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FILE NAME: Trade Publications (TR) DATE: 1946 DOC#: TR005 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Trade Journal - Southern Power & Industry V ? 'S NOV. 1948 P , i , ,,f, jfc .afjfir- : ;,__ .gSiZ-Cl w? --- - T t.- - > A E ,194 x t r a C a p a c i ry y&Jfy -w t m Fjpn b s ii'iS /v f # %/ w ID A // f ^ ^ 8 A T T R` f 8 SALES AND SERVICE: 915-101 Marieffa Street ldg. ATLANTA, GEORGIA BI RMI NGHAM ST. LOUIS For i p e ^ n ty p ;n ( bed -he, beN're U ,-- ---continuous work, Philco pioneered the modern extra capacity bat- ) & ;* * ? that provides 10% additional capacity with no increase in overall size. . iThis great advantage, first made available in Philco Type XL and XVL >*lotteries, is an outstanding feature of the famous Philco "Thirty". . , the ti; batterywith 30% longer life. For today's heavier work schedules, make sure frt//(he capacity you can get. Specify a modern Philco. Write for catalogs. PHILCO CORPORATION, Storage Battery Division, Trenton 7, N. J. : - o b e r ,1940 Cl B 4 7 9 7 3 -- rS#*' RELIANCE R e l ia n c e motors for pumps are mechanl cally engineered to meet the specific requir|| ments of the service for which they are intended. Precision-built, with highest qua| ity workmanship throughout, these sturdl motors have compiled outstanding record! for long, dependable performance. Availabll in enclosures to suit the application--protected, open an| drip-proof; fully enclosed; and explosion-proof. Specify motors by Reliance or call your nearest Reliancl sales representative. RELIAN CE ELECTRIC & EN G IN EERIN G COfj 1057 Ivanhoe Road C leveland 10, O h ti f/' Appleton, Wis. Birmingham Boston Buffalo Chicago Cincinnati Denver Detre^ Gary Grand Rapids Greenville Houston Kansas City Knoxville Los Angel^i Milwaukee Minneapolis New Orleans * New York Pittsburgh Portland, Ore? Rockford St. Louis San Francisco Seattle Syracuse Tampa Tulfgj Washington, D. C. ' Sao Paulo, Brazil R ELIA N C E <3^ M O T O R S Y HT SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY is published monOily by W. R. 0 Smith Publishing Company, Dalton and Atlanta, Ga., U. S. A. Subscription Rates: United States and Possessions, $1,00 for one year; Canada, $1.50 per year; Foreign Countries, $2.00 per year. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office, Dalton, Ga., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Volume 64 Number 11 V lig i mm tfi m, ance Detroit Angeles nd, Ore. * Tulso m m fm . ilBli Mi Mal Nalco Re pesentative, the Floi^Co Oakland, Cafifdrnifl EVELOPING successful water treatm ent for high pressure boilers is a job for research chemists and engineers--not salesmen. Steam and water in high pressure systems are different--both in physical characteristics and in reactions involving scaling, corrosion and foaming. These differences are familiar to Nalco scientists--and are the reason that the Nalco System of Scientific W ater Treatm ent in high pressure pow er plants is as effective and economical as it is in thousands o f medium and low pressure installations. Ctoseups of the peep-hole in one of the Nalco Laboratory test boilers are shown below. At top is water and steam at 250 lbs. p. s. i. Note the sharp line of water and steam separa tion, indicating high water density; low steam density. A t bottom is a test at 750 lbs. p.s. I. Water density is much lower; steam density higher. Different Nalco treat ments for each pressure produced dry steam in both tests-Neither test could be successful without fitting the treat ment to the pressure as well as the wafer and boiler conditions present. Ask your Nalco Representative for details on a complete Nalco Survey for your p la n t. . . O r write direct. The Scientific System of Water Treatment for Ail Industry NATIONAL ALUMINATE CORPORATION 6 2 2 6 W. 6 6 t h P L A C E C H I C A G O 3 8 , I L L I N O I S Canadian inquiries should be addressed to Aluminate Chemicals, Ltd., 555 Eastern Avenue, Toronto, Ontario. \ SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 having power GROWING PAINS? *, <t3 GROWING pains o f industrial 'pansion may be straining y0 power or boiler plant facilities yond the lim its of really efficioperation. Your increasing reqt ments may necessitate model tion or replacem ent o f equipme to prevent plant failure. These growing demands indicate need for a sound analysis of yo; existing boiler or power plants, a thorough check-up, your Cons' ing Engineers w ill be able to sugg # the methods and the m odem eqt m ent for major improvements capacity and operating economy. Then you w ill want to call in DRAVO Power Plant Specialis These men can be of real service carrying out the recommendatio o f your C on su ltin g E ngineer they've had wide experience in lieving power growing pains by sta llin g new equipm ent or modernization of existing faciliti DRAVO-built and DRAVO-equipp plan ts serve all in d u stry--ste plants, coal m ines, oil refineri chemical manufacturers, etcete W herever you need additional bo' or power capacity DRAVO spec' ists can be of real assistance. Bulletin #NK504 describes, in detail, how D R A V O power plant experience will serve you. Power and Boiler Plants Bridge Substructures * Coal and Ore Bridges * -ft Pumping Stations Power Plant and Contractor's Equipment * Direct-Fired Heaters -Industrial Heating_ and Ventf Docks Pump Houses and Intakes * Mill Foundations * Locks and Dams Shafts, Slopes and Tunnels * Towboats ana Cranes and Derrick Boats * Crane Cab Coolers ft Open Steel Flooring ft Concrete Aggregates ft Inland River TranspO SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, you Eugene W. O'Brien M anning Director 3onsi sugge a eqi ents omy. the quippe -- steel ineries tceter alboile Sp Francis C. Smith, Editor ''tarn? unter R. Hughes, Jr. Associate E ditor Richard L. Priest Southwestern Editor W. E. Coogler Production Manager business Represenfotlres Rogers. 18 B ast 48th St., tom 1904, New York 17, Y .~Phone, P laza 8-2S65. i K. Hoffman, 28 Bowdoin t . Maplewood, N. J.-- Phone " Orange 2-2484. | | r d lb Durham , 67 Coving* Road, Buffalo 16, N. Y.-- hone, Amherst 6332. ,,' 6 , Smith, 206 Auditorium liiildlng, Cleveland 14, Ohio -Phone, Cherry 7352. ,.B. Johnson, 168 North Michigan Ave.,' Chi' cago 1, ill.-- Phone--, C entra'l 4131. B. Auditorium Bldg., 427 ifrest 5th St,, Los Ange les. Calif. -- Phone, Tucker 633. Uchard L. Priess, 1341 Liberty " Bank Bldg., D allas, Texas.-- Phone, Central 7673. Subscription-- $1.00 -$1.50 ; Foreign $2.00 Published Monthly by W R. C. SMITH PUBLISHING CO. ishers also o f : Cotton, Elee' South, Southern Hardware, ..tern A utom otive Journal, Juthern Building Supplies. J. Rooke, P re sid e n t; R. P. lith, Executive Vice-President; W, McAllister, V ice-President; W. O'Brien, V ice-President; , B, C. Smith. V ice-President; !:,C. Cook, V ice-President; O. A. warpless, T reasurer ; A. F. Rob Secretary. .EVELAND1? - 3&? ra n d VantiW* 5 ^ ioats and * g k r i f t r Transport#** ? ^ * iitorial rnd Bsecuiive OlHces 5 grant building I ATLANTA, GEORGIA BER, CONTENTS Mechanical Handling of Cross-Ties, by A. M. Deiters A Good Lunch Helps, by Francis C. Smith Profits in Plant Layout, by Gregory M. Dexter Progress in Candy Making, by R. A. Brock and F. W . Hayward Hygienic Importance of Dust, by N. V. Hendricks Centrifugal Boiler Feed Pumps, by Igor J. Karassik Labor Turnover, by Philip Panfield . . Damage by Fly Ash Erosion, by Harry M. Spring Electric Circuit Troubles, by Thomas Trail . A History of Power, by Carl J. Eckhardt, Jr. PRACTICAL DISCUSSION R outing O peration I m p r o v e d .................9" Tight Bolt-Thread . . . M agnetic S tre et C l e a n e r .................... 92 la d d e r Aida Maintenance Simple Alv M anifold ............. 02 Freezing Aida Reptiira Reading Met*TM and Gauges - . 04 DEPARTMENTS FACTS AND TRENDS !> INDUSTRY SPEAKS. .. BUYERS' INFORMATION . 8 N EVVS OF THF. MONTH TIMELY COMMENTS .. 37 NEW EQUIPMENT . . INDEX TO ADVERTISERS .134 Copyright. 1"1(, hv W R 0 i.ith lih!.M.l> g Com T h 40 ! 46 .t, 49 58 61 65 74 78 84 86 94 >14 91 39 96 114 To give you more power efficiency, Edge Moor Radiant unit design embodies all the advantages of a S-drum boiler with a water-cooled furnace and maximum boiler tube surface exposed to radiant heat . . . all in a minimum of space. This is the result of the combination of engineering skill and expert workmanship that for over three-quarters of a century have distinguished all Edge Moor products. This arrangement provides for a large water storage, a generous steam liberation surface and quiet offtake drum. Furnace cooling is disposed for a minimum of mainte nance and the best operation for the particular fuel to be burned. The ability of these units to steam quickly and deliver high ratings is a matter of record. Edge Moor Radiant Heat Boilers are available in a wide range of capacities, pressures and total temperature requirements. They are adaptable to all fuels and can be supplied with all boiler auxiliaries. EDGE MOOR IRON W ORKS, INC. Main Office and Works: Edge Moor, Del. Branch Offices and Agents: 95 River S t , Hoboken, New Jersey 7 W ater S t, Boston, Massachusetts P.O. Box 9, Station E., Atlanta, Georgia 2459 Woodward Ave., Detroit, Michigan One N. LaSalle S t, Chicago, Illinois 2295 University Ave., Saint Paul, Minnesota 623 Aztec Building, San Antonio 5, Texas * 141 Second St., San Francisco, Calif. edge moor nerating equipment SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 FOR SOUTHERN INDUSTRIAL AND POWER EXECUTIVES November 1, 1946 EQUIPMENT INNOVATIONS of the past several months will he featured at the 17th National Power Show to he held the first week of December in New York. A model of a gas turbine designed for power generation in the utility field will he displayed along with new. combustion equipment, apparatus for pulverizing coal, small Diesel-electric units designed for portable use, "emergency" 50 to 500 hp self-contained boilers, and burn ers capable of firing coal, oil, and gas selectively or in combination. Machine tools, materials handling equipment, and power plant protective equipment will also be featured. UMINDM ALLOY BEARINGS are now being developed for improved.score, fatigue, and corrosion resistance in heavy load applications. Numerous reported, service tests of solid aluminum alloy.and steel-backed aluminum bearings . indicate improved,performance. Self-lubricating powdered aluminum alloy bearings are still in the formulative stage. iODS TRENDS - transparent plastic machine bearing models, fed with pigment colored oil,, afford visual study of lubrication effectiveness . . . protec tive chemical packing compound applied with spray gun has tensile strength of 2,000 psi and elongation of 200 per cent and is stable from minus 40 F to plus 180 F. * 'OVER 1700 INDUSTRIAL - VOCATIONAL FILMS, available to industry on rental, purchase, or free loan basis, are listed in "The Index of Training Films" distributed by the Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N. Y. This classified industrial inventory ofavailable training materials covers diversified fields in the Ceramic and Glass Industries; Chemical Industry; Electronics including Generators & Motors, Electrical Measurement, Motor Maintenance & Repair, Radio & Communication; Engineering; Diesel, Internal Combustion & Steam , Engines; Foundry and Forging Practice; Hydraulics; Machine Shop Practice;and in the Plastics, Refrigeration, and Wood Working Industries. "REPRODUCTION OF WORKING DRAWINGS qn metals,. plastics, hard rubber, and o p e r non-porous materials can be economically accomplished by .tbe use of a new spray gun applied, .light-sensitive, quick-drying, primer and .'coating. The process, carried out in ordinary room lighting conditions, consists of blear lacquer priming, coating, exposure to bright light of sensitized me%%% in contact with the drawing, and washing with a 2 per cent solution of ammonia' and warm water* Complex layouts can be produced in quantity and finished layouts withstand bending, shearing, and punching without loosening.. It is applicable in the making of photo templates, wiring diagrams, instrument panels, dials, and for general decoration of metal, wood, and plastic surfaces. , iE'Oif ?UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 MASS -PRODUCTION of packaged heat-pump units was encouraged at a recent South eastern Electric Exchange meeting in Birmingham of representatives of southern and southwestern electric light and power companies. The reverse cycle refrigeration specifications now developed contemplate automatic electric motor driven units for Both cooling and heating commer cial establishments. Authorities in the field believe that application of the principles of the heat pump to a unit designed for water heating will result in an even lower cost of electric water heating. EQUIpffiJIT TRENDS - 5%. lb oscilloscope, incorporating cathode ray tube, ver tical and horizontal amplifiers, linear time base oscillator, synchroniza tion means, and self-contained power supply . . . 330 amp capacity Diesel engine driven arc welder . . . 30 lb portable cast aluminum air hoist with full load rating of 17 fpm. P A C M G E D SUB-STATIONS normally include only the transforming, regulating, and switching,equipment beyond the high voltage entrance to the transformer. Packaged1'units including transforming, regulating, relaying, metering, and protective equipment are now available in various arrangements up to 45,000 kva and materially reduce engineering, drafting, and purchasing details on , the part of the customer. THERMAL PROCESSING AND TESTING from sub-zero to high temperatures is now an important factor in the research, testing, standardization, and production of plastics, liquids, metals, instruments, and chemicals. A sub-zero processing temperature of -150 F is commercially available for expan sion fits, hardening of steel tools and jigs, and standardization of gauges and* metals. Metallurgical research and relative humidity simulation units are in production with humidity controlled with temperature range of 35 F to 175 PLASTIC PARTS are now metal coated by various metal spraying and chemical re duction methods to increase their overall strength and dimensional stabil ity and to improve corrosion, impact, and abrasion resistance. - STEAM-TURBINE-BLADE DEPOSITS from any make turbine operating at a throttle pressure of 350 psi or better are sought by the steam-turbine and waterconditioning departments of Allis-Chalmers in order to collate data on deposits attributed to carry-over. Results of acceptable samples submitted w l l be forwarded to the sending plant operators. Pull information can be secured from Dr. L. A. Burkardt, Research Laboratory, Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.,. Mil waukee, Wis. NOTED-- high carbon and chromium ball bearings 1 millimeter in diameter for delicate instrument bearing applications . . . high strength rivet with alloy-steel 25 Rc cadmium plated pin head at one end and A17S-T anodized collar which fits grooved end of pin. Has design shear strength of 75,000 psi . . . micrometer, employing electronic circuit in conjunction with micrometer screw thread. Affords accurate readings to .00005 in production testing lines . . light weight, soil resistant, vinyl butyral coated, flex ible work gloves which can be cleaned with standard solvents . * . 5 oz vestpocket vibroroeter measures machine vibrations from 450 to 50,000 cycles per rain . . . grid bearings constructed of steel backing lined with gridded silver or copper for heavy load applications. Additional information on any of the above items will be furnished upon request. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. I b SCORE...WEAR... CLOG... LEAK IfllSpNl 3 fi mH r mm mm I * "ill #!.*. >i- J r r Croat icction ol Type "B" Sealless Angle Valve, flanged. I.',1'*' OPERATION: After valve has been (lo ied , iftsof- d er an plunger co n tain upper follower gland, farcing' if dawn Into body and compressing packing above and below part, making an absolutely light valve. r' m Type 118*' Sliding' flu p g iey r P a i^ ln ^ i.; Bings and Glands/ ' itYarway Seatless Blow-Off Valves have become stand- 11: in m ore than 12,000 boiler plants because they ioate a com m on source of trouble and expense with Iftventional type blow-off valve operation. fa r ways have no seat to score, wear, clog and leak! phis famous seatless design, first introduced by pTway more than 35 years ago, has been constantly (proved and adapted to meet modern service requirejjits. Mechanical and metallurgical research in Yarway's own unique Steam Laboratory anticipates changing conditions . . . assures the finest in blow-off valves for today's boiler plants. There is a Yarway Blow-Off Valve for every pressure. For complete details of valves for pressures up to 400 psi., send for Bulletin B-424; for higher pressures ask for Bulletin B-432. YARNALL-WARING COMPANY Home Office: 116 Mermaid Ave., Phila. 18, Pa. Southern Representative; ROGER A . M A R TIN , Bona Allen Building, Atlanta 3, 6 a , ER, P, GFT JT I y O W t 1/0/1 INDEX OF HELPFUL B O O K L E T S , BULLETINS, REFERENCE LITERATURE- Cooo|perating with leading manufacturers of equipment and supplies, SPI makes available for the asking, without cost-11 or obligation, the following valuable bulletins, booklets, handbooks and catalogs. m Check the list, fill in Coupon, mail to SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY. (Coupon on page 12.) This service restricted to those interested in the operation or design of Industrial, Power and Service Plants. STBAM PLANT . . . FURNACES BOILERS, STOKERS, BURNERS | 0 BOILEB SEAM PROTECTORS-- BookI V le t 5-A-- D e sc rib e s th e p ra c tic a l w a y to end cracking and leaking in H R T boilers-- by using seam protectors. -- NATIONAL B O IL E R P R O T E C T O R CO., D a y to n , O hio. 23 DUST IN INDUSTRY-- B u lle tin 8P -6, treatise on control and collection of dust in in d u stry -- discusses causes, naturecontrol and collection of in d u strial dust-- describes the Van Tongeren System of han g in g .-- B U E L L E N G IN E E R IN G CO., IN C - 4 C edar S treot, New Y ork, N. Y. D Q STOKERS-- B ooklet, 12 pages-- " B urns J y coal like oil" is the title of a new bul letin describing the Fyr-feedor M ultiple Spreader Stoker and the work it is doing in various Army, Navy and defense pow er plants.-- AMERICAN COAL BU RN ER COM PA N Y , 3 6-18 E . E rie S t., C hicago, 111. r t r STEAM TURBINES -- B u lletin T-118, y y 12 pages-- D escribes Type " U " Steam Turbines for m echanical drive, featuring sim plicity and ruggedness, w ith various re finem ents such as speed changers, autom atic nozzle control, etc., for 250 to 600 lb gauge, single stage. -- MURRAY IRON W ORKS GO., 1 1 6 W a ln u t S t., B u rlin g to n , Io w a . UNDERFEED STOKER-- B o o k le t SO l 478-A, 20 pages-- D etailed operating views and draw ings of features w hich add new efficiency to tim e-tested Taylor M ul tiple R etort U nderfeed Type " R " stoker. Facts for design, installation, operation, m ain tenance and cost analysis. -- AMERICAN E N G IN E E R IN G CO., 2402 A ram in g o , P h ila delphia 25, Pa. 7 3 D A M PER S -- Catalog 10, 12 pages -- # 3^ H eacon curtain dampers of w idespread application, to provide reliable operation, increased^ capacity, reduced m aintenance, high er efficiency and other advantages. -- TH ERM IX ENGINEERING 00., F irst N a tional B ank Bldg., Greenwich, Conn. 7 0 WELDED BOILERS--B ulletin 8-67, 8 / O pages -- S tandard electric w elded boil ers, featu rin g three-pass gas travel, large liberating area and combustion cham ber, ta pered w ater legs, double section grate, acces sibility, 1800 to 44,000 sq ft for coal, oil or gas firing, w ith complete installation and a p p lic a tio n d a ta . -- T H E B R O W N E L L CO.. 304 N. F in d ley St., D ay to n 1, Ohio. Q C DUST CONTROL--B ooklet-- D e sc rib e s y y how to increase production, reduce costs, safeguard workers* health through the installation of tailored, adequate d u st con trol system s, carefully designed to m eet your eeds.-- LIBERTY ENGINEERING ft MFG. CO., IN C ., 1 4 5 4 S. 1 5 th S t., L o u isv ille 1, K y . FANS, PUMPS. COMPRBSSOBS, HEATERS, HEAT TRANSFER 1 T Q HOT WATER HEATERS-- Catalog-- J y D escribes Gulfstream hot w ater heat ers, using low pressure and exhaust steam a t high economy, rapid, inexpensive-- 370 to 3700 gal per hr. instantaneous or storage type.-- MARION M ACHINE, FOUNDRY & SUPPLY CO., M ario n , Ind. I f i n TOIT HEATERS -- C atalog 6-E, 32 I w U pages-- D escribes and gives details and specifications of Therm oiler un it h eat ers in various services, w ith engineering charts showing capacities un d er various con ditions, and diagram s showing pipe connec tions and autom atic controls.-- GRINNELL CO., IN C ., P rovidence, R . I. 7 C /T FEED WATER REGULATORS--Buile tin S -20-D, 20 p a g e s -- E xplain* 4 principle of autom atic feedw ater regulators! a n d d e sc rib e s d e sig n an d o p e ra tio n -- also'1.. the controls for regulation of differential pressures and pump governors. -- THE T SW ARTW OUT COMPANY, 18511 EuclidAve., C leveland 12. Ohio. 9 < A CONTROL VALVES, TRAPS-- Bull. d -O V tin 645, 8 pages -- C ontrol valves^ and steam trap s for p articular application in i p la stic m olding-- h e atin g , c o m p re ssin g , oper--$ a tin g m olding p re sse s.-- W . H . N IO H O LaO N i] ft 0 0 ., 175 Oregon St., W ilkes-Barre. F a 7 1 FEEDWATER CONTROL -- B ulletin, * 1 429A, 16 pages-- D etails on Copea Flom atic, the steam flow H ater level regn- -J la to r fo r h ig h d u ty b o ile rs. M ulti-co lo red dia-^ J gram s, c h a rts, photos, etc. -- N O R T H E R N Ti E Q U IP M E N T CO., 1945 G rove D rive, E rie. | Pa. 1 1 HYDRAULIC PRESSURE PUMPS-- w l B ulletin 238, 4 pages-- D escribes the m odem duplex hydraulic pressure pump, w ith specifications, im portant features, crosssectional view s and photographs, com plete tables as to size, capacity, etc.-- W ARREN ST E A M P U M P CO., IN C ., W a rre n , M ass. 1 7 7 P U M P S , COMPRESSORS, TU RI BINES-- C atalo g 1181, 24 p ag es-- Complete presentation of D eLaval line of steam turbines, helical gears, centrifugal pum ps, centrifugal com pressors, worm gear speed reducers, and IMO oil pum ps,-- engi neering details and company background.-- D eLA V A L ST EA M T U R B IN E CO., T ren to n 2, N. J. 9 < 7 LIQUID LEVEL INDICATOR--BuMe- I f c O / tin WG-1821, 8 pages--the a d v a n -^ tages of rem ote liquid level indicators, giving a t convenient sight level, such as in s tru -, m ent panels, th e liquid levels in boilers heaters, tan k s and o th er vessels in p o w e r` and in d u strial plants--no special liquids, no packing or stuffing boxes--pressures up to 1500 psi.--YARNALL W A RING COMPANY C hestnut H ill, Philadelphia 18, Pa. 274 OPEN CHANNEL METERS-- B ulletin 62, 12 p a g es -- D e sc rib e s m e te rs in tended prim arily fo r m easurem ent in open channels of sewage, in d u strial wastes, sludge irrigation w ater, etc.-- both d irect mechanical and electronic te le m eter type, w ith wide^ se lection of registers, and varoius com binations of indicating, recording and integrating.-- B A IL E Y M E T E R CO., 1028 Iv a n h o e Road, Cleveland 10, Ohio. 1 7 5 DEEP WELL PUMPS-- B ulletin 142. I / D 4 pages-- Peerless H i-Lift pumps de signed to pum p m axim um q uantities of w a te t a t minim um cost from small diam eter w ells -- 500 to 8500 gpm. -- PE ER LE SS P U M P D IV ., Food M achinery Corp., 301 W est Ave. 26, Los Angeles 31, Calif. 1 84. TOIT HEATERS -- Catalog 12-0-1 -- I 0*T Complete w orking data # on downblow u n it heaters, featured in high in stalla tions ranging from 15 to 45 ft above the w orking zone, and other spot locations as d e sc rib e d .-- F E D D E R S M FG. CO., IN C ., B u f falo 7. N. Y. INSTRUMENTS, METERS, CONTROLS, REGULATORS 7 J C FLOATS-- L ite r a tu r e d e sc rib in g rea/ / t y sons for 700,000 floats placed in serv ice by H ercules for all types of in d u stries and applications.-- H ERCU LES FLOAT W ORKS, 200 F ran k lin St., Springfield, M ass 7 7 C TEMPERATURE CONTROLS-- Bulle4*1 y tin 650, 4 pages-- Controls fo r devel oping high efficiency and econom y in degreasers and m etal cleaning machines.-- SARCO 0 0 ., IN C., 475 F ifth Ave., New Y ork 17, N. Y. 7 7 Q BELLOWS CONTROLS-- B u lle tin NL4m l y 1300-- C om plete s to ry of th e design the variety, the application of sylphon bel lows to m aking and b reaking circuits, opening and closing valves, dam pers, etc.-- THE FU L T O N S Y L P H O N CO., K n o x v ille 4, Tenn. 7 0 4 WATER GAGES-- B u lle tin 0, 6 page* O i S p lit-g la n d a d ju s ta b le w a te r gags* simple and easy to install w ithout wrench* or tools, of superior quality and applicability in m odernizing your power and industrial Plant.-- ERNST W A TER COLUMN ft GAGE CO., L iv in g sto n , N. J . 1 Q 1 FLOW METERS-- C atalog 2006, 2 4 * y I pages-- D escribes indicating, record in g a n d in te g ra tin g m odels of e le c tric tyP* flow m e te rs fo r th e m e a su re m e n t of ***5!; , ... w a te r, a ir, oil, g as a n d o th e r flu id s.---THE BROWN INSTRUM ENT 0 0 ., 4505 W ayne;-| Ave., P h ila d e lp h ia 44, Pa. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 | j p m o to r lit fo u a con Jp ro o f, t ' frorr 2*000 W e'Ve R ^. s y s t e m to reduced ssages jfp ta c tic a ll] - v e eli. nJV F *3* | p course PO U TH f Did You Say, pto2000 hp .Waterproof? " Why, That M eans Then," our cus tomer exclaimed, "in larger ratings they fill the need of power plant engineers who want to install equipment like draft fans outside, and thus keep down struc ture costs per kw capacity." Right again --and they fit into other industries too! Chemical, for instance. Here cast iron motors have generally been preferred . . . because they stand up better under acid and alkali conditions. But now these new motors, with new design im provements, promise to provide several important operating advantages. . . Looking for a Good Motor? t've Re-designed the heat-transfer fip to improve ventilation. W e've maintenance by m aking air Bjgcs not only more accessible, but ||ucally j^-cleaning as well. And 'J eliminated liquid and dirt-trappockets. In the smaller ratings we litse offer our standard design. Specify "Allis-Chalmers" !For whether your job calls for a large motor like that above, or a small standard machine, you can be sure of getting two things when you specify "Allis-Chalmers:" 1) Exactly the right type and size motor; 2) consistent with the finest quality work manship of which we are capable. For the full story of liberal Allis-Chal mers motor construction, call our nearby | dealer or sales office. A llis-Chalmers, M ilwaukee 1, Wis. a 2117 ALLIS# CHALMERS O ne of the Big 3 in Electric Power Equipment -- Biggest of All in Range of Industrial Products THERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 PLANT EQUIPMENT. TOOLS, PROCESS SPECIALTIES 3 J T 3 TO O LS-- C atalo g Q, 90 p a g es-- Com* 3 3 3 plete description and illu stratio n of a com prehensive line of hand and electric tools fo r production, m aintenance and serv ice throughout industrial, u tility and large service plants-- including super service sets. -S N A P -O N TOOLS CORP., 8056-- 128th Ave., K enosha, W is. STJSAM T R A PS-- Catalog 67-- A new s e rie s of (SjLtriowniigg imn du utis tmritaul steam traps of the inverted bucket type, featuring a scientifically designed orifice th ro a t which gives up to 25% greater capacity, avoids turbulence and m inim izes the choking caused by flash steam . Relocation of straight-through inlet and o utlet connections place trap below in le t pipe a t a ll tim es. T h ree sizes up to 114 in., in both stan d ard and therm al designs.-- STRO N G , C A R L IS L E & H A M M O N D CO., 1392 W . T h ird St., C leveland 13, Ohio. POWER TRANSMISSION, MATERIALS HANDLING Z T IO B ELT LACING -- B ulletin F-loo ^ * 3 H andbook on the fasten in g of belt ! tor transm ission and conveyor use, w ith nolr ticular em phasis on steel lacings and plates.-- FL E X IB L E ST E E L LACING (V?r 465 L exington S t., C hicago, 1^1. 3 C r PO R T A B L E E L EC TR IC TOOLS-- Oat- 333 alog 45, 44 pages-- C ondenser de s c rip tio n of S k ilT o o ls---saw s, d rills , s an d e rs, grinders, shears, nibblers, cleaners, blowers, w ith a v ery h elpful supplem ent on how to get the m ost from your electric tools-- to m ake A m erica's h an d s m ore p roductive.-- SK ILSA W , INC., 5035 E lston Ave., Chicago 30, IU. O C C MASONRY SAWS-- 4 page circulars J w O 35, 55, 25A, 59-- Give th e different models, the d ifferen t uses and th e d ifferen t sizes and shapes produced by C lipper M a sonry saw s in construction and furnace re p a ir w o rk . -- C L IP P E R M FG . CO., 4022 Chouteau St., St. Louis 10, Mo. 3 7 1 CRU SHERS, GRINDERS, SHRED 3/1 D E E S -- Illu strated ' Booklet -- Aroeri ean R olling R ing and Ham m erm ill crushers grinders and shredders, for m etal turnings coal, stone and a w ide v ariety of friab le sem i-abrasive an d fibrous m aterials -- size horsepower; speed, w eight and floor space eharted fo r coal, lim estone and m etal turn' ings capacities.--AMERICAN PU L V E R IZE R CO., 1243 M a c k lin d A ve., S t. L o u is 10, Mo. 3 J 7 CONDENSATE RETURN SYSTEM-- J O / B ulletin 3250-- D escribes a new high pressure condensate retu rn system giving higher heat tra n sfe r rates, low er fuel cost and increased boiler capacity-- for high pres sure boiler service, fo r low p ressu re process equipm ent service. -- COCHRANE CORP., 3110 N. 17*h St., Philadelphia 32, P a, PIPING, VALVES, FITTINGS, STEAM SPECIALTIES. TRAPS r n STEAM TRA PS -- B ulletin 450, 8 * T 3w pages-- D escribes the Sarco line of float and therm ostatic steam trap s, com pressed air trap s and liquid level controls. Dimensions, capacities, other engineering and econom ic d a ta . -- SARCO CO., IN C ., 475 Fifth Avenue, New Y ork 17, N. Y, A T 3 TRA PS AND SPEC IA LTIES-- Polder 33 C, 10 c irc u la rs -- C om plete d e ta ils on Squires steam and a ir traps, reducing valves, pum ps governors,- boiler feed controllers and o th e r s p e c ia ltie s.-- 0 . E . S Q U IR E S CO., E. 4 0th S t. a n d K e lle y Ave., C leveland 3. Ohio. A C A VALVES FO R CORROSION -- Form 3 * S-7-45, 20 p a g es-- D e sc rib e s an d i l lu strates a com plete lin e of valves in v ari ous m etals and alloys fo r corrosion^ service-- globe, angle, check, Y, needle, relief, etc -- with recom m endations for various applica tio n s. -- T H E W M . P O W E L L CO.. 2503 S pring G rove Ave., C incinnati 22, Ohio. MAINTENANCE, PACKING, LUBRICANTS, WELDING C C 1 IRON CEM ENT -- Smooth-On Hand3 3 I book, 40 pages-- Iron cem ent in v ari ous types for repairs, for joints, for gaskets, for seams, for w ater-proofing, for surfaceproofing-- many practical illu strated applica tions and how they are m ade.-- SMOOTH-ON M FG. CO., D e p t. 35, 570 C om raunipaw Ave.. Jersey City 4, N. J r r n BALL AND ROLLER LUBRICATION 3 3 ^ -- Booklet 11-44, 56 pages-- A w ealth of data on the lubrication of ball and roller bearings under the various practical condi tions m et by a low frictio n b earin g u n it.-- TH E TEXAS COMPANY, 135 East 42nd St., New Y ork 17, N. Y. C C 3 CLEANING COMPOUND-- Digest, 20 333 pages-- 71 d ifferen t m ethods of clean ing, de-scaling, de-greasing, and oth er opera tions related to power, industrial and service plant m aintenance.-- OAKITE PRODUCTS, INC., 23-A T ham es St., New Y o rk 6, N. Y. C C C TUBE CLEANERS FOR SMALL v O TU B ES-- B ulletin 15, 6 pages-- Spe cially designed cleaners for sm all diam eter tubes such as those of heat exchangers, con densers, a ir coolers, air preheaters, reboilers an d coils. -- T H E A IRETOOL MFG. 00., S pringfield, Ohio. C C 7 BACKING-- B ulletin P12, 4 pages-- 3 0 / Service c h art of G-T self-lubricating packing, recom m ending various styles of m any applications -- also other application data and com parison data of in terest to the industrial, power and service plant. -- G R E E N E , T W E E D & CO., B ro n x B lvd. a t 238th St., New Y ork 66, N. Y. C 7 I PA C K IN G -- B elm ont Catalog-- Gives 3 / 1 com plete inform ation about a wide variety et types and applications of Belmont packing for pow er and industrial applica tions-- com plete engineering data and illu s tra tio n s .-- T H E B E L M O N T P A C K IN G CO., B utler and Sepviva Sts., Philadelphia 37, Pa. C "7 C T U B E C L E A N E R S -- C heck L ist, 6 3 / 3 pages-- A reprint check list and a two-page selection guide show how to save w ear and tear and get maxim um resu lts w ith tube cleaning equipm ent-- faster, more effi c ie n tly w ith le ss d am age. -- T H O M A S C. W ILSO N , IN C., 21-11 4 4 th Ave., Long Is la n d C ity 1, N. Y. C r j M ATERIAL HANDLING -- Bulletin 0 3 ^ 4 1 0 , 16 pages-- Idlers, apron eol veyors and bucket elevators as applied to general m aterial handling. D escriptions photos, diagram s, engineering data in elu d o i-- CHAIN BELT CO.. 1600 W. B ruce St M ilwaukee 4. W is C C A COAL CONVEYOR-- B ulletin 2068-- * ^ 3 * The new " ru n a ro u n d " b o iler rooin coal conveyor w ith dust type Sidekar-K arrie* ! an in n o v a tio n in m odern b o ile r room coafhandlmg-- little head room, low power, uni form feed a t sev e ra l p o in ts -- no d u s t-- wide range of capacities and length.-- LINK-BELT 0 0 .. 307 N. M ichigan Ave., C hicago 9, IH. C C C E L E C T R IC H O IS T S -- B u lle tin -- !>*.. 033 scriptive of smooth, sturdy perform^ an ce of low head e le c tric h o ists, % ton go! 12 ton capacity, adaptable fo r operation Qn| an y M onorail sy ste m .-- A M ER IC A N ENGI'C N E E R IN G C<L, 2402 A raraingo Ave. P h ils? delphia 25, Pa. C C C CH AIN D R IV E S. C atalog 444. 7H-] 030 pages, com plete details on Rex steel] chain belts and th eir application to various drives-- difficu lt and easy, lig h t and heavy" loading, positive, accurate, dependable.-- v C H A IN B E L T CO., 1724 W . B ru c e S t., Mil-; w aukee 4, W is. C C ( \ M A T ER IA L S H A N D LIN G -- AppliesO O U tion H andbook, 48 pages-- An excel lent usable presentation, largely pictorial, ofm any solutions to common in d u strial m ate rials handling problem s, showing the manyadvantages in cost reduction and labor sav ing of M onorail equipm ent. -- AMERICAN. M O N O R A IL CO., 13107 A th e n s Ave., Cleve land, Ohio. C C 1 PO W ER TR A N SM ISSIO N -- Catalog O O I 40, loose-leaf binder-- Gives compre hensive presentation of the com plete line of' po w er tra n s m is sio n eq u ip m en t, in c lu d in g V-;, r>eit d riv e s fia t belt d riv e s, pulley s, gears, chains, sprockets m anufactured by the In d u stria l D ivision of CO N TIN EN TA L GIN CO., 4 5 0 0 F if th Ave., B irm in g h a m 2. Ala. C C Q FL E X IB L E COUPLINGS -- Bulletin-. O O O 642, 8 pages -- T he N icholson allm etal, flood lu b ricated flexible coupling w hich m akes u se of c en trifu g a l force _to seat the connecting and adapting floating keys, giving a strong, durable, quiet operat ing long-lived tra n sm ittin g u n it in many standard and special sizes and applications. -- W. H . N IC H O L S O N So CO., 175 Oregon St., W ilkes-Barre. Pa. A S A . ST EA M T R A PS-- B ulletin T-1739, 16 " 3 0 pages -- Y arw ay impulse steam traps -- little trap s w ith big capacities, discharging continuously on heavy loads, in term itten tly on light loads-- com plete details on capaci ties, weierhts. dim ensions, prices and ap p lica tions.-- Y A RN A L L-W A R IN G CO., C hestnut H ill, Philadelphia, Pa. A * JC STEA M TR A PS-- Booklet, " How to t / 3 Choose a Steam T rap " -- Gives com plete engineering data regarding choice and installation of steam traps, particularly as to sim plification of piping and elim ination of fittings and valves.-- T H E V. D. ANDER SON CO., 1936 W e st 9 6 th St., C lev elan d 2, Ohio. A O I VALVE REPA IR AND REPLACE" O I M E N T -- V a lv e record^ S h e e t 1-- F o ld e r and record form s for the m aintenance of com plete records on the rep air and replacem ents of valves, to guard against undetected losses and give dependable, econom ical p lan t opera tion. A simple, helpful recording procedure.-- JE N K IN S BROS., 80 W hite St., New Y ork 13. N. Y. C "t O L U B R IC A T IO N -- C atalo g 2-0, 12 3 / 0 pages-- The engineering design and application details of Model 25 force-feed lubricators for positive and autom atic lu b ri cation of cylinders and bearings-- wide range large capacity.-- MANZEL BROS. 0 0 ., 318 B abcock St., B uffalo 10, N. Y. O O VALVE D ISCS AND PACKING.-- 300 B ulletin H, 2 pages -- E ra st com pressed valve discs for high pressures and high tem peratures, com pressed pum p valves, gaskets, stem packing and other valve and w ater column accessories.-- ER N ST W ATER C O LU M N & G AGE CO., 250 S. L ivin g sto n Ave., L ivin gston , N . J. T Q | T U B E C L E A N E R S -- C atalog, 32 J y I pages-- How to select a tube cleaner-- the technicalities of boiler scale and tube cleaning-- the economy, the effectiveness and the satisfaction of clean tubes-- an everv-day m aintenance help. -- ROTO D IV ISIO N of E L L IO T T 0 0 ., 145 S ussex A ve., N ew ark 1, N. J. 0 1 S P E E D REDUCERS. -- C atalog 145 U O I 144 pages-- D etails and engineering d a ta on a m ost com plete lin e of speed te- ducers, w ith inform ation as to selecting the type, size an d ap p licatio n -- design an d cops s tru c tio n -- lu b ric a tio n -- r a tin g -- to rq u e an;, h o rse p o w e r-- lo a d in g an d a p p lic a tio n .-- WING F IE L D H . SM IT H , INC., Springville, E rtt; County, N. Y. * WATER TREATMENT. AIR CONDITION ING. REFRIGERATION -T C 3 STABILIZED W ATER TREATMENT / 33 -- B u ll e ti n 2 8 -S . 4 p a g e s -- X alc o 8. c o n tain in g sep ta-p h o sp h ate a n d organic s ta b i liz e r s , c o n d itio n s w a t e r a n d s e rv e s a a n a n t i - i n c r u s t a n t o r s c a le r e t a r d e r . F o r us, in b o ilers, feed w a te r lin es, -heaters, putnp^y in je c to rs, c o n d e n se rs, h e a t e x c h a n g e rs afljv in cooling w a te r sy stem s. -- NATIONAw; A L U M IN A T E C O R P ., 2 6 1 6 W * 6 0 th Pla<M C h ic a g o 39, 111 10 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, I94 .n--1)^ erforni ton to^ tion OB% ENG1 ^ PhiU - 4 ix steela various^ l heavy,: able. ---s lt., M il*/ atalog, impre-^ ine Cli ng geara.i te In*i GTK* Bulletin-^ Ison aB*: coupling force toTJ floating': b operate n inanyj licatioua.f Oregon^ ONGER LIFE.. ||e v e r steam , air or gas y',- fused, C lark Fluid Con- ls n o t o n ly g iv e y o u r ipm ent lon ger life, but |y increase efficiency and rease fuel costs. YEARS jjkf. \ o f build- better products have lit a steadily rising accep- ce for flu id con trols .de and b a ck ed b y C lark. Ip it, | iw lifliil H The popular CLARK SERIES 70 -- sm all inverted bucket type steam trap with Clark Patented Bucket Venting Device and other exclusive Clark features, suitable for general drainage. A vailab le in 3 sizes: V i" ,2A " and 1". For pressures up to 200 P.S.I. and temperatures up to 400F. Write for free catalog of complete specifications and applications for the wide line of Clark Fluid Controls. DITINi ATS alco Hg orgatf; serves . For s, pnmpfe <rers WIT T IO S 4 th pi* R. 19? CLARK M AN UFACTURIN G CO M PAN Y DEPT. B * CLEVELAND M akers of a wide line of fluid controls including STEAM AND FLUID TRAPS STRAINERS PRESSURE REGULATORS VACUUM AND LIFTING TRAPS VALVES REDUCING VALVES 14, OHIO *ERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 11 7174 ICE MAKING EQUIPMENT -- Bulle-- * tin 127-G, 32 ptges-- Illu stra te s w ith over 100 photographs and draw ings th e p a rts of m odern ice m aking plants of v ario u s types, from one-man autom atic p lan ts up, dualpressure system s, brine race system s, group lift, etc. -- FRICK COMPANY, W aynesboro, Pennsylvania. 7 r COMPRESSOR VALVES-- L e a fle ts-- U Replacem ent problem s involving p is tons, com pressor valves of th e old style poppet, or out-m oded, sm all area plate or ribbon type described. Each valve is an individual design, p a rticu larly applicable to every type and m ake of air and gas com pressors, to give rem arkable economy, relia bility and safety of operation.-- J. H . H. VOSS CO., 785 E . 