 1023................. ............................................ 102*................................................... 1925............................................................... 1026............................................................... 1027................................................................ 1028............... ............................................... 10,673,866 29, 488,816 14, 234, 039 24, *74, 481 66,882. 860 06,320, 168 88, 062, 602 116, 232. 660 81,276,126 61,820, 630 112,024, 618 06,103,603 71,733,838 124,074, 466 161, 406, 405 166,601,360 141,263,669 166, 670,738 236, 667, 262 266, 036, 461 10,214, 763 71,437,108 62,602,634 7,101,623 42, 108, 8*8 2*. 403, 740 14.042,369 22,304,620 4, 034, 740 1,323,168 1*1,813,12 197,020,671 1*8, 670,41) 166, 650,600 270, 678,10S 276,316,204 244,268, *30 205, 108,027 322,778,1 310,088,14* General imports of lead by countries of origin are shown in th next table. Mexico supplied nearly 89 per cent of the total, Sout 11 Mining Magazine (London), vol. 41, August, 1920, p. 72. LEAD "; . lerica (principally Peru) nearly 6.6 per cent, C * cent, and Europe and other countries only sma jSrts from Mexico decreased 8 per cent from 1927, Sanada and South America increased 131 and 40 per c tead imported into the United Stales, in ore, base bullion, and t' by sources, in pounds (Omani Importi] Yew Canfeda Mexico South America Europe . i plis............ 920.................... 0(21................ 0922.-................. R923.................... JfUl(t92X2J4............................................ [1(27.................... 0(28............. .. 10,301,116 8,100,234 8,127,168 8,663,236 11,300,671 11,022.001 11,646,820 12,316,740 6,214,867 14,362,^67 126,641,614 131,816,278 106,406,238 141,216,136 242^862; 788 248,161,060 218,873.800 254,203,862 300,634,816 276,184,287 6,504,416 7,086,861 2,381*866 8,803,478 6,300,161 16,820,867 10,621,737 24,700, 076 14,683, 513 20,408,674 80,840' . 38,766,604 30,224,701' V 1,464,384 ; 11,004,938' ` 4,867,806 1,694,963 3,224,604 1,226,049 66,406 " The following tables show the imports of lead in Ibase bullion, by countries. %Lead imported into the United States, in ore and matte, 1924-1 short tons (Genera) imports] Country 1024 1026 10 RMexico................... ICanada....... .......... gPeru_____________ Chile.................... ([Other countries.. 34,629 4,383 387 7,616 746 47,660 32,071 4, 078 1,887 3,216 1.429 44,481 '40 6 3 j,.7 !1 Mexico has supplied a large part of the imported Ifrom this source snowed a large decrease in 1928. Im JI America also decreased, b.ut those from Canada incr e 0/Lead imported into the United'States, in base bullion, 1924~1 ' short tons ' [GonerallniportsJ & Country 1924 1926 19 . 77,406 70,605 jf Other couu trios...................................................-........................ ........... 345* ........... 122* Jj.r, . rar , 77,751 70,627 77 ' 78 , * Mexico supplies the bulk of the imported base iquantity imported in 1928 was the greatest recorde I furnished a substantial tonnage as the result of K large-scale lead-smelting operations in that country tcopper company. '' 634 MINERAL RESOURCES, 192 8---- PART I IMPORTS POR CONSUMPTION OJf Statistics on imports for consumption, as shown in the tables toiloWj include imports entered for immediate consumption anil `f drawals from warehouse for domestic consumption. As most'o lead imported is smelted and refined in bond and reexported theA imported, for consumption is considerably less than general impd In 1928 imports for consumption were equivalent to only abou per cent of the general imports of lead. I Lead remaining in warehouse in the United States, December St, 1919-192 pounds * (Stated Id the form Id which the material was entered for warehouse] ' Year Ore (lead content) Base bul* IfoQ (load content) Pigs, bora, j and old Vear Oro (load content) Pies. and'O 1919............. 1920...;... 1921........... 1022........... 4923............. 29,543,811 32,923,299 13,679,465 10,470, 144 76,031,200 01,408,873 468, 264 09,617,026 2,644,676 24,692,350 CD3, 440 7,076, 644 80,300,860 "`X4(*475' 1924........... ; 103, 474, 370 1925..............| 106,884,711 1026.............. ; 114.630.697 1027............. 99,626,330 1028..............I 07,646,207 00, 007,010 01,725,008 107,682,653 130,000, 074 137,600.624 lea<i lo reclaimed crap, as follows: 1925, 241.078 pounds; 192 397 ,33 d o u d Os - 1027 pounds. Corresponding figures for earlier years and tor 1928 afe nit rocrffed pSt"y. 1 '' Lead imported for consumption in the United Stales, 1919-1928, by classes Year Lead in ore Lead In base bullion Pigs, bars, and old1 Sheets, pjpo, and shot Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Total value ;1919.. 4,106,823 'I920-. 13,700, 499 ..1021 6,842,807 1022... 23,640,831 '1923... 22,420,046 1924.., 65,147,976 n,m1926.., 12,700,508 1926.., 68,762,911 1927.., 70,260,478 '1928- 46,611,608 $196,303 31/796,693 908,610 66,816,820 327,040 iAO, 819.080 812.603'55,859,422 1,190,414 11.124.151 3,145,791 28,796, 402 672,112 24.747,665 3,393,039 13,341,038 4,203,897 14,629,606 2,620,231 13,397, 46fi 1, 130, 937 10, 174,115 3,340,600 68, 901,969 1,008,41061, 009,094 1,815,142 8, 563, 110 626,201 42; 925,265 1,542,167 27, 362,392 1,823.660 15, 464.205 972, 758,24, 365,670 925,328 9, 933,679 660,983 20, 488. 373 $415,094 3,887,821 1,972,716 335.924 2,510.466 1,850.802 1,038,350 2.191,658 036.807 808,369 8,018 81,396 3,087 6,018 19,525 27,570 864,342 988,170 775,320 $628 5,483 140 097 4,495 4, 384 10,429 101, 322 104,890 67,131 $17,187 $1,760; 21,328 8.163/85 11,204 3,979,61 12; 286 2,976,652 00,027 4,421,60* 138,637 6,881,841 139,633 3,683,990 62.895 6,721,672 62,626 6,922,648 134, 996 4,107,^9 | Includes also lead In matte beginning Sept. 22 1922. with tariff of Sept. 221022 ,fwhen^ "lype metal1 imported for consumption in the United States, 1919-1928 Vear Typo rnotnl Pounds Value Lead coutent Pounds 1919........... 1 1920................. 102!........... 1922................. 1023................ J024..L__ __ '1926.` 10261.............. 1927'................ 1028*.^...., 13. 304, 803 20,887,353 38,971,351 I 44,805,120 1 O; (*) i 6,009,161 8,021, 176 878,346 ( 3,990,648 $810,642 1,349,405 1, 191,663 1,120,814 8 463,134 012,331 05,049 103,177 11,000,408 25,701,643 30,706, 846 33,044,109 7,353, 463 1, 288, 706 '4,309,649 7.053, 849 606,664 3,080,770 8 71.7, 81.8 75.9 i 77.4 iriguruot2v^S * 1928 18 " Type ,rl6t" and anUmonlal >d ": Prato figures not recorded. , T.BAl) EXPORTS 1M ' b chief lead export of the United States is refined pig f which is derived from the smelting of .fo^ign ;o In 1928 there was a large decrease in the expor Notwithstanding a large increase in the productio Read from foreign raw materials. - At the same time lejincrease in the export of domestic refined lead. F ggrted in manufactures (chiefly lead pigments andfoil Bt'drawback amounted to more than 13,000 tons m 1 Hotal exports of domestic and foreign pig lead decrea E028. Europe, Asia, and South America, the prmcip Wt', 75, 20, and 4 per cent of the total, respectively. Scope and South America decreased considerably,-w Ea: increased. United Kingdom and 'Germany were Eopean consumers. Exports to the former increased 928 and those to the latter decreased 28 per cent.^,-- man in 1928 were 26 per cent greater than those m im 8|nted 18 per cent of the total united States export. T Exports to South America in 1928 was due largely to fper cent and 27 per cent in exports to Chile and Argen Qy. Brazil was the largest . South American, importe Sites lead in 1928. ' ifie/ined lead, from domestic ores, exported from the Uniled\Staie Year Short tons Value Year m. .......................... 921.............................................. 10,510 2,730 1,624 5,823 1,099 $1,471.256 1 462,223 8 177,926 604,005 260; 487 1924... 2025 ... 1926... 1927 ... 1928.. Sho W& Foreign lead exported from the United Stales, 1919--19 Exported from war^houa Iv Pigs, bare, and olfl1-.