1 4 4 th St., N ew Y o rk 54, New York. Q C J , MOTOR STARTERS-- B o o k le ts 8715, O ^ T 3541, 3804-- S tarters of every type, every kind, for every machine application-- general purpose, dust type, w ater type, cor region re s ista n t, h azard o u s pu rp o se, saving in m ounting tim e, w iring tim e, increasing safety, motor protection, plant appearance. -- GEN E R A L E L E C T R IC CO.. S ectio n K -676-132, S c h e n ec ta d y 5, N. Y. Q C C STORAGE BATTERIES -- Catalog -- O ? ? M ore w ork at low er cost by in d u s tria l tru c k s, tra c to rs, etc., th ro u g h use of new, tough, m ore pow erful Philco storage batteries-- less m aintenance, reduce depreci ation, low er cost in handling m aterial.-- P H IL C O COUP., S torage B a tte ry D iv., T re n ton 7, N. J. Q C r DIESEL LUBRICATION-- ``The i$g 2 ^ 0 brication of A utom otive Diesel gines" , 48 pages-- The selection and c areS I lu b ricatin g oil, the functions of lubricatinir oil, engine tests, D iesel fuels, oil comb tion-- how they influence the operation th e econom y of y o u r p la n t.-- G U LF qx CORP., 3800 G ulf B uilding, P ittsb u rg h Afti Pa. to Q 7 1 TWO CYCLE DIESELS -- B ulletin!! / I S300-F, 24 p a g e s -- A n im p ro v ed modli el of 2-cycle u n its fe a tu rin g oil cooled pigR tons, open head com bustion, d ifferential jali jection valves and back-flow scavenging,!.?* now available in ra tin g s from 500 to Softs hp. O riginal design already installed in oval th re e q u a r te r m illio n h o rse p o w e r. --. FA Ib B A N K S, M O R SE & CO., F a irb a n k s Morsi Bldg., Chicago 5, III. n n c BBOLITB WATER SOFTENING. Bui ' W letin-- Gives details of the B elcolite zeolite w hich w ill increase the capacity of industrial w ater softening up to six tim es th e original-- an excellent m odernization aid a probable solution to your p articular problem of filtration, softening, silica re moval or distilled w ater production.-- BELCO IND U STRIA L EQ U IPM EN T D IV ., 300 Iowa Ave., P a tte rso n 3, N. J . ELECTRICAL OAIT CUBICLES, PANELS, ENCLOSURES { j -* -- D escrip tiv e booklet -- " C ontract M a n u fa c tu rin g in. S h e e t M e ta ls " d e sc rib e s job-fitted control centers, bus enclosures, cu bicles, sw itchgear housing, panels and v ari ous other sheet m etal assem blies fo r u tility and industrial p lant control.-- T H E K IR K & B L U M M FG . CO., 2855 S p rin g G rove Ave., C incinnati, Ohio. O C 1 FUSES 1-- H an d b o o k , 12 p a g es -- O J l " Fuseology" -- w ill help m aintenance men get the most out of fuses. Tells w hat to do w hen fuses blow-- W here to look for trouble th a t caused fuses to blow-- W hat to do a fter you have found the trouble-- H ow to select the rig h t type of fuses for various circm ts-- How to determ ine proper size of fuse orJ!~itrou-- an d o th e r u sefu l in fo rm atio n . --B U SSM A N N M FG`. CO., U n iv e rs ity a t Je ffe rso n , S t. L o u is 7, Mo. o n DEAD FRONT SWITCHGEAR--B u iletin B6376, 4 pages-- Gives details on m etal enclosed dead front sw itchgear for low voltage d istrib u tio n circuits -- com plete w ith tables and ratings, types of construction a n d d im en sio n s.-- `A L L IS -G H A L M E R S M FG CO., 575, M ilw aukee 1, W is. Q C /T FUSES -- B ulletin 6 -- K liplok fuses 0 2 0 guarantee good contact and conven ient application-- elim inating destructive tem perature, bu rn t fuses and arcing, shut downs and other fuse troubles. -- TRICO FU SE M FG. 0 0 ., M ilw aukee 12, W is. O C Q W IRE AND CABLE-- B o o k le t -- A O ? 0 wide range of asbestos and asbestosv a rn ish ed cam bric in su la ted wire^ and cable, called N easbestus, for installations where heat, flam e, oil, m oisture, grease and corro sive fum es m ake ru b b er, p la stic and v a r nished cam bric insulation unsuitable. -- NATIO N A L EL EC TR IC PR O D U CTS CORP., Pittsburgh, Pa. W IRE AND CABLE-- " In d u s tria l / O W iring G uide" -- A technical h and book for the selection and application of w ire and cable in in d u strial plants, giving stepby-step analysis of the w iring requirem ents in your plant. -- ANACONDA W IR E & CABLE COMPANY, 25 Broadway, New York, N. Y. DIESELS. GAS ENGINES. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS n i f i DIESEL ENGINES. C atalog, 80 pages / l v of charts, diagram s, photographs and tex t intended to help the D iesel engineer and executive in the lubrication problem s they m eet.-- T H E TEX A S COMPANY. 135 E ast 42nd St., New Y ork City. M ISCELLA N EO U S 1 O H ? INDUSTRIAL INSULATION -- InJS I w l sulation Catalog A 9I, 16 pages - I I I Eagle P icher industrial insulation for higk4 and low tem perature installations, w ith a lllf th e e s s e n tia l d a ta n e c e s sa ry to specify thgi block, blanket, plastic, fe lt an d cem ent ty p # l available. V aluable fuel-saving charts andii e n g in e erin g ta b le s a re in c lu d e d . -- THEhS EA G LE P IC H E R LEAD CO., Am ericaigf B ldg., C in cin n ati 1, Ohio. 1 A H 3 SAFETY GOGGLES-- C atalog-- D e-J I W J s c rib e s com plete lin e o f ` `Eye;? S a v e rs " , a ll-p la s tic s a fe ty goggles w ith jJ shatterproof lenses th a t give p ro tectio n ,^ a g ain st th e m a jo rity of in d u stria l eye haz-;5f ards. Complete inform ation on pro p er sty led and models to p ro te c t ag ain st fly in g chips,Vs splinters, dust, etc.-- W A TCH EM OK ET OP T IC A L CO., IN C ., P ro v id e n c e 3, R . I. f?I i n n / ; ENGINEERING PRODUCTS-- Com*# I V V w p re h e n siv e D ire c to ry -- L is ts morO-^ th an 1600 product types and the engineer-" ing lite ra tu re w hich describes them . Bulle tin s offered give in m ost cases operating:., d a ta c h a rts , fo rm u la s a n d te c h n ic a l inf or* i m ation of value to the m an who specifier and buys equipm ent.-- A LLIS CHALMERS d M FG . CO., 575 , M ilw aukee 1, W is. in n 7 SHEET METAL PANELS, CU-; I \J\J i . BICLES, ETC.-- D escrip tiv e Book- ^ le t-- " C o n tract M an u factu rin g in Sheet';Ji M etals" d escrib es jo b -tailo red c o n tro l cen- ; ters, bus enclosures, cubicles, sw itchgear:;^ housings, panels and various other sheet`d m etal assem blies for utility and industrial p la n t a p p lic a tio n s.-- T H E K IR K 8s BLUM M FG. 0 0 ., 2855 S pring Grove Ave., Cincin nati, Ohio. | SOUTHERN POWER AND INDUSTRY* Grant Bldg,, Atlanta, Ga. | Please send me, without obligation, -free booklets described in the j November 194b issue of SOUTHERN POWER AND INDUSTRY. 1 m Here numbers you select from the three pages! , f ,.V,.., I Name . . . Firm Name......................... I Street . .-i I ' j >City and State ...., . . .1 ;1 .......... Position, ................. ..... I List Items You Want, Tear Out and Mail Coupon Now! (Paste on Penny PostcarJ if Desired) Please be sure to fill h your Firm's Name ane| your position on the" Coupon. This service ' cannot be extended to you unless this informa tion is furnished. \2 SOUTHERN POWER & I N D U S T R Y f o r N O V E M R F R 1 9 4 b Bulleti ed mod- iled p itiar 'agings^ to 200(3 in ovapr - f a i 1 * Morgjjj * -- In- -ages -- -or Wgh'i, w ith a l t | cify thegf e nt types rts an d 3 -- T H E j Lm erieao^jj f GOOD STEAM , *r " T R A P S f SAVE M O N EY FOOD DRYING S-- Cornai sts morAiigineer- . Bulletperatingfi il infor- .S, CT7e Book- Sheet ,rol cen* p itc h g e a r-| 3r sheet ndustrial . BLM , Cincin- pon one will quarrel, with that! Plant operators know that air and Indensation must be removed from steam coils and lines rapidly |d completely, if the steatn is to do its work efficiently. 1 flood steam trap will do this, day after day, for years, and with minimum of maintenance or interruption. JP" % h p-Sarco Inverted Bucket Trap illustrated is such a good steam Tfc trap, as testified by hundreds of users who employ them through- Itjptheir plants. jgp--. m,[. advanced design includes straight-through conections for easy HP installation; a strainer built into every trap,- stainless steel mechan i c j$m attached to the trap cover for easy inspection and cleaning. Olicard gflndard types, Vs" to 2" up to 250 lbs.; forged steel types to |0 lbs. pressure. Ask for Catalog No. 350. m LINE DRIPPING TEXTILE DRYING o fill t me a n # | on thftjj servie#^ ided t o j nforma-J SAVES STEAM SARCO COMPANY, INC. Representad in Principal Cities 475 FIFTH A V E.. NEW YORK 1 7 , N . Y . IDA, I , ONTARIO R, 194 IITH ERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. 1946 13 [ 0 B U 5I I 0 n I E PRODUCTS INCLUDE ALL TYPES OF BOILERS, FURNACES, PULVERIZED FUEL SYSTEMS AND STOKERS; ALSO SUPERHEATERS, ECONOMIZERS AND AIR HEATERS 14 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. HOM Itetiefr than even, In 1935 the C-E Raymond Bowl .Mill came into the consequence, the Bowl Mill won immediate and steam-power field with design and operating ad widespread acceptance among plant engineers -- vantages that revolutionized previous concepts of more than a million lb pr hr of grinding capacity coal pulverization. It had a wide capacity range. was ordered within five years. It handled wet coal with great facility. It was Today, the Bowl Mill with all of its initial ad i rugged, accessible and easily maintained. The mill vantages, offers several new improvements, among ran quietly and power consumption was low. In which the following are of m ajor importance: O Flat-Bottom Bowl --increases the response of the mill to load changes by eliminating any inactive area where coal can remain in the mill; also avoids any tendency of heavy, abrasive material such as pyrites, to accumulate in the bottom of the bowl. The Whizzer Wheel --a new exhauster wheel design which greatly increases the life of exhauster blades. A shrouded wheel carries heavily constructed "whizzer" blades which bypass a por tion of the air-coal mixture directly to the exhauster outlet. In service this has doubled the life of exhauster blades --in some cases more than doubled it. New, Wear-Resisting Materials --are now being used for ex hauster liners and deflectors, resulting in greatly increased life of these parts. Center Feed --where conditions permit, larger Bowl Mills can now be arranged for center feed which assures a freer flow of coal to the mill and serves to equalize wear on grinding parts. Thus 1946 finds the C-E Raymond Bowl Mill, after more than 10 years at the top of its field, still adding refinements in design and materials that make it better than ever before. IR HEATED /EMBER) 4 0 % of all Bowl Mills purchased to date are Ilep eat orders ng I nee r I f: 1 0 0 M A D I S O N AVENUE, NEW Y O R K 16, THERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 N. Y. 15 Otis Maintenance fo r mOtis Elevators There are 245 Otis offices* but only one Otis Maintenance Service. This service is a home town enterprise in operation, so that it may be adapted to the area it serves. It is a national enterprise in research, engineering and manufacturing so that each Otis elevator owner may have the best that concentration and quantity production can provide. Perhaps the strongest indication of the merit of this service is its growth and development. For more than a quarter of a century, in good times and bad, Otis Maintenance has proved the wisdom of one policy, one system and national service for Otis Elevator owners. Otis Maintenance provides com plete care of Otis elevator equipment by the manufacturer. It is furnished at a flat monthly rate. Complete details are available through local Otis Elevator Company offices. *Otis offices in 245 cities have but one interest__ to provide the best and safest elevator and escalator transportation possible. ELEVATOR COMPANY OFFICES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES J | ^"N um ber o f E levators u n d er O tis M aintenance, steady increase in th e n u m b er of elevators m aintai fo r ow ners by O tis offers convincing p ro o f o f the e o m y a n d effic ie n c y o f m aintenance by the manufacture*1* 16 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, I94& I m&aof PECK CARRIER holdhandlingcosts down j. i t i * W ..J ' . rs |l n its field, the Peck overlapping, pivoted-bucket carrier offers the lowest cost } most dependable type of conveying . . . proved by more than fifty miles of |)lations handling coal, ashes and other materials. Many Peck carrier units been in continuous use twenty years and longer, attesting to the dependlity, long life and economy of this equipment !?ince the buckets at all times maintain their carrying position by gravity, a Sf carrier can transport coal or ashes horizontally, vertically and again hori- V, or on any desired path. The material is carried in buckets, supported by fa of large diameter in connection with two strands of specially constructed fg.chain; therefore friction and power requirements are reduced to a minimum, dterial can be discharged at a number of points, merely by pre-setting the er which is used for engaging the cams on both sides of buckets. Each bucket itself to normal carrying position, and the dumping will continue autoiically until moved to a new location. Can be used in cramped space. Standation of individual units and assemblies assures interchangeability and makes | | ^ e combinations practically limitless. For details write for Book No. 1720. LINK-BELT COMPANY ^Atlanta Plant, 1116 Murphy Ave., S.W.; Dallas 1 Plant, 500 Latimer St.; New Orleans 13, Baltimore 1, Houston 2, Washington 5, D. C. jRN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 194$ Inset shows action of autom atic dumper; dis charge is positive and complete. \9359 17 Gregg and I are planning to take in the Power Show I wouldn't let you stay aw ay Biggest Power Show in years D o n 't miss i t --don't le t your associates miss it. The '46 Power Show is one of the greatest displays of technical advances ever gathered under one roof. Important manu facturers and suppliers w ill be there --to show you w hat they're doin g and w hat ^ they're planning. See the new equipment, fb Consult attending technicians. Bring yourj;' self abreast of advances in the power field -- |j. so you can stay ahead in yours. :|js[ The Power Show is open only to men in j-(h! . the power and mechanical engineering fields. General public is not admitted. Attendance by invitation or registration only. N o mem ber of your staff can afford to miss it. I DEC 2-7 1946 17 Ttl NATIONAL EXPOSI TI ON POW E R MECHAN ICAL ENGINEERING GRAND CENTRAL PALACE N.Y Under management o f International Exposition Company 17th NATIONAL POWER SH G R A N D C E N T R A L P A L A C E # N E W Y O R K D E C . 2 - 7, SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMl 18 Anti-friction bearings not only act to minimize friction load on ma chinery; they serve long periods without lubrication and mainte nance attention . . . i f the correct lubricant is used. For maximum serviceability of bearing and lubricant, special anti-friction bearing greases are required. Such a grease must be smooth. ..must keep a film of lubri cant on balls or rollers and races... must not bleed or separate...must not thin out nor thicken in use. Highly developed manufactur ing techniques and high quality oils of correct body are used in making Sinclair B e a r in g G r e a s e AF. All ingredients are carefully selected and controlled to produce a lubricant of long endurance and stability through extended periods of continuous operation. Ask our engineers for specific advice. , 1 .1 INFORMATION OR LUBRICATION COUNSEl WRITE SINCUUR REFINING COMPANY. 30 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 30, N. Y, fgRN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 19 t-- b m m jrn m wmmm amm . The VC Am IPi ' tI C nf > . on Boiler Water Conditioning were not found in the textbooks D igging up facts before they get in the textbooks is an old habit w ith H all Lab oratories-- and it is a habit that has been o f the utmost importance to every boiler plant operator. H all started that way tw enty-four years ago, w hen they tossed theory aside and learned by careful experim ent just what actually happens in a boiler, how scale is formed and deposited, and how it can be prevented. Today, the facts discovered at that tim e are in the textbooks, and the basic principle o f the H all system -- maintenance in the boiler water o f cer tain essential chem ical equilibria -- has met w ith practically universal accept ance. .4 T h e establishment o f this principle was one o f the most important steps ever taken in boiler water conditioning, but to H all chemists it was only a starting point. Continuing their study o f chem i cal reactions a t the temperatures and pres sures encountered in steam boilers, they brought about the use o f phosphates in boiler water conditioning. T h at, too, was a great step forward, and * led to the creation o f a new phosphate, developed from a sodium phosphate glass w hich had been neglected for nearly a century. Fundamental research in factors pertain ing to boiler water conditioning has been continued through the war, and it will remain an integral part o f the work of H all Laboratories. T his continuous re search is your assurance that they w ill always be ready to meet new problems created by changes in operating condi tions and advances in boiler design. Every plant that generates its own steam can profitably use H all service, for H all service keeps boilers on the line. W rite for full information. HALL LABORATORIES, INC., HAGAN BUILDING, PITTSBURGH 30, PA. A subsidiary of Hagan Corporation - *. * * ^ ::^zztcz eq u ilib ria, p|us in stru c tio ^ T '6"* to m'ntain the ren " n d , W An 1 ^ * - ! ` '" fe6d a te , c n d l y murt b* /n- **-- -- C i ^ ^ er,odic check up b v H ,,n Expanse l ^ e"sinse"- ' ^ f r : r : t b^ o,uab~ . * u b, M , e i w ne,P <n correcting it. frace t to ifs BIG MAINTENANCE JO B WITH YOUR OIL AND WATER COOLERS? TH E TH E ROSS " C P ' ANS WE R TO In any cooling system, where two fluids are involved, one fluid will normally foul more than the other. Fouling naturally cuts heat exchange efficiency and creates service interruptions. The point is that fouling tendencies, most of the time, can't be avoided . . . but shutdown periods for cleaning can be materially reduced, and are with Ross "CP" Coolers. To minimize maintenance, the fluid with the greater foul ing tendency is passed through the inside of the tubes in the Ross design. For inspection or cleaning, you merely remove the channel cover plates. This gives you quick, easy access to tube interiors unthout breaking any pipe connec tions. Have you any idea how many hours this takes away from maintenance and adds to production time? Bulletin 5322 covers details completely. ROSS HEATER & MFG. CO., INC. t o s s E Q U IP M E N T IS M A N U FA C T U R E D AwnatMRysSB &AwdwdJulUi) cMmmw 1445 WEST AVE., BUFFALO 13, N . Yij| A N D S O I D I N C A N A D A BY H O R T O N S T E E L W O R K S , LTD., F O R T E R I E , O S * 1 22 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, lit on Standardization Power Piping Equipment SOURCE ofHuPPLY ITY STANDARD O F SuAUTY K. >r.L.,J^V i V; 5- % '\l .J 1 (Right) NO MORE BONNET JOINT LEAKAGE --- w ith n ew C rane P res sure-Seal Bonnet Valves fo r high pressure-- high temperature services. Completely eliminate bonnet joint maintenance. 40% to 60% lighter than bolted bonnet valves. Easier to install and insulate. Inside a n d out these valves introduce sensation ally simplified design a n d con struction in gate, globe, and angle patterns. Write today fo r complete facts. C R A N EFOR EVERY PIPING SYSTEM Ni POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 23 DUST CONTROL SYSTEMS Tluitom -liu ili TO MEET INDIVIDUAL PLANT REQUIREMENTS H sl M fj Exterior and inferior rieiM of dust control system large woodworking plants Complete system plannedH designed, and installed by Liberty Engineers. `t No two plants, even In the same industry, are ever exactly alike. That's why efficient, economi cal dust control is a project calling for trained engineering experience . . . the professional "know how" which can literally tailor a system to meet the particular needs of the individual plant. This is the procedure of Liberty engineers-- not on some jobs but on all jobs. First, the individual dust control problem is thoroughly analyzed. Then a system is expertly planned to fit the job, including selection of the right units-- wet, dry, or centrifugal. In these plans, units and structural work are so located as to avoid interference wit work processes and maneuverability. Finally, complete system is installed and guaranteed by Liberty. Dust control is too big and important for hall way measures. Don't take chances-- get the uri biased facts from Liberty Engineers. For furthe information, write to: L I B E R T Y ErMjineeuuj * % 1454 So. 15th St. 24 INCORPORATED A DIVISION OF THE KIRK & BLUM M FG. CO. Louisville I, Ky. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 19- r/or view*; system af% ng plants planned^ stalled by HHM -- I H SU Hm m 'A sS iS A A S fS t. isils jT * ' ~ ? -A.- -mfm m a .4^S:s^iTMv*_m;,am,--:- -- m $m %& :: 1W0WmSm^Bf|m|fl.| IBI Iplllllillll 1BIBB mm mBBISSI MW * fei? ' A^.- n.- -^_;~.:v ince wfl -inally, ri+eed for ha# t the >r furthl ZK M O R F IE X G tu p fo a jk ) John Royle & Sons, manufacturers of extrusion equipment, use Morflex couplings in the power drives of their temperature control units, which handle extruding temperatures of 90 to 500. Morflex couplings require no lubrication, are un affected by gas, oil, dirt or weather. The exclusive Morse-designed Neoprene biscuit cushions shock, isolates vibration and uneven impulses, prolonging machinery life. MORSE CHAIN COMPANY-- Ithaca, N.Y.--Detroit 8, Mich. Available in a wide variety of stock sizes 8*; S^T* 1111 j- * "iuO l' ! ROLUR end sum CHAINS end COUPLINGS PUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. 1946 25 nD HE . PRfSSiU RE . - > /'& : HEHHH ***$& & > & " & :...' .-.'-V';i ^ ::* ? ii* H t f e V ' j W ^ i i . V - v .. % :; , i - n ? , " a V "4*; V . - Z K - ;. , ? : > '! , $ V - V ^ * S U & i . *i>: =-',- .>.= -*.. > , - ,, M i l iwii O arlock 150 Spiral paekitig, illustrated. Coil-- G arlock. 125 filings--G arlock 200 Low in maintenance cost because it gives such long, dependable service. Costly shut downs for frequent repacking are avoided. Man hours and machine hours are saved. U se G a r l o c k 150 on piston rods of engines, pumps, compres sors, etc., against steam pressures up to 300 lbs. The Garlock Packing Company, Palmyra, New York In Canada: The Garlock Packing Company of Canada Ltd., Montreal, Que. 1 B lip iir * siss&SsMagg; dBER, H UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. 1946 27 MEASURING SPIRAL BIMETALLIC METAL STRIP MEASURING SPIRAL COMPENSATING SPIRAL V.-toaSf. i m F ig .A -J ) COMPENSATING TUBING (C) MEASURING TUBING F ig.B DEAD END iiiu TM AMBIENT TEMPERATURES WARM HOT PRECISION Recording Thermometers. or Indicating of true bulb temperature is a built-in feature of Broyi Errors due to ambient temperatures surrounding instrument case and capillary system are c o n i pensated for at the point of fluctuation. Brown Mercury filled Thermometers (Fig. B) have two spiral actuating elements and two capillar! tubes. The first, or measuring spiral is connected to the bulb through its capillary in the usH manner. The second, or compensating spiral, is connected to its capillary which is dead-ended ail the bulb. The two spirals expand in opposite directions and are connected directly to the pen shaf Therefore, a change in temperature within the instrument case itself or at points along tfi capillary tubing will affect both actuating spirals to the same degree and the result will exactly neutralize each other. Thus, errors are eliminated. Ambient temperatures have a negligible effect on Brown Gos filled Thermometer*! Case compensation, all that is required for precision measurement, is accomplish by a bimetallic strip shown in (Fig. A). When you install Brown Thermometers you can rely on their precision-- be confide of their dependability. Other features are fully described in Catalog 670| W rite for a copy, THE BROW N INSTRUMENT CO M PAN Y, a division of Minneapolis Honeywell Regulator Company, 4505 Wayne Avenue, Philadelphia 44, Pa. O ffice sjj all principal cities. Toronto, Canada London. England Stockholm , Sweden Amstardam, H o ll |ij| BROWN THERMOMETERS mmr m I V / WW i n d i c a t i n g ... .r e c o r d i n g .... c o n t r o l l i n g 28 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, l ^ | t e :,. fcv: MI mmS H p H || millSM oaro wh 55% sav TURNS OVERHEAD /NTO PR O FiTS 4.11 WE WANTLABOR TO SH ARE THE B EN EF IT S DEAD END ; \7l of Broil /o capili, i the us d-ended a fBER, Let an A.T.C. Specialist do the same for you! Yes, such savings are posr cutting handling \ sible. An A.T.C. Specialist will show you the record --give you p ro o f th a t Automatic Fork Trucks bring business real profits . . . the dollar profits that 55% m aterial handling savings represent. These brawny giants of electric power have so many money-saving, energy-saving applications in your plant. By unit load pallet and skid principle, they move materials into, through and out of your plant with easy efficiency--spare your workers gruelling work, make money for you where it formerly was costing you money. No material or product is too cumbersome to lift, move or stack. You can store your products ceiling high. One man does it, where three or four men hand stack only half as high. You add storage space, release labor for more productive, pleasant work. Product damage is cut down, accidents lessened. Give your business this chance to turn a fixed overhead into a fixed profit, while you lighten labor's load. Let an A.T.C. Material Handling Specialist survey your material handling. Mail the coupon. ilf o m t d ie i ELECTRIC TRUCKS lr- A utomatic Transportation Company DIV OF THE YALE 6 TOWNE MF6. CO. 105 W . 87th Street, Dept. W, Chicago 20, HI. Please mail me, without cost o r obligation, complete facts about A U TO MATIC FORK TRUCKS. ( ) Have an A.T.C. Material Handling Specialist call. Company N a m e ......... ................................................* ................ B y ...............................................................................Position............................................ Street Address....................................................................................................... .................... City........................................ .........State.............. .......... . ||R N POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 29 5 2500-lb. $. P. Alloy Steel Gote Valve, with oil-welded By-pass, welded in Seat Rings, Seol Welded Bonnet with Breech Lock, Welding Ends, Bevel Gear Drive. ifi ...T h is M i is'Your Assuran of Highest e Long skilled in the manufactur| ' $ valve s and ever responsive to industry's ne| Lunkenheimer pioneered in the developr of. Steel Valves. With the application of higher and hig| temperatures and pressures, operating cor 3 tions became increasingly severe. Lunkg heimer w as ready with valves fabricated fr| materials that met the most exacting requi|| ments. And as new problems arjse, Lunkenheiir|| metallurgical research, engineering knowledj and specialized manufacturing facilities raj be depended upon to aid in their satisfacfgg solution. SEE YOUR LUNKENHEIMER DISTRIBUTOR J j FOR BETTER VALVE SERVICE | lunkenheimer manufactures a complete line of Bronze, 'J j Iron, and Steel Valves, Boiler Mountings, lubricating tj Devices and Air Devices. Available from Distributors | i located in all industrial centers. There is one near you, 4*1| fully equipped to assist with your (MRO) maintenance, j | repair and operating problems. THE AT THE POWER SHOW - BOOTH I See the latest lunkenheimer design of i500-lb. S. P. Steel Breech^ Cate Valves with Seal Welded Bonnet "{1 In Attendance.- FRANK P. RHAME, President,- HARRY A . BURfi Vice-President in Charge of Sales; WM. CARSON, Sales EngiTM FRED H. HEHEMANN, Chief Engineer; JOHN W . BOITON, Chief lurgist; ALIEN W. LANDER, Eastern Sales Manager; WM. J. . Manager, New York Branch. LUN KEN H EIM ER C O ., C in c in n ati 14, Ohio NEW YORK 13, CHICAGO 6 , BOSTON 10, PHILADELPHIA 7 EXPORT DEPARTMENT: 3 1 8 -3 2 2 HUDSON ST., NEW YORK 13, N. Y . _____ 30 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, BETZ IS A CONTINUOUS SERVICE Efficient operation of any steam plant calls for properly controlled com bustion, well-maintained auxiliaries and low maintenance. High on the list of im portant factors th a t affect efficiency is a complete--and c o n tin u o u s --program of boiler water conditioning. Such a service is provided by W. H. & L. D. Betz. Betz continuing service consists of initial investigation, the establishment of plant control, a daily testing program for boiler room operators, periodic analyses of water samples in the Betz laboratories, frequent engineering reports by Betz engineers on plant operations, and a never-ending program of research. Over 20 years of experience as water specialists has made the Betz boiler water conditioning service complete . . . economical. . . co n tin u o u s. Our staff of engi neers will welcome the opportunity of discussing your boiler water problems, WRITE TODAY FOR FREE BULLETIN g iv in g a p r a c tic a l e x p la n a tio n o f th e phenom ena o f boiler m etal em brittlem ent (intercrystallin e cracking) -- a concise discu ssion o f cau ses, detection a n d prevention. A s k fo r B u lletin N o . 104-- C. W . H . & L . D . B E T Z , G illingh am a n d W orth Streets, P h iladelph ia 24, P a . mm \ BOILER WAFER CONDITIONING COOLING WATER CONDITIONING INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 Cover photograph from th e Bets Indicator, a m onthly publica tion devoted to the chemistry and practical applications o f water conditioning. T he Betz Indicator will be mailed w ithout charge at your request. 31 NB IIS \ You, too, can crack the whip on THREE AT A TIME! One source for technical information--undivided responsibility --less red tape when you buy all three from ABC! T hat's the way you can crack the whip on your problems on Mechanical D raft Fans, Fly Ash Precipitators, Variable Speed Qontrol. t. J x -i 1Mechanical Draft Fans of high operating efficiency and long life are standard with American Blower. Since 1881 we have built fans for many of the leading public utilities and a wide range of industrial applications. #0? 2 Fly Ash Precipitators of simple, but effective design have resulted from our long association with power plants and power plant equipment. American Blower Precipitators have no moving parts, occupy minimum space. 3 Gyrol Fluid Drive was pioneei and introduced to industry American Blower. Here is the ans' to stepless variable speed control both mechanical draft and boiler f< pump drive -- a big help to oven power plant efficiency, too! a ! ASC A t you r request, the nearest Am erican B lo w er B ranch Office w ill m a k e a com plete presentation w ith technical data and prices. Phone or w rite today. AMERICAN BLOWEI AMERICAN BLOWER CORPORATION, DETROIT 32, MICHIGA| Division of A merican R adiator & S ta n d a rd S a n ita r y corporati' 32 SOUTHERN PO W ER & INDUSTRY for NOVEM BER, I* ! P Vr JlfT H for productive payrolls pioneered'Jjj istry by \ ; e answer-;^ ntrol forjjg Tiler lee- overail T o d a y 's w o r k e r s need today's w irin g .. . . Inadequate wiring, obsolete wiring, over taxed wiring, over-extended wiring can cut operators' efficiency from 25 to 50 percent and reduce production accordingly. To visualize the importance of adequate wiring, walk down your own production lines, mentally blank out every third worker. Then, check with your plant power engineer, your consulting engineer, elec trical contractor or power salesman and make sure there's no such handicap in your plant. A wiring survey now, may save costly shut-downs and ex pensive alterations later. a.* ANACONDA WIRE & CABLE COMPANY THERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 33 BOILER LEVEL HELD AT EASTERN UTILITY W ITH no pressure control on the constant-speed, motor-driven centrifugal boiler feed pumps water level is held within plus-or-minus one-half inch in this 675-psi Erie City boiler in service at an to be installed at any desired location with ; Eastern utility plant. Load changes, over a range to the steam-flow and water-level elements! from 65,000 to 150,000 pounds of steam per hour, mean marked changes in differential water pressure, pendent of all other controls and auxiliaries;! d e p e n d a b l e as the single-element COPES,if but the COPES Flowmatic Regulator a u t o m a t i c a l l y has been setting performance standards compensates for such pressure variations. than 33 years. The COPES Flowmatic has nov The COPES Flowmatic is a two-element control, ordered for more than 1700 plants. responsive to rate of steam flow and to changes in Performance Report, Bulletin 445, tells boiler water level. It is recommended for boilers story of this utility installation of COPES Floy subject to rapid or wide fluctuations in dem ands for Illustrated with a sectional draw ing of the steam. Direct- or relay-operated, depending on the and charts showing steam flow, feed flow . service conditions, it may also be provided with level under typical conditions, it should be remote control by air, permitting the control valve reference file. W rite for it. NORTHERN EQUIPMENT COMPANY 1163 G RO VE D R IV E, ERIE 6 , PEN N SYLVA N IA Feed Water Regulators, Pump Governors, D ifferential Valves, Liquid Level Controls, Reducing Valves and Desuperk|j BRANCH PLANTS: C a n a d a , En g lan d , F ra n ce . Representatives everyw here -^TGET CLOSER LEVEL CONTROL W ITH TLOWMAT PUMP GOVERNORS In most installations, especially where the load conditions do not warrant COPES Flowmatic control, good feed water regula tion should begin at the boiler feed pumps. Dependable excess water pressure con trol for your feed system, no matter how simple or how demanding your needs, can be provided by COPES engineers. Write-- outlining your operating conditions in de tail--for their helpful recommendations. BALANCED VALVES Many savings by paying a few dollars more for COPES Balanced Valves for controlling make-up water to feed water heaters, level in open tanks, evaporator flows and other uses. Control is more accurate with the scientifically-balanced, practi- cally-frictionless COPES. Operation continues satisfactory over a longer service life because of rugged con struction. Write for data. plants have 1 34 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMPJ president MANTSUIsmNTiNJ)j 'EOT PURCHASING AGENT Operator illy the wmatic boilec i watefl in you rhea ters i I c Dund re& w m . lo -h ed Eta! Everybody--operator, foreman, super and the Boss Ihappy with a Lo-Hed on the beam. Because they know ipast experience that a Lo-Hed is built for the job and i on the job . . . with little or no trouble, jfgke, for instance, the Lo-Hed One Ton hoist. A typical "fed, constructed on the original low headroom principle Uus feature for which you pay no premium), with heavy g hoist motor, straight line spur gear drive, multi-rope | block, 100% positive automatic stop, automatic lowerbind holding brakes, and many more dependable, low atenance features. (Lo *Hed Hoists are built in capacities from } 4 to 12tons,) < MOTOR DRIVEN TROLLEY TYPE HAND GEARED > TROLLEY TYPE { ALSO AVAILABLE WITHOUT TROLLEY LO-HED ELECTRIC HOISTS Lo-Hed Representatives in South and Southwestern State: Atlanta 3, G&...J. B. Barton, Jr., 214 Mtge. Guar. Bldg. Birmingham 3, Ala........... Harry G. Mouat, Martin Bldg. Houston 2, Texas__ C. G. Forshey, 517 M & M Bldg. Jacksonville 2, Fla..Ward Engr. Co., Inc., 302 Hl'b. Bldg. Louisville 2, Ky..................Bohnert Equipment Company Nashville 3, Tenn. L. C. Winters, 810 Third N'tL" '' -- Oklahoma City 6, Okla. R. M. - --------- R ic h m o n c ^ ^ ^ ^ |0 M M | ON THE BEAM LO-HED ONE TON PLAIN TROLLEY TYPE . without obligation y ANOTHER PRODUCT Name. Company Name. Address. Ctty- iR, 194 p H ER N POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 35 o Good Small Gote This isthe w y should be CHAPMAN LIST 960 Examine the List 9 6 0 , and note its su perior features. It has a bonnet fitted with a strong forged steel packing gland. This eliminates exposed threading on the valve yoke and provides dependable protection against rust and corrosion when the valves are used in exposed locations. Swivel bolts are used to hold the packing gland. There are no gaskets to blow as in valves with flanged bonnet connections. Stems, plugs and seat rings are of heat treated stainless steel, insuring greater efficiency in w orking qualities. Made in sizes from to 2 " -- in carbon steel for pressures to 800 pounds; in alloy steel for pressures to 1 0 0 0 pounds at 750 F. For higher pressures, specify List 9 9 0 . Seats and plugs can be superhardened for extra severe services. The C h ap m an V a lv e M fg. Co* INDIAN ORCHARD, M ASSACHUSETTS v C SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMI bi MBER. t e ly C o m m e n te jtio n tble THE obvious defense against in flation is increased production. And to get production workers must go to work; being on the payroll is not sufficient. Some will say that materials constijj{||je limiting factor, but in a land of ample re|ps, availability of materials depends on the com||f fo r ts of labor and management--no work, no Is. For example, fabricators can't work beifithere is no steel. But there could be steel if |pi; were mining, if scrap yards were providing | | | smelters were smelting, if rollers were roll^Pjiiding the cause and effecting a cure is a job lions and management. They are not solely in laid , in th eir own plants. They are dependent on r Workers, other management. a-plenty will hold prices in line, but even ing the nation is ready to go to work, we will goods a-plenty in a day. There will be an ap- jfiftble interim period. And during that period ces will rise, and there is no way to completely gjjibit the rise. Complete and perfect price controls labor and commodities would theoretically jrent it. But who believes we could inaugurate and Pee complete and perfect controls? Feeble efforts, thing short of perfect, would only result in .de- ag the goal of quickly attaining goods a-plenty lection. during the interim period we must depend largely forbearance. Manufacturers must resist the temp|hrt to raise prices and labor must resist temptation | 3ke unreasonable demands. tools for controlling inflation are in the hands Kbe people, not government. And, as usual, the ffc desires of management and labor are the same, ^cooperative effort toward gaining these desires gjCking. Bf BOTH the Army and the Navy have been criticized by thought- *tf ful scientists for a tendency to *tis ts underestimate the revolutionary aspect of new weapons, includ ing the atomic bomb. Many high jgers in the Army have been heard to say that even Jfhe next w ar it will be the infantry that really j the fighting and the winning. An even greater jjber of admirals have promised that the Navy will 1 only a few changes in design to withstand atomic jons and that the fleet, in future wars, will be as p b le as ever. Army and the Navy are not alone in this "thinking in the past." Many of the people generally do not seem to realize that, at most, a few thousand, well-guided, atomic rockets could reduce any indus trial nation to a state where further effective re sistance would be impossible. However, this truth seems to be gradually dawn ing on the Army, at least. General Eisenhower has announced a new policy for War Department re search and development. It is designed to apply the nation's civilian scientific resources to the solution of military problems. At the moment, General Aurand, who is head of this division of the War Department, is bringing into this division, on an annual rotation basis, a group of top-flight engineers and scientists recruited from the laboratories of our educational institutions, founda tions, and industries. They will assist him in the same manner as military personnel assigned to the division. This "drafting" of scientists and engineers is much more sensible, so far as security of the nation is con cerned, than the drafting of eighteen-year-olds for general inductee training. We do, of course, need a sizable army for occupation and policing in Europe and Asia, but it is the application of scientific devel opments rather than th infantry that will win the next w ar, if there m ust be one. Wise diplomacy and world federation could eliminate the necessity of using either scientists or youth for military pur poses, but it seems that, so far, nations, if not the people in them, demand home rule. LOUISIANA, whose legislature has recently passed a number Fewer State of laws to encourage the estab- B arriers lishment of industry within thq state, has made permanent the liberalized war-time maximum weight for motor freight vehicles. Before the war, heavy motor freight vehicles were forced to stop at almost very state line for weighing and inspection to see that their weight was not greater than allowed by state laws. To speed highway motor freight, m axi mum weights-were liberalized for the duration. In making permanent these liberalized war-time maxi mum weights for motor freight vehicles, Louisiana has taken a big step toward breaking down state bar riers and expanding the open-door policy of re ciprocity. Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina, among others, have improved their size and weight limits within recent months. The way to build business is to help, not hinder, motor carriers. More states could adopt the same attitude with profit to themselves. SpWERN ROWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 37 V e t i c a 11 t r a n s f e r b* j tween floors. Dispatch to I m ultiple sta -j tions. Delivery to | fixed sta tions. Delivery to 1 multiple sta- | tions. Delivery to j movable sta tions. Selective j dispatch be- j tween multi ple stations. Loading and j delivering to | m ultiple sta tions* 38 Through the application of simple electric and mechanical devices, American Tractor Units perform automatic operatic with extreme accuracy and reliability, ing costly handling labor and supervisor attention. While unique in many features, such system* are built mainly from standard units. Monc Tractors can be applied to carriers operatic on any smooth bottom track. An Americf M onoRail E ngineer is available for consulta tion in every important industrial area. 13105 ATHENS AVENUE CLEVELAND 1 i SO UTHERN PO W ER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER dustry Speaks Paul G. Hoffman President, Studebaker Corporation, S i Speaking before the Fall Meeting of A.S.M.E. in Boston, where he received the G antt Memorial Medal for "distinguished achievement in industrial management as a service to the community," said in part: si.' ff IS relatively simple to provide jobs for all if the Citizens of a state are willing to give up their free- and if they are willing to make job security the one fefive of their existence." h Hoffman then described the worker's goal, in adto job security, as being five fold, including: ft. Employment of his own choosing, that is well-paid, ductive, worthwhile and satisfying. I l l Opportunity to grow and develop materially, inually, socially and spiritually, f i Political freedom, the opportunity for self-govern^j)t through chosen representatives, and the attendant `dividual liberties of person and of property, freedom of `fCch, freedom of press, freedom of worship and free- of peaceful assembly. Opportunity to live in a progressive economy that f|rds an abundance of things for the worker's material Ufare, and under a government that promotes these Is for all the people and their children. iSr Opportunity to live in a world of peace -- at home Sabroad. |AII these objectives can be attained simultaneously continuously only by maintaining our American sys- itti of capitalism. Under that system, and that system IjCne, is it possible to carry on the economic activities of Ration without infringing upon the liberties of the peoi'jor their rights to representative government. J,The best proof of this statement is attested by the pnomic and political progress made by the United Ites since its founding. Not only have our free citizens bduced more goods and services per capita and disjuted more material benefits to more people than have nef men under any other system in any period of hisJV, but in addition, an environment has prevailed that `^brought about the fullest flowering of political and inffdual freedom so far known to mankind. "The one best way to insure the maintenance of our talistic system is to adopt measures that will bring but an even better functioning of the system in the future than has prevailed heretofore. If we take full ad vantage of the potentialities of our capitalistic system, and if we remain at peace, the real income of most of our people can be doubled within the next 25 years and we also can realize largely the age-old dream of abolishing poverty. "But before we can discuss intelligently measures for improving the functioning of our economy we had best try to find out what makes it tick, what its strength is, and its weakness. The great strength of our system lies in its dynamic quality and its major weakness is its tendency toward instability. O n the basis of this analysis our course of action is indicated clearly. W e should try to find measures which will enhance its dynamism and moderate its tendency toward immoderate fluctuations. "Perhaps mine is the voice of an optimist, but I believe that if we do these things, we shall see during the next 25 years an unparalleled progress toward achieving con ditions in this land of ours which will mean not only equality of opportunity for all, but also certainty of op portunity for every man, woman and child to grow and develop materially, intellectually and spiritually. Therein will lie the strength, the power and the grandeur of the America of tomorrow." UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 39 Numbers in the margin show where the special handling equipment, items 1 to 5 is used. (See tabulation on opposite page) lanieal Handling of Ties fa t Georgia Creosoting Plant B y A. M. Betters Plant Manager Southern Wood Preserving Co. East Point, Georgia Engineers on the job have devised m echanical equipm ent th at elim i nates backache for labor and re duces headache fo r m anagem ent. THE subject of m echanically handling railroad cross ties at wood preserving plants has long presented a unique challenge to the materials handling engineer. The annual requirem ent of our rail roads is approxim ately fifty mil lion cross ties, therefore finding a solution to the handling problem is im portant. D uring the recent war, m anual labor to do this heavy work became almost unobtainable, so studies of the subject w ere in tensified. Cross tie seasoning yards, cover ing from ten to one hundred acres, are usually laid out with railroad tracks on 120 foot centers. G reen ties are received in box cars, which are spotted on a track opposite the point w here the ties are to be stacked for seasoning. Five or six men, working as a crew, carry the ties from the car and place them in ricks at distances up to sixty feet from the track. Even though these cross ties w eigh from 200 to 275 pounds each, it has been com mon practice for these workmen to carry them--one m an to each tie. During the seasoning period, the ties lose about 50 pounds of m oisture each, and then they are carried from the seasoning rick back to the railroad track where they are placed on flat cars or treatm ent tram s for transportation to other parts of the plant for fu r ther, processing. Obviously, only workmen of unusually rugged phy sique can engage in this work, and it is not surprising th at the avail able supply of such labor has been constantly diminishing. Until recently, nearly all effort toward reducing the physical labor has been directed toward develop ment of portable equipment which could be easily moved to all parts SPECIAL EQUIPMENT The system developed at East Point, Georgia, plant of J Southern Wood Preserving pany, has been in operation October, 1945. Development of following equipm ent was invoh 1. A machine to remove crossj from cars, and place them on veyor immediately adjacent car. 2. A chain conveyor along the ties move as they are cUg length. Space has also been prQjp to mechanically apply "anti-r ing" irons. 3. A spacing table where th|Jj are assembled in layers, each pry ly spaced on stringer ties to 40 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, DIAGRAM OF THE BOX CAR UNLO.ADER AND TIE STACKING EQUIPMENT. circulation between individual and layers. A grapple designed to pick up complete layer along with the ttger tie. A straddle type truck of proper abd capacity to remove such a pleted rick from the tram car deposit it in proper position on p tie seasoning yard. CAR UNLOADER ie car unloading device, while larily designed for the remov- cross ties from box cars, ght readily be adapted to the idling of other heavy objects. It mounted on a three-legged ie, securely bolted to a confoundation. The boom, which be extended into either end car, is pivotally mounted on >frame. In actual operation, the car is placed with the car centered opposite the unload- After the boom is swung into car door, anchor chains are tened to hold the unloader firm- the desired position, electric motor mounted on 6 side of the machine supplies for moving the boom hori(itally back and forward. Power fraising and lowering the load provided by a motor and cable mounted on the back end boom. grapple designed to pick up or six ties is attached to the of the lift cable. The boom is pjCCted into the car, turning |e r right or left as desired, and "grapple lowered on a "lift" of |tA s the grapple is raised, the are freed by hand so they | drop into place and engage ends of the ties. When the ties praised clear, the-boom is rack|back toward the machine base. Then, as a workman guides one end of the ties out the far door of the car, the boom is racked for ward. When the ties are outside the car, they are revolved through 90 degrees and lowered to a chain conveyor. As the ties come to rest on the conveyor, the grapple auto matically releases the ties. The boom is then racked back into the car and the operation is repeated. After the first forty or fifty ties are removed, work proceeds at the rate of five or six ties per minute. The time required to change over to another car varies from seven to ten minutes. CHAIN CONVEYOR As the ties- move along the chain conveyor, they are engaged by guides that arrange the ties in pos ition to be cut to the desired length. The cutting is controlled by a cam arrangement so inte grated with lugs on the chain that the ties are moved past the saw one at a time, about 30" apart. Just beyond the saw a space of seven or eight feet is provided where "anti-checking" irons may be applied. The application of these "anti-checking" irons at a central point makes possible the use of air hammers, whereas, when the job is done on the seasoning yard, only manual labor can be used. SPACING TABLE Arranging the ties so th at prop er air circulation will be obtained A machine to remove cross ties from cars, and place them on a conveyor immediately adjacent to the car. 2. A chain conveyor along which the ties move as they are cut to length. Space has also been provided to mechanically apply "anti-checking" irons. A spacing table where the ties are assembled in layers, each properly spaced on stringer ties to provide air circulation between individual ties and layers. 4. A grapple designed to pick up th e com plete layer along w ith the stringer tie. 5. A straddle type tru ck of pro p er size and capacity to rem ove such a completed rick from the tram car and deposit it in proper position on the tie seasoning yard. EDITORS NOTE: The principal features involved in the handling process here de scribed were developed by the author and his associates in coopera tion with materials handling equipment manufacturers, and are cov ered by patents. T H IR N POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 41 FIG. 2. BELOW. THE BOX CAR UNLOADER HAS JUST BEEN PLACED IN POSITION TO START UNLOADING A CAR OF CROSSTIES. THE MOTOR AND GEAR RE DUCER AT THE REAR OF THE ROOM OPERATES THE LIFT CABLE. THE MOTOR AND GEAR RE DUCER FASTENED TO THE PLATE OF THE MA CHINE RACKS THE BOOM BACK AND FORTH. FIG. 3. A VIEW OF THE BOX CAR UNLOADER FOLDED' CLEAR THE RAILROAD TRACKS. FIG. 4. THE BOOM IS EXTENDED TO PICK UP TIES ON THE NEAR SIDE OF THE CAR. TIES WILL THEN BE PUSHED THROUGH THE OPPOSITE CAR DOOR AND LOWERED TO A TRAM. NOTE THE OPERATOR IN THE FOREGROUND TO THE LEFT IS FREE TO MOVE AROUND .AND STILL CONTROL THE UNLOADER. in the finished seasoning presents an unusual probler means of a system of gravity lers, power driven chains, and automatic stops, this has!'i accomplished with a minimii manual labor. After a layer of ties has properly assembled with stringer tie in position to proy air space beneath the layer, 1 moved as a unit from the spac table and placed on a small t: It was, of course, necessar design a grapple to pick up' a unit of ties and this has beeij worked out that, when the ties come to rest on the tram'1 the hooks automatically diseng themselves. The movement ties from the spacing table t|| tram car is accomplished standard monorail hoist of lVsifj capacity. Immediately adjoining the# tral unloading station thereJ series of five or six tracks on ' the finished ricks loaded on1 can be assembled in train*! This is advisable because V8 species of cross ties are invol^ and ties are received from seve different railroads. In this each track receives only ties**) 42 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBRI is been h the provide5! ir, it is spacing 11 trami' ft, T 5. ABOVE. THE SPACING TABLE. NOTE 8TRINGER TIE FINDING ITS WAY RG THE GUIDE BEING PROPELLED BY | | CHAIN SHOWN IN THE FOREGROUND. HEE TIES HAVE BEEN ASSEMBLED ON SPACING TABLE WITH THE SPACER POSITION TO RECEIVE THE FOURTH TIE. fi,,6. RIGHT, THE SPACING TABLE WITH RTICULAR EMPHASIS ON SOME OF THE ||CHANISM FOR PLACING STRINGER TIES. THE STRINGER TIE ON THE EXTREME SHT IS BEING PULLED SLOWLY INTO IGSITION UNDER THE LAYER OF TIES. AS " SIE" END OF THIS STRINGER TIE DECENDS THE GRAVITY ROLLERS SHOWN IN |HE FOREGROUND, A CHAIN ENGAGES AND CONVEYS THE STRINGER TIE. THIS CHAIN i ll SIMILAR TO THE ONE SHOWN AT THE xItreme LEFT. THE GRAPPLE SHOWN M ove is ready to descend upon the "ASSEMBLY OF TIES AS SOON AS IT IS COMPLETE. to the.;| by a il % tonjg e cem W e is rip whicift trantS|( -loadssf various! so lv e d ,'^ .everal way,J ;s tha 4BER, POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 will be placed in the same season ing stack. When a suitable number of load ed trams have been assembled, they are moved to the seasoning yard by a small gasoline locomo tive in trains of from 4 to 12 ricks of 127 ties each. CARRIER TRUCK When the tram train arrives at the proper point in the drying yard, it is then necessary to re move the ricks from the tram s and deposit them in rows perpendicu lar to the track. A straddle type carrier truck is utilized at this time. The carrier truck has a clear ance 9' wide and about IS' high. A. FIG. 7. LEFT, A VIEW OF AN ASSEMBLY OF TIES READY TO BE DEPOSITED ON A RICK. AT THE LOWER LEFT IS AN EMPTY TRAMi CAR. When a rick of ties has been plac ed on the railroad track opposite the point where it is to be placed, for seasoning, the carrier truck (moving perpendicular to the track) mounts the railroad track astride the load, picks up the rick of ties high enough to clear the tram car, and then backs off the railroad track and proceeds to the desired point where the ties are de posited on creosoted stacking 43 blocks. Another rick of green ties is then placed in position for the straddle truck to operate, and the procedure is repeated. To avoid necessity for cross yard roadways for the heavy car rier truck, an arrangement has been worked out whereby it mounts a special railway tram and is moved to any desired area by the locomotive. It has been found that w ith good ground conditions, the straddle truck with a crew consisting of the driver and two ground men can easily handle four or five thousand ties per day. During three or four rainy months last winter it was neces sary to lay treads to support the straddle truck. To alleviate this condition, the truck will soon be equipped with tires of larger diam twelve ricks of dry ties has been assembled on tram cars, the switch engine moves them to the boring and adzing machine. At this point, the ties are moved from the rick to conveyors immediately in front of the machine by means of a monorail hoist and grapple similar to the one previously de scribed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This system for handling ties has been in operation since Octo ber, 1945. Despite the fact that it involves radical departure from any previous method for handling ties, it was integrated into the overall plant operation without difficulty and all ties have been handled by this method since the first day it was used. Naturally, some minor changes were made, but the operation has proce without interruption, month of March, 1946, accurat cords were kept of the perf ance of this equipment, thousand, nine hundred and green cross ties were unlog from cars with the following suits. Central Unloading Static 45.905 ties unloaded, sawed to : and ricked on trams. 228 hours operation = 201 tie hour. 7 men involved at this lo = 28.9 ties per man hoii Carrier Truck 45.905 green ties stored for sea^i 21,470 dry ties removed from s | ing yard. 67,375 total ties handled. 197 hours operation = 342 tie hour. 3 men involved in this oi 114 ties per man hour. It should be mentioned ground was very wet and sol FIG. 8. LEFT. THE CARRIER TRUC SHOWN AT THE END OF A LONG CROSSTIE RICKS. THE RAILROAD IS OUT OF VIEW AT THE NEAR END ROW. eter and lower pressure, and four wheel drive is being provided. Work is also being done to provide better drainage, and a small amount of crushed rock is to be placed to support the truck. HANDLING DRY TIES After the seasoning process has been completed, ricks of ties are moved back to the railroad track and placed on trams by the strad dle truck, this being simply a re versing of the process just de scribed. When a train load of six to 44 SO UTHERN PO W ER & INDUSTRY for NOVEM! seas m seal Cost Data Operation Green ties, cars to storage panier piece r a te s .. ...... # method ....--................. ite"' 3.8c 23 ties per man hr. = 3.0c Dry ties, storage to A&B Mach. 3.0c 78 ties per man hr. = 1.0c te period this test was made, was necessary to lay treads id ground to support the car:ck. The time consumed for jjfork is included in the truck ting time. ere are many items entering the total cost of handling ties. The equipment discussatirely replaces manual carry- ties. A comparison of costs, to its simplest form, ed herewith. cost of gasoline, oil, and :ity is almost negligible, ;ing to approximately five er tie on each green and dry lied. It is too early to preaintenance charges, but in ns are th at they will be These charges, along with ; and reserves for depreciaould approximate five cents on 500,000 green and dry ties handled per year. There are a number of intangi ble but nevertheless real advan tages in operation under the new system. It has been found that in clement weather causes practically no interruption of daily operation whereas this factor caused consid erable lost time when the work was done by tie carriers. It is too early to predict what might be expected in the way of accidents. It is significant, how ever, that during the first eight months' operation, when the men had to familiarize themselves with the equipment, only two loss-oftime accidents occurred, neither serious. We have no records to compare with this, but believe the record, using machines, will be fully as good as with manual labor. Furthermore, a num ber -of tie handlers developed bad sacro- illiacs, injured shoulders, and other ailments due to the very heavy work previously involved. Since it is now practicable to carry ties much greater distances from the railroad track than with the old method, it follows that tie yards can now be laid out with fewer tracks. In our case, we have already removed one track, mak ing room for storage of an addi tional 40,000 cross ties. The important thing, however, is that the job of carrying cross ties is so laborious that workers are almost unobtainable, and that this job is now being done by the use of mechanical equipment in such a way that ordinary work men can be quickly trained to do an acceptable job. It should be understood that this materials handling equipment, ca pable of handling such heavy loads of cross-ties and bringing about the sizeable saving shown, was developed through the co operative efforts of the company's management, engineering staff, labor, and materials handling equipment manufacturers. Every one interested in these problems added something to the solution. A number of ideas coming directly from the yard laborers are includ ed in the design of various pieces of equipment. FIG. 10. THE BOSS CARBIEB DESCENDS FROM THE RAILROAD TRACK AFTER PLACING A RICK OF DRV TIES (127) ON A RAILROAD TRANSFER CAR. NOTE THE MIRROR THAT IS FASTENED TO THE TOP OF THE CAR TO ASSIST THE OPERATOR. A Good Lunch H elps e d W i t h .I t s .-Mete-,C a f e te r ia 'War 3 , 0 0 0 e * - A* IJndaie, G eorgi B y Francis C. Smitl Editor ALREADY a large mill in 1926, when purchased by its present owners, The Pepperell Manufactur ing Company plant at Lindale has developed and grown constantly. As customs and techniques in the textile industry have changed Pep perell has changed--often setting the pace through the efforts of its own active research laboratories. Much could be written on these technical advances, but this story is about feeding men and women --not machines and materials. Many of industry's most recent advances have been in connection with employee relations--attitude, comfort, and efficiency of em ployees on the job. The war emergency did much to show that many factors previously consider^ secondary or unimportant vital influence on plant out] Plant executives (encouraged aided by government researd quickly found that war product could be improved by such g | visions as clean rest rooms, "me while you work", and adequ mid-shift lunches. As proof of >f FIG. I- GENERAL VIEW OF THE DINING ROOM. 46 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER 6, 2. DIAGRAM OF THE CAFETERIA AREA. THE OVERALL DIMENSION $ 326 FT. BY 50 FT. STORAGE FOR CANNED GOODS, ETC. IS TO THE gFT OF THE AREA SHOWN AND THE DISHWASHING DEPARTMENT IS FAR TO THE RIGHT. asis placed on such programs, so that in about two hours 900 peo agencies gave high priorities ple have been fed (each having aterials needed ior these im- thirty minutes) without exceeding Ijnents even during the most the 300 lim it which is set by seat t stages of our conflict. The ing capacity. erell Cafeteria, presently to The three serving periods are: described, was allocated the 10:30 A.M. to 12:30 P.M., 5:00 P.M. ed materials right when the to 7:00 P.M., and 2:00 A.M. to 3:00 emands were greatest. A.M.; but the kitchen operates con New Cafeteria tinuously. That arrangement obvi ates necessity for storing cooked best meet plant needs, a food, thereby giving each customer teria has to be located at a cen- a freshly cooked meal. In fact, convenient point in the mill most of the foods are cooked in that employees can reach it relatively small batches as re 'y and have ample time for a quired, and all foods, including ely lunch without overstay- breads and pastries, are prepared |h e allotted time. Pepperell's in the kitchen--ice cream being I' new cafeteria located on the the only exception. floor of the new dye house pened to employees on March Equipment 946, and has been serving As will be seen from the ac thing like 1800 hot meals a companying plan, the space allo ever since. cated to the cafeteria as a whole is ere is no more eating in the liberal. In fact, the- storage, prep areas or "getting someone to the machine while you grab I". Machinery is shut down by FIG. 3. A GENERAL VIEW OF ps on prearranged schedule so each employee's lunch period of plant duties. Thus the -minute lunch period is one xation and rest. That ar- ent, alone, eliminates con- .ble indigestion. %; plant operates on normal work shifts, and the e shut-downs are so sched- that the cafeteria's comfort seating capacity of 300 peo- never exceeded. For exam- 000 employees of the day shift f i t ween 10:30 A.M. and 12:30 1 but they do not all shut their ,ine down at the same time, t 100 employees leave their places each ten minutes-- aration, cooking, and service space looks all out of proportion to the eating room, but when considera tion is given to the ten-minute scheduling previously mentioned, the reason for this becomes clear. Even the most remote corners of storage spaces show evidence of careful design and construction, with especial emphasis on sanita tion and minimum maintenance. Walls are of ceramic tile -- red wainscot and cream above. Floors in the kitchen are ceramic tile and in the dining room asphalt tile is used. Stainless steel is used exten sively -- sinks, serving counters, work tables, etc. Results Do the employees like it? Well, they eat there, and the expressions on their faces indicate enjoyment. Some of the girls complain of dif ficulty with figure control, but THE MAIN COOKING CENTER. HERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 47 FIG. 4. HERE IS WHERE SALADS ARE PREPARED. none have expressed a desire to go back to snack wagons, soft drinks, bicarbonate, and aspirin tablets. Prices are reasonable and the well-loaded trays show little indi cation of penny pinching. The col ored workers eat well too in their own dining room where the same services and foods are provided. Employees are encouraged to consider the lunch hour a recrea tion period. Smoking presents no objection because the eating place is air-conditioned and the smoke goes right out with the food odors. The whole plant is provided with music and the loudspeakers in the dining room seem especially ap preciated. It is clearly understood that the primary purpose of the cafeteria is to give the employees opportuni ty to eat good food in pleasant surroundings. Therefore employees who prefer to bring their own lunches are encouraged to eat in the cafeteria and use the tables, water service, etc., without charge. A good m any exercise this privi lege. No rules have been necessary to eliminate eating at the work spaces and in the aisles. The fact that now all eating is confined to the cafeteria has greatly improved sanitation in the work areas by eliminating improper disposal of food leavings, paper wrappers, etc. The cafeteria costs the company some money, but management is not complaining. They seem to feel that it is money well spent and that the cost is more than offset by desirable results. Actually it costs the worker an average of about forty-three cents per meal (all meats are fifteen cents) and this is made possible by the com pany absorbing all overhead costs: equipment, lights, water, air-con ditioning, etc. Right now the prices charged do not quite pay off the food and labor expense, but the management thinks they may break even when more experience is gained. Of one thing they are certain, however, there will be no letdown in quality; they will con tinue to buy the best of foods and cook and serve them properly. If you insist on talking about de tails the management will point out such benefits as ten percent re duction in absenteeism, definite improvement in efficiency, better health records, and higher em ployee morale. But they much pre fer to simply say they are very happy about their restaurant ven ture and let it go at that. They, think the intangibles, such as smil ing faces and fellow employees en joying a good lunch, outweigh dol lars and cents returns. Many of the employees been at Pepperell a long (1641 out of a total of 3000 service buttons showing ovei years). And the managers been there a long time, too. of the department heads and" utives worked up from open and mechanics. So you see1 understand each other at Pep and that also helps make thi taste good. PRINCIPAL EQUIPMEf Cooking--Electric and Steam ^ 3-- Open top electric ranges I 7--Electric baking ovens fori 1-- Unit of four baking oveni bread r 2--Frying kettles (90 lb of f; 1--Three tier steam pressure, er for vegetables 1--Fifty-gallon jacketed kettl soups 1--Power mixer Salad Center 1--Salad table with cold paj 1--Salad sink 1-- Power mixer 2--Refrigerators Service Counters || Two counters, each as follows ` 2--Meat pans (steam bath) 4--Vegetable holders (steal 1--Soup server (steam) 1--Cold pan (% ton ref.) ^ 1--Ice cream dispenser J 1--Cold drink service place 1--Coffee urn Dish Washing: Located on opposile side o space from cooking and Dishes never go to the kitchi Completely equipped with ^ garbage disposal, driers, an, REFRIGERATION CAPA Service Air Conditioning -- -----Bakery ______________ Salad R oom -----------------Meats, Vegetables, Dairy P ro d u cts------------------Freezing R oom -------------- Total 48 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEM ofits in Plant Layout si yin a r tic le in e ig h t s e e i tions com plete in this is' sue, discussing e v e r y phase of w ise plant layout. ''I Consider the P roduct_________ 49 Picking the S ite_______ 50 Office and Employee Facilities-51 Manufacturing A rea___________52 Location of Departments______53 Equipm ent_____________________ 54 Other Layout Problem s_______55 Reference L ibrary____________ 57 (c) Bachr&cb Section I a? ir ' -yr B y Gregory M . Dexter C onsulting In d u strial E ngineer on B usiness M anagem ent P roblem s fDonsider The Product [UMEROUS im p o rta n t factors plant layout are `n overlooked. An cutive will argue "t a study of plant 1i$*t is not worth ie, that his plant `dies such varied ~k that no one best :C, ,0Ut is possible, or that no jgnge is economically possible. A Unary of important factors in,yed, however, should show that Sje are few plants where a carei. study of layout will not pay | | profits. % Production vs. Sales Approximate curves of produeand monthly sales by units of "ducts made for a typical year should be compared. Ascertain the normal working d a y and week. Approximate estimates of storage space required for raw material, pur chased parts, and completed equipment or m aterial can be made from the curves. Possible storage of finished products near sales centers as a means of smooth ing production, reducing factory storage, and improving service to customers should not be overlook ed. U n ifo rm p ro d u c tio n is a n im portant way of reducing cost of labor and equipment. It permits good labor relations. Provision for increased produc tion in five or ten years, for new products, new buildings, and new machinery should be made. Exact decisions are not possible on these points but qualitative analysis of them will usually give valuable guidance. Design of Product Eliminate poor selling items as every unnecessary product Compli cates the plant layout Redesign all products for as much standard ization as possible using standard bolts, screws, chemicals, and other components that may be bought more cheaply from large manufac turers. Redesign for increased sales appeal through better pack aging. Use welded shapes instead of castings or use plastic parts in stead of metal, with an eye to low er costs through such changes. Change processing methods to ob tain better quality, particularly if obtainable at little or no increase in cost. The best plant layout is not UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 49 possible until these things have been done; any other plant layout should be regarded as temporary. Process Cards Prepare a manufacturing-process card for each important product or group of similar products, showing each machine needed and the time required for set up and fabrica tion. Determine the number of ma chines required for the assumed output. An allowance for lost time is necessary. This will vary with company methods, but 20 per cent is not unreasonable. Some com panies have much less lost time. Such charts cannot be safely pre pared from memory; the engineer should follow e a c h product through the plant, and note in great detail what happens to it. Compare operations and time on a rush order with routine orders. Study each card for possible changes in process through use of new machinery or different meth ods that will reduce labor costs or time in process. Look for simpler methods such as power-driven hand tools or for a grouping of machines that will permit one op erator to serve several machines. Do not hesitate to operate an ex pensive machine 24 hours daily in order to justify its use. Analyze the possibility of separate depart ments for large quantity products. Conveyors Cut Costs The use of conveyors to move m aterial from one machine to an other will often reduce space and time in process. Consider such con veyors as scraper, belt, roller, plat form, bucket, monorail, screw, and elevating. Chutes are sometimes possible. Between two slightly dif ferent levels, an elevating platform may be helpful. Automatic deliv ery to different floors or to roller conveyors should not be over looked. Packing tables whose height can be quickly adjusted by push button will make bending un necessary for employees. Any long-distance travel of material should be questioned. Determine the possibility of using pallets or skid platforms with hand or elec tric-lift trucks. Consider the use of tote boxes that nest and are de signed to hold a given number of parts. Tote boxes can also be built as pallets. See that material to be processed is delivered at the work level. It may be possible to do certain work while material is in progress from one machine to another on a conveyor, s u c h as inspection, grinding, spray painting, chipping of fins, drying, or preliminary as sembling. There are other tricks the engineer will consider. One way to pick up lost time is to make up a chart on each im- portant machine that sh0* what is being done by erator, the helper, and the, during a cycle. A help in $ - aration of such charts is a tiF the machine that shows idf operating time. Keep an ey- for bottlenecks, excessive t tool sharpening, intermedia!* age, lack of stock, and time to load machines. Any redug" lost motion will permit red in inventory. Section II A Picking the TOO often, assum ed limitations as to land available and as to location of streets, r a i l r o a d trackage, and exist ing buildings are not examined critically. Frequently, m o r e land can be obtained at reasonable cost, topography can be smoothed, streets can be closed, trackage can be moved, and build ings can be torn down or moved. The possibility of moving the plant or a p art of it to a new location should not be overlooked as labor available elsewhere may be more varied in character, better in quality, or cheaper. Again, freight rates may be lower, sales territory may be closer, raw material may be cheaper, and larger site may be possible. Other factors to be con sidered include better water sup ply, greater ease in waste dis posal, raw-material supplies, taxes, and transit facilities. Decentraliza tion of manufacturing is sometimes a solution to many problems. It may be obtained by each of several small plants making all products or only one or a few products. Advertising Signs An important detail in the lay out of the plant is the locating of the buildings in order to get an at tractive appearance from railroad, highway, and the air. The placing of the company's name on the buildings shod! be overlooked ' portant adverj by day and pi' often possible the proper si1 possible conflic countered here direction of pref ing winds, for dust from railroads or hig' might cause troubles. Road" coal handling, and ash disp sources of dirt in the plant grq are factors in this probje orientation of buildings. Code Limitations Inquiry should be made q surance companies as we municipal, state, and Fede" thorities as to any codes in co^ tion with hazards from dust,1 explosion, fumes, corrosion;; midity, and electricity thatJP limit layout, force separate K,, ings, or control the design < rags, piping, ducts, wiring# similar items. The same co" applies to any requirement toilets, lockers, wash-rooms, d,, ing fountains, shower baths,5: exits, fire walls, enclosed I ways, cafeterias, or assembly Racial segregation in toiletih similar facilities is requit some localities. Local conditions as to to tion limitations, hurricanes^, nadoes, earthquakes, high water, and extremes of r .T,, SO SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER,; LAYOUT d not be overlooked. Pro for them is sometimes pos-|vith little increase in capital | new buildings. Records of ocal building department or "Neighboring plants are often eul in the design of building or ery foundations. *essary clearances and height jgtforms and canopies for railservice can be obtained from cal railroad. Tank-car or boat inents of various liquids or such as ammonia, sulfur ide, gasoline, fuel oil, caustic 9f molasses, and similar pro p's involve varying requireits as to storage, piping, earth dikes, and similar safety measures that are readily determined from manufacturers of such commodi ties, public carriers, and insurance companies. High chimneys and elevated tanks involve codes for the safety of airplanes. Safety measures in side and outside a plant are cover ed by requirements of insurance companies and are included in various pamphlets of the National Safety Council, Inc. Adherence to these codes are the secret of low insurance rates by the Factory Mutuals or by the Factory Insurance Association of the stock fire-insurance companies, and for workmen's compensation. s ! Hyps ijVr, Section III Office and Employee - Facilities ;STATEMENT of th e number of ployees required the general offices d their desired lo tion will determine Aether a separate ffice building is i,e d e d. Overhead are frequently liced and a smoother-running ganization obtained if the generoffices and the plant are located ar each other. When the two are parated by miles, the paper work iry is increased. Make a w-line chart for the general ofBs and for the central mail room, , described later for the plant. Visitors to the plant are usually lost interested in contact w ith the 's, engineering, purchasing, and mifacturing departments. Their ation on the ground floor of the ant or office building is there,16 an advantage. The sequence is "teal as orders coming into the plant usually do so from sales to engineering, where they are brok en into material to be purchased from outsiders and m aterial to be Produced by the manufacturing de partment. Financial or accounting and general execu tive departments can be well placed on a floor above. T h e space required in the offices w i l l vary from 50 to 100 sq ft or more per person, depending on extent of executive staff and company policies in allotment of working space. Provision should be made for the additional space that may be needed from any in creased governmental control. The traffic department for in coming and outgoing shipments is advantageously made a part of the purchasing department. The latter should have room for a sample cabinet and catalog file. The library should be adjacent to the engineering department. M anufacturing Dept. The manufacturing department should have space for a laboratory, visiting inspectors, night watch men and guards, janitors' closets, production control, costs, men's smoking room, women's rest room, and a meeting room for foremen. Ample wall space in production control for large charts is desir able. Rest Rooms A rest room for women should have couches, easy chairs, high foot-rests that can be used as stools, metal waste-container, toil et-seat sterilizers, full-length m ir ror, shelves and plenty of hooks in toilets, and mirror and shelf over each wash basin. If the company has no cafeteria, a refrigerator, electric stove, and dinette in the rest room are worth while. Shower baths are appreciated, especially if work is done under hot or dirty conditions. Reception Room The vestibule and reception room are often supervised in small plants by the telephone operator, but this has the drawback that visitors while waiting can often pick up confidential data from the operator's conversations. A beauti ful front entrance to the factory is necessary and should be made the focal point that first attracts the visitor. The atmosphere of the reception room should be in keep ing with the architectural design. A lavatory and private telephone booth for visitors are desirable. Personnel and Medical Admission to the personnel and medical departments should be di rect in order to avoid confusion with inter-office movement of company employees. The personnel department requires private inter view rooms and, in large plants, a comfortable waiting room. The medical department m ust have facilities for physical and eye examinations as well as first aid. Its location between the personnel department and the manufactur ing floor is an advantage. Filing and Stenographic A central filing departm ent for the engineering and manufacturing departments in small plants is often justified. The sales and pur chasing departments usually do better by controlling their own files. Similar arrangements are de sirable on stenographic service. But any central file or stenograph ic pool should be on the same floor with the departments it serves; UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 51 nothing is gained by chasing up viding office space, daylight, and and down stairs. ventilation. Financial Department The various divisions of the fi nancial department present no problem. Numerous, noisy ac counting machines are extensively used in it and should be placed in a soundproof room, separate from other activities. The room should have its walls and ceiling finished with sound-insulating material for the benefit of the employees work ing there. Conference and direc tors' rooms may have to be provid ed. Partitions probably should be avoided except for the offices of key executives. As many of the partitions as possible should be of glass in the upper half. Dimensions Office buildings with 11 or 12 ft ceilings, with columns 15 or 16 ft apart, and long and narrow with a maximum width of about 60 ft. are most satisfactory in pro Recreation Facilities Provision should be made for any recreational facilities that may be desirable. Even if not installed immediately, plans for their future use should be made. There is an increasing tendency in manufac turing companies to supplement local recreational facilities with company-owned bowling alleys, baseball diamond, swimming pool, dance hall, movie house, boxing ring, and similar sources of good employee relations. Decision on these facilities should be made be fore starting a plant layout. A site set aside for them is desirable, and may require a building. Large plants have even gone to the extent of setting up nurseries for the children of female employ ees and shopping centers for busy workers. Decision on the latter facility should be with the expec tation that prices are to be as low as obtainable elsewhere. Section IV Manufacturing Area THE most active m a n u facturing department s h o u Id get prior considera tion in laying out a plant. This depart ment will vary with the products made and might be the ma chine shop, foundry, forge shop, wet building in a starch plant, cell building in an electro lytic plant, and so on. It might well be given a separate building with other departments grouped around it as feeders or receivers. A flow line chart should be made showing the various departments in as di rect a line as possible. Provision should be made for new buildings or extensions to old buildings. If several products are of varied na ture, a composite flow-line chart can be developed with colored pencils on a white print. Width of pencil lines can be varied as in a highway-traffic chart to bring out the dol lar value of labor in the various products. Do not be content with one or two layouts, a noted designer of industrial plants claims to have made as high as 34 lay outs for one plant before selecting the one best layout. One-Slory Building The one-story building has num erous advantages in low first cost and in low operating cost through saving in supervision, in space wasted for stairways and elevators, and in operating cost of elevators. Justification, however, can' found occasionally for the story building but when used l heavy machinery should be p lf on the ground floor. Too emphasis, particularly where is cheap, has been given to the a vantages of gravity flow. p Q^ required to raise m aterials is usuf ly more than required to overqo ' friction in moving horizontally. Flow-Line Charts Flow-line charts should be m |: showing existing and propo movement of the various impt* products. A summary for e product should show distaff travelled and time and lab o r"1 quired. Time studies are of necessary. A composite chart sho ing, with colored pencils on whf prints, the movement of all in portant products will be helpful; obtaining improvements. Wh s more than one floor is involv isometric diagrams are desirabl T em plets Templets of all equipme desks, benches, and cabinets sho be made of various colored board to the scale of 1/5 inch too foot. Radial drills, for examp can then be quickly distinguis' from lathes. Mark on each the serial number, type, and of machine, and the position of erator, of belt or motor drive, a of starting control. ' These templets should be cated correctly to scale on cro section tracing paper, or clo equivalent to K. & E, 3341/ and 282Va G, or 288 G, with divisions to the inch. They may1"' held in place with map pins, tlr tacks, Scotch tape, paper cern or wire staples. Overhead convd ors can be represented by pasti strips of colored, transparent pa"" in place. When locations have bv" approved, the outlines of t templets can be drawn in white prints made. Each drv on the print will represent * inches and thus clearances av able are obvious at a glance, ther study can be given the la} by drawing colored lines to sh movement of material. 