-* - Pounds , Value ` RJfloio.. R1920.. 1921.. K2022.. Bl923.. 1924. R1925. $1926. ^1927. ',1028. 81,951,396 34,725, 501 60,000,259 64,709,305 97,471,326 . 153,615,863 107,128,517 135,819,321 348,487,87S 304,134,083 $4,536,273 2,670,535 2,284,107 3,177,360 6,195,256 9,685.619 14,910,891 8,904.603 ` 12,508,566 0,060,900 ".Since July 1. 101B, the Bureau of Foreign andpred!7< Not separately classified after 1922. ,636 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1028--PART Y. 1 Foreign lead exported in manufactures with benefit of drawback, 1927 and 192 by sources, in pounds " Commodity exported Foreign lead oontaloed In artidos exported and products in whloh the lead w- Imported , :% In ore In bullion In type metal Pigs, bars, eto, 1027 1028 1027 1928 1027 1926 1927 1028 1027 1928/ Lead-covered cable. Tin cans..................... Lead-heeded nails.. Lead seals......... Lead foil_______.... Lead calking......... .. Type metal......... Anfimonial lead.... Babbitt............ Shot, sheet pipe.... Shot shells...:..... Lead arsenate...... Red lead. In oil.... Red lead and lith arge.............. White lead, dry.... White lead, In oil.. 32,630 00,823 182, 427 296,008 13,626 478,664 217,636 00,730 14,211 44,062 38,603 160,206 603,600 1,060,663 246,910 08,082 121,307 8,033 28.786 10,043 40,060 8,226,780 11,62a 707 382,386 632,020 203,806 108,030 2, 126,374 367,863 13,327 213,000 30,183 8,638,700 164,203 209, 442 69,106 096,202 4, 643, 472 4,290,119 1,900,663 08,682 ,246,01 121 8,033 28. u, 62a;10, 043 8,226,780 46, 416,022 00,823 206,008 sa r203,806 '"227,** 108,930 2,344,010 4.208, 367,863 6*13,327 223, 1,601,'" 8,198, 1,048,06 116,201 492,776 468,764 866,847 206, 008 13,626 23, 120,760 26,076,766 24,008,803 26,448, * Domestic and foreign pig lead exported from the United States, 1927 and 192. op destinations ~ Destination Domostio Foreign Short tons Value Short tons Value:.' North America: Canada..... Cuba....... Mexico.......... Panama..... Other............. 1027 8outh America: Argentina............................................................................... Brail!........................................7........................................... Chile......................................................................................... Colombia...........................____________ Peru............................... --..................................................... Uruguay..................................................................... .............. Europe: Belgium..................... France................... Germany....... ........... Italy......... .......... Netherlands....... . Sweden............. .... United Kingdom.. Other......................... 37 1,248 41 6 16 1,364 47,327 2,766 166,060 1112 14,000 287 113 14,293 26 $6,260 1 0$147 18,629 60 6,730 22 246 83,699 1,657 2,416 2,285 62 84 396 282 7,170 1,495 7, 604 32,734 336 4,766 4,269 38,222 6,320 94,826 173,406 260,483 292,300 7,814 9,816 3406,,4279,0; 800,081 165,488 726,860 3,258,660 35,618 469,886 428,660 8,86a 40! 573.2" 9,493,2 638 MINERAL RESOURCES, 192 8---- PART I CONSUMPTION f APPARENT CONSUMPTION OF REFINED PRIMARY LEAD Apparent coneumption of refined primary lead in the United Slates, refinery slocks disregarded, 1923-1928, in short tons 1923 192, 1925 1928 1927 8UPlltyo0ok Id bonded warehouse Jao. l____ Imports of pigs, bars, and old1............. . Production......_______________________ Withdrawn: . Exports of foreign lead-- ' From waronouso....... .......................... . In manufactures, with booeflt of drawback............. .............................. . Exports of domestic lead........................ Stook in bonded warehouse Doc. 31... Apparent consumption.. 21,099 818,322 530,421 48,736 12,626 1,999 2.617 66.878 673,643 2,017 12,247 690,493 706,367 70, 768 16,276 6,332 6, 046 602, 947 6,046 7, 021 766,009 770,035 93,664 11,699 4,656 8,102 123,380 666, 660 8,162 11,162 798,641 10, 711 2, 407 700,630 800, 708 67,600 122, 734 17,966 4,270 10,711 12,004 2,533 0,464 100,602 J40,735 717,663 s (102,073 9, 781,07 701,1 ioi; 13,: 14,: 4,r 133,6 057,5 `Includes 622 tons of "old, reclaimed, and scrap" in 1025 and 1,135 tons in 1926. Corresponding fl~ urea for other years not separately recorded. . .a * Revised figures. The foregoing table is intended to include only primary lead or lea smelted directly from ore. There are, however, some small discrep ancies which should be pointed out. Many primary lead smelter" produce from secondary materials some lead which is insepatabl from the primary lead in the final product. Exports of lead as reporte "above may therefore contain some secondary lead. There are ais some inaccuracies in the statistics of imports, exports, and warehous transactions. Nevertheless, on the basis of the data available, th table gives approximately the quantity of new refined lead enterin ` into American industry each year. The apparent consumption of refined primary lead in 1928 amounte to 657,565 tons, a decrease of 1 per cent from 1927. As the use d lead is intimately associated with the uses of other common metal^ and as the apparent consumption of primary copper, zinc, and iref increased 13, 12, and 4 per cent, respectively, it is concluded that th decrease in the consumption of primary lead was due largely^ increased use of secondary lead, recovery of which increased 12 p cent in 1928 and was equivalent to 47 per cent of the primary lea consumed. ' CONSUMPTION BY USES The American Bureau of Metal Statistics each year estimates th quantity of lead used by the various industries. The following tab! is quoted in full from the 1928 yearbook of that bureau. LEAD Lead consumed in the United States,1 1920-1928, in Purposo 1020 1921 1922 1923 1924 1926 While lead*.................................. Red lead and llthargo*............ Storage batteries4............. .. Cable covering4........... ,,............ Building*....................................... Looomntlvos1............................... Railway cars*.............................. Shipbuilding*......... .................... Ammunition4___ ................ ........ Terneplate4................................... Foil4................................................. Bearing metal4............................. Solder'........................................... Type raotal'......... ........................ Castings'........ ............................... Other uses*............................... 110,600 46, OOC 108,000 79,000 71,000 4,760 2,000 2,800 1,650 33.600 3.100 21, 00C 20,000 I/S, ooc 7, 60C 24,000 16,000 29,000 136,000 23,500 87,000 87,000 48,000 4,600 1,000 1,600 860 20,600 3,000 23,800 21,000 12,000 7,600 20.000 12,000 26.000 166,000 30,000 130,000 93,000 71,000 7,200 860 2.600 100 38,000 4,700 26,800 26,000 20. OOC 9,60C 20,000 in, ooc 32,500 130.000 46,000 143,000 131,000 75,000 10,400 2,100 0,000 100 40,000 4,600 83, 30C 28, OOC 30, OOC 12, OOC 26, OOC 16, OOC 36,500 150,000 34,000 170,000 138.000 83,100 10.700 1,100 4, 600 200 27,000 4.060 35,000 32,000 30,000 13,000 26,600 15, OOC 38,000 131,0 42.0 180,0 166,0 88, 4 12,8 7 4,4 1 31,6 4,6 32,6 34. O 36. O 15. O 30, O 18. O 40,6 Total*.................................. 604,800 620,650 683, 160 768,000 812,150 866,5 `Souroer American Bureau of Metal Statistics. These estimates are for the Irrespective of whethorlts origin be primary or second ary. Antlraonlallead is Inc of lead for export under drawback provisions Is tnoluded. `From data of salos reported by U. 8. Geological Survey and U. S. Bureau content at 80 per cent. * Based on data of sales reported by U. S. Geological Survey and U. S- Burea content of litharge at 92 per cent and red lead at 90 per cent, and from the tot mated as going Into storage batteries, this deduction being to eliminate duplic 4 Based on reports from a large proportion of manufacturers In each Industry of ammunition were not requested to report for 1919-1921 end the estimates for `Based upon estimates of manufacture and the quantity of lead used per un the head of building Is Included the lead used In chemical construction and In `Based on the estimated consumption of lead for this purpose by tho railwa * Estimates of persons engaged in the trades. `Conjectural. . `These totals are probably slight understatements. 