1'-'Si Types of Flow Charts Two types of flow-line chal.| should generally be tried. One 52 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, J /process layout is based on the puping of like machines such as thes, radial drills, etc., and the vement of material back and jjth among the various groups, he other type, or product layout, based on continuous movement as direct a line as possible from % receiving to the shipping de'irtm ent with machines provided needed in sequence to perform various manufacturing steps, 'ometimes a combination of the wo types of flow can be used to (vantage as when various parts manufactured in different de partm ents and then brought to a conveyor assembly line. A great variety of products will usually ^require the grouping of like raaehines. Machine Location fe.,` ' Aisles should be wide enough for two trucks to pass. Widths of to 14 feet are commonly used. . Corners should be curved so trucks may go around them easily. Make sure that any extension of a ma cchine such as a milling-machine "table will not interfere w ith pas sage in the aisle. Allow space for hand tools, tool boxes, and for additional equip/ment to meet the demand for increased production. A study of .^reasons for idle-time of existing equipment may give clues as to im provements needed in the new lay- : out. .Space will be needed at each machine for four tote boxes or equivalent. One tote box will con: tain material being processed and another material waiting to be /processed. Two more tote boxes will be needed to care for the processed material, as sometimes material is not moved as soon as it is processed. Instead of tote boxes, space might be needed for skid platforms or trucks. The use of skid platforms for the storage of heavy tools or m aterial will elimi nate handling and reduce costs. Further Requirements Leave space on the floor for the assembly of complicated or heavy machinery. Clearances around each machine should be large enough to permit operators to work comfortably and to handle the longest piece of m aterial coming to them. With steel and lumber, required clearances become great and may be as much as 20 ft. in a woodworking plant. Space for ma chine repairs may be necessary. Bulky or heavy material may re quire hand-operated hoists or cranes beside various machines. Overhead travelling cranes may be needed for an entire shop. Floor space should also be set aside where material and tools for vari ous shop orders may be assembled for issuance to operators. This space should be enclosed by wire netting so its contents cannot be used as a source of supply for jobs already in the shop. Benches and Tables Benches should be at right angles to a building wall with win dows, preferably the north wall. Revolving tables may be used to reduce space needed for assembly operations. Such tables and all as sembly tables should be designed with clear space under them so fe male workers will not snag their stockings. Table tops might well be fitted with fiber board or linoleum in order to avoid chilling operators' arms. Foot rests are sometimes provided. A standard height of about 37 inches should be adopted, depending on work per formed. Machine Operation By the proper use of tote boxes, skids, conveyors, and similar helps, the picking up and putting down of articles can be avoided. Make sure that operators do not do the work of laborers. Individual motor drives for ma chines are usually preferable but machines with small motors may s o m e t i m e s be advantageously grouped for line-shaft drive. Consult key operators and fore men as to possible improvements in layout of machines, process charts, and flow lines. They will often have good ideas. Regrouping of machines and changes in se quence or kind of operations should in particular be discussed. Section V Locating Departments TRY to put noisy departments in closed rooms and thus p r o t e c t the workmen in quieter departments. Shops should be located in reasonable order in relation to each oth er, such as pattern shop, foundry, machine shop, and welding shop; or wet building, dryer building, pulverizer building, scale house, and warehouse for a starch plant. Pattern shop should be near pattern storage. The en gineering department should be near the pattern shop and machine shop. The welding plant should be near the power plant in order to reduce length of power cables. The shop for spray painting, lacquer ing, or dipping should generally be gineering between the point of final assembly and the shipping depart ment. Fireproof vault for storage of duplicates of engineering draw ings and of pattern records might well be placed in the en department. Materials Handling The ideal plant has its receiving department with trackage and roadway at the opposite end of the plant site from the shipping de partment with its trackage and roadway. Where only one track and roadway are possible, the re ceiving and shipping departments are side by side. Raw material stores should be near the receiving SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 department. A separate stores de partm ent for purchased-finished or semifinished parts such as bolts and screws, may be desirable. Space for the storage of spare mo tors, belting, and miscellaneous re pair parts should be provided. Its location near the maintenance de partm ent is desirable. The finished store room should be near the ship ping department. Small plants will consolidate some store rooms in order to reduce operating over head. Arrange to stock and ship material in as large units as pos sible in order to reduce handling. Maintenance. Tool, and Inspection D epartm ents The maintenance department should be near that factory sec tion where most repair work may be anticipated. It should be used by electricians, pipe fitters, and millwrights. The tool room should be located, if possible, to serve more than one department, but more than one tool room may be necessary; cost of attendance should be balanced against the waiting and walking time of employees in determining the number of tool rooms. Location of inspection depart ments will depend on product made and extent of inspection necessary. Inspection in transit from machine to machine is pos sible. The raw-material inspection and testing should be near the re ceiving department and raw-ma terial stores.. The final testing de partment should be near the finish ed stores and the shipping room. Balconies Foremen's and production man ager's offices should be so located that shops may be supervised with out the appearance of doing so. Balconies may be used for offices, light manufacturing, training of new employees, research on new products, or even storage. The best use of a balcony. or mezzanine floor is frequently for toilets, wash rooms, and lockers. Such facilities should be distrib uted about a plant so employees can reach them easily. Lockers should be so set on concrete curbs that refuse cannot accumulate under them or behind them and the rooms should be provided with benches. Forced ventilation for lockers is desirable. Section VI Equipment SCALES, measur ing devices, me ters, hand or electriclift trucks, portable roller - conveyors, hand-operated hoists and trolleys, and even t r a v e l l i n g cranes are necessary equipment for re ceiving and shipping departments. The exact equipment selected will depend on materials to be handled. Many carload shipments will make a track scale desirable. Electriclift trucks are frequently advan tageous in loading and unloading freight cars, particularly where the use of skid platforms and pal lets has been standardized. Space must be provided for the storage of the trucks when not in use and for their charging station. Ramps instead of elevators are desirable for trucks and possible trailers but the angle of inclination should not exceed 6 to TV2 0, or possibly 10 per cent. The route used by them should be as direct as possible. Efficient Packing Cartons, shredded paper, glue, and labels should be arranged for the convenience of the packer in reaching them without moving from position. Material to be pack ed should reach the packer by trucks, on conveyors, or through chutes. Several lines of parallel roller conveyors at right angle to the packer's table and behind him are valuable in preliminary sorting and delivery of material to be packed. Stencils should be filed in cabi nets in order department or ship ping room and, where repeat cus tomers are involved, should reach the packer with the order. Crating material on incoming supplies can often be reclaimed ad vantageously and reused. Provision for reclaiming should be made in the receiving department, and the reclaimed should be stor_,, width and lengf racks in the shif* department. Cut and rip saws andf gle - spindle b may be required! crating lumber. Store Rooms Scales, m easuring devices, able conveyors, hand and elec lift trucks, hand-operated ho and similar equipment are n** in store rooms, depending on : terial to be handled. Cut-off and shears are also necessary order that only exact quantity metals requisitioned may be p ed out. Desks and filing cab* for storeroom clerks are, of coi necessary as well as doors ! spring locks and counters! which m aterial may be passed Storage Facilities Shelving and bins should right angles to wall, in par; rows, and of equal length in a to conserve space. Main should be wide enough for tru* and sub-aisles should be enough for two men to pass., bins should be multiples of a ,r size and spacing between she* should be some multiple of sumed unit distance. Racks; steel rods and piping are neces in such num ber that classifies is possible by length or size ; kind. Paint, oil, solvents, and si dangerous products should be in a special store room that separated from the rest of the , tory by fire walls and fire do separate building is frequently" sirable. Lumber should be stored! racks to prevent warping, racks should be located so lumber can be put in them thro doors from outside the faC 54 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. t the necessity of rehandl0m trucks or railroad car. A * and rip saw are the min irequirement at the lumber Waste Storage Vision for storage of waste pipping department where it p moved easily by truck or is desirable. Various re jig devices such as sieves, ers, and filters are available. inexpensive care in reclaim,aste will often increase its ;value materially. Collection aste by conveyors or blowers d of trucks is sometimes pos- i. Tool Room e equipment needed for a tool will depend upon the elabtiess of the work to be done. |(the, milling machine, and *er are certainly the minimum irement. A woodworking f, for example, will need a amount of special saw-sharpg and cutter equipment. Racks shelving for tools, dies, and ures so they can be easily d, as well as drawing and filcabinets for the storage of en tering drawings and standard action sheets, are obviously ssary. Here, also, doors with g locks and counters where i may be issued should be pro- erating equipment should be sta tioned here. Roadways and Parking The separation of incoming from outgoing traffic on roadways is desirable. Provide the roadways with easy curves and ample width for passing. It should be easy for trucks to back up to loading and unloading platforms. -An enclosed shed over such platforms will re duce labor costs in inclement weather. Where trucks have to un load heavy material at a machine shop or foundry, an air lock with two sets of doors will protect workmen in the shops in cold weather. Parking lots should be well drained and not too big. The drive ways in them should be hard sur faced and wide. All parking spaces should be well gravelled and clearly marked. Several parking lots are often desirable in order to reduce the distance employees have to walk between factory and automobile in bad weather. An underground or overhead passage at railroad trackage between park ing lots and factory is desirable as a safety measure. Sheds are some times provided for the cars of executives but may cause some ill feeling among subordinates. Garage space for company trucks and automobiles with repair shop and gasoline pumps should be located between or near the ship - a m iVUl J ping and receiving departments. Entrance to the roadways and parking lots should be past a watchman's booth. Do not forget to heat the booth with electricity or steam. Time clocks are some times located there advantageous ly. A telephone connection from the booth to the central switch board and, in large plants, a direct connection to the office of the cap tain of the guards are desirable. Armed guards and wire fences were necessary during the w ar but are repugnant to most Americans; insist on results by vigilance of guards coupled with courtesy in order that fences and side arms may be dispensed with. An emerg ency-alarm connection to police headquarters is to be preferred to the atmosphere of a prison. Comfort and Beauty Platforms with covering sheds and windbreaks are desirable where employees have to w ait for buses or trolleys. They should be well lighted at night. Covered walks between buildings where traffic is heavy are worth while. Landscaping necessary to make the factory appear attractive should not be overlooked. It is astonishing what beautiful results can be obtained for a small ex penditure by a competent land scape architect. Beauty at a fac tory has a definitely favorable ef fect on employees' morale. Maintenance Department , e equipment in the maintendepartment should include a milling machine; pipe- fading machine; cut-off saw; some wood-working tools as a variety saw, planer, and !e; spray-painting equipment; ers; and benches. The exact -tip again will depend on the of plant and extent of mainance work contemplated. Sev- trucks and storage space for fn should be provided. Each k should be completely equipf;with the hand tools needed by trade such as millwright, pipe jir, and electrician. There is no homy in mechanics chasing Js and forth for tools and m a- needed for a repair job. e oil truck with tanks to servl^arious machine tools and op- Section VII Other Layout Proble A PLANT n e e d not be u g l y . Lines can be put into the brick or concrete at little or no expense that will carry the eye with them to create an impression of beauty and style. The location of sash and doors can be such as to add to the impression. Build the plant around the de sired layout only af ter thorough study of it has been com pleted. Never try to put equipment into a plant the size of UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 55 which has been determined by a fiat decision or an appropriation. If a company cannot erect the complete plant at one time, spread the building program over a period of years on a definite plan. Sound reduction is desirable even in the shops. Machinery may be mounted on pads, and walls and ceilings may be covered with sound-insulating material. Power Cost An analysis is usually necessary to determine whether power shall be purchased or generated. It is be yond the scope of this article, but possibilities can be indicated. Where no large amount of proc ess steam is required, power can be generated with Diesels. The cooling water and exhaust gases from them can be used in connec tion with a waste-heat boiler to de velop steam for process and for heating the plant. Peak demands for steam can be met with the qse of supplementary fuel on the boil er. About 3000 Btu per brake hp can be usually recovered from the Diesels but as high as 5000 Btu are possible by raising the temper ature of the cooling water. A m an ufacturing plant in a cool climate, as an approximation, is likely to require for heating, assuming one shift daily, about 0.8 lb. of steam per degree day per 1000 cu. ft. Where considerable process steam is needed, the use of back pressure or condensing and bleed ing steam turbines is usually a possibility. Steam from the turbine goes to process and heating, and power can be developed frequent ly for about % or 14 cent per kw. hr. The size of the power plant re quired in relation to the proposed factory will indicate whether a separate building to house it is de sirable. The power plant, in any case, should be located centrally to the loads upon it for steam, com pressed air, high-pressure water for fire protection, and electricity in order that the transmission lines required may be short. Con sideration is necessary as to de livery of fuel and its storage and to the disposal of ashes. Light and Power Light and power lines should be designed for possible plant expan sion as well as for possible larger motors on some machines. Ducts are available where connections to machinery can be taken off at al most any point. These ducts per mit, at small expense, the re arrangem ent of machinery that is certain to be required in time by changing business conditions. Numerous panel boxes will be helpful. Each machine should have its own sto'p-and-start push but ton. The distribution circuits should be split up so the entire shop will not be down for one short. Provide for high intensity of illumination, at least as much as 50 foot candles, on fine machine work, fine assembly, and drafting. Intensity as high as 500 foot can dles may be required for color matching. Remember that produc tion will be considerably higher with good illumination. Consider the use of glass block in addition to steel sash in increasing daylight illumination. Consider also the use of heat-ray-removing glass in south, east, and west walls. Paint walls and ceilings a light color or white to increase reflection. Paint equipment with soft colors such as yellow and green for eye-ease. Building Details Annunciator and call stations, as well as time clocks, are required for convenience of employees. Soundproof telephone booths are needed in the shops. Drinking fountains should be iced and lo cated within short walking dis tance of groups of employees. Provide for fire protection with high-pressure w ater lines, hose, reels, hose carts, fire extinguish ers, automatic CCh tanks, fire pump, elevated water tank, sprink lers, fire-alarm boxes, and similar facilities to the satisfaction of the fire insurance company. Watchmen's key stations should cover the entire plant with a minimum of walking and with the approval of the fire insurance company. Windows in any monitors should be electrically operated. Outlets for cleaning and washing machinery should be not over 50 ft apart. Compressed-air, steam, water, vacuum, oxy-acetylene, hydrogen, and gas-fuel lines should be placed in roof trusses of one- story buildings so changes c made easily. Another possig cation is in a tunnel down t' ter of building, but arran draining of the tunnel. Heating If air conditioning is plated at some future date building for its eventual tion at minimum cost. Co possible use of glass bloc* building walls with window for light and not ventilaticj can be supplied by forced y tion with use of air filters.' ing can be by blast unit supplemented by low - p steam for small plants and I hot water for large plants. Roof and Floors The roof should be insplgt reduction of heat in svinpqo of heat loss in winter. Q ` floors should be sloped to and coves built at base of for ease in cleaning with wa steam hose. Wood blocks q rubber mats over the concre easy on employee's feet. floors on top of concref possible for light and clean facturing. Watch out for special floor requirements by acids or alkalies. A heat-; ing room, for example, w quire special flooring. Surf concrete floors should be special treatm ent to reduce.? and dusting. Steel floor pla used where trucking is hea1 frequent. Choice of Building T Industrial plants should hit few columns as costs and layout permit. Spans shoul be less than 20-25 ft. and rii[ as great as 150-300 ft. A floor is a big help in rearr machinery for economy ofand movement. Steel forced-concrete structural^ with brick or concrete walls, usual specification for a j , building. Skill in design, forced concrete will usually costs about as low as sf steel and brick. Mill-build^ struction with wooden be columns and brick walls is the cheapest and, with for some types of 56 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBE1 rutili! li/tlVUl commands low insurance liticess in getting low costs in ""ilifacturing depends on the ,, j question that scientists use in "larch, namely "Why?" It should l|sk ed concerning every opera- movement, delay, storage, fjiping of machines, lack of ma nes, type of machine, and other involved in the m anufacture gaeh product. The question typis the inquiring mind, fjgtn engineer, however, should if be content with his ability in Iking that question. He should ^jrn from machinery salesmen r3 i technical articles w hat other inufacturers are doing. His presence in the library for hours "lould be considered in his favor, .e will soon learn that there is an Itonishing amount of data availpje to the seeker that will help reatly in the formulation of a rogram for the rehabilitation or ayout of a plant. Recommendations A comparison of the summaries ifor various layouts as to distances travelled, time and labor required, volume of building space, cost of buildings and equipment, extent of backtracking, and number of times flow lines cross will help to de termine the best layout. Even then it will be necessary to know whether the necessary expenditure must be paid for from earnings in six months or other periods rang ing up to five years. It is generally desirable to keep plant investment low. Some decisions can be made only on the basis of what is good policy in relations with labor. Even the question of return on invest ment must be viewed with caution. A company sometimes has to pay for improvements out of obsoles cent reserves without regard to re turn on investment if competitors are getting lower costs with more modern equipment. A newcomer in an industry has the advantage fre quently of purchasing new and more efficient equipment at little or no more cost, even less cost, than equipment generally in use by established manufacturers. It is the newcomer's methods that have to be watched closely by the established manufacturer. Section VIII Research Library A NY executive or engineer who is -to engage in the laying out of a plant will find his work easier by familiarity 4 with the books listed ; below. Many excel lent books are available but those listed Will give m aterial help on the problems involved. The methods outlined in them are the guides to 'big profits in plant layout. t Ramsey, G. R. and Sleeper, H. R. Architectural Graphic Standards. New York, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1941. Dimension sheets on details such as radiat ors, telephone booths, windows, r a i l r o a d clearances, stair pro portions, driveways, k i t c h e n equipment, toilets, shower baths, and requirements for sports such as tennis courts, bowling alleys, and sim ilar facilities. Seelye, Elwyn E. Data Book for Civil Engineers. New York, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1945. Vol. 1, Design. Dimension sheets on foundations, floors, roads, coal trestles, drain age, water-treatment plants, and similar subjects. Strock, Clifford, and Hotchkiss, C.H.B. Air Conditioning Engineers' Atlas. New York, N. Y: The Indus trial Press, 1939. Extensive climatic data for about 100 cities and maps covering the country. Muther, Richard. Production Line Technique. New York, N. Y: Mc Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1944. Concise, popular presentation of industrial methods, including plant layout, conveyors, assem bly, and similar problems. Wiren, Alexis R. and Heyel, Carl. Practical Management Research. New York, N. Y: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1945. The approach needed by the executive who would lay out a new plant or rehabilitate an old plant. Knoeppel, E. E. and Seybold, Edgar R. Managing for Profit. New York, N. Y: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1937. Simple methods for determining sales to justify a new plant, re ductions in cost to earn a speci fied profit, and similar financial engineering problems. Cuno, Charles W. "Economic Factors in Chemical Plant Location", Chemical Engineers' Handbook, edited by John H. Perry. New York, N. Y: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1941. Methods outlined are applicable to any kind of plant. Hudson, Wilbur R. Conveyors and Related Equipment. New York, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1944. Concise discussion of material handling methods with engineer ing data. No data on lift trucks and similar equipment. Stocker, Harry E. Materials Handling. New York, N. Y: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1943. Data on lift trucks, pallets, and similar equipment. Discussion on warehouse design. Barnes, Ralph M. Motion and Time Study. New York, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1937. Numerous suggestions on ways of obtaining motion economy. Barnes, Ralph M. Work Methods Manual. New York, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1944. Summarizes preparation of proc ess charts, flow diagrams, man and machine charts, and similar data needed for a plant layout. Vilbrandt, Frank C. Chemical Engi neering Plant Design. New York, N. Y: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1942. Chapters on plant location to supplement Cuno, above, and on flow diagrams for the chemical plant. Alford, L. P. and Bangs, John R. Pro duction Handbook. New York, N. Y: The Ronald Press Co., 1944. The reference manual before consulting more specialized books a n d `articles. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 57 DR. F. W. HAYWARD OF THE INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE UNI VERSITY OF CHATTANOOGA CHECKS PROGRESS ON CANDY IMPROVEMENT. P rogress In Candy M aking R. A. Brock Brock Candy Company By and F. W. Hayward Industrial Research Institute THE Brock Candy Compah Chattanooga, which has:' in continuous operation since tember 1, 1909, has grown to be South's largest candy manufa er and one of the leaders in the dustry. At present, this comp serves over 3,000 jobbing accqf in seventeen states. At the outset, the Brock pr were principally high grade:, chocolates and a few bulk Later on, the line was expa include assorted penny Easter and Christmas spe and packaged marshmallows! til w ar conditions forced the continuance, great quantit: chocolate cordial cherries w* so manufactured. At the beginning of World II when conservation of raw terials was mandatory and armed forces needed large ties of candy bars, the Brock dy Company cooperated with War Food Administration and verted its production to five ten cents packages. A large portion of its allotted raw terials was used for manuf* , of chocolate covered nut rollsi chocolate covered fudge bars.present, these bars, hard ca~ gum drops, and marshmallows the principal products of the pany. Since the beginning of War II, the supply of sugar, sirup, and chocolate has beenj. short. On the other hand, most unprecedented deman.. candy has developed. Conseq ly, candy production has been trolled by the supply of raw terials rather than by plant city or consumer demand. D' this time every effort was : m aintain the quality of the ed products. During this post war while production was still 111 by material shortages, the Candy Company has unde an extensive modernization , gram. Thus, the Company prepared for planned exp. W. B. REILLY. VICE PRESIDENT ft AND R. A. BROCK, SECRETARY <lM8Jl_ THE BROCK CANDY COMPANY Pi OPERATION OF COMPRESSING UNf AIR CONDITIONING SVSTEIB' 58 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER; ilimum interference with pjproduction when raw ma l t again unlimited, pdernization program inomplete factory renova- |ii of air conditioning, in||m echanization, and con- tof a quality control labor|ompletion of the program It in better working conJgreater production capacfiipore uniform products of iiuality. sen con? aw ma lt capaDurin: m ade t< ; finish- period! limited i Brock' ertaken in pro w ill he pansioi (LEFT) IGHT) OF DISCUSS NIT FOB :R, 1946 BOXES OF CANDY ARE PASSED THROUGH X-RAY UNIT FOR FINAL INSPECTION. JV'eic a p p lic a tio n o f a ir c o n d itio n in g a n d X-ray in s p e c tio n a ssu re q u a lity of product and ease of handling. THERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 ducts. Already evident are its beneficial effects on personnel, product handling, and machine ef ficiency. The effects on the well being and efficiency of the personnel are re markable. Previously, fatigue was so great during the hot summer weather that by the end of the day the workers were nearing physical exhaustion. Since the installation of the air conditioning system, the employees show very little fatigue and are nearly as fresh at the end of the day as in the morning. Working efficiency is greatly in creased, and the morale of the workers vastly improved. Equally important are the ef fects of air conditioning upon product quality and ease of handl ing. Until its installation, hard candies, gum drops, and other items of this nature were subject to "sweating" on hot, humid sum mer days. They could not be handl ed at all until a cooler, drier day allowed them to dry out. Since the introduction of air conditioning in 59 the packing rooms, no troubles of this type have been observed. The candy may be quickly packaged in its original fresh condition and shows no tendency towards stick ing. Prior to the conditioning of the shipping room, many chocolate products had to be sent to cold storage until cars were available. It is now possible to keep them in the shipping room until they can be placed in refrigerator cars. In this way, the expense of cold storage and extra handling costs is avoided. The most surprising result of air conditioning is the improvement in machine efficiency which has been noted. In hot, humid weather, sticky candy stuck to the wrap ping and packaging machines until they would not function properly. Production line shutdowns of an hour or more occurred while the machines were cleaned so they could be used again. Since the in stallation of air conditioning, these delays no longer occur, and these same machines run without inter ruption from morning to night. Air conditioning has already proven its value to the Southern candy manufacturer by increasing production efficiency, promoting worker morale, and improving product quality. X-Ray Inspection Foreign material of any kind is always objectionable in food pro ducts. Every possible precaution is taken during the process of manu facture to prevent contamination of the finished product. Each de fective piece of candy constitutes a potential consumer complaint against the producer with its at tendant unfavorable publicity. Peanuts, as a result of the meth ods used in their cultivation and harvesting, usually contain rela tively large amounts of small stones and pellets of clay. The greater portion of this m aterial is removed by screens, mechanical separators, and hand picking but, in spite of the utmost precautions, certain stones which resemble pea nuts in size, density, and appear ance escape detection and are con sequently included in the finished product. The X-Ray equipment re cently installed by the Brock Can dy Company is of great value in the detection of such defective can dy bars. In this process, the wrapped can dy bars, in trays of twelve, are con veyed through a darkened booth where they are observed by the in spector as they pass over an X-Ray source. The pieces of stone or clay appear as black spots in the bars. Any tray containing a stone is me chanically rejected from the pro duction line by means of a lever operated by the inspector. At the end of the day, these bars are in dividually inspected, the defective bars thrown out. Since the installation of X-Ray inspection, an appreciable number of stones have been detected daily, and by their removal the consumer is assured of receiving a product of highest quality. Control Laboratory Until quite recently, most candy factories have operated with little or no technical control. Chemical laboratories were formerly un known to the industry, antji operations were run by thumb methods. The candjij ufacturer depended entirely^ reliability of his supplier quality and uniformity of ra il terials, and process control based on the judgment and niques of skilled candy nw Quality was measured most! consumer reactions as reflect sales volume. This methods eration works only when ra terials of uniform qualitj! available and when there j turnover in experienced However, it takes years of p f| for an inexperienced candy : to develop into a skilled craf and such men are difficult: place. Today, when few ar#|j ested in spending years to de the techniques required byr skilled candy m aker and wheji uniformity of raw materials 60 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEkfBf Industrial H ygiene Im portance of Dust B y N.