'According to the foregoing table the lead consum States industry in 1928 amounted to 930,500 tons all previojis records. It exceoded 1927 by 11 per c previous peak, by 3 per cent. In tho following ta uses of lead have boon arranged according to their p to the total lead consumed in 1928. Pcrcnntaac o total lead consumed in the United States, 19 Use 1024 1026 Storage batteries........... Table coverings............ White lead..................... Building......................... Ammunition...,_____ 8older............................... Foil.................................... Bearing metal............... Calking............. ............. Litharge and rod lead. Castings........................... Type melfll................... Automobiles................. Terneplate..................... Railway cars_________ locomotives................. Shipbuilding................. Miscellaneous........... . 30631--31- 49 20.03 17.00 18.47 10.23 3.32 3. 69 4.31 3. 94 3. 26 4. 19 1.86 l.ro 1.32 .60 .66 .14 .03 168 21.0 18. 2 16.2 10.3 3.6 4.0 3.8 3. 9 3.6 4.9 2.1 1.7 1.4 .6 .6 .0 .0 4.7 640 MINERAL RESOURCES, 102 8----PART I For several years storage batteries have been the largest consumer! of lead, having taken first place from white lead in 1923. Storage batteries are used chiefly in motor vehicles, and the 26 por cent increase in the quantity of lead used in storage batteries in 1928 is in part a reflection of the 28 per cent increase in the number of auto mobiles and trucks manufactured in that year. Exports of storage batteries have grown steadily from a total of about 207,000 in 1926 to' 338,000 in 1928, an increase of 63 per cent. The expansion of the : automobile industry and export trade has more than offset the' decreased use of storage batteries in radios which resulted from the introduction of "socket power" sets. In 1928 the use of lead in stort ige batteries exceeded all previous years. The American Bureau of, Metal Statistics has estimated that about 16,000,000 storage batteries- were manufactured in 1928. The second largest use of lead is as a protective coating for copper; vire cables used chiefly in telephone and underground transmission' ines. The quantity of lead so used was 12 per cent greater in 1928 ban in 1927 but was slightly less than in 1926. This use appears to be sure to increase. General expansion of the use of electrical power, uch as the large electrification programs announced by some of the ailway companies and the development of the Boulder Dam and dher great power projects, will require large amounts of lead-covered able. Increasing civic consciousness will undoubtedly result in placing many of the present unsightly overhead transmission lines under round, as has been the custom in Washington, D. C., for many years, iesearch work nowin progress to determine the causes and remedies f certain defects in lead-covered cable that have limited its use in ime industries should yield profitable results in expanding the market >r lead-covered cable. " The manufacture of white lead is the third largest use of lead, but ue that-appears to be on the decline. Prior to 1923 this industry as the largest consumer of lead and in 1922 took 156,000 tons of ad, or 23 per cent of the total estimated lead consumption. In 1928 ;ily 123,000 tons (13 per cent of the total) was so used. The declin- g use of white lead is duo to the substitution in paints of the cheaper igments, principally lithopone and zinc oxide, and to the increased ;o of nitrocellulose paints in which white lead is seldom used on count of its chemical instability in contact with nitrocellulose loducts. During the war