- V , H e n d ric k s Chief Engineer Industrial Hygiene Service, Georgia Department of Public Health N early all types of m odern industry a r e concerned w ith dust and its control. annual cost to industry ti u n c o n t r o l l e d dust tits to a staggering figure. In Ceases the problem of dust is by management as only fbanee. In other plants, the iery of certain dusts is eco- sound, especially where particulate m atter may conBrecious metals or may carry processing stock. Aside %hy nuisance or economic Insulting from the escape of there are certain dust exres which may result in acute hazards. This is especial: of dusts containing' a high jttage of free silica, asbestos, per toxic materials. Where considerations are involvfsuch exposures, legal aspects themselves. In most states occupational diseases are jjepsable, specific coverage is t to those disabilities resultrom the inhalation of silica Definitions py times true dusts are conJ with fumes, smokes, mists, Slogs. In order to differen- tiate between the o r i g i n of these materials, a defi nition of them is in order. DUSTS are formed by the re duction of earthy materials and are usually produced by such ope rations as crushing, grinding, buffing, etc. The particle size of dusts may vary considerably, ranging from sub-microscopic to visible. FUMES are formed by conden sation and sublimation. Chemi cally, they are metallic and are usually the oxides of such metals as zinc, and lead. The particle size is usually below one micron. Smoke comes from the burning of organic material and its par ticle size is usually less than onehalf micron. Mists and Fogs result from the condensation of water vapor on suitable nuclei, and the particle size will vary with given con ditions. General Properties As a substance is reduced in particle size, there are certain general properties of the material which are changed. On breaking up a solid into finely divided par ticles, the surface area is greatly enlarged and therefore the space occupied is greatly increased. As an example, a piece of quartz one centimeter on each side when crushed to where the particles of one micron in size will present a system containing 10" num ber of particles. The total surface area will be 6 square meters. If these dust particles are dispersed onto the atmosphere in such manner that the concentration will be 100 million particles per cubic foot, the space occupied by this dis persed system will be 10 thousand cubic feet. The chemical activity of a solid is considerably increased by a reduction in particle size. Thus the rate of oxidation is increased as is evidenced by occasional dis astrous dust explosions. The phe nomena of adsorption becomes more important as gases are more easily adsorbed on the surface of the smaller particle. From the standpoint of health hazards resulting from dust ex posures, the physiological proper ties of dust vary somewhat with the particle size. It is an accepted fact that with exposures to silica dust, the smaller the particle size, the greater the hazard. Physiological Response Drinker has summarized the re actions resulting from the inhala- HERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 61 tion of dust by classifying the re sponse into four groups. These are: (a) Pneumoconiosis--The dusts producing this type reaction are harmful only when inhaled. The principal materials producing this body oy inhalation is more im portant mode of entry than the same material taken by mouth. This is primarily due to the fact that when such materials are tak en into the body by inhalation, the major portion is taken into the This is also a problem in foujf where the pouring of bra done. f (d) Allergy--This type re | is in general produced by and certain organic dusts. type reaction are free silica and asbestos dust. On inhalation, these two materials produce specific lung pathology and from the standpoint of disability, present the most important of the dust ex posures. (b) Toxic Reaction--(As poison ing by lead, cadmium or radium) These materials produce harmful effects when taken into the body both by inhalation and ingestion. With reference to lead and its compounds which may be present in the atmosphere as particulate matter, it has been fairly well established that entrance into the blood stream, whereas, a consider Common Industrial Dust able part of that taken by mouth is removed by certain organs of Carbonates are usually co the body. ed with either calcium or i (c) Metal Fume Fevers--Thesenesium. They normally conditions result from the inhala nature as calcite and ma tion of finely divided fume par or as dolomite, which co` ticles. The importance of metal both magnesium and calci fume fever has been brought to the carbonate. Limestone! the attention of industry by the marble c o n t a i n consul great amount of welding which amounts of these carbonat has been an important industrial do the materials from whic tool for the past few years. Where ment is made. burning or welding is done on sur Due to the solubility in f faces which have been galvanized, fluids, these materials are re the problem of metal fumes be ed when taken into the be comes immediately important. inhalation. The presence o' bon dioxide in such fluids' important factor influencing FIG. 2. THE ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR AS USED FOR COLLECTING ATMOS PHERIC SAMPLES OF DUST AND FUMES. INSERT SHOWS RATE OF SETTLING OF DUST. solubility. The same thing a" to the presence of carbon d f in water which comes into c* -- \ with these materials. In the ence of carbon dioxide the bonate is converted to the soluble bicarbonate, thus ad to the ease with which it is r~ L t ed by solution. Experimental and practicalservations on carbonate dust, x 3- U A 1 _ 1J 2d dicate that these materials are harmful when taken into the f by inhalation. This is pro' due to the fact that they are ly removed due to their solufe 5 < 200 iiiiji ISS M i m BSm ml Blmi i mB , I| P*1 jijjjfjej f I(B j'mgSswk I S S 1 B H! -i V \V Sulfates are common indu materials and this general may be illustrated by gyjj5 which is calcium sulfate, a common material and is yt! WIiIlmm Tlh^USJft} j *.z pan ftStOF 2 , l .... ? used in many industrial 0 tions. It is generally consi that this type material is non- ic and does not present any 'T s H r * ticular problem from a hi standpoint. : Oxides vary considerably their physiological reaction general the nature of the rtf will be dependent on the ? metal from which the oxide K rived. Where such met specifically toxic, as would case with arsenic or lead, a cific toxic' reaction could h pected from the inhalation Jf oxide. However, other oxid pear to be relatively ha particularly where the me of a non-specific type. This i of iron oxide. The mining of results in the exposure of a number of men to the oxid 62 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER,1 Georgia kaolin dust magnifica tion I30X. jetal. However, it appears exposure to the dust of iron aot produce pathology un- eh exposure is accompanied pressure of free silica, mining of coal results in re to coal dust which con- fS 'high percentage of carbon. ||d studies of exposure to have been made by the .^Public Health Service and agencies. It has been found in general, coal dust is re in the lungs only when dust contains a high per- of free silica. Although Just may be deposited in the of exposed individuals, the ition resulting is usually not Jered disabling unless silica tent. cates make up an important of industrial materials and Used principally in the pro- on of ceramics and similar rials. Talc, kaolin, mica, etc., are chemically silicates Sfeir widespread industrial ap- tion results in a great number ''fbjployees being exposed to type dust. With the excep' asbestos, which is a silicate, general class of materials does jjppear to produce a disabling except in isolated cases, ` taken into the body by in`ion. "bestos is the only silicate n at the present time which a lung pathology comle with that resulting from " re to silica dust, all the dust found in indusfobably the most important *e silica or silicon dioxide. It s in the form of quartz, flint, tone, and chert; and is as- FIG. 4. QUARTZ DUST (Si 02) MAGNIFICA TION I30X. sociated with many other miner als and ores. The disabling con dition resulting from the inhala tion of free silica is known as silicosis and has long been a problem with industries such as stone cutting, granite, foundry, abrasive, and the like, where sili ca is used in processing. There are relatively few industrial ope rations which might result in di rect exposure to pure silica dust. The importance of silica lies in its association with other materials. As an example, in foundry opera tions the dust generally will con tain clay and materials of a nonsilicious character, so that the ac tual percentage of free silica may be relatively low. This is also true in exposures to coal, iron oxide, and the mining of ores. When hard rock or silica is present, these dusts become important mainly due to the presence of silica rather than to the inherent properties of the parent material. Factors Influencing Hazards In evaluating the exposure to a dust there are several factors which should be taken into con sideration. The duration of ex posure is important, as it will in dicate in a general way the total amount of dust which might be expected to have entered the body. Obviously other factors enter into such an evaluation of total dusti ness, and these will be discussed later. History, of past exposure is important. This is particularly true where an individual is ex posed to silica dust. This point is of extreme importance to industry due to the fact that a worker may have contracted silicosis under a FIG. 5. CALCIUM CARBONATE DUST MAG NIFICATION I30X. previous employment. Where such a condition exists, the desirability of preemployment examination is obvious. The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of dust breathed is important as this, within certain limits, will deter mine the possibility of develop ment of dust diseases. Consider able research and practical obser vations have been made in the field of dust exposures to corre late clinical findings with atmos pheric concentrations. For free silica, asbestos, and some of the other materials, fairly definite standards have been established. The nature of dust is important primarily from the standpoint of free silica content. This is par ticularly true of mixed dusts which constitute the majority of industrial exposures. The volume of air breathed enters into the picture as it directly influenc es the amount of dust which will be taken into the body. The rate of respiration or amount of air breathed in general will be de termined by the physical effort required on the particular job. Where heavy work is being done, naturally an individual will re quire more ventilation than where less physical effort is involved. Dust Measurements In addition to the factors in fluencing dust hazards, it is neces sary to make direct dust measure ments in order to obtain a true evaluation of any dust exposure. Such measurements are made by the actual collection of dust sam ples, the counting of the dust par ticles, and by the identification of the materials making up the dis- `THERN POWER 4 INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 63 persed system. For the collection of dust samples, several instru ments may be employed. Much of the early work done on the control of silicosis in the mining areas of South Africa was carried out with the Konimeter. This instrument has been used some in this country, however, it has not met with the popularity which is enjoyed by certain other methods. From the standpoint of collecting efficiency, the electro static precipitator is probably the choice instrument, however, most of the work done on correlating atmospheric dust concentrations with medical findings has been based on samples collected and counted by the Greenburg-Smith technique. The collecting device employed is an impinger unit which samples at the rate of one cubic foot per minute. Counting by this technique is done under light field. The per centage of free silica in a dust sample is usually determined by either chemical or petrographic methods. Permissible concentrations of dust have been established for free silica, asbestos, and other ma terials. For both silica and asbes tos, 5 million particles per cubic foot is considered as maximum working concentration. The U. S. Public Health Service has suggest ed a procedure by which the total dust concentration in millions of particles per cubic foot is multi plied by a percentage of free sili ca. If the resulting figure is more than 5 million particles per cubic foot, the condition is considered unsafe. If less than 5 million, the condition is considered safe. There should be considered certain limits of dustiness for any type of dust, whether it be merely a nuisance value or health consideration. To most industrial hygienists, 50 mil lion particles per cubic foot is the maximum atmospheric concentra tion of dust under which an em ployee should work. It should be pointed out that the only way of determining both the nature of the dust and the actual concentration is by direct sampling and similar procedures for the counting of dust. Case History MANY industries having prob lems of dust control recog nize the existence of such problems to varied degrees. Some take pass ive attitudes, while others apply s o u n d engineering procedures which result in a real job of dust control. Such modern engineering methods are used by the LeTourneau Company of Toccoa, Georgia. This particular plant manufac tures heavy road grading equip ment and its major dust problem lies in operation of a foundry for the protection of basic steel parts. It is interesting to note that this Company considers the control of dust as a part of the general over all production schedule and as a result has its control methods inte grated into general plant opera tions. Although there are several methods which can be used for control of dust, ventilation, both in the form of general and local exhaust, probably offers the most satisfactory method and it is this approach which has been used by the LeTourneau Company. For general ventilation in the foundry, two 15-foot fans are insta*. which handle 500 thousand cul feet per minute each. Actual the material removed by these fl is made up principally of sn rather than true dust. Two electric arc furnaces operated and these are equipS with roof fans located immediate above the units. These fans hapjf 60 thousand cubic feet per mini each. Again, the major portions! the material coming from the | furnaces is smoke rather than t| dust, and comes from the al and flux material charged into! furnaces. '* A problem of dust control in t foundry is the shakeout operatiq| This is particularly true whef s h a k e o u t is mechanical handled on a vibrating screen grate. Here, a line conveyor i tem is used to bring the castifj directly to the shakeout gratej canopy type hood is installed j| mediately over the grate itself^ addition to canopy, side enclose are provided which prevent ]i leakage. The fan serving this hg delivers 35 thousand cubic feet] minute, which results in a capturing velocity at the entrat and discharge ports. An exc job of dust control results on particular operation. Sand conditioning in md foundries is a dusty job. With LeTourneau Company this . handled by means of local es ventilation and three bag type ters handling 6 thousand cubic;.| per minute each. Tumbling of tions for cast cleaning are also j vided with local exhaust venf (Continued on page 80) FIG. 6. LOCAL EXHAUST ON TUMBLERS FOR CAST CLEANING. FIG. 7. BAG HOUSE AND SAND BLAST UNIT FOR CAST CLEANIN#|j It! Couitesy LeTouri I 1^; 64 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, jitrifiigal Boiler Feed Pump lallation, Operation and Maintenance Igor J . K a r a s s ik Applications Engineer jrfhlnglon Pum p & Machinery Corporation Sperature R ise essivc Tem perature intuiti C apaeity m gem ent of By-Pass ss on Standby Pumps m atte Controls P ass L osses can no longer be said that the problems arising from the op tion of centrifugal boiler feed ps at reduced capacities have "ived insufficient attention in technical and professional rature. Contrasted to the situa- a short ten years ago, when her quantitative nor even 'tative information was avail&to the steam power plant opor, formulas, charts, and entire Yises have been devoted, withIthe last decade, to the subject Iter of protection against over ling of boiler feed pumps, he first phase of the educationprogram on this subject contiled itself with introducing fac- information to the designer of steam power plants to insure inclusion of suitable protecmeasures. This program is now to enter a secondary phase ,,at of disseminating the inforn even f a r t h e r , partly gh repetitive tactics, partly I. CHART FOR DETERMINING TEMPERATURE RISE IN A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, KNOWING TOTAL HEAD AND EFFICIENCY. through devoting more attention to older plants operating at lower pressures. TEMPERATURE RISE In a centrifugal boiler feed pump, the difference between the brake horsepower consumed and the water horsepower developed represents the power losses with in the pump itself, all this power loss being transformed into heat. For practical reasons it is accurate enough to assume that all this heat is transferred to the feedwater passing through the pump. The actual amount of temperature rise in degrees F at any given op erating condition can, therefore, be easily determined from the fol lowing formula: (BHP -- WHP) 2545 d T = ---------------------------- W Where dT is the temperature rise, BHP is brake horsepower, WHP is water horsepower, and W is the pump capacity in pounds per hour. This formula may also be expressed as: H ( i - 0 dT = ----- ( -- --1 778 H being the total head in feet and e being the efficiency. This latter form is more readily used in con nection with the conventional pump performance curve. The chart reproduced as Fig. 1 offers a graphical representation of this THERN POWER & INDUSTRY-for NOVEMBER, 1946 65  8 0 -1,800 70 CL > 6 0 50 0 40 UJJ:3 0 1 ,6 0 0 _ 5+ 1,400 F 1,2 0 0 ^ 4 0 0 20 | 2 0 0 10 \fr ~ n 200 300 400 500 Coipwcify, gpm 600 700 FIG. 2. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A 500 GPM, 1000 FT HEAD, BOILER FEED PUMP. formula and permits, in addition, the determination of the minimum permissible capacity, once the maximum permissible temperature rise has been selected. The chart can be used to plot a temperature rise curve directly on the performance curve of a cen trifugal boiler feed pump, as shown on Fig. 2, which represents the characteristics of a boiler feed pump designed to handle 550 gpm of 250F feedwater against a total head of 1800 feet. It will be seen that the temperature rise in creases very rapidly with a re duction in flow, for the losses at low deliveries are greater, while the total flow which must absorb the developed heat, is low. Thus, it will be seen from Fig. 2 that for a capacity of 50 gpm, the tempera ture rise is 18F while, at the full capacity of 550 gpm, it is less than one degree. If the boiler feed pump is of a type which is fitted with a balanc ing device such as a balancing disc or drum, a certain portion of the suction capacity is returned to the pump suction or to the direct con tact heater at the pump suction. The discharge capacity of such pumps does not represent the true flow taking place through the pump. The formula and the chart FIG. 3. ARRANGEMENT OF MULTIPLE PRESSURE REDUCING ORIFICE BASED ON MANUAL CONTROL OF BY-PASS. U l i X- I g . X L e t ll S U 1X u e U B C Q ever, provided that a co value is used for the efficjf This correction automatically: care of the discrepancy bet the apparent capacity (disch / capacity) \ and the true Q+Q< flow. V Q/ Where e is the corrected effici e,, is the pump efficiency, Q capacity at pump discharge, Qu is the capacity of the bal disc leak-off. EXCESSIVE TEMPERA1 Since boiler feed pumps: generally called upon to o" *' in a very wide load range, way from practically shut full load, the problems inv' in the operation of a feed pi light loads are of an extreme portant nature and must be'; ed with this in mind. It is almost common know that a pump operated at s' would soon over-heat am Specifically, the various eff an excessive temperature r boiler feed pump are as follf)' 1. Excessive expansion at t ning joints and ultimate b and seizing of adjacent p the pump which are desi operate with a definite ance. .j* 2. Ultimate decrease in tbl sure margin over flashiri first stage impellers sequent cavitation an binding. 3. In the event that the p corporates a balancing the vapor pressure of heated water in th1 chamber at the exit balancing device may f the pressure existihi with consequent flas! relief chamber and even in the balancing self. All of these effects shorten the life of the vg|j ponent parts of the b|j pump if allowed to be Cj an extreme. Therefore, the pump from the d8J|| dental to an excessive t rise, precaution must bp avoid operation of tb abnormally low flows. I 66 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEK jjacity of the boiler feed ___ solely governed by the %P regulator which is con|y the main turbine load e resulting rise or fall of the some specific means applied to maintain pre yed minimum flow through er feed pump regardless oi ! load. is achieved by installing a in the discharge line from jiler feed pump. This bylocated on the pump side ,,discharge gate valve and valve and leads to some re-f lower pressure in the boil1 cycle. The capacity of the !is such that should the de fat the boiler fall to zero, or d one of the valves become while the pump is running 1 speed, the flow through the will not fall below the preined permissible minimum, operation of the by-pass is eguiated by means of either rjually or automatically convalve. MINIMUM CAPACITY smuch as the temperature within a boiler feed pump with capacity, it is obvious the minimum permissible dty will eventually depend on aximum permissible temperjs rise. The factors which de le this are quite numerous delude such variables as the lble and required net positive '-n heads and the operating erature. This precludes the bility of establishing a rigid , for these factors themselves ary with each installation. It cessary to consider each factor yidually, determine the maxitemperature rise dictated by factor, and finally select the of these separate maximums e maximum permissible ternare rise for the installation in 'on. rtunately, it is never necesto establish the value of the aum permissible capacity accurately. The difference in X consumption is negligible if this capacity were to be lished more or less empiricald on the safe side. On the of past experience, it can be that where the maximum G.RM. FIG. 4. PERFORMANCE CHART FOR SINGLE BY-PASS ORIFICE. temperature rise is held to 15F, no danger of overheating the pump or of flashing in the first stage im peller exists. It is recommended that the temperature rise be held to this maximum, unless some special reason exists in an ex ceptional installation to warrant a greater or a lower maximum permissible rise. Fig. 1 can be used to determine the minimum capacity, as the pump total head curve is fairly flat near the shut-off conditions. The intersection of the head curve at low flow and the curve corres ponding to 15F rise will yield the pump efficiency at minimum recommended capacity. A glance at the pump performance curve THERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 6? Ml*,*: " * K l\y! -- IM X r BfgtfiiffRUMP .- -- LtMPaEss . 2: til j-- ORlPtCS " M IL E FEED PUMP _j _ eoitri ff0 aUMP MO. 3 N M .. X is r 7 -- 0 RIFISE 1aiifcM gfci<l -- k :k /!_____ F ORIFWE FIG. 6-A. CORRECT IN STALLATION OF BY PASSES FOR A GROUP OF 3 BOILER FEED PUMPS. FIG. 6-B. INCORRECT AR RANGEMENT. THIS BY P A S S INSTALLATION DOES NOT PROVIDE PROPER PROTECTION. | t ML fjjjj Hip will do the rest. As a short cut, it may be also stated that the minimum capacity should be held to approximately 30 gpm for each 100 bhp at shut off. Thus, on Fig. 2, the brake horsepower at shut-off is 200 hp and the minimum permissible capacity becomes 200 3 0 X ------ = 60 gpm. 100 ARRANGEMENT OF BY-PASS In the event that the boiler feed pump takes its suction from a di rect contact heater, it is necessary to return the by-pass recirculating line back to the heater rather than directly to the suction line of the feed pump. This avoids a cumula tive effect of the temperature rise and allows the recirculated feedwater to mix with the feedwater held in the storage space of the heater. Thus, the heat increment received in the boiler feed pump is passed into the heater, and the temperature of the feedwater en tering the pump suction cannot ex ceed the saturation temperature corresponding to the heater pres sure. The recommended arrange ment is shown in Fig. 3. It will be seen that the by-pass line origi nates ahead of the discharge gate valves and check valves. Normally, it should be introduced into the FIG. 7. BY-PASS AND BALANCING DEVICE LEAK-OFF ARRANGEMENT heater storage space at a point low the minimum water level. T is done in order to reduce the ncr caused by the flashing of the r turns to steam. However, if t' feedwater is withdrawn from; intermediate stage of the pum passed through a closed heat' and re-admitted to the pump, by-pass return should be admitt into the steam space above t maximum water level. With t arrangement, the entrance into I heater should be adequately h i fled. Since the feedwater in the r circulation line is under a pressu corresponding to the pump di charge pressure, it is necessary locate a throttling orifice in t line, the physical dimensions this orifice determining t' amount of recirculation throU the by-pass. The orifice must designed on the basis of the m: mum flow through the pump. The arrangement illustrated Fig. 3 is based on a manual contf of the by-pass. Two valves used, one on each side of the dr. fice. One of these valves usui remains open and is closed on to isolate the orifice during hi spection or renewal while pump and heater are in operatio. The second valve is the contr valve and should always remain either a wide open or complete, closed position to avoid unneceS sary wear. }, When the discharge pressure ex; 68 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 194ft 3 l+ * ' \ j V * \ A t i e (AT RIGHT) of WHS No. 4V2BDV [drive assembly. : tstlfi': m M I -L i*- ' T " " V '. `"'i n ;.. I i (BELOW) "UDYLITE" Automatic Plating Machine with superstructure raised. PROBLEM. A smooth-operating transfer mech- gafiism which advances the objects to be plated from Jpne tank to the next . . . without jerking or swinging of the work. SOLUTION. The incorporation into the drive of a WHS Worm G ear Speed Reducer No. 4/2BDV (312:1 ratio) with a magnetic 'brake on the high `speed shaft extension. WHS had the "work-horse" dependability, the assurance of unvarying _>.* o. quality and faithful adherence to standards . . . pll of which were required by UDYLITE. SOUTHERN STATES REPRESENTATIVES CARRYING STOCK Atlanta 3, Ga. ROBERT FULGHUM CO., 245 Garnett St., S.W. Tampa 1, Fla. SOUTHERN PUMP & SUPPLY CO.t 902 Twigg St. Dalles I, Texas TURNER C H A IN & BELTING CO., 2913 Canton St. Charlotte 3, N. C. M. R. SNYDER COMPANY, 1715 Liberty Life Bldg. Greenville, S. C. J. W. VA U G H A N C O M PANY Atlanta, Ga. h. E, GARNER COMPANY, 1851 S. Gordon St., S.W. {Alabam a-Chattanooga-Knoxville Territory) WINFIELD H. SMITH CORPORATION 555 SPRING ST. . . . S P R I N G V I L L E . . ERIE C O U N T Y . . N E W Y O R K IUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 69 DIRECT HEATER nvO-N-f!i^Z} PR MARY W 600STLA feECPUWRS Hv O - n --G T S FIS. . IN SYSTEMS OF THIS TYPE, BOTH BOOSTER AND MAIN FEED PUMPS REQUIRE INDIVIDUAL BY-PASS PROTECTION. FIG. 9. WHEN BOOSTER AND MAIN FEED PUMPS ARQ, UNITS, A SINGLE BY-PASS MAY BE USE, ceeds approximately 300 psi, a throttling device comprised of a series of orifices is advisable for the double purpose of reducing wear of the individual orifices and eliminating the excessive noise in cidental to the high pressure drop through a single orifice. For low pressure application, the orifice can be manufactured from a stainless steel rod, bored to size, and placed in the by-pass line. Fig. 4 shows the performance of such an orifice, and the recommended installation is illustrated on Fig. 5. The length of pipe to be installed beyond the orifice itself is intended to allow for a gradual dissipation of the velocity energy in the flow issuing from the orifice, while the pipe plug at the end of the length of pipe permits renewal of a part which ultimately wears as a result of the jetting action of the high velocity flow. When an installation involves several boiler feed pumps, each of these must be provided with its own by-pass ahead of its check and gate valve, as shown in Fig. 6-A. The use of a single by-pass orifice, starting from the common dis charge header as shown in Fig. 6-B, would provide no protection if the total flow was reduced, and one of the pumps developed a high enough discharge pressure in excess of another pump's to close its discharge check valve. Of course, the individual lines may be manifolded on the downstream side of the pressure reducing ori fice. If the boiler feed pump is pro vided with a balancing device, the leak-off from this is generally re turned to the direct contact heat er at the pump suction. The leakoff and recirculating lines may be manifolded in order to reduce pip ing, as shown on Fig. 7. It may be unnecessary to warn the power plant operator against manifolding these lines ahead of the pressure reducing orifice. Such procedure would lead to complete failure of the pump immediately upon open ing the by-pass control valve, since this arrangement would impose pump discharge pressure on the balancing device relief chamber, and the balancing device would become inoperative. Theoretically, when two pumps are operated in series, only a single by-pass is necessary, pro vided the recirculation is returned to a point in the boiler feed cycle located ahead of the first, or pri mary pump. The amount of the by pass is determined by the operat ing conditions of the main or sec ondary feed pump, since the latter is generally developing a greater pressure than the primary feed pump and requires more heat dis sipation at low flows. However, a certain amount of care must be exercised when several primary pumps are operated in parallel so that no condition may arise so that the check valve or gate valve of one of the primary pumps be comes closed while the pump it self is running. For this reason, it is generally recommended that, unless the primary and main feed pumps always operate as an in tegral unit, the primary feed pumps be provided with their own by-pass protection. Certain difficulties may arise in connection with the disposal of the recirculation feedwater from the pump by-pass when the boiler feed cycle is such that the feedwater is deaerated in the condenser, and no direct contact heater is used. The by-pass must then be re the condenser itself may be possible to ac the by-pass at the bo pump suction, provided] changer is located in th" tion line to lower the of the by-pass to that at suction. Since, in sue* there is generally a el2 between the condensate the boiler feed pump fore, the condensate is' perature appreciably Id; that of the recirculatr the cooling medium in i changer may well be sate itself. Thus, the heif by-pass is regained by-pass were discharged! rect contact heater. In determining the s' heat exchanger required be remembered that th feedwater is throttled frh charge pressure down sure approximately eq' suction pressure and th perature rise accompani drop of pressure through sure reducing orifice. Thi# ature rise in degrees F cap pressed as: H dT -- ----- , 778 Where H is the total head The temperature at the : the orifice is equivalent tion temperature, plus the; ature rise in the pump the rise through the thro fice. BY-PASS ON STANDBY Under normal conditior with the boiler feed puth ating at average loads, the 70 <;OIJTHFRN POWFR & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBf w hy industry relies on J-M Insulations applied by J-M Applicators! lotion alone is no guarantee of top |p8,/To cut down heat waste and to gjjtttng it down through years of p jftjo n must be properly applied. jjpigjrc!Johns-Manville can help you. doe Engineers, and the facilities Insulation Research Laboratory, le to help you with specific prob atter how simple or complex. The rial insulation line offers a care- neered material for every service. . . for every temperature from 400 F below zero to 2800 F above. And you have positive assurance of proper application because J-M Insulation Applica tors know exactly which material is right for each service.. -know how to apply it for great est economies at installation and throughout years of service. For details, write your nearest J-M Insula tion Applicator, or Johns-Manville, Box 290, New York 16, New York. SULATI0NS R 4 INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 lines in the discharge of the in dividual feed pumps are held closed. However, whenever there exists the possibility that the pump may be operating at light flows or when the pump may operate against a closed check valve, the by-pass valve should definitely be open. The recirculating lines should be opened on all the pumps involved whenever it is expected to switch from one of the main feed pumps to the standby pump. If the switching operation is carried out manually, the operator should open the by-pass valve on the pumps prior to bringing the standby pump on the line. After normal conditions have been re established, the by-pass is closed. If, on the other hand, the standby pump is operated automatically, provision must be made for the by-pass to be open at the proper time. This can be achieved by leaving the by-pass valve open on all pumps while they stand idle. If the by-pass leads to the direct contact heater from which the pump takes its suction, no flow takes place through the by-pass, since no pressure differences exist in the circuit to cause this flow. If the by-pass leads to a lower pres sure point in the feed cycle be cause of the absence of a direct contact heater, the flow which will take place is very small, as a re sult of the lower differential, com pared to the flow which takes place under normal operating con ditions. In order to understand this clearly, it is necessary to re member that a throttling orifice is always located in the by-pass line, the physical dimensions of this ori fice determining the amount of re circulation through the by-pass. A numerical example will best illustrate the effect of the prevail ing pressure differential on the by pass flow. It will be assumed that the pump in question is designed to handle 300,000 lbs per hour of 3OOF feedwater against a dis charge pressure of 1200 psi. It will be further assumed that the suc tion pressure, including the vapor pressure, is 75 psi gage, and that the pump discharge pressure at shut-off is approximately 1375 psi. There is no direct contact heater in the feed cycle, and the recircula tion returns to the condenser so that the pressure differential across the throttling orifice is about 1390 psi. In order to limit the temperature rise to 15F, the size of the orifice will be such that with a differential pressure of 1390 psi it will pass approximately 45,000 lbs per hour. If the pump is standing idle and the by-pass valve is open, the differential pres sure across the orifice is reduced to 90 psi, under which conditions the total flow which takes place is approximately 10,000 lbs per hour, which is a relatively small flow. Incidentally, this flow can readily fulfill the functions of the warm up flow generally recommended for standby pumps. In the event that the recircula tion by-pass is operated auto matically, the problem disappears altogether, as the by-pass remains open as long as the pump is idle and is not closed until the flow through the pump reaches the de sirable minimum. AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF BY-PASS Within the last few years, power plant operators have indicated a growing interest in automatic con trol of the by-pass, especially in high pressure installations where the trend is towards automatic control of all the phases of opera tion. This involves some sort of actuating mechanism which will open and close the by-pass at the .proper time. The mechanism itself must be subjected to an impulse governed by the flow through the boiler feed pump, a great number of impulses being available for this purpose. The most frequently used automatic arrangement is based on a flow meter control. The operation of the flow meter control is quite simple. A flow meter element is located in the pump suction or discharge line to operate two mercury switches. The contacts are so adjusted that the first contact completes the cir cuit on a decreasing flow but per mits no by-pass until the second contact has been made at a still lower flow. This provides an over lap to prevent hunting as the in terval between the two contacts exceeds the amount of the by-pass flow and as the circuit is not brok en until the total flow has in ed to a value above the the first contact. The cir made to operate a solenoid! admitting air pressure to the trol diaphragm of the by valve itself. Because the orifice used to ure the flow induces an preciable pressure drop, and! cated in the pump suction act to reduce the availabl positive suction head, it is r mended that this orifice alw; located on the discharge g` the pump. BY-PASS LOSSES There frequently arises the conception that the exces penditure of power resulting operating the pump with th._ pass open is equivalent to th" pass capacity expressed in centage of the full load capa This is entirely incorrect, analysis of Fig. 2 will diselos as it has been stated, the by flow for this pump should l gpm, it corresponds to 10.9T the full load capacity of 550; At the same time, the increa power consumption betwe capacity of 100 gpm with by?" closed and 160 gpm with by| open is only 15 hp, or less tha of the full load horsepower, dition, it must be realized t direct comparison of the consumption at two flows doe. provide a correct evaluation o loss incidental to the operatic the by-pass. In order to esta the real amount by which th of a by-pass decreases the n e t ductivity of a steam power it is necessary to determine amount of heat wasted athj capacity corresponding to the of the original capacity and tlf^ pass flow. The differentiation tween "power consumption | "heat wasted" is based on the' cept of the "thermodynamic ficiency" of a boiler feed P contrasted with the nomin straight power consumptionjficiency. The former concept^ its the boiler feed pump wi*. heat generated within the # after correcting this heat^ <p basis of the thermal efficie (Continued on page 123) 72 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. a,' fro m // BER, W Man with a 32-track mind He's moved upstairs . . . this Southern Railway yardmastert Yesterday he ran his legs off in all kinds of weather trying to be all over his yard at once. Today he sits in a glass-enclosed, air-conditioned tower sixty feet above the ground... acres of tracks spread out before him. Through the magic of electronics he gives orders and instructions to switching crews and others throughout the yard V,,. and the men can report back to him over this two-way communicating system ...thus speeding the "making up'' into trains of as many as 5,000 'freight cars a day. Progress? You bet! Always on the alert for new methods , . . never taking anything for granted . . . we're doing our best to provide the kind of mass transportation service that is so vital to the continue! growth and prosperity of the South. Whether it's pioneering with the first Diesel freight locomotive or building a tower for the "man with a 32-track mind,''the Southern Railway is . .. and will continue to be ... a railway that is always looking for, and finding, better ways to "Serve the South." < A 'O 'W 'V President SOUTHERN RAILWAY SYSTEM JTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 73 La b o r T u rn o ve r B y Philip Panfield A feus sim p le ru les, in te llig e n tly a p plied, w ill decrease Labor Turnover and im prove industrial relations. L ABOR turnover is one of the most serious problems facing American business and industry today. The importance of labor turnover is to be seen in the cost involved. Every new employee in troduced into an establishment represents a definite cost, whether or not he ,develops into a skilled and profitable worker. If he proves to be a "floater" or has been put on the wrong job and has to be re trained or replaced, his cost to the company increases still further. The cost of labor turnover has not been worked out for all lines of industry, but these figures, for the ladies' apparel industry, will give some idea of what it costs an em ployer to break in a new em ployee: Advertising................. - $ 0.40 Hiring and clerical work 0.60 Instruction .................... 2.50 Wear and tear on machines................ 5.00 Loss in production..... ... 20.00 Spoiled work and mistakes ................ 10.00 Accidents 2.00 $40.50 Thus, before a new employee has any value to a plant engaged in the ladies' apparel industry, he represents an outlay of $40.50. Which, of course, is money lost un less that employee stays on. How can a manufacturer de termine what his turnover is and check it against the average for his industry? One simple formula is as fol lows: Let R = replacements. Let M -- the average number of employees at work during the period. . . Then, the turnover, T. can be determined as R M It is preferable that turnover figures be stated in terms of caus es, and then the formula should be modified as follows: Let Q = quits. Let D = discharges. . Let L = layoffs. Then, turnover can be c mined as: Q D L T -- --; or = --; or = -- M M M Net labor turnover, which is a term commonly used in discussing average labor turnovers in differ ent lines of business and industry, is determined as follows: 100 R NLT = -------- M Net labor turnover can be ex pressed on a monthly or an annual basis by letting S -- total separations. A =s unavoidable separat; M = average working the period. Then (S-A) 100 NLT -- -------------M Armed with such defini the employer may know where he stands on the la' over situation, and, if his proves too high, he can ta dial measures. Sometimes it is not en|, classify labor turnover i? or for the business as Turnover figures must o: termined by departments Then the analysis may sh department head does how to handle his employe In general, high labor occurs among workers v short service records. I| stance, a survey showed , employees having servic of two years or more, the was 11%, while in the those having records of month, the turnover was. Frequent absences are 74 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEM, lWx A* TER LEVEIS 1 N- 71 \ Ml instrument panel mount- *">oiav Indicator in rubber iH fa r^ a y .