lead-tin-cadmium solders containing more lead and -ss tin than ordinary lead-tin solders were developed and proved 'onomical under the high prices of tin then prevailing. Research as since been continued and several new substitutes have been devel- i>ed, but owing to the recent increase in the price of cadmium and icrease in the price of tin the advantage of the lead-tin-cadmium dders from a cost standpoint has practically disappeared. An interesting and comparatively now use of lead is in tho inanufac- ire of tetra-etnyl-lead for use in antiknock gasoline. Tho company aking this product estimates that tho consumption of this type of isoline in 1929 will be 1,145,000,000 gallons and that 2,700 tons of LEAD | metallic lead will be used. As this quantity represe f'cent of tho total gasoline consumed annually in tho Unit ^appears to be room for a substantial increase in tho ? Nw7uses of lead developed in 1928 have been s Metal Industry as follows:1 used in very smalT quantities by the General Electric Co., for gives way at slightly higher temperatures than either lead or tha ?nghouseyElectrgic & Manufacturing Co. is using a new solder f Ifis said to be even better than low tin high lead solders for peratures than is possible with ordinary solders. The compo Silver, 2K; copper, lead, 97>'e. PRICES The two major markets for lead in the United States and St. Louis, and a large part of the lead produced in th is sold at prices based on the quotations in these two New York quotations are influenced to some extent by usually prevailing on the London market, so that the seldom exceeds tho St. Louis price by as much as the fre 0.35 cent a pghnd. The following tables show the a quoted prices of lead at St. Louis, New York, and L 1927, and 1928 and the average yearly prices from inclusive. , Average monthly quoted prices of lead at St. Louis, Now York, 1928, in cents per pound* Mouth 1020 1927 St. Louis New York London St. Louis New York London January ___ February... March......... April............ May............. June............. July............... August......... Septembor. October___ November . DeCembor.. 7.09 9.35 9.17 8.60 8.04 7.81 8.11 8.63 8.91 8.78 8. 40 8.00 7.80 7.64 7.36 6.86 6.26 6.13 6.61 6.89 7.10 6. 95 6. 67 6. 34 fl.27 7.41 7.29 7.34 6.84 6.27 6.16 6.13 6.39 6.06 6.01 6.04 6.33 7. 68 7.48 7.61 7.11 0.60 6. 43 6.36 6.68 6.31 6.26 6.28 6. 61 6. 96 6.92 0.03 6.76 6.43 6.30 6.09 6.02 4.66 4.46 4.65 4.83 St Louis: Metal Statistics, 1029, p.391. Average dally quotations of soil Mls section!' Pig lead. No PlLMdotrtetal'SMtlstteA 129, p.395. Average price of foreign lead. PriceLlS Motal Statistics, converted to cents per pound at average erohange rate reporte Board. nMetal IuUuatry, New York, vol. 27 January, 1020* p. 12. 642 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 28--PART I Average yearly prices of lead at Si. Louis, New York, and London, 1009-1928 1009.. 1010. 191L 1012. 1013. 1914. 1016.. 1916.. 1017. 1918.. 1910. 1920.. 1921. 1022.. 1923.. 1924. 1026.. 1926.. 1927.. 1028.. St. Louis* (per pound) New York* (per pound) Lorn Oil 1 Per long Per ton pound New York ex cess (+) or Lon. don ex cess (--) (per pound)* Cent* 4.19 4. 33 4.31 4.38 4.29 3. 74 4.67 0. 80 8. 92 7.25 6. 65 7.93 4. 39 V 02 7. 35 8. 10 8. 92 ft. 26 0. 62 0. 14 Cent* 4. 30 4. 49 4.46 4. 48 4.40 3. 87 4. 67 0. 83 8.71 7. 49 5.81 8.08 4. 66 6.71 7.25 8.08 0.02 8.42 6. 75 0.31 13. 083 12. 950 13. 403 17. 792 18. 308 18. 688 22.883 30.976 30.000 30. 133 28. 190 38.229 22. 725 23. 742 20.817 33. 900 35.893 31.075 24. 102 21. 058 Cent* 2.84 2.81 2.92 3. 87 3. 08 4.00 4.85 6. 58 0.37 0. 40 6. 67 0. 25 3.00 4.00 5. 48 0. 64 7. 73 9. 74 0. 25 4. 68 Cent* + 1.46 +1.68 + 1.64 +.61 +. 42 -.22 18 +.25 +2.34 + 1.06 +.24 + 1.83 +.65 + 1.02 + 1.77 +1.44 +1.29 T+1l..6008 +1.73 3890mPlled frm dal*y 110018110113 ln tljeoPen market at St. Louis, as published In Metal Statistics, 1920* Averago prices based on quotations or American Smelting 4 Refining Co., os published ib Metal Sta tistics, 1929. p. 383. ' Prkes or foreign lend In London, ns published In Motnl Statistics, IB20, p. 395, converted to cents per pound on bests of average oxebange rates published In the reports of the Federal lieserve Hoard . 