- ^ Httcturing 1 O ne o f tw o Yarway Indicators mounted on end o f instrument panel in boiler room o f W estern utility. 'im R r DEMATE I m um IFVFI INninATflR forerunner of "quits" and should be noted and investigated. Without going into the question of time out accidents and occupa tional diseases, let us consider some of the less-often-mentioned but none-the-less definite causes for labor turnover. These causes are as varied as they are interest ing. Among them may be cited: I. Monotony. ' 2. Long hours. 3. Excessive overtime. 4. Unwholesome environment, caused by fumes, dust, or poisonous substances. 5. Cramped and strained posisitions of work. 6. Assignment of workers to jobs for which they are not phys ically or mentally qualified. 7. Lack of suitable luncheon fa cilities. 8. Unscrupulous foremen. 9. Lack of an efficient piece work system. 10. Lack of a transfer and pro motional plan. II. Lack of cooperation. 12. Insufficient compensation. Sometimes the real reason for a "quit" cannot be determined, but at other times, if patience is used, valuable information may be se cured. At any rate, if intelligent handl ing is to be given the problem of turnover, at least as much care should be taken in interviewing the employee when he quits as was taken when he was employed. Such a procedure will pay for it self many times over in promoting employees' goodwill and efficiency and reducing the firm's turnover to--or below--a normal. New Employees A new worker should receive an adequate explanation of the aims and policies of the company. And company labor policies should always be stated specifical ly and issued to all new employees in printed form. All employees, whether new or old, should be con tacted along these lines, either through folders in their pay en velopes or through a house organ published once each week or at least once each month. Maintaining the right relations with employees is fundamental to the success of any company and labor turnover. It might be" must be based on the spirit of hon the thermometer of esty and justice. health. Proper selection of - The following policies may form ees; proper placement in the basis for better industrial re they are best qualified to f lations: 1. To pay all employees a just wage for services rendered. 2. To maintain reasonable hours of work and safe working conditions. 3. To provide continuous em ployment consistent with business conditions. 4. To place employees in the sort of work best suited to their abilities. er training in the jobs to | they are fitted, and periodic ups to see how employees ting along on the job all? hold turnover down. But if your surveys si high a labor turnover, th ing procedure will help, down to normal: ! 1. Assist in arranging of workers to othe ments. 5. To help each employee to progress in the company's 2. Inform the personnel" ment of any prop service. offs. 6. To aid employees in time of 3. Hold special jobs in ? need. for slack seasons. ' ? 7. To encourage thrift by the establishment of an employ ees' credit union. 8. To cooperate with employees in social, athletic, and recre ational activities. 9. To accord to each employee the right to discuss freely with executives any matter concerning his own or the company's interest. Management is primarily inter 4. Use dull periods to r1"" the plant for vacati 5. Train workers on seve so they may be more assigned to other wo 6. Spread overtime sg workers equitably. \ 7. Fill supervisory and vanced positions by : tion from within the zation. ested in profits through maximum Employment production. The principal aims of ' It goes without saying the employee are security and in essential for a successful < creased earnings. A basic policy tion today to centralize such as outlined above is in the of employees in an employ^ interest of both parties concerned partment rather than per* and is the only sort of a policy be done by foremen or dep' which, in the long run, will lead heads. to agreeable relations, teamwork between employer and employees, The employment de_ and profits for the company con manager must not only ha* cerned. vision and a pleasant pe he must also have good pc| Morale analysis, a knowledge of Industrial morale has sometimes been defined as "an attitude of nature, and a first-hand" standing of the jobs to and the necessary requir feeling toward the organization and fellow-workers". But morale really results from making just and reasonable demands upon ernploy- the men and women hire them. Learn Causes ees--demands which, while pro But employment is only v ducing profits for the employer, in the building of a succ* never-the-less enable them to win ganization. Knowledge the rewards of achievement; to determine labor turnover;*0 gain a certain indescribable per check it against known sonal satisfaction; to acquire a in different lines of indC feeling of contentment while at the how to get at the und same time gaining for themselves causes of turnover and be ft a living wage. check too high a turnover Bad morale is reflected in high equally essential. 76 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER give you safe> uniform power over entire range On the testing floor . . . in maintenance operations . . . wherever there is a need for gear pullers, Snap-ons are favored by men who know good tools. There are four definite reasons for this popularity: (1) Snap-ons have more "locking power" for added safety. (2) They give you a "tip-less" pull that prevents binding. (3) You enjoy smooth uniform power for easy pulling over the entire range. (4) Snap-on pullers are available in a wide range of types and sizes. You'll like the comfortable, well-balanced feel of Snap-on pullers. They have the ruggedness and stamina that makes easy jobs out of the tough ones. g m y o n f o o lo Ask the Snap-on man who calls at your plant for full details on Snap-on gear pullers or write for catalog of 3,000 Snap-on tools for industrial production and maintenance. the CHOICE O f better m e c h a n ic s SNAP-ON TOOLS CORPORATION 8056-K 28th AVENUE KENOSHA, W ISCO NSIN HERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 77 Damage by y H arry M. Spring Fly Ash BAm e 0OW A/ Erosion T WO recent occurrences nearly resulting in serious accidents are described so engineers may be better prepared to prevent forced shut-downs in their plants and avoid the possibility of serious ac cident. A bent tube, two drum 475 psi, watertube boiler, in which gases are directed through three passes in a horizontal plane, was fired by pulverized coal. It was equipped also for firing with other suspen sion fuels. The usual draft fans were installed. In less than fourteen months from the date the boiler first went on the line, inspection revealed severe wasting of a number of tubes. The wasting occurred on the external surfaces, and the tubes affected were all in a localized area in the third pass where high velocity of gas flow existed. De terioration penetrated 80% of the wall thickness in the tubes. Study of the baffling, the loca tion of the wasted areas, and the nature of the defects left no doubt that the action was the result of abrasion by fly-ash and unburned particles of combustible. The second instance of abrasive damage was even more serious. Here, a bent tube watertube boiler operating in the 400 pound range was fired by pulverized anthracite FIG. 2 **1-1 coal, the abrasive qualities of which are particularly severe. Investigation was underway tq determine the cause of tube leak age when the erosion was dis covered. In the course of examina tion, a suspended baffle was found: settled so that a gap Vi in. to 1 in; in width resulted between the to; of the baffle and the bottom of th f middle steam drum. (Fig. 1.) Dif ferential in draft pressures in the; two passes caused gases with en-f: trained fly ash and particles of sooi to sweep through the gap at higi velocity. This sand blast effect hadworn a groove in the drum, the; groove extending over 12 ft in a longitudinal direction and for a. depth of V2 in. in places. Tubes, too/ were cut by the erosive blasting,1 some being reduced in thickness by 78 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, I946fe Fo s t e r Wh e e l e r EXPANDED TUBE CONDENSERS 4 es of ss by 1946 y > ` \ ' Expanded tube condenser design, intro duced 20 years ago by Foster Wheeler and considered a highlight of condenser development, is used by modern con denser manufacturers. The design com pletely eliminates leakage of circulating water into the condensate. Condensate contamination became a major problem with the advent of higher pressure and temperature steam gener ators. Slight impurity of feed water, un noticed for years in plants operating at 300 or 400 psi, quickly forms heavy scale at higher pressures and tempera tures. Modern steam generators need almost chemically pure feed water -- purer than drinking water. Foster Wheeler anticipated this prob- IOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 lem by designing tfie first expanded tube condenser for stationary power plants. The condensers illustrated, first prac tical application of this design, were built in 1925 by Foster Wheeler for the Trinidad, Texas, station of the Texas Power & Light Company. Test data proved that expanded tube condensers provide feed water purer than all pre vious types. Foster Wheeler offers industry prac tical engineering ability and experience plus foresight necessary for progress. foster W heeler Corporation 165 Broadw ay, N.Y.6, N.Y. 79 at least 75%. Figure 2 shoves .the condition of the tube that Tailed: Other tubes were found eroded adjacent to U bolts holding baffle tiles. The U bolts prqvided suf ficient interruption in las flow to cause eddy currents arfd localized impingement. (Fig. 3.) Erosion by particles of fly ash ( Candy Making (Continued, from pkge 60) not be taken for granted, a chemi cal laboratory is essential. The Brock Candy Company is now in the process of constructing a modern chemical laboratory and training a technician to perform control analyses. The laboratory, which is located in a large air con ditioned room near the candy' cooking operations, is equipped with modern stone-topped labora tory benches, the latest chemical glassware, and such special analyt ical instruments as. balances, vacuum oven, refractometer, and pH meter. Provision has been made for such analyses as moisture, in vert sugar, viscosity, pH, melting point, and refractive index. Many of the control tests have been de veloped specifically for the Brock Candy Company, and new pro cedures will be added from time to time as the need arises. The Industrial Research Institute of the University of Chattanooga has cooperated . with the Brock Candy Company in selecting the equipment, outlining and develop ing. analytical procedures, and training a technician to operate the control laboratory. A research and unburned fuel has also been found in stoker-fired boilers. At the time of each shutdown for cleaning and preventitive main tenance (at least once every four months), all areas vulnerable to erosive attack should be examined. Areas most susceptible are:, . 1. Where, flow of gasete Awakes a \ tUrnL throwing; Out particles'of v Solids: ' * ' ` ' 1 2. Behind any cracks, breaks, or y gpsi in a gas baffl.-, 3j Adjacent to any; projection that might divert normal flow of gases. . Should the boiler be provided with an induced draft fan, observe the condition of the blading. Ab normal wear may be indicative of erosive attack in the boiler. Careful attention by all engi neers to the problem, of erosion may well prevent a serious acci dent. in the plant. The modernization pro the Brock Candy Compa_ ing place at a time whe any product, regardless dt or cost, can be sold. Tne " tlenecks today are shortagmaterials and skilled p However, progressive bus know that these condit only temporary and that's few years, companies w" not guarantee quality abig tp sell their produ Brock Candy Company ^ tinue to be a leader in its cause it has refused' to quality of its products '* days when consumer dem greater than the supply of terials and because it has inaugurated a program of : and research which will constant improvements. _____________ -ft; project on improvement of the quality of candy has been sponsor ed by the Brock Candy Company at the Industrial Research Institute of the University of Chattanooga. Since all raw materials will be analyzed and tested in the com pany laboratory, variation in prop erties will be detected before the material is used. This procedure will assure products of uniform quality, since inferior raw ma terials will be discarded and form ulations will be based on the ac tual analysis of high grade raw materials rather than on standard procedure which do not make al lowance for variation in the in gredients. Analysis and testing will assure high quality of finished products and permit any difference in quality to be detected. In this way, any unavoidable errors in manufacture can be corrected and adequate controls instituted to pre vent their reoccurrence. The facilities of the control lab oratory will also be available for the evaluation of research and de velopment work being carried out in the factory. In addition to main taining the production of uniform high quality products, the person nel and equipment of the control laboratory will be available for many other technical, assignments Dust (Continued from page ' tion and dust arrestors as.; in the photograph. Note t haust is applied throughly, trunnion of the tumbler. g In foundry operations or other industrial type proce housekeeping is an important;* tor influencing the generatio dust. This foundry employs fj five horsepower vacuum clef for floor maintenance. By this cedure loose dust, sand, and! like, is removed from the floor is not projected into the a' phere by the movement of , chinery, scuffing of feet, and like. This is one impressive in the operation of this parti., foundry. Excellent housekee is combined with a good proc* for materials handled. In all of the attempts at dus` trol at the LeTourneau Com* employee cooperation is obta Employee c o o p e r a t i o n <?T through planned program off ployee education and empl participation in affairs invo the health of the worker. Periodic dust samples coll, in the LeTourneau foundry,, cate atmospheric concentrate,, various operations well b. what is considered as maxi, safe working limits. - 80 SOUTHERN POWER .& INDUSTRY ,for NOVEMBER!' m m MHi l- K MHi i F OR low operating cost, lubricate your Diesels with Texaco Ursa Oils. You'll save on fuel, save on maintenance. Texaco Ursa Oils stand up in the severest service . . . keep engines clean . . . assure longer life for bearings, liners, rings and pistons. Ursa Oils promote maximum engine efficiency . . . dependable, full-power output . . . minimum expense for fuel and main tenance. There are Ursa Oils to assure these advan- ta'ges and savings in Diesels of every type and size. They are approved by all leading Diesel manufacturers and used by operators the world over. In fact, because of their effectiveness-- More stationary D iesel hp. in the U.S. is l u b r i c a t e d with Texaco than with any other brand. For Texaco Products and Lubrication En gineering Service, call the nearest of the more than 2300 Texaco distributing plants in the 48 States, or write The Texas Com pany, 135 E. 42nd St., New York 17,N .Y . ICO TEXACO U rsa O ils FOR ALL DIESEL ENGINES fili i n ,. .T E X A C O STAR THEATRE presents the N E W ED D IE B R A C K EN S H O W every Su n d ay night. See new spapers for time an d station. HERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 81 M easure Protection OF SMALL MOTORS in terms o f Production a n d y o u II install Buss F usetrons throughout your electrical system to protect all o f them Here's Proof.. Fusetrons Eliminate A vera ge of Two Motor Burnouts per Month on Fan Motors. " Steam is exhausted from the rooms where we em pty' our bone char by exhaust fans of two types--a 36 inch fan operated by h. p. m otor and a 24 inch fan operated by x/4 h. p. 3 phase--220 volt motor. T he grilles or louvers open to the northeast right over the Delaware River. High winds will therefore sometimes stall th e motors and in a very severe storm, the wind may even reverse the direction of the motor while it is running. Also, the starting current is increased greatly when the blades are revolving in the opposite direction, due to high wind. " Prior to 1942, at least two of these fan motors were replaced every month, due to burnout. Replacement was very difficult and expensive due to the fact th a t the fans are mounted right below the ceiling and above steam pipes. " Early in the summer of 1942 we installed 8 ampere Fusetrons for the % h. p. motors and 614 ampere Fuse trons for the \4 h. p. motors. Up to August of 1945 we had not had to replace a single fan motor protected by Fusetrons." David J. Coles, Electrical Engineer, McCahan Sugar Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Motor Repair Co. Won't Guarantee Motor Rew ind Job Unless Motor is Protected by Fusetrons " We have found Fusetrons and Fustats (Fusetrons with a tamper resisting base for 125v. circuits) so .satisfactory for the protection of small motors th at for a number of years we have refused to give a warranty with a rewound motor job unless the owner installed a Fusetron or Fustat to protect the motor. We saw to it th a t the size used would give burnout protec tion. " We are convinced th at this policy of installing a Fusetron or F u stat to protect all rewound motors has saved us a lot of un justified complaints--and no one knows how much expense taking care of motors within the warranty period." A. H. Wolf, Superintendent of Motor Repair Dept. Swanson-Nunn Electric Co. Evansville, Ind. BUSS 82 FUSETRON SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER,  m R. 19- T SMALL M OTOR PROTECTION Simply and Inexpensively Burnout of motors from lack of oil, worn bearings, tight belt, overloading--or anything that causes a dangerous excess of current through jthe motor--can, on normal installations, be prefjgrented by Fusetrons. Just install a Fusetron of motor-running projj tection size, anywhere in the circuit to handle Mjnly the motor current. That's All. If motor is on a separate circuit, install the Fusetron in the switch or panelboard. Then the motor as well as the circuit wiring is protected. If the motor is on a general use circuit or a circuit feeding more than one motor, protect !f each motor individually by installing a switch or a fuse block with the proper size Fusetron. Is As Simple As That. Protect Against Cost of Replacing a Motor-- and Against Production or Operating Losses When pumps, fans, air compressors, blowers, conveyors, mixers, stokers, oil burners, grinders --or any of the hundreds of other circuits on which small motors are used--are out of service because of a motor burnout the losses incurred generally make the cost of Fusetron protection seem mighty small. You not only have the cost and trouble of removing and replacing the destroyed motor-- but all the time the motor is down, production or operating losses pile up. I t's guarding against these double losses that makes it pay you so well, to go to the little expense and trouble necessary to install Fuse trons for the protection of all small motors used throughout your plant or building. FUSETRONS GIVE MANY OTHER KINDS OF PROTECTION HERETOFORE NOT AVAILABLE Fusetrons do everything fuses do, as is confirmed b y the Underwriters' Laboratories' Label, and in addition. . . Provide simplest way to stop burnouts from single phasing. Entirely wipe out needless blows caused by motor starting currents or other harmless overloads. Give thermal protection to panelboards and switches. Prevent needless blows caused by heating in panels and switches. Permit use of larger motor or adding more motors on circuit without installing larger switch or panel. On new installations proper size switches and panels can be used instead of oversize. Protect motors against burn out. Give double burnout protection to large motors. What is the F U SE T R O N ? T he Fusetron is a DUAL elem ent deviceadded a Thermal cutout, Fuse to which is T he result is a fuse with trem endous tim e-lag and much less electrical resistance. Fusetrons h av e th e sam e degree o f U n d e rw rite r's L ab o rato ry approval for both m otor-running and circuit protection as the m ost expensive devices made. M ade to the same dimensions as ordinary fuses, Fusetrons fit all standard fuse holders. Obtainable in all sizes from 1/10 to 600 am pere in both 250 and 600 volt types. Also in tam per-resisting type (Fustats) for 125 volt circuits. T heir cost is surprisingly low. Id through Wholesalers e t /Hi tde Get Better Protection-- Send the Coupon N ow Even one lost, hard-to-replace motor, or one needless shutdown or destroyed panel may cost you far more than replacing every fuse with a FUSETRON. Don't risk such losses--protect your pro duction schedules by changing over your entire electrical system to FUSETRONS. BUSSMANN MFG. COMPANY U n iversity a t Jefferson S t. Louis 7, Mo. (Division McGraw Electric Co.) BUSSMANN MFG. CO., University at Jefferson ..46 St. Louis 7, M o. (Division McGraw Electric Co.) Please send me complete facts about BUSS Fusetrons. Name-- -------------------------------------------- -------------- Title---------------------------------------------------- ------- -- Company.----------------------------------------------- ------------------ A dd ress---------------------- -- -- ------------------------------ -- City---------------------------- ------ -State- ERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. 1946 83 E lectric C ircuit T ro u b les B y Thomas Trail A little sm art investigating w ill save a lot of grief in lo cating electric circuit troubles. When trouble develops in an electric circuit, it is wise to do a little investigating before mantling fixtures and disconnect ing wiring. Such procedure can save both time and energy. First, check for current at var ious locations with a' test lamp. If the fuses prove to be all right, and yet no current indication can be found in the defective circuit, make a careful checkup to determine if there are any switches or other types of control devices in the cir cuit anywhere. If no switches or control devices are found, then it is time to examine wiring or open splices at probable sources of trouble. There have been a number of instances where defective circuits and devices caused needless waste of much time and work before the troubles were cleared up. In each instance the cause of the trouble turned out to be simplicity itself. Several lighting fixtures in the service corridor of a large hotel refused to light. New bulbs were tried but to no avail. The electrici an then proceeded to disconnect fixtures and check splices. The lamps were located at a consider able height and this further de layed the work. Hour after hour went by while the workmen la bored and perspired but still did not find the trouble. Finally he could think of no other check to make. Discouraged, he stepped from the ladder and his eyes fell upon a tumbler switch on one wall of the corridor. He walked over and flipped it and immediately the lights blazed on. He had spent nearly a half day finding out. that someone had merely snapped off dthise switch. An electrician was called to a shoe store one day to find out why part of the shoe window lights would not light: The store manager reported that the lights; ,had worked perfectly on the preceding business day. The electrician tried fuses, fuse cabinet switches, new lamp bulbs, removed the face from the fuse cabinet, opened wire junctions, removed fixtures and canopies, but still the lights did not light. This had taken more than five hours of discouraging work. Finally, in rechecking the wires leaving the fuse cabinet, he noticed that an unusually large number of them left the cabinet through a large conduit, yet he reasoned that it was unnecessary to have so many wires to feed so few lamps. Thinking that the wires might lead to switches he searched the rear of the store carefully but no switches could be found. The man ager insisted that the only switches he used to light the lamps were the branch circuit switches in the fuse cabinet. He also had explained that a time switch controlled all his lights when the store was closed. The electrician then decided to take a look in the public corridor at the rear of the store. The build ing in which the store was located contained a number of shops and each had an entrance on this cor ridor. Right outside the door he found a gang installation of key switches. Drawing a key from his pocket he began to try the switches. Only one switn gang clicked and the lamps flashed on b r ig h t^ It developed that som known to the shoe store had tripped this long-disu forgotten switch, thus cu the circuit to his winder^ On another occasion trician spent considerable: checking starters, fuses, and pressure controls on conditioning system. He f covered that the failure simply to the fact that the.,1* ture of the outdoor air at was lower than the syst~ perature setting, consequent thermostat contacts were p6' they should have been. A similar instance when an air conditioning fto start. A checkup was xnj^ splices on the motor open still no current indication W tained. Finally it was dis that an unnoticed mercury intended to shut down the ; in the event of fire, hao knocked from its normal r in some manner, thus t" mercury tube and openirijgt circuit. All these instances shov time can be wasted when a < investigation of all possible s6 of trouble is not first carri^ before dismantling equipme"' though these examples re' unfavorably upon the elect" involved, they still were amusing as an incident in v a maintenance mechanic wl' befen entrusted with the jot| stalling new lighting fix hotel guest rooms. After th fixture was in place, the was turned on but the lamjy glowed faintly. The main*' man suggested that perhaps lamps were needed. But trician, noting the dimnesj* lamps, checked the fixture*. He found that the two soc the fixture had been eonne series. When questioned abfl the maintenance man repli he had connected them aCC to the notice on a label ins| fixtures. This label turne^ be a union sticker signi the fixtures had been D* union workmen. The IshB number and the words "S$. 34 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER (vantages Offered by Armstrong Traps Whether you use law pressure or high pressure hit heaters, application of Armstrong traps gives <)u these important advantages: 'j , FULL HEATER CAPACITY. Heaters drained by strong traps are kept dry! No waiting for condensate to before trap opens. No cooling leg is necessary. 2. AUTOMATIC AIR VENTING. No separate air vent "required. Both air and condensate pass out through same live. Minimum maintenance, minimum repair cost. 3. PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION. Prompt imoval of air and condensate from heater minimizes danger f, CO, or oxygen causing corrosion. LONG VALVE LIFE. All internal mechanism is kinless steel. Valves are same quality as used for 2400 p.s.i. complete information on Armstrong traps for heating vice, see your local Armstrong representative or write SMSTRONG MACHINE WORKS, 806 Maple Street, Rivers, Michigan, U. S. A. TRAPPING TIPS* In sta ll trap below and d o te to unit healer. If trap discharges to overhead return, use a check valve. Use a separate trap for each unit heater. Use a trap Safety factor of 3 to I. If heater operates on v a ria b le pres sure*, order trap for highest pressure. Use ample size sup* ply and drain pipe lines. Keep supply mains drained with proper traps. i f Complete data, d ia grams, tables, capaci ties in 36-page CATA LOG H, available an request. See our exhibit at the 17th National Exposition of Power and Mechanical Engineering G rand Central Palace New York December 5 (a 7 iosa * ARMSTRONG STEAM TRAPS FHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 85 A History of Power B y Carl J. Eckhardt, Jr. CARL GUSTAF PATRIK DE LAVAL 1845 - 1913 The Use of High P ressu re and High Tem peratu re Steam For Turbines Is In itiated. C ARL Gustaf Patrik De Laval was born in Blosenberg in the Prov ince of Dalecarlia, Sweden, on May 8, 1845. He was the son of a captain in the Swedish army. As his surname indicates, de Laval's forebears w ere of French origin. They had, however, been residing in Sweden for a con siderable time. Early members of the family had served Gustavus Adol phus. De Laval's m ilitary heritage seems to have been a very rich one. Information with regard to de Laval's boyhood experiences does not appear to abound. From his early youth he demonstrated that he possessed courage and endurance. He was intellectually alert and he pos sessed the capacity for m aking close observations. By a peculiar paradox, de Laval sought no military great ness. He yearned to carry on cam paigns in the field of science. His in tellect was keen. His choice of a life's work was, therefore, a wise one. In 1863, de Laval entered the Uni versity of Upsala at the age of eight een. His work as a student was characterized by his inherent desire to delve into the fundamental truths of the laws of nature and the de velopments of the science. He thrust himself wholeheartedly into his work. Regular rates of progress were not sufficient to satisfy him. He applied himself to his work with such zeal and enthusiasm that he was gradu ated from college in three years. Virtue was re warded for de Laval completed his work with distinction. He was, as a m atter of fact, at the head of his class in all of his studies. De Laval recognized the virtue which attended an effort to comple ment his technical training with prac tical experience. After graduation he entered the employ of the Stora Kopparberg Company of Bergslad, but his work as a draftsman confined him more than he wished to be confined, and w ith the passage of time, he realized that he could hope to profit from graduate work. He returned to school and registered for graduate courses in physics and mathematics. In th e year 1872, the degree of Doctor of Philosophy was conferred upon him. Having thus finished his formal education, de Laval returned to the employ of Stora Kopparberg Com pany. Since he did not like continu ous indoor activity, he was assigned to the task of doing chemical research work. He was soon sent to the Hartz mining district in Germany to make observations which would be useful to his employer in the erection and operation of a manufacturing estab lishment to be constructed at Falun. In this instance the production of sul phur and sulphuric acid w ere of prim ary importance. After a short period of sep Laval resigned from this order to enter business for He undertook to establish a gla tory. Unfortunately, howeyei ability as a business man was i sufficient order to keep this p | operation. The failure left heavily in debt. He realized ( was under compulsion to seei in the ranks of other business ! prises. In 1875, he entered ploy of the Klosterverken Iro n 1 where he served in the capacif mechanical engineer. His ability now began to assert During this period of service* ented two of his ideas. One < was a device to effect a mor factory distribution of air in J mer converters. The second i involved a crucible for galVS purposes. Even though de Laval's volved few applications of ce| devices, he became very terested in them. A crude I centrifugal device had come;' possession. He employed his time in refining this piece ofi ment and in thinking of a mail which it could be applied in 86 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY fot NOVEMBER r TODAY'S TO U G H ER J O B S , HERE'S A NEW T O U G H ER M O T O R W H ER E IT'S W ET Wet weather doesn't both* er the new totally-en closed Tri-Clad mo tor. Neither do fre quent "washdowns" in food, plants. IT'S C O R R O S IV E Acids, alkalis, and fumes are kept out of these new Tri-Clads. Cast-iron enclosures are corrosion-resist ant, extra strong. W H ERE IT 'S DIRTY Dirt and dust can't get into these Tri-Clads to shorten their life,. Smooth surfaces are convenient to clean. i work cent; much ! Ge; n e in his g of eq manner in a /IBER, I W H ER E IR O N D U ST FLIES Harmful iron dust and metal filings can't get past the in ner wall. Bearings are protected from dust. WHERE QUARTERS ARE C LO S E When space is limited for a totally enclosed motor, you'll like these trim, com pact new Tri-Clads. TOTALLY ENCLOSED MOTOR (I TO 1000 HP) iyou welcomed the Tri-Clad open motor with it's ip'otection features. More Tri-Clads have since gone into jtje than any other integral-horsepower motor. Now iE is ready with a new line of tough, totally enclosed Clad motors for use in adverse atmospheres. We believe 10te industry's most dependable motors. Their longer life |lpwer maintenance will make them a sound investment utnost every job. Apparatus Dept., General Electric Schenectady 5, N. Y. W H ERE E X P L O S IO N H A ZA R D S E X IS T The new Tri-Clad motors are available in explo sion-proof construc tions where needed. ff cail-Irsn , double-wall* fram e- dustand aieiclure at thq paini jilafoly iH to N t and pratarts the j h m loads pat* throughtha M I **"TV _fjf.^pd-pantfitogtj, : " V * j j!.. 'j^_ K d jaiif W n M ^ a l'jhiijm i^ ap ' e M M g ii,' gpA ' fo js "A w af" WU^tfor M i l t ' p jw R j'J jp y ' It f~lwldh.:twtit * ' ' * ' ..` A '- 'p ')' M l |bM4M4bb'Y|ihteP tejtfyhtoU I A ; fonilo g tr jp~aaagit f tv s h b ^ U ^ fr moisture., Pripiar and Rnlsh caqt | ` dpt y n rh iiiU |i. Iw t f l so^rit affatiljt htgh.ftdti-.' liq w foteep flbomdfofoifc*lid, ' "*f *$ .' ,)6aG et^ " a#ider**.ftafoib5ii d as', frbblewtfireHel grdM ng .e f f p if ll m ani Include' winding of *Fatn c qn be packed with (eng-llfe H | f jp d iH l the boatings. H 'V . The powerful external tan ti remov- cast-iron cindHit k u i i d la a ^ l ablo IH fop M ay wiring. Bonoe a rt | j Ing type In explosion-proof m atan. SUa_C s i ., -,, A J cIrb .compound `o a H ^gMjgele i'I& rjM tty iv q Hybndffofelireift tors gad oalornal fan prpfecls.agatnsl vibration hazards o en uadaz envare ' ftcM frg fdM tlohCt ,, IH FOR THE COMPLETE STORY'' Apparahs Department. Section 9 General Electric Company Schenectady 5. N. Y. U Please send me G EA -4400, which new Tri-Clad tota'I/ erclosod motors. Please send me G EA -4131 , "Motors and Control ' for Hazardous Locations." NAME COMPANY ADDRESS- 'e-mark Reg. U. S. Pal. Off. GENERAL ELECTRIC THERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 87 DE LAVAL'S STEAM TURBINE OE 1883 useful fashion. It then occurred to him that it might he employed to separate cream from milk. When his efforts to enlist the enthusiastic sup port of his employer in this venture failed, de Laval decided to give up his position. He resigned and returned to Stockholm. He began in 1877 to try to raise a sufficient sum of money to construct a factory in which his separating de vice might be manufactured. Success did not at once attend his efforts. The indifference with which de Laval's predecessors h a d b e e n plagued likewise harassed him. His lasting qualities were, however, sub stantial. His faith in the usefulness of the device which he had refined before leaving the employ of the Klosterverken Iron Works remained unshaken. In the ultimate, a modest sum of money was raised. With these funds The Separator Company, Ltd., was created. From the outset it was successful. The length of time re quired to develop this enterprise into a going concern was not long. The value of his product was readily ap parent. It was accepted immediately by the agencies for which it was in tended. De Laval's interest in th e flow of elastic media was aroused as early as 1870. He determ ined to improve the character of the flow of steam used for sand blasting devices. He was, at the same time, concerned with the task of finding an appropriate prime mover for his separating device. De vices possessing high rotative speeds were essential to the satisfactory op eration of the separator. Inasmuch as the steam turbine was inherently a high speed apparatus, de Laval con structed a very small and simple tur bine in 1882. The principle of opera tion involved was an old one. It had originally been demonstrated by Hero of Alexandria in the first century A.D. As m ight be supposed, th e de sign of the steam flow path was crude. This circumstance accounted for the poor economy with which it operated. The improvement in performance depended upon the design of noz zles which possessed passages of an ap propriate order. De Laval then began to devote his thoughts to nozzle design. His S- shaped rotor was de veloped in 1883. The function of the nozzle which de Laval now attempted to de sign was to convert heat energy to kinetic energy. The nature of the design needed to be such as to im part con siderable velocities to the working substance. In accomplishing this task the physical prop erties of steam Had to be taken into consider ation. De Laval de termined t h at t h e weight of the steam discharged by a nozzle in a given period of time depended upon the cross sectional area of its smallest section. BRANCA He realized that the power which could be developed depended upon the weight of the steam flowing and the "spout ing" velocity. Under such circum stances the? greatest am ount of power could be expected for a given rate of flow with the highest "spouting" ve locities. De Laval's efforts to find an ex pedient means for converting heat energy into kinetic energy resulted in the development of the de Laval nozzle. It was designed to take into consideration the fact that as the steam was expanded, the velocity first increased more rapidly than the specific volume. As the steam then flowed from the throat, outward, the specific volume of the steam increas ed w ith more rapid reductions in pressure than velocity. The shape of the nozzlfe from the th ro at outward needed, for that reason, to be diver gent. The path or approach to the throat of de Laval's nozzle consisted of a more or less rounded entrance which converged to the throat. This well known nozzle form was develop ed in X888. In 1889 he applied for A m erican patent rights. The U. S. Patent Office apparently did not share with de Laval his enthusiasm for the usefulness of his device. It did not at once grant the patent which he sought. TURBINE WHICH DE LAVAL IMPROVED The velocities w ith which ste: sued from the de Laval nozzle extrem ely high. To use this kinj energy gainfully he was under ligation to employ rotative which embodied h i g h pe velocities. The principle of operfi originally employed by Hero of andria was now discarded, stead, de Laval attem pted to usi principle of operation suggest Branca in 1629, namely, the tail turbine. In order to secure a f: able relationship between the of the issuing, je t and the per!] velocity of his rotors, it was t ly necessary for de Laval to rotative speeds ranging from to 30,000 revolutions per min' In 1893, de Laval exhibit nozzle at the Chicago World' The claims which he made for il substantiated. In the follow: his request for an American was granted. High rotative speeds in rotors introduced iubricatiffl lems. He sought to elimina' troubles by resorting to the introduced into the bearings centrifugal force. Although arating devices needed high speeds, they could not be o] at speeds as high as 25,000 revolta per minute. The worm and 88 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER m e New Angles on INDUSTRIAL and COMMERCIAL HEATING r# The Dravo Heater offers today's highest possible Kfflcieney for open space heating. It recirculates ptarm air in the working level, thus minimizing |he tendency of the heated air to rise and cause fexcessive heat losses through the roof. Under the Dravo method warm air is discharged above the heads of the workers and cool air is taken off the floor. This provides a thermostatically con'Trolled comfort zone in the working level with Ho annoyance to workers. In addition to saving fuel through low roof heat loss, the Dravo Heater is extremely econ omical in these respects. . . Sustained efficiency iaf 8 0 to 8 5 % by constantly getting more Btus from each gallon of oil o r cubic foot of gas churned. -- Low er initial cost compared with in d irect heating systems. --Ease of installation J. . . it is necessary only to provide power Actual tests with balloon-suspended thermometers In a building with 20 0,00 0 square feet of roof showed temperature differential between roof and working area to be only 9 degrees with Dravo Heaters. Thisis a big fuel-saving advantage whencompared with otherm ethodsinwhichroofareatem peraturesareoften 35 degrees higher than those a t the working level. line, fuel line and stack. --No stand-by heat or specialized attendant is necessary. H eater operates only when thermostat dictates your requirements. Dravo Heaters are available in capacities ranging from 400,000 to 2,000,000 BTUs per hour output. The money-saving angles for Industrial and Commercial Heating with d k a v o c o u n t e r f l o d i r e c t F IR E D h e a t e r s are more fully described in Bulletin N P 516. Write Heating Section, DRAVO CORPORATION, 300 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh 22, Pa. Dravo Counterflo Direct Fired Heaters are products of the Machinery Division. DRAVO CORPORATION PITTSBURGH W ILM INGTO N - PHILADELPHIA ' W ASHINGTON NEW YORK CLEVELAND DETROIT HERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 89 were, therefore, introduced into de L aval's power tran s- ' mitting system. De L aval's ideas w ith re f erence to the impulse turbine constituted a splendid suc cess. I t is to de Laval th at the w orld is indebted for de veloping the impulse turbine, a "grotesque" idea of Branca, into a device of great use fulness. His arrangement of the rotating disc and the manner of fastening the blades to it were ingenious and praiseworthy. In the ab sence of proper balancing devices, de Laval reduced the rotor shaft to a very small diameter to make it L/. flexible. Thus the turbine ^ . rotor was permitted to ro tate about its center of grav ity which was not coincident with the central axis of the turbine shaft. U nfortunately, de Laval's business acumen was not of the same high order as his technical skill. The Sep arator Company, Ltd., was nqw mak ing very satisfactory progress, but de Laval could not bring himself to be satisfied with results achieved by a going concern which depended upon the fruits of his previous labors. The inquisitive character of his mind ap peared to thw art all hopes which he may have possessed for financial suc cess. The enlargement of knowledge, however, seemed more important to him than the accumulation of ma terial wealth. In the years which fol lowed he was to engage in numerous researches. In some phases of this work he was indeed a pioneer. In this early stage in the develop ment of the steam turbine, de Laval sought to introduce the use of high steam pressures and temperatures. The size of the units designed ranged from five to one hundred horse power. Pressures of the order of 1400 to 2800 pounds per square inch w ere involved. The systems which he en visaged consisted of a steam gen erating unit, a turbine generator, and a condenser together with their ac cessories and auxiliaries. Since no steam generating system had there tofore been operated at such pres sures, de Laval applied himself to the task of preparing suitable designs. Six such units were installed in Stockholm in 1897 for the purpose of supplying power for the Stockholm Exhibition. The manufacturing estab lishment in which these devices had been constructed was located at Jarla, IMPROVED DE LAVAL TURBINE Sw eden. In that same year, units designed by de Laval were actually employed to generate power while provided with steam at a pressure which be gan to approach the critical pressure for steam, 2800 pounds per square inch. Conventional boiler designs were unsatisfactory for such operat ing conditions, for steam tempera tures of the order of 700 to 750 F w ere likewise involved. The heat ab sorbing surface of the boiler consisted of a tube arranged in a helical fash ion. De Laval exercised the care to subject this tube to a test pressure twice as great as that at which he wished to operate. This power gen erating unit was arranged in such a fashion that a pinion on the turbine spindle was used to rotate two gear ed generator shafts at reduced speeds. De Laval had learned from ex perience that it was not always pos sible to employ rotative speeds which provided peripheral velocities which bore the right relationship to the velocity of the steam issuing from the nozzles. He continued, however, to a r range his devices so that the entire pressure drop occurred in a single nozzle or single set of nozzles all of which operated under the same con ditions. To eliminate the inefficiency which would otherwise have resulted from the high residual velocities of the steam issuing from the blades of a rotor possessing a single row of blades, he resorted to the use of velocity staging. Two rows of rotating blades were employed. A row of sta tionary blades was placed between the two rows of rotating blades. The steam departed iro first r o t a t i n g blades at a const velocity in a directi posite to th at at whig entered. It was, th the function of the sfi row of blades to rev direction of the stre~' so th at the steam enter the second row of blades in the s~ rection as that in w` entered the first row, ` manner, the impulsive- exerted by the stean ' employed in a more jf fashion. Important features; newly designed prime!" were numerous. A ii them may be enum here: 1. Hydraulically ope steam admission v" 2. Automatic pressure con achieved by regulating the sition of a blast gate betw" the boiler furnace and draft fan. 3. Over-fuel-bed air injections improve combustion eond tions. 4. P re-heated air supplied to furnace for combustion by system which simultaneous , cooled the furnace walls. : 5. Eem oval of the air and norig; condensable gases from thf condenser by the use of ejec tors. 6. Special devices for cooling boiler by the introduction o, air externally in the event sudden reductions in load. De Laval was destined to ex? ience many difficulties because * was a pioneer. As such, his thir processes were far ahead of the t' in which he lived. His courage in t dertaking research in the high pi sure and high tem perature field the generation of power deserved be admired. He could not, howeif extricate himself from the inhere difficulties which a lack of kno edge imposed. The greatest amou of trouble was experienced in h steam generating system. Boiler tq failures constituted the most seri~ problem. De Laval had foreseen possibility of this difficulty. In der to minimize the consequences, such tube failures, the boiler had . designed to possess the smallest fens ble w ater storage capacity. Such tu, (C o n tin u ed on page 122) 90 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 19 DIAMETERS FOR E X T R A YEARS OF M AXIM UM J ) m8 / r m m m y Because of Buell's exclusive feature--the patented van Tongeren "shave-off"--the cyclones in Buell Dust Recovery Systems do not have to be made with small diame ters in order to achieve high recovery effi ciency. On the contrary, diameters of Buell cyclones can be in excess of four feet with out loss in efficiency. These large diameters make possible operation with low centrifugal force and consequent reduction in abrasive wear; and permit one-piece construction of extra-thick steel, with large duct outlets, that makes clogging virtually impossible. All these are prime factors in the troublefree operation, low maintenance cost, and high efficiency of custom built Buell Dust Recovery Systems--as established from actual records of installations in service for three, four, five or more years. BueU's book--"The van Tongeren System of Industrial Dust Recovery'''--illustrates and explains the patented van Tongeren principle and its many applications to in dustry. We will be pleased to send you a copy without charge. Write for it today. il L w tm m w B mm H 1 P* * LL EN G IN EERIN G CO M PAN Y, IN C . 4 Cedar Street, N e w Y o rk 5, N . Y. Sales Representatives in Principal Cities HERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 Si x Exclusive Buell Features THE " SHAVE-OFF" LARGE DIAMETERS EXTRA-STURDY NSTRUCTION CORRECT HOPPER DESIGN SPUT-DUCT MANIFOLDING INNER WELDS GROUND SMOOTH DUST RECO VERY SYSTEAf 91 fy jd lp in fy . MANINTHEPIANT A Section of Practical Discussion Reeders ere invited to tend in kinks, ideas, and suggestions. Payment it made for each contribution published. Routing Operation weight of the router head and arm Improved from the supporting bar along the edge of the table, this assembly af IT is necessary in performing in fords a smoother and easier rout tricate flat routing operations to ing operation. reduce the vibration of the head and arm of the router to a mini mum. Magnetic Street Cleaner H arold P eterson, of the Bem is Bro. Bag Co.'s K ansas City P lant, suggested this simple adjustable spring and turnbuckle assembly which is attached to the arm on the flat router. By removing the dead OUR streets and alleys had a lot of old nails and tacks in them as is usual. We wanted a magnet to pick them up and the local Army Base gave us one. It was wound for 120 volts DC and has 12 coils ROUTING AID < --------------- AIR MANIFOLD on it. We could not find able DC generator anywhe finally reconnected the coils in 3 sets of 4 coils each * could use our portable engine en welding set for current si` We set the welding set in aand hung the magnet out th ' With this makeshift "Sv we picked up nearly 800 pee nails, bits of wire and tacks ' day. While the outfit is hea\i cumbersome it works and the only added expense? small amount of additional: line the welding engine bu E. A. ROB" City Clerk, Carlsbad,, Simple Air Manifold Here is a simple air cooli vice originally designed! the cooling of tank cars that-' been steamed for cleaning oiii pairs but applicable to many lar operations. Two 3/4" nipples were w* into a 2" x 6" nipple at f angle. A short 3/4" nipple welded into the top of a 2" for the air hose connection an, unit welded to a 4" x Wz" which serves as a base. A attached to the beam and can be used to raise and lower : apparatus. J. R. Rucker Humble Oil & > Refining Co. Ingleside, Texa r-OrdinaryAirHoee andConnect 7iuo i" N /ppM s N ekN d in i N ippies or4S* Some KinderBumper A T T A C H M K N r f b * ftC O U C W G W & C M T A /H o O T E A Head a oA t** 92 Hi SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, \ PROCEDURES old >ling i ned at ha or ny !R & Co. Texas PRECISE welding control is a major reason why shop fabrication by Pittsburgh Pip ing and Equipment Company results in a thoroughly dependable piping installation. The illustration shows how a welding oper ation on 14" high pressure, high tempera ture piping is performed. The area adjacent to the weld is induction preheated to a tem perature of 500F.min. This temperature is accurately maintained during the entire electric arc-welding operation by means of indicating and control instruments. When the weld is finished, stress-relieving is ac complished by similar procedure. Better welding contributes to the safer, more satisfactory prefabricated piping in stallations produced by Pittsburgh Piping and Equipment Company. 1 0 Forty-Third Street-- Pittsburgh, Penna. W oo/w orfh Bui/c/ing, N e w York Cham ber o f Commerce Bldg., Indianapolis Booh Tower, Detroit 5 2 5 M a rk et Street, Son Francisco 6 3 4 S. G ram ercy Place, Los A nge le s Peoples G a s Building, C hicago Public Squ are Building, Cleveland 10 H ig h Street, Boston Weights S fate Bnk 8ldg., Houston Wbttehed-Bilding, Atlanta OTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 93 PROCEDURES N.' AVAILABLE ONLY THROUGH PF PRECISE welding control is a major reason why shop fabrication by Pittsburgh Pip ing and Equipment Company results in a complished by similar procedure. Better welding contributes to the safer, more satisfactory prefabricated piping in thoroughly dependable piping installation. stallations produced by Pittsburgh Piping The illustration shows how a welding oper and Equipment Company. ation on 14" high pressure, high tempera ture piping is performed. The area adjacent to the weld is induction preheated to a tem perature of 500F.min. This temperature is accurately maintained during the entire electric arc-welding operation by means of 'MA indicating and control instruments. When the weld is finished, stress-relieving is ac SR, 194 I0H ERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946  j il..- . Z . [Users ap p laud the high Rust-Inhibition if Eag le Super " 6 6 " Insulating Cem ent pyho have used Eagle Super "66" Jlting Cement are enthusiastic not |b o u t its great fuel-saving ability |y applaud the way Super "66" " Uy inhibits rust on heated metal |m ent! i unique rust-inhibitive quality een conclusively proved by labortests, and in actual use. I t's an p t a n t factor in prolonging the life Oilers, ovens, tanks, tow ers, heat angers, etc. ' B a l l " "Springy Ball" structure gives remarkable efficiency fiture T he trem endous insulating fancy of Super " 66 " comes from its uhgy Ball" pellets of Eagle Mineral Wool. Each pellet is a maze of dead air cells --one of N ature's m ost effective barriers against passage of heat. "Springy Ball" structure is permanent --lasts as long as the insulation. Eagle Super "66" w ithstands a full range of tem peratures up to 1800 F. If not subjected to tem peratures above 1200 F., it can be rem o v ed , r e m ix e d and re-u sed ! An all-purpose insula tion, it can be troweled w ith little effort on almost any size or shape surface. W et coverage is as high as 65 sq. ft. per 100 lbs., 1 in. th ic k . . . and shrinkage is less than 15%. Send for data sheets. T h e y c o n ta in com plete technical inform ation about E a g le S u p e r ``6 6 ". A v a ila b le o n re q u e st. Other Eagle Industrial Products include: Eagle Insulseal. A protective coating for insulation. Trowels on -- dries to a hard finish. Withstands temperatures up- to 450 F. ' * _ Eagle Swelchek (black). A prepared, asphaltic base, rustinhibitive anti-condensation compound. Eagle "43" Finishing Cement. A hard white finish coating' for all types of indoor insu lation within a range from 70 F. to 800 F. EAGLE-PICHER INSULATIONS High and Low Tem perature THE E A G LE -P IC H E R C O M P A N Y C IN C IN N A TI ( 1 ),O H IO E ag le Su per " 6 6 " In su la tin g C e m e n t E a g le L-T a n d M-2 F e lt E a g le Supertem p Block E a g le B la n ke ts E ag le Pipe C o ve rin g E ag le Insulseal Eagle Loose W ool Eagle Insulstic Eag le Swetchek ERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 s ks 95 News of the Month Active Power Market Reflected In Demand For Power Show Space Continued reorganization and ex pansion of industries everywhere will sustain a heavy demand for power equipment during many months to come, forecasting a period of steady employment and more settled busi ness confidence. First reports from the list of almost 400 exhibitors booked for the 17th National Expo. sition of P ower and Mechanical Engineering reveal a firm market for their products now with an increase in prospect when they can show their new lines. Some of these will be announced during the fall, but many will be unveiled at the Exposition, which is to be held in Grand Central Palace, New York, December 2 to 7. All industries are power consum- FUTURE EVENTS O f Engineering InteH A m erican W e ld in g S ociety, 33 W e s t'- New York, N. Y. ; Nov. 17-22-- A nnual M eeting, Atla N ational M etal Congress, Wm ff ? M anaging D ir., 7301 'Etuil C hicago, 111. % Nov. 18-22-- Exhibition, A tlantic A m erican Society of M echanical B n' E. D avies, Secretary, 29 W. New Y ork 18, N. Y. -.* Dec. 2-6-- A nnual M eeting, Hot' sylvania, New York, N. Y. A m erican In stitu te of Electrical E . E . H enline, Secretary, 29 St., New Yuik, N. . Jan . 27-31-- W inter Convention, N 12,000 Holes per Hour! With New Gearless Multiple Spindle Drillhead! The Z agar G earless Drillhead can accommodate up to 400 drills in one h ead --d rill up to 400 holes at one time! T his revolutionary unit runs noiselessly and vi bration-free on needle, tapered roller and precision ball bearings, and is lubricated by a patented auto matic oiling system to insure trouble-free operation. With this unit all holes are drilled at one pass, and valuable time is saved by the elimination of indexing and extra handling. It may be used on standard drill presses, or furnished as a complete hydraulic m a chine by the factory. Another time saver, as well as a help on a tedious job, is chewing gum. The simple act of chewing seems to m ake the Work go faster, easier--helping to relieve w orker's fatigue--so that a better piece of w ork can be turned out with greater safety. W rigley's Spearmint Gum may be used even when both hands are busy--right w here the w ork is being produced. You can get complete information from Z agar Tool, Inc, 23881 L akeland B lvd., Cleveland 17, Ohio 96 Zagar 220 Spindle Gearless Drillhead AA-98 ers, and therefore preparatf the Exposition clearly indicate titude and purposes of ind planners as interpreted by whom they must rely for mft; and manufacturing equipnv requirement starts with tl( plant and various means t~ power to production and 4 through to numerous prodiic' plications. Lists of exhibits ^ compiled constitute an catalog covering all kinds tries from the standpoint power needs and also such p rf services as fuel, heat, steam* water supplies, materials h and others. A great majority hibitors have participated in Power Shows at two-year i and are returning with the., their post-war products. T1 will also see a good number' exhibitors. : New designs will be fea most of the exhibitors, with g: on the use of specially select terials including a number, new special alloys, and, where, saving is an object, combinat. light pressed steel shape- aluminum and occasionally! ium. Makers of many items,, valves, will offer intercb parts of various metals in o standard units, affording sel|, according to the type of i|i* handled and the temperat pressure requirements invol, Though highly divers! principal influence of the is in developing a wider kiMt the economical transform ation energy in fuel into power, ,aij key classifications of exhibitor with pumps and conveyors f9T:,. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, , est t 39tfcS antic ( Eise lid City, : gineen 39th te l P ft Engine West ; New ' d a .a ? -i>- powe xtensiv the m ...a n d pressure is under control flk S T WITH B E lt W S O Here are two Fulton Sylphon regulators . . . job-proved by engineers and contractors in your industry . . . for solving pressure problems in steam, air, water or oil lines. On the left is the No. 1253 with packless, a ll-m etal construction. Single-seated valve for dead-end service--may be held in wide open position. Requires no "feeler" pipe. Reduced pressure ranges--20 to 100 lbs. and 30 to 150 lbs. Shown with it is the No. 952 which is used as an automatic pressure regulator for reduc ing from high to low pressure--or to insure a constant delivery pressure when supply fluctuates. Equipped with direct-acting type valve (closes with rising pressure). Maximum in itia l pressure--150 lbs.; maximum con trolled pressure--100 lbs. Both are handwheel, spring adjusted . . . equipped with Sylphon metal bellows . . . rugged, reliable, long-lasting. Both are backed by 45 years of specialized experience. For com plete inform ation, w rite tod ay for Catalog VL-1Q0. T H E F U L T O N S Y L P H O N CO. K N O X V IL LE F ULT f f SYl Pf C $Ji$i2o-uxi Canadian Representatives, Darling Brothers, Montreal TENN. B Il WlTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 97 NEWS-- C ontinued from page 114 ing liquid and solid fuels and run on through boilers, turbines, burners and stokers, blowers and exhaust fans, valves and piping, traps, blow downs, liquid level indicators and controls, as well as auxiliaries of many kinds to turbine generators. All these range from the compact little "packaged" boiler to the scale of the huge steam generator in the public utility field. Electrical Engineering Exposition Widespread interest in the forth coming Electrical Engineering Ex position has already been demon strated by the variety of exhibits al ready enrolled for the display, which is to be held in the 71st Regiment Armory, in New York City concur rently with the Winter Convention of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, next January 27-31. Factors making the Exposition especially timely are the new de mands for exhibitors' products cre ated by reconversion of industries, PEERLESS PUMPS V e rtic a l a n d H o rizo n ta l T y p e s A FULL RANGE OF SIZES AND CAPACITIES Built to serve Exacting Condi tions in Ice Plants, Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning, Packing Indus tries, Industrial Water Services. S P .il v 'l'f'L * ?A ____ T'.-Vd K 'i W ORLDS of WATER for INDUSTRIAL USES PEERLESS VERTICAL TURBINE PUMPS Developing capacities from 15 to 30,000 g.p.m., against heads up to 1,000 feet, Peerless Vertical DeepWell Tur bine Pumps assure a constant and clean water supply. Many exclusive engineering features, such as Double Seal - Double Bearing Bowl Construction, give added assurance of long life and maintenance of efficiencies. Peerless Deep Well Turbine Pumps are available in both oil or water lubricated types (water lubricated illlustrated) and are adaptable to all forms of drive. P e & U e M HORIZONTAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS ( Formerly DAYTON-DOWD) PEERLESS UTILIZES NEW PRINCIPLES OF HYDRO-DYNAMIC DESIGN! Capable of continuous low-cost service and maintained efficiencies, Peerless Hori zontal Pumps are available for practically every variety of general pumping service. Peerless Engineers are available to recom mend the proper pump size and drive to meet your requirements. Capacities to 6 0 ,0 0 0 g.p. m. Single Stage; Double Suction; Split Case. launching of new manufplants, especially sftiall ones; new and converted; retail service establishments. This ' movement involves changes character of demand, espec; er and appliances; expansion works; new installations. Mei shortages and strikes have h production, creating confusifij many dislocations at present, ing projections and planning"! of the engineering aspects w: clarified by the first of th( when the Exposition is helj when a great deal of mai now available will be pl|| view, a considerable number being exclusive to this displj A qualified audience is assf the method which has been* of admitting visitors by hr and registration only, exclm general public. The pattern | | for an interchange of infoi establishes liaison and pro1 conferences between financ: management interests, cor engineers, designers and hi facturers of all types of equipm Honeywell Promotes Koch Alfred H. K och, who bees known throughout the souther tile industry while regional )| manager of the Minneapoliswell Regulator Company,; lanta, has been promoted to ;| delphia branch manager of the pany. Koch, who started with | well's Brown Instrument D iyp 1929, later served in Chicago,: apolis, Honolulu and Cleveland sales department of that efivif was made Atlanta branch mar 1938 and was promoted to manager, with headquarters in^ lanta, in 1942. Koch became widely throughout the southern textile4! PEERLESS PUMP DIVISION FOOD M AC H INERY CORPORATION Los Angeles 31, California Quincy, Illinois Canton 6 , Ohio Distributors in all Principal Cities 98 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. le Man In the field KNOWS ten Pre-Fabricated Piping is Right Mi mmmm H i W Jaap # " " " m M S JisSS v v / / Bin the field who erect piping know when shop jcation is well done . . . they know if th e submblies fit correctly, line up easily and have all field Is or flanged joints in accessible positions. W hen :is the case, the erecting job is easier . . . saves time and money. West has a Construction D epartm ent w hich has |ed piping of all kinds fo r 46 years. The critical fide of this departm ent is the best stim ulant to Tour pipe-fabricating plants. The Construction artm ent also frequently contributes useful and jtical suggestions for im proving pipe fabrication. situation has a powerful effect in keeping the Je organization alert . . . and in encouraging coni>ug im provem ent. I t is one o f m any reasons why get the best when you buy Midwest Pre-Fabricated fig . . . either as .materials furnished o r piping pletely installed. COMAim DEPARTJim MIDWEST PIPING QUALITY \T 10UIS.4 G10 anceTes . MM bostoJi r * ( 7 3 `r 3 S )S ' P I P I N G & S I I P P L C O ., IN C . MAIN OFFICES 1450 SOUTH SECOND ST., ST. LOUIS 4, MO. LniiPaMaitlM 4ngljM ii4 South boston Sal Offices; New York 7--30C btcrchSi. 4 Chicago 3 w 6 4 5 M arquette Bldg, * Los Angeles 33 -MSSO^AndersonSt. H ouston 2 - 2 2 9 S h ell Bldg. Tulsa 3-^533 Mayo. Bldg. A tlanta 3--R ed K och Bldg. South BqAton 2 ^ - 4 2 6 F i r t St. 226$ T" ; {HERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 94 NEWS--Continued it 's y o u r b o ile r through his activity in help velop the Brown Moist-Oallied slasher room equip introducing it to the indust so worked with mills in th tion of complete automat ment for continuous blea* and the application of t and humidity control for tioning in textile field. Koch will succeed J. who has been acting man"* Philadelphia office, and continue his work in the t Dorsey has been placed of all manufacturers' b Philadelphia and, hencef supervise all such activi' southern part of Honeyw sales zone. He joined M Honeywell in 1920 in the department of the Fhilad fice. Since that time, he hafj the service and wholesal ments in Philadelphia and * acting branch manager in t r9 e anj small boll, ers fro, m d u .s t r i e s safeguarding th m scale, corrosion, pitting, and causticeir ' " * * * i fo s'" 9 ALKEN --- rmulas to co*--- ' -CERTIFIED SCALOFi Cofp/ete crrect Your F. VVrite ^ C T /y f/c rePorts Coti d i t l o n fo r free check-up of and s e r v i e ,e. ALKEN CERTIFIED SCALOFF* Your cndih<ons. 4 guaranteed product of W ,o fe r Tr, eQ tm en ts ALKEN 1841 B~ oadway, New York 23, N. Y. S*Roeug.thUe. Sr.nPaRt.eOpfrt.esentatives in Your Are. Ay c kp Nichols Appointments P. H. Nichols & Come Ga., announce the appoih J ames G. Nichols as Sales who will promote the sal various products as hand! company. They also wish to announ pointment of Mr. H. G. Superintendent of Erection ice Engineer. Mr. Lequin w i| vise the installation of stolp various types of Fuel Bun ment, together with the Co Control Equipment, and he act as Service Engineer on, of equipment. ,4 This company represents Stoker Corporation, Worcest.. The Swartwout Company, Ohio; Schutte & Koerting Philadelphia, Pa.; Brooke Company, Philadelphia, PfJ burgh Piping & Equipment Pittsburgh, Pa.; Jerguson Gage Co., Somerville, Mi Canton Stoker Appointment.! The Canton Stoker Cor. Canton, Ohio, announces th ment of the Dillon So Raleigh, N. C., as sales r tives in central North C large heavy-duty industri: mercial stokers. The Di' pany is one of the oldest experienced equipment J?, tives in this area. 100 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEM I IT M AY SAVE YOUR LIFE The rupture diaphragm of the B. S. & B. SAFETY HEAD is the "pressure fuse' which w ill prevent your pressure vessels from blowing up. It starts life as a flat blank of almost any metal--Aluminum, copper, silver, stainless steel, platinum and a dozen others are used. Then it is given the spherical form which in great meas ure accounts for its ability to withstand fatigue in service and to burst at the right pressure in time of need. Specimen discs are regularly burst to assure consistent per formance. The specified bursting pressure of each SAFETY HEAD diaphragm is the average of bursting pressures of two or more specimen discs from an adjacent section of the same sheet of metal. The bursting pressure of the SAFETY HEAD Diaphragn is marked on a permanently attached metal tab. A lot of care goes into turning this little piece of metal into a "life preserver" for your life and property. We believe this function deserves the full measure of our fifteen years of research and know-how--and the success of our efforts is proven by the fact that no pressure vessel equipped w ith a SAFETY HEAD has ever burst from over pressure. BOOTH 564-- NATIONAL POWER SHOW NEW YORK C ITY, DEC. 2-7 W R IT E FO R CA TA LO G BS&B \r l n c . ^ % g p SALES o f f i c e s - - 24th FLOOR POWER AND LIGHT BUILDING, KANSAS CITY 6, MO. plant -- 7 5 0 0 EAST 12th STREET, KANSAS CITY 3, MISSOURI UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 101 NEWS--Continued TWO BRONZE SEATS GROUND TO A TRUE BALL JOINT PERMIT EASY UNCOUPLING Whenever you wish to move a Dart Union to a new location, you'll find no trouble in uncoupling it. Because of its two bronze seats which have been ground to form a true ball Joint, it closes to a drop-tight connection without excessive wrenching. Thus, undam aged, it will open easily whenever needed elsewhere. Body and nut are of high-test air-refined malleable iron--are prac tically unbreakable. Ask your supplier to send Darts--the m o st e c o n o m ic a l u n io n s in le n g th o f service. T. C. I. Expansion A two year construct^ provement program in pro steel-making, aimed at So Southwestern needs, Wa^V by Tennessee Coal, Iron road Company. The company is a su,, United States Steel Corpo the South's greatest steel pr The construction progr-' undertaken at the Fairi Mill, of the T.C.I. company ingham. The main objective of the; is to modernize and improve! for the production of sheei a conversion from the Te company's present hot-rolletf! to the cold-reduced method ducing sheets. Another nf provement will be the install equipment for the production^ vanized sheet metal in c! making Fairfield one of the if 1 mills in the country capable; viding such material. '' Included in this mode) program are the installationinch four-high, four-stand" duction mill; 48-inch eoij pickling and cleaning lines; tinuous galvanizing lines, one;;: ing material in widths rang; 20 to 30 inches and the of widths of 20 to 48 inches: nealing and shearing facilitiesjj latest design. Memphis Industrial Expansion The 261 acre National Fir;: Inc. plant near Cordova, Te* has been purchased by Mr. G. Hickman, editor and publi! The Cotton Trade Journal. The newly organized Cordov dustrial Development Co. establish an industrial communi the site of the wartime shell Id and incendiary bomb plant an lease or sell tracts for manufae or distributing businesses. Mr. Hickman stated that an dustry which requires fairly open areas of floor space needing more than the average head clearance will find the facturing buildings adaptable uses. E. M. DART MANUFACTURING CO. Providence, R. I. 102 I0 Kg Union Electric Has New Depa A new department in Production Division known "Steam-Electric Plants Depart! SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER! he pr ive fac ets th Ten lied me lod of: major/" stallatig tion of coils, le few ? ible of < 0 > Materials Handling and Power Transmission Equipment SERVING -- Coal Mines -- Steel Mills -- Paper Mills -- Textile Mills -- Cement Mills -- Chemical Plants -- Sand and Gravel Plants -- Quarries -- Power Plants--Public Utilities--Railroads--Grain Elevators--Cottonseed Oil Mills--Cotton Gins-- Aluminum and Magnesium Plants -- Canneries -- Phosphate and Potash Mines--Fertilizer Plants-- Ship Yards. PRODUCTS -- Belt Conveyors -- Screw Con veyors -- Bucket and Screw Elevators -- V-Belt Drives -- Pulleys -- Bearings -- Sprockets -- Chain -- Gears -- Buckets -- Clutches -- Reducers -- Hoists -- Apron, Vane and Reciprocating Feeders. The efficiency and low diii>iiui)ihic cv< ol Continental icier* ha itniy Justified the many REPEAT orders from satisfied operators. Mine Fan V-Belt Drive from Electric Meter with Auxiliary Drive from Diesel Motor for emergency. Designed and manufactured by Continental. Continental is equipped to handle any mechani cal power transmission or materials handling problem. Send your inquiries to our nearest sales office. INDUSTRIAL DIVISION CONTINENTAL GIN COMPANY BI RMI NGHAM, ALABAMA ATLANTA DALLAS MEMPHIS jn e : MJTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 103 COCHRAN E DEAERATORS ATI n d i a n a p o l i s Pow er O NE of the most progressive utilities in the coun try is the Indianapolis Power & Light Com pany of Indianapolis, Indiana. Ten years ago, in 1936, the Cochrane Corporation furnished a 650,000 lb/hr. Deaerator, for Section "K" of the C. C. Perry plant. This Cochrane Deaerator heated the entire boiler feed in Section "K" and completely removed dissolved oxygen. Again in 1940 a 400,000 lb/hr. Deaerator was installed in the Harding Street Plant for Unit No. 3. Now, as indicated by the architect's drawing shown at the top of the pgge, the Perry "K" Station is being expanded and another Cochrane Deaerator of 700,000 lb/hr. shown in the illustration below, is being installed. At the same time another 400,000 lb/hr. Cochrane Deaerator is being installed in the Harding Street station for Unit No. 4. Cochrane Water Conditioning Apparatus has been a part of Indianapolis Power & Light Company equipment since 1917. COCHRANE 3110 N. 17th S treet C O R P O R A T IO N Philadelphia 32, Pa. & L ig h t THE RECORD C . C . PERRY STATION SECTIO N "K" One 650,000 lb/hr. Cochrane Deaerator Two 400,000 lb/hr. Cochrane Open Heaters MILL STREET STATION Two 300,000 Cochrane Heaters One 500,000 Cochrane Heater lb/hr. Open lb/hr. Open H ARDING STREET STATION Two 350,000 lb/hr. Cochrane Open Type Heaters One 400,000 lb/hr. Cochrane Deaerating Heater NEWS--Continued has been established j Electric Coajpa^ y } bmes the functions of Power Plants, Electric S Steam Operation Engin? Mound and Granite Citv partments. "This move," said Gamble, Superintendent duction, "was made in re the larger administratis which increased size andplex personnel relation necessary. The larger n supervisory jobs make it" better carry on simulta aspects of operating j plants safely, efficiently U regard to the rights and- : the people who run them/fj Under the new set-up( g ney, Chief Engineer--Ste Generation, will be consult matters relating to steam construction and mainten special emphasis on current templated major constructio ice, Ashley Street, and C major turbine overhaul Luxemberg, Assistant to neer---Steam Electric Gene continue to report to Mr specialize in turbine over' ters. H. O. Duetscher, Electric? ing Superintendent, and liamson, Steam Engineeringtendent, will have charge, r~ ly, of all technical matters i electrical and mechanical construction and mamtenah steam-electric plants and technical direction of other general matters as assigned/ The following General tendents will be responsiKl to the Superintendent Pow tion for all matters of general administration in spective plants, and to hi the Engineering Superintq all matters delegated to erintendents: J. B. Wheeled L. L. Kraft, Venice; M. UCl Ashley Street; and H. Wv Mound and Granite City Wheeler will also act as co of personnel policy matter the four general super named. G. E. Purchases Plant Fractional-horsepower duction facilities at Ge have been increased with' 104 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER mm tm B S m '^MSMMw ^m mBBBBBmm er la tti W e s ta r te d o u r n e w tu r b in e mSBik out r ig h t w ith m says this Superintendent w m H Hm ?5 HIS !npMinniiiB lliilg til m a p i sup le dir >r Pro onnel j their < n throj idents 1 hese , Caho| >. Daw| T. Bu 'lants.- ER. The power plant Superintendent (left) consults with a Gulf Lubrica tion Engineer on the lubrication of this 30,000 kw. unit just in stalled in the new station of a prominent utility in New York State. REPORTS by associated stations on the out standing performance of Gulfcrest Oil pe our choice of the lubricant for this new turjjt an easy one," says this Superintendent. "We p that Gulfcrest Oil is the best insurance we can pyide for our big investment." tra refining makes the difference! Gulfcrest 1is not only refined by conventional methods, gis super-refined by the Alchlor Process, which is out the sludge formers-- the undesirable hydrocarbons-- in oil. The Alchlor Process also imparts to Gulfcrest Oil greater ability to benefit from the addition of special inhibitors which con trol oxidation, lengthen the induction period of the oil, and maintain low neutralization number. Call in a Gulf Lubrication Engineer today and ask him to recommend the proper grade of Gulf crest Oil to provide the best lubrication for your turbines. Write, wire, or phone your nearest Gulf office today. Ilf O il C o r p o r a tio n G u lf R e fin in g C o m p a n y Division S ales Offices: Boston New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh Atlanta New Orleans Houston Louisville Toledo pTH ERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 105 chase from the Reconstru nance Corporation of the Wayne (Ind.) plant where;1'' any manufactured t u r b o chargers during the war. $5,000,000 for the plant, ac* the Company's announcem It is expected that more persons will be employed | cation as soon as installatf duction lines is complel past several months the been in limited operation, upwards of 700 persons. Taylor Elected Executive ViPresident of Lincoln Electri C. M. Taylor has executive vice president qjgjj, coln Electric Company by; of directors. Soft metal volutions which bulge toward the rod under gland pres sure make Belmont's No. 865 SemiMetallic Packing the ideal seal for high-pressure steam rods, valve stems and air compressor rods. It's a tight, metal-to-metal, practically friction-Jess seal. The unique, spirally-wound metal is encased in a stitched asbestos channel. The packing is so flexible that it can be formed around small diameters. Have your Belmont distributor furnish you with Belmont's 865 106 (ring form) or 866 (spiral form). For low pressure steam, hot and cold water rods and plungers and ammonia rods, specify Belmont 860 (ring) or 861 (spiral)--same as 865, with stitched rubber-and-duck channel on three sides, __(s(~ B E L M O N T ~ )S )_____ IN THE BLUE-AND-ORANOE BOX THERE IS A BELMONT PACKING FOR EVERY SERVICE . . . Belmont distributor are located in every large industrial center, ready to give you prompt delivery from local stocks. THE BELMONT PACKING AND RUBBER CO. Butler an d Sepviva Streets P hiladelphia 37, Pa. Mr. Taylor has been with coin Electric Company s having been granted a leave! sence for service in World enlisted in the Air Corps in,} returned at the end of the he became a foreman. I.ateT; placed in charge of the time study and methods de advanced to assistant super and then superintendent. !& was appointed vice pr charge of sales and has sei board of directors since 192W Mr. Taylor is a mem! American Welding Society*^ C h a m b e r of Commerce*/. Country Club, the Union. Alpha Delta P h i fraternity, educated at Prospect w. School in East Cleveland, S School, and Western Res versity. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEM! proved CHEM OKET With new, stronger molded frame j l co- J)^ V* THERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 Stronger than ever, improved Model 1-N Eye Savers are now made with a new, all-molded plastic frame that resists breakage at all points. More than that, they're better looking, better fitting. . . plenty roomy and comfortable for wear directly over many types o f prescrip tion glasses. All Eye Savers give e x tra protection against injury from top, sides and bottom. The Impax metha crylate lens is tough: stops flying chips, splinters, and hot metal. ..will not splinter even under heavy impact. And it's free o f distortion as finest optical glass! Eye Savers e x c e e d all Federal specifications for impact resisting gog gles. And they're so light in weight your workers will k e e p th e m o n . See your Eye Savers dealer today, or write us. 107 0 M \ Z '/',A NEWS--Continued Permu+it Washington Appointm?| J ohn C. Tracey, former Lt. Cejf of the U. S. Army Engineers, has Jj named Sales Engineer of the ington, D. C. office of the Company. ^ N N O R K o la e i A*** . itW M k * 0" - Q \v^ e contro .rfVvtv t, touc^ ^ J hS rte&W y u , c0m iand n nn the ^ , lo ad rftveS' . a m echanism ot --rsK*-- Sbepf encased. aSSU^ ur- pletCen t ahgatn en t c l i e n t serv- b&n .s a Shepr d 13 c 0oO ty P eS tbere lL tn o r e th an 5. th e jol* and sizes. P ow erful a n d rugged, Shepard N iles C ranes are available in a n y desired capacity an d span-- de signed to h a n d le greatly varying loads w ith p re cision, safety a n d econom y. Shepard Niles Cranes have th e sam e sound, progressive features as do th e Shepard Niles H oists. A request w ill p ro m p tly bring illustrated bulletins. S h e p a r d CRANE &l HOIST CORPORATION The experience and facilities of Shepard Niles engineers are at your service. Plan ahead now for the right material handling equipment. Your inquiry will receive prompt attention. 