'Import dutfe? on refined pig lead have been as follows: Aug. 6, 1909, to Oct. 3, 1913--2H cents ner pound. Oct. <,1913, to Sept. 21, 1922-25 per centum ad valorem; average tarlfl coIIected-lHo cents per pound. Sept. 22, 1922, to date (1928)--2M cents por pound. To facilitate the settlement cf its buying and selling contracts for lead the American Smelting & Refining Co., which controls a large part of the United States lead production, at frequent intervals publishes an official contract price based on the New York market. The following are the company's quotations for 50-ton lots, f. o. b. New York, in 1927 and 1928, in cents per pound. 1927 Jan. 6__ *................ Jan. 20____________ ................. Jan.25____________ ................. Mar. 2________ ................. Mar. 3.. ___ ................. Mar. 23............ .................. Mar. 25_........ .................. Mar. 29, ___ _________ Apr. 4______ ____ _____ Apr. 18:........... _________ Apr. 20............. . _________ Apr. 28............. May 2.. . . . ........ ....... May 10__________ ................. May 19______ _________ May 20........... ____ _____ July 1.................. -------------- July 7"................ -------------- July 20._ .. _________ July 21........ . July 22______ .......... ....... _________ July29_ _ -------------- Aug. 3...................... .. ------ ------- 7. 50 7. 40 7. 55 7. 05 7.55 7.46 7. 35 7. 25 7. 15 7. 00 0. 76 0. 06 6. 50 6.40 0. 30 0. 20 0. 30 6.40 0. 60 0. 60 0. 75 1927 Aug. 24______ Aug. 30.......................................... Sept. 0..._______ Sept. 9-_________ Nov. 28.......................................... Nov. 29.......................................... Deo. J---------------------------------- 1928 ' Fell. 10-----------------------------------Fell. 20-----------------------------------Feb. 27--------------Mar. 1-----------------------------------Apr. 2........ .................................... May 25.................. ...................... .. May 29-----------------------------------July 9------------------Aug. 23---------------------------Aug. 27----------------------------------Sept. 17............. ...................... .. Nov. 9........................................... Flee. 3----------------- -------------------- 0.60 6.50 6.40 6.25 6.30 o. 40 IS. 60 0.35 6. 25 6.15 6. 00 6.10 0.20 6.30 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 o. 35 0.50 LHAD Tho downward trend in the price of load, which b part of 1925, apparently reached a final low point and for the balance of that year tlic trend was d The average quotation for January, 1928, was 6.50 at New York. By March the monthly average h 6.02 cents, but the low point in daily quotations wa the first part of the month, so that the trend during of the month was slowly upward. This upward . regular thereafter, and in October the monthly ave .reached 6.50 cents, the January quotation. In Nove slight recession, but in December the average was .The opening quotation on January 2, 1928, was 6.5 closing quotation on December 31, 1928, was also 6 The average New York price for 1928 was 6.31 c less than the 1927 average, 30 per cent less than price, and the lowest annual average since 1922. market averaged 0.17 cent per pound over the St. 1928, as compared with 0.23 cent in 1927. The average price, including domestic and foreign lead producers in tho United States in 1928, accor producers to the Bureau of Mines, was 5.8 cents a it was 6.3 cents. .' The London quotation reached the low mon ' March, attained the high for the year in October, decl to loss than the January average, and failed to recov ber. The yearly average was 13 per cent less in 19 ' it was 1.73 cents cent per pound under the New Yo as compared to 1.50 cents in 1927.