455 S C H U Y L E R A V E N U E M O N T O U R FALLS . N.Y. Mr. Tracey, whose experiences elude eighteen months of road airfield construction and mainten on the Ledo Road in the China-Bu ma-India theater, left the St. Louij office of The Permutit Company; 1941 to join the army. He was head of the Water & Sewers Section of 1 Repairs and Utilities Branch, O.CJ for 2 years in Washington before go ing overseas in 1944. U. S. Rubber Purchases Two Southern Plants United States Rubber C ompa has purchased the combed yarn plan| of Ruby Cotton Mills, Inc., GA tonia, N. C., in a move to furthe diversify its production of text products. The plant, employing 300 men and: women, has 19,000 spindlers. The purchase price was $1,300,000 for the buildings, equipment, and land pljj an additional sum to be determine? by audit for raw materials and otbe assets. The plant will continue to opera under the present management, with Don Maddox in charge as superifi| tendent. Production of 20's and 5<? combed yarn will continue without interruption. United States Rubber Company a^S purchased from the War Assets Atljj ministration the modern manufacture ing buildings at Milan, Tenn. lH H new facilities will be used for 108 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY tor NOVEMBER, I* il fi-islliiii G R A N D C E N T R A L PALACE', N EW Y O R K C IT Y For the first time since the w a r, Thermix Products w ill be on display at the New York Power Show. Many new developments are to be seen and you |g are cordially invited to drop in at booths 50 and 51. High on the list of attractions w ill be a full scale 1 working model of a Thermix Duplex Dust Collector us- |S ing alternately an Aerotec tube and Aerotec electrical 1 secondary. Heacon Dampers w ill control flow and a || Thermix Fan Stack w ill furnish the draft. Sides of the equipment w ill be transparent for observation. II Our engineers w ill be on hand to welcome you and answer any inquiries. THERM IX ENGINEERING CO. Project and S a les En g ln eers for PRAT-DANIEL CO RPO RA TIO N AEROTEC CO M PAN Y HEACON, INC. R O C K W E L L BLAST G ATES CRUSHERS GRINDERS SHREDDERS CHOPPERS AC SHREDDER RING CRUSHER TYPE S CRUSHER N E W S-- Continued manufacture of fabric rub! casual shoes. The buildings bought by the company w ere units of tlj| Creek Ordnance plant, an shell loading plant during tfr:- Installation of heavy such as mills, calenders, and | izers will be started by Unil Rubber Company at once, turing operations are scheduli gin in the fall. Oakite Sales Manager Announcement is made by P roducts, Inc., New York, o il pointment of J. C. Leonard Manager of its Industrial Mi Division. Associated with tfti organization in the servii specialized cleaning mat No matter what your crushing problem requires, whether it's speed--heavy-duty use-- severe continuous usage -- flexible operation -- low operating cost -- wide range of reduction--rapid, uniform crush ing or high capacity output, you'll find an American Crusher especially suited to your particular needs. Americans ore not "all-purpose" crushers but are custom-built to fit specific crushirfg requirements and are built in many different sizes and many different models, with capacities as high as 500 TRH. In manufacturing plant, quarry, coal mine, power plant, laboratory--wherever an efficient crushing operation is needed, you'll find Americans fulfilling every re quirement. Americans offer a wide range of uniform reduction and crush a large variety of friable and fibrous materials. W rite us about your specific crush ing problem and receive complete crushing data and specifications. HAMMERMILL and HOG 24 SERIES RING OR HAMMER TYPE e M A to * ***> r * 1243 MACKLIND AVE. ST. LOUIS 10. MO. equipment for over 22 years, 16 years of which was in the; of Manager of the Company's Division, Mr. Leonard new duties on September 1,1) will direct the marketing am ing activities of Oakite's field staff from the general hi the company in New York. Tucker 1$ Lindsay Represent* The L indsay Corporation,- Park, Illinois, announces th ment of Thomas B. Tucker, Southern regional represents! Tucker's offices will be Candler Building, Atlanta 3 A.S.R.E. Atlanta Chapter The American Society of erating Engineers announces Atlanta section has been 0 to increase the activities of ciety in this area. The first meeting was held her 20 at the Biltmore Hotel. MO SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. " When you want this valve to work it works" 'OMESTEAD LEVER-SEALD VALVES operate instantly only a Quarter-Turn . . . at all times and under ail ditions . . . in services where extremes of temperature, ure, or the corrosive action of line fluids would cause inary valves to stick or "seize." at's why they have been favorites with industry for fe than 15 years in all sorts of difficult applications. They're stick-proof, because built right into each valve is powerful lever and screw device that relieves seating ure between plug and body just enough to overcome ition and permit easy turning. This stick-proof construction is only one of many HOMEVD LEVER-SEALD VALVE features assuring long, ecocal, trouble-free service. You may order HOMESTEAD LEVER-SEALD VALVES in tats and alloys to meet service requirements, in sizes 1V2 " to 12" with regular or wedge gate valve face face dimensions, for pressures from vacuum to 1500 nds. Complete technical details and Valve Reference No, 38 are yours for the asking. MISTEAD VALVE MANUFACTURING COMPANY P. O. BOX 70 CORAOPOUS, PA. THERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 NEWS--Continued The NEW molded "V e e " ty p e packing en g in eers h av e been looking fo r Palmetto Pyramid is an all-purpose molded "Vee" type packing that seals firmly by mere finger-tightening. It is designed according to recently developed and thoroughly proven principles. Performance of this much-talked-about pack ing is entirely automatic. Its sealing action is effected by internal pressure. T h e greater th m e#* 7^, mm' in tern a l p ressu re -- the tig h ter the seal! The unique "arrowhead reservoir"-- on of the features of Palmetto Pyramid-- actually P aZ stores and distributes the lubricant. Friction and wear are thereby appreciably reduced; packing and equipment life are substantially length ened. And-- look at the heavy wall construction! Palmetto Pyramid is used for reciprocating as w e l l as rotary motion. It is recommended for all types of hydraulic and pneumatic equipment handling hot or cold water, steam, oil, gasoline and most types of solvents and acids. GT-1 5 0 3 " It p a y s to kno w y o u r P alm etto P acking D istrib u to ri11 GREENE, TWEED & CO. Manufacturers of PALMETTO Packings > BRONX BLVD. AT 238th ST. NEW YORK 66, N. Y. Plants at New York, N. Y and North Wales, Pa. % This coupon is for your convenience. Moil If today! GREENE, TW EED & CO. N ew York 66, N .Y. n Send me descriptive litera ture covering PALMET TO Pyramid Packings Send a PALMET TO representative to discuss packing N am e ..............~............................................... Company ........................................................... S tr e e t......................... ...........................- ....... C ity ........................................................ State . Carrier Sales Manager . Appointment of A rt u n as Vice President Sales Manager of C/ t io n is announced by phy, Senior Vice Pres Effective November Shanklin will be in u Carrier's domestic sales A vice president of poration since 1941^ has been associated witw pany since his g ra d u a tic i University of Kentucky in-1; ing this period he has s e ri sales and executive capagji present is Vice President i Dealer Sales. '? STA TEM EN T of the ow nership, m anagem ent etc., re q u ire d by th e A cts of dd gust 24, 1912, and M arch SOUTHERN PO W ER AND INl$ lished m o n th ly a t D a lto n , Ga.,1, 1946. S tate of Georgia, County oL* Before me, a N otary P ublic/f State and County aforesaid.-' peared E. W. O'Brien, who ha sworn according to law, depo belief, a tru e statem ent m anagem ent, etc., of th e fP tion fo r the d ate shown in ' th^ required by the Act of August am ended b y th e A ct of M arch 'ff*bodied in sectio n 537, P o s ta l L lations, printed on the revers to-w it; I., T hat the names and addres publisher, editor, m anaging edito,. ness m anagers are: Publisher, r S m ith P u b lish in g Co., A tla n ta ; G F ran cis 0. Sm ith, A tlan ta. GiM-r D ire c to r, E u g e n e W . O 'B rie n , At! 2. T h at the ow ners are W . W f P u b lish in g Co.; E sta te o f W. Rip A tla n ta , Ga. ; O. A. S h a rp le ss, -A4 J. G. Cook, A tlanta, Ga. ; W. J. R - ta, Ga. ; T. W . M cA llister, Atlap W . O 'B rie n , A tla n ta , G a.; M r s . \ pot, A tlan ta, Ga. ; R ich ard F.Ti' lanta, Ga. 3. T h at th e know n bondholde gees and other security holders^' holding 1 p e r c e n t o r m ore of to! of bonds, m o rtg ag es, o r an y Qth_4 holders are, None. - 4. T hat the tw o paragraphs';'.; giving the names of the ow ners^ ers, and security holders, if an?, 5 only the list of stockholders ah holders as they appear upon .th ; the com pany, b u t also in cases >' stockholders or security holders-aii the books of the company as tru ` any other fiduciary relation, thfK person or corporation for whooe/ is acting is given; also that th t p a ra g ra p h s c o n ta in sta te m e n ts em f ia n t's fu ll know ledge an d beUe * circum stances and conditions % stockholders and security holders; appear upon the books of the s trustees, hold stock and secuntie paeifcy o th e r th a n th a t of a bona and th is affian t has no reason ta, b any other person, association^ fg Has an y in te re s t d ire c t or itth said stock, bonds, or other s e c stated by him. ___ E . W . 0 'B R IEJ*< S w orn to a n d s u b sc rib e d beiojS 25th day of October, 1946. SBBA J . JO N ES, Not# My commission expires Feb. 112 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEM8  MPIN TO YOU on a N atio n -w id e B asis Alert to the fact that engineers the country over are anxious to modernize their pumping equipment as soon as possible, Warren is making an all-out effort to cooperate. Our engineering and manufacturing facilities have been enlarged . . . our nation-wide network of agencies increased. These agencies are staffed by trained, expe rienced men . . . ready to give you on-the-spot service. Warren engineers are pump specialists, having spent many years in this field exclusively, and they are in a position to give you expert, cooperative advice. WRITE DIRECT to our home office, Warren, Massachusetts, giving all possible information as to operating condi tions and desired results.l HOME OFFICE AND FACTOfty W ARREN.M ASs cSyracuse<XL- wA '+ 'B ostoa y Hartford 'A ' l Detroit-*^ _ / New Cleveland Pittsburgh X p ^ ad9lphIa * A R REN , S T E A M P U M P C O M P A N Y , IN C . W A R R E Nf M A S S A C H U S E T T S KT/r< Power Plants-- Chemical Plants -- Paper Mills -- Food Industries -- M etal Working -- O il and Mining Services TtfERN PO W ER & INDUSTRY for NOVEM BER, 1946 ' 113 New Equipment sive to bearings. Tests have that the new oils are many more resistant to oxidation bine oils not containing inhib|| Flexible Polishing Wheel The Manhattan Rubber Division of Raybestos - Manhattan, Inc., Passaic, N. J., announces its latest addition to its line of polishing and finishing wheels. The new wheel is the most flexible of this series of soft neoprene bonded polishing wheels. The wheel is bonded with a specially modified compound of neoprene im pregnated with abrasive grain. This neoprene wheel can be varied over a wide range of densities dei pending on its ultimate application. ' This Manhattan wheel has already found its place for finishing on stain less steel, glass, non-ferrous and pre cious metals. It is supplied in the finer abrasive grain sizes or with pumice, rottenstone, or other mild abrasives and is very effective in blocks and rubbing pads as well as in wheel form. Industrial Oil The Texas Company announces three additions to the line of Re gal Oils, which are designed for tu r bines and hydraulic and circulating systems. The new lubricants are classified as Regal Oils AZ, F, and G. The first of these is suitable for use in hydraulic equipment in sub zero temperatures, and the latter two are developed for use in mills where rust and oxidation inhibited oils of corresponding viscosity are needed. These oils are rust and oxidation in hibited oils which prevent clogging of oil lines, scoring of journals, and sticking of governors in marine and stationary turbine installations as well as rusting and sludging in hy draulic and circulating systems at both idle and operating temperatures. The oils separate easily from wa ter, do not foam, and are non-corro Welding Timers The Control Division or Qg Electric Company, Schenecta Y., announces the redesighl complete line of sequence quence-weld timers for welding. The new design quick change of the weld quence, easy inspection andj tenance, and remote operation eludes an improved electronic circuit which makes possible f sistent welding speed high-production welding wit timing intervals. It coordinates the mechani| eration of an air- or fluidspot o r projection welder vri flojv of welding current * tennined by a synchronou^-j weld timer. For less exac cations, the sequence-weld ` vides the necessary control1! mechanical sequence of and non-synchronous contro| time. W ater Filter Bowser, Inc., Fort Wa diana, announces a new water filters for industrial y tration. Known as the Fig. | ies, Bowser filters range injg from 15 to 500 gpm with ^ .'***! IpBiRBMlgl MPD1B5-QUIOAN CORPORATION 114 BUFFALO 7. N. Y. SOUTHERN POW ER & INDUSTRY for NOVI ve shov my time than turi hibitors. Ge !C tad y , m Of ' and re sista n c i permit) ld in g nd ion. It intnic timere the con- ; ential to nth short inical opl-operated with the : as de- ! -precision^ ing appliimer pro-j 1 of boti! operation! j! of we tyne, Inseries of water fil-| 611 Serl capacity ? 7 to 248s WELL VALVE f t >' T,he real wealth of a nation lies in its power to produce. And the greater the production, the greater, the pros perity of its people. Production depends on many things. N ot the least o f these is the efficiency o f the equipment that controls the flow of the innumerable media that constitute the lifeblood of Industry. Powell's contribution to national prosperity is a line of valves that is so complete that today there are Powell Valves adapted to e v e ry .service in every branch o f modem industry. The Powell Line o f Valves for Power Plants includes Bronze and Iron Valves of all required types, sizes, and designs and all types of Cast Steel Valves (in cluding an outstanding line of Non-returns) avail able in pressure classes from ISO to 2500 pounds. Where quick, positive-operation by remote control is desirable, electric motor operators can be furnished. The Win. Powell Co., Cincinnati I t , Ohio DISTRIBUTORS AND STOCKS IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES Catalogs furnished on request. Kindly state whether you are chiefly interested in Bronze, Iron, or Cast Steel Valves. f I (193--125-pound Iron Body Bronze ited Gate Valve for 125 pounds W. In sizes V to 30', incl. Has flanged |-bolted flanged yoke, outside screw l-stem and taper wedge solid disc. LWedge double discs can be profin sizes V to 12', incl. Seat rings item are in bronze. Disc is bronze and smaller size valves; bronze Lin the larger sizes. Also available Hron. 41--125-pound Iron Body Bronze ited Globe Valve. Made in sizes 2' **, incl. Has flanged ends, outside !: rising stem, bolted flanged yoke grlndable, renewable bronze seat Kfso, Also available in All Iron. Fig. 375--200-pound Bronze Gale Valve with crewed end, inside screw rising stem, union bonnet and renewable, wear-resisting "Powellium" nickel-bronze taper wedge solid disc in sizes H ' to H ", inclusive; taper wedge double disc in sizes 1" to 3", inclusive. Fig. 3003 W .E.--Class 300-pound Cast Steel Gate Valve with welding ends, outside screw rising stem and bolted flanged yoke. Fig.559--125-pound Iron Body Bronze Mounted Swing Check Valve. Made in sizes 2* to 16', incl. Has flanged ends bolted flanged cap and regrindable, re newable bronze seat and disc. Disc, when wide open permits full unob structed flow through the valve body. Also available in Alt Iron. Fig. t7Q8--200-pound Bronze Globe Valve with screwed ends, union bon net, renewable stainless steel seat and regrindable, renewable, wearresisting `'Powellium'' nickel-bronze semi-cone plug type disc. Made In sizes H " to 3', inclusive. 1ER, H THERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 NEWS--Continued square feet of filtering area. These filters occupy much less space than is needed for conventional sand fil ters. Filter elements are tubular, plastic impregnated cartridges which sup port the filtering medium. Diatomaceous earth is deposited evenly on these cartridges from the pre-coat pot and removes particles as small as Vz micron. Remotely Adjusted Yalves The Leslie Company, 261 Grant Avenue, Lyndhurst, N. J., announces a new single-seated, internal pilot, piston operated reducing valve de signed to be remotely adjusted from a conveniently located air loading panel. Known as Class LT-3, this reduc ing valve with the Type ARP air loading panel is especially adaptable to process piping arrangements that require hazardous or inconvenient re adjustments of inaccessibly located valves. In operation, the reducing valve is a-- i . I nijpgy adjusted to the desired pressure set ting by air pressure supplied by the air loading panel. The constant load ing force on the upper diaphragm of the reducing valve opens the con trolling valve and is balanced by a constant reduced pressure propor tional to the loading force. Furnished in high pressur bronze or cast steel body with flanged or screwed ends, these valves have com- pletely interchangeable rep|al parts, stellited seat rings, ened stainless steel main val Automatic W ater Feed Control Combustion Control Corpor 77 Broadway, Cambridge, Ma nounces the Fire-eye Boiler? water Control, Type 15GK1, is an automatic control for maa ing desired boiler water level ! stantly turning off fuel su$| sounding an alarm at a dang low water level. The equipme tains no moving parts, no bellows seals, no vacuum tulj quiring replacement. It is a jjjj nating current control that cdi a probe circuit and transfor operate a direct current relay 1 a rectifier. Direct current is the relay circuit to eliminate ch| increase contact pressure, and possible the use of low alternate current voltages in the probe circ The probe fitting is mounted pa*" llel to the water column and w to the control. There are three prop within the fitting. The top and : die probes determine the high | low water level at which the bq URRAY k Ml SI & r. STEA M T U R B IN E G EN ER A T II U N ITS The unit shown was one of tl signed to deliver 500 KW altemat current on steam at 285 lb. Gauge iij| pressure,* 700 degrees F. total temj ture and 27 inches vacuum. Provit with a rigid structural steel baseplate and with all service connections exce| generator leads above the floor liner ' machine can be handled as a unit, installed with a minimum of preparatiu 500 KW -- PA C KA G E TYPE MURRAY also produces Mechanical Drive Turbines--Horizontal and Vertical Reduction Gears Steam Boilers While "Package Type" units were nished for export for installation, remote areas not previously suppl with power, the design can be utillZ for small industrial plants for maiiijg standby power supply. MURRAY BUILDERS OF STEAM IRON W O R K S COM PA BURLINGTON, IOWA , P OWER E Q U I P M E N T FOR T HR E E - Q U A R T E R S OF A CENTU < 116 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEM Blf PHER ATIONi S., Feed whig intai md: y :roc it con-i; >ats or ies alternbine ner to irough ised id hatter, make mating Lrcuit. i parawired probes d midh and boiler NG ER, I RA VITY WATER PRESSURE " For general water service or for fire protection, you can depend on gravity water pressure, as pro vided by Horton elevated storage tanks, to furnish water at a mo ment's notice! Horton all-welded elevated tanks are widely used throughout the South for this pur pose. The 75,000-gal. cylindrical-col umn tank at the right is a typical elevated water tank installation. It was erected at the T. R. Miller Mill Company, Inc. at Brewton, Alabama, and is used to supply water to the saw mill, planing mill, shop, veneer mill and box factory. The tank is filled twice each day, early in the morning and again in the late afternoon, with a 1,000-gal. per min. electricallydriven pump. About 150,000 gals, of water are used per day for boiler feed and other uses. Ac cording to the T. R. Miller Mill Company, the water supply from the tank is "as near 100% perfect as we could expect." Investigate Horton all-welded elevated storage tanks when con sidering a gravity water supply for general service or fire protection. B mmSSm. miBm The Horton cylindrical-column tank shown above provides a gravity supply of water for general service. It holds 75,000 gals, and is 100 ft. to bottom. H IC JM SO B R ID G E Atlanta, 3 . . . . . . . 2180 Haaley Bldg. Birmingham. 1 . . . . . 1500 N. Fiftieth St. Chicago, 4 ......................... McCormick Bldg. San Francisco, 11 . . 22 Battery St. Bldg. Cleveland. 15 . Guildhall Bldg. Tuba, 3 ......................................... Hunt Bldg. Plants at B IR M IN G H A M , C H IC A G O it IR O N C O M Los Angeles. 1 4 ................. Wm. Fox Bldg. New York, 6 ............. 155 Broadway Bldg. Philadelphia. 3 . . . 1700 Walnut St. Bldg. Washington, 4 .............. 703 Atlantic Bldg. Houston, 1 ....................5400 Clinton Drive Detroit, 2 4 .........................Lafayette Bldg. and GREENVILLE, PENNSYLVANIA PA N Y ITHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 17 NEW EQUIPMENT--Continued feedwater pump is turned off and on to maintain constant water level. The lowest probe defines the danger point below which water must not fall. These feedwater controls are sup plied for every make, type, and size of steam boiler, with any method of firing, and for any pressure to 300 lb per square inch. Switch Board Switch Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa., announces a new test switch for rapid, accurate testing of switchboard instruments, meters, and relays from the front of the board. Designed with up to ten elements and rated at 250 v, 30 amp, combinations of current and po tential switches are included as re quired for the various types of in struments to be tested. Individual switches are of the knife blade type and are separated COAL PRICES ARE UP! O t KEEP POWER COSTS DOWN ^ WEIGH all coal accurately on Richardson automatic scales * ' k? : Southern textile mill installation of two Ri<har<lon Combination Elongated Seale-Conveyors feeding pulverisers to 150,000-lb. boiler. Three other Richardson Scales feed automatic stokers of three small boilers. The Richardson Coal-Weighing, Conveying, and Feeding System gives you up-to-the-minute, continuous readings --at sight --of weights of coal consumed by individual boilers. You don't have to guess --you can instantly determine the amount of steam generated per pound of coal by each boiler, compare evaporation rates and k.w.h. produced--thus spot ting possible losses at the source. Richardson provides you with a complete bunker-to-boiler weighing and feeding system. It is adaptable to large and small plants because there are stationary and portable scales as well as the conveyor-scale combi nation illustrated, for either pulverizer or stoker-fired boilers. Eliminate guesswork on boiler efficiency --check it right . . . b y weighf! Write for Bulletin No. 1143. RICHARDSON NEW YORK OMAHA ' PHILADELPHIA 1792 SCALE COMPANY, C lifton, N. J. ATLANTA BOSTON * BUFFALO CHICAGO MINNEAPOLIS * WICHITA SAN FRANCISCO DETROIT PITTSBURGH MONTREAL TORONTO by barriers. Moldarta switch are recessed for inserting i cation cards. Each switch drilled for insertion of an in' ing bar to tie together any thr jacent handles. The right1: switch, when used for a trip is provided with a red handle f- identification. Autom atic W elding Studs Nelson Sales Corporation, Street at Toledo Avenue, Ohio, has recently develop Nelson staybolt studs for use < pressure heating boilers and; pressure jacketed vessels. The Nelson studs are automa welded to the inner plate holes drilled or punched in the shell. Welding is accomplishc the Nelson stud welding gun ating from a d-c welding gen After the staybolt stud is; matically welded, the proj stud end is broken off with hammer blow at the groove pro leaving the stud end flush wi outer plate surface. A flat we then dropped over the stud e is positioned in line with the surface of the plate by the sh provided on the stud. The acts as a back-up for the plug ing operation which complet staybolt installation. No probl fit-up are encountered. Guard in Boiler Rooms Since 191 The NATIONAL Boil G irth Seam PROTECT For 28 years plants who want to play safe have been turning to National Boiler Girth Seam Protectors for effi cient protection against fire-cracking and pressure leek age and their accompanying dangers. Investigate this I expensive, easily installed boiler protection system today NATIONAL BOILER PROTECTOR C DAYTON, OHIO (W rite for Bullet!#^ 118 SOUTHERN POW ER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBI D A V IE S S A L E S & E N G IN E E R IN G C O . Maritime Building New Orleans 11, La. a re p le a se d to a n n o u n ce th a t th ey now represent B E N JA M IN F. SH A W C O M P A N Y Piping Contractors & Fabricators 2nd and Lombard Sts., Wilmington 99, Delaware K n o w n fo r D e p en d a b ility Since 1 8 9 3 CREASE PRODUCTION "Vibra-Flow" VIBRA TIN G FEEDERS Smooth, ef fortless f l o w of bulk mate rials, instantly controllable by turning the rheostat. MOVING, WEARING MECHANICAL PARTS W rite for free, illustrated folders NTRON CO., 118 Lexington, Homer City, Pa. IttHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 LE T S U P E R - S IL V E R T O P p u ll the plu g on loggy unit heaters Water-logged unit h eaters p o u r on th e h e at when you get the water out and keep it out. Super-Silvertops p u ll th e plu g an d th ro w it away! How? By operating on the presence of w ater instead of its temperature. Presence of water, hot or cold, causes the Anderson SuperSilvertop to discharge. Super-Silvertop is the inverted bucket tra p th at gives simplified piping without cored passages or split (pierced) g a sk e ts. I t 's th e t r a p w ith guided bucket, easy-to-remove valve and seat, increased capacity per dollar and a proved record of trouble-free operation. A copy of the 40-page book, "H ow To Choose A Steam T rap", is yours for the asking. W ould you like to have a copy? Elb o w THE V. D. A N D E R S O N C O M P A N Y 1936 West 96th Street Cleveland 2, Ohio 119 NEW EQUIPMENT--Continued Interlocking Retaining Rings Waldes K ohinoor, I nc., Long Is land City 1, N. Y., announces the Truarc Interlocking Ring, Type 5107, which may be fitted over a shift in a radial direction so that the ring forms a complete annular shoulder of uniform section height around the circumference of the shaft. This eliminates the wide gap characteristic typical of conventional open type "C" rings. This feature substantially increases the normal thrust capacity of the ring. measuring rotating speeds fr0Ji to 50,000 rpm. Weighing only | the new tachometer is useful jy production testing of equipm, stanteously without the necessiti permanent attachment. It used to indicate the speeds of motors, machine tools, auti and aircraft engines, pumps blowers, and other types of ' equipment. The electronic tachometer of a small pick-up head, 6 ft q fj ble cable, and a measuring unirli a panel-mounted indicating -a reading directly in rpm. Either \ speed or high-speed head can T with the instrument. The pi heads consist of a light internai disk and a phototube. Light sh upon the phototube through the ? ings in the rotating disk produc put signals which are then ferred to the measuring unit wh| indicates rpm. Powers Type D Mixer gives you hot, worm or cold water at any temperature you want. Heats water in most eco nomical w a y . . . mixes steam with cold or hot water. Heats only what you need when you need it. Easy to install. Can be used wherever a supply of steam and water is available atlO tolO O Ibs. pressure.W rite for Circular 3013-B or phone our nearest office. OFFICES IN 4 7 CITIES Atlanta, 139 Lucille St. N.W. Birmingham, Box 27, Homewood S tatio n Greensboro, 1034 Jefferson Stand ard Bldg. , New Orleans, 309 Vincent Bldg. THE POWERS REGULATOR CO. OVER 50 YEARS OF WATER TEMPERATURE CONTROL 120 Consisting of two mating halves that interlock, the ring is of dy namically balanced design and par ticularly suitable for equipment in volving high rates of rpm such as spindles of textile machinery. Be cause of its positive interlocking ac tion, the ring cannot be lifted out of its groove by high centrifugal forces or by linear expansion caused by friction with abutting parts or sur faces. Disassembly of the ring re quires nothing more than a prying action with a screw driver. Electronic Tachometer Special Products Division of the General Electric Company, Sche nectady, N. Y., announces a new electronic tachometer designed for Machine Tool Coolant System I nject-A -F low P ump Company^ North Willow Street, Montclair,,^ J., has developed a self-contained ! tering system designed to m o d i MM FLO ATS Established in 1894, Hen Float Works now has 680,1 units in operation in the ind and ships of the world. Not of these floats has been retui during the one-year guerai >eriod, except by reason I a u lty or non - understandabj specifications. Hercules Float Works are originators of Seamless Copp^fes Floats. "Quality first" is the H e re o f m otto. It pays to specify HERCUL.EES Floats. HERC 200 Fra SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER* UIPMENT--Continued jllic particles in suspension id coolants used on machine rstem consists o a seven galgular steel tank in which ;co strainer unit is mounted. j`ect-A-Flow pump unit is id on the lid of the tank with |p operating inside the strain. The pump unit consists o a in cast, non-corrosive, centriiump connected to the motor an extended shaft. Provision ide for recirculating coolant system is equipped with a foot, Wheelock flexible metal d a bronze flow control cock, r with necessary wiring and ONLY TAKES ONE! COMPLETE POWER TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT FROM ONE SOURCE SCORES 3 ^ 1 . . . . IN EFFICIENCY! Let Medort's 60 years'engineering experience help you on your transm is sion problems. Recommendations are unbiased because Medari engi neers can choose from the entire field of power transm ission equipment. MPANY, ltclair, tained o remo' 4BER, I ctrlc A rc W elder s Hobart Brothers Company, Square, Troy, Ohio, announces , combination drive Hobart machine which consists of dard 300 amp generator and jp induction motor mounted on ivy, solid shaft coupled to a ler, 6-cylinder industrial en ough an over-running clutch ;g. This coupling allows the ie engine to drive the welding for. However, should the gasoigine be stopped and the genbe driven by the electric in- motor, the clutch will over air. free wheel. This action is en- automatic. Shaft Hangers Bicycle Type Sheaves e V-Belt Drives e Cast Iron Pulleys Steel Rim Pulleys Ring Oiling Bearings Wick Oiling Bearings e Belt Tighteners "P a teM fo m a A e Chain Drives Set Collars Hercules Pulleys Wood Pulleys Shotting Friction Clutches Sprockets Pattern Work Rigid Shaft Couplings Flexible Shaft Couplings Universal Shaft Couplings Medari-Timken-Bearings Iron & Semi-Steel Castings Wire Rope Sheaves Cut Tooth Gearing Molded Tooth Gearing g! induction motor is wound for *220/440 voltage. The gasoline jj|e is furnished with an idling >and all other features that are p by the Standard Hobart, 300 |as drive. welder is ideal for locations jp power may fail and the eonfir or job welding shop operator (;,uch a unit is able to take ad- ge of the cheapest power avail- M EDART THERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 121 Strip Insulation From Motor Windings This Low-Cost Way! Whenever you are faced with the problem of stripping insulation and varnish from copper windings or coils before reconditioning elec trical equipment try doing this work the fast, effective Oakite way. A brief immersion of units in a tank charged with that heavy-duty alkaline cleaner . . . OAKITE TEST X . . . quickly, thoroughly, safely re moves varnish, lacquer, dried-on oil and dirt. Insulating tape is so thoroughly softened that it can be easily unwound without resorting to time-consuming knife-scraping. Use Oakite Test X also for strip ping paint from motor housings and other painted metal surfaces. For further details on this and many other maintenance jobs send for a copy of the new Oakite Power Plant Digest. It's yours FREE on request! OAKITE PRODUCTS, INC. R3A Thames Street, New York 6, N. Y. Technical Servlet Kepcesentativet Locatedin All Principal Cities of (Ji* United States and Canada 122 History of Power (Continued from page 90) ruptures were, for that reason, rarely accompanied by great violence. They did, however, thwart de Laval's pur poses. The cause of this trouble was in reality seated in the qualities of the feed water. As the water was evap orated, scale forming materials were deposited upon the interior tube sur faces. This incrustation served as an insulating medium. The tube lost its capacity to transmit heat as rapidly to the water as it was being absorb ed by radiation and convection from the furnace. As a result of this cir cumstance, the tube was over-heat ed. When it was subjected to high temperatures it no longer possessed the physical properties which were essential to withstand the extremely high pressure involved. Tube fail ures were inevitable. Experimental work of this char acter requires the expenditures of considerable sums of money. Sweden was at the same time in the throes of a depression. This circumstance com plicated de Laval's problems very materially. He could not restrain himself from engaging in bold ven tures. With the passage of the years he was compelled to relinquish the important financial position which he had held in The Separator Com pany, Ltd. In an effort to recoup his financial losses, de Laval engaged in several enterprises which were not concern ed with the construction of steam turbines. One of these ventures had as its object the development and man ufacture of milking machines. This effort was unsuccessful. He devoted both his energy and his resources to a, project in which he hoped to de velop an advantageous means of re fining low grade Swedish zinc ores. This undertaking failed vicissitude left de Lay financial resources. At t' Separator Company, Ltd de Laval was now no ecutive, was a thriving CO board of its directors real1 Laval could have lived a' after having developed ment which it now mah but that he had not felt virtuous course of action;' pany felt the urge to rews this character, and it Laval a pension of 12,000 De Laval's death q Stockholm on February career was an important ah sive one. From a financi! view he had made no subs; mate, progress, for his f rendered nil the effects Ofif cessful undertakings. From tific point of view he left & endowment for those who follow in his footsteps. His periences were characterize significant ircumstances. afraid to try to make pr; taking bold strokes. His: insaf sire to make progress was," such that he could not brin; to spend long periods of' time his ideas. Instead of carry! tensive development work, chose to put his ideas to test." The character of his I was rare. He regarded completed successfully as a to do more and better people of his time lacked, in ure, the capacity to appr work with propriety "lived far ahead of his time. course of his career he wi member of the Swedish H Lords. Many years were to fore the full implication of- was to be appreciated in manner. A World Standard for Efficiency W rite Today for Information SOOT BLOW ERS VULCAN SOOT BLOWER CORP., DUBOIS, PA. Southern Represent*tives: John A. Dodd Co., Atlanta, Ga. Esholman & Potter, Birmingham, Ala. Power Equipment Co., Jacksonville, Eia. SOUTHERN PO W ER & INDUSTRY for NOVEM1 Feed Pumps Continued from page 72) am plant. In addition, it is ary to credit the boiler feed >^dth the heat generated in y-pass orifice through the "` tion of pressure energy. jn all, it can be stated that jljficidental to the operation 'Her feed pump with by-pass -re almost negligible and are jgd in order to avoid possible e to the installed equipment Serious interruption of the e provided by the steam plant. When considered in `ght, these losses become a (reasonable premium to pay assurance of continuity of ce of the boiler feeding equip- an evaluation of the byiosses leads to the recom;tion that should the size of stallation dictate against the automatic by-pass controls '-pass should be left open at pws. It will become necessary lose the by-pass valve only the full load capacity of the pump less the by-pass capacilonger suffices to fill the de5from the boiler. As a matter t, in very small installations iwith low pressure operating tions, the by-pass require- are so low that they can be to the required capacity establishing the design cajg? of the feed pump, and no *on ever arises to close the ipss. For example, if the boilid pump is originally selected |ndle 100,000 lbs per hour of water against a net pressure 0 psi, the required by-pass |ity is approximately 5,000 lbs pur, and if the pump is defor 105,000 lbs per hour, -pass may be left open under ditions. readily recognized that in installations, this additional capacity will add little to of he insallation, and is orth the investment. Larger S should have automatic conif possible, and, in any event, have by-passes arranged in dance with the good practices ted in this article. SUPERIOR SPUR GEARED CHAIN HOIST Standard, spur-geared type, capacity Vi to 40 tons. Ball bearing equipped. Pressure lubricated. Effici ency 80%. HOISTING EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURED B Y tf i ROUND DAVID ROUND & SON CLEVELAND 5, OHIO ASSOCIATES THE CLEVELAND CHA'N & UFG C O , ClELELAND S OHIO THE BRIDGEPORT CHAIN & MEG CO BRIDGEPORT 1 C^'NN SEATTIE CHAIN & MTG f O SEATTLE 8. WASH. ilOUND CALIF CHAIN CO Pr LTD , SO SAN FRANCISCLi & LOS ANGELTS ' * CALIF, SOLD THROUGH M ILL SUPPLY DISTRIBUTORS CHAIN HOISTS ROUND AUTO-BLOC Patented special type 2-gear hoist. Efficiency 90%. Weighs 20% to 35% less than other spur geared hoists. Precision constructed throughout. Alloy Steel cut gears. TROLLEYS Steel-plate, ball-bearing trolleys designed for use on straight or curved T-beams, Plain or geared types. CRANES HAND TRAVELING OR ELECTRIC CRANES Built to specification. Timken Bearing equipped. Blueprints supplied with quotations. WINCHES ROUND.No. 99 WINCH Capacity 5 tons. All-steel con struction. Two speeds, one for rapid lifting, the other for heavy duty loads. Weight 135 lbs. No. 99 Junior 2-ton all-ste e l w in ch same design but smaller size. Weight 61 lbs. w SiTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 123 CATALOGS AND BULLETIN! (Continued from page 12) This Is MARION, INDIANA Another 100% Layne City -- Marion, a busy, progressive e n d forward looking city of east central Indiana gets Its entire water supply from Layne Well Water Systems. And taking a tip from the city are a brewery, a food processing plant, a radio and television station, two meat packers, a military home, a wire and rubber manufac turer, a glass company, a laundry and a wire and cable company-- all of whom have their own individual Layne Wafer System plants. -- Seldom does an industrial product enjoy such dominating preference as is accorded to Layne Well Water Systems by Marion City and Factory executives. Such preference was earned through recognized reputation of su perior quality and basically sound operation economy. -- Layne Well Water Systems are known to be the best that specialized engineering re search can produce-- and the best that Amer ican dollars can buy. For late catalogs and illustrated literature address Layne & Bowler, Inc., General Offices, Memphis 8, Tenn. HIGHEST EFFICIEN CY Layne Vertical Turbine pumps are available in sizes to produce from 40 to 16,000 gallons of water per minute. High efficiency saves hundreds of dollars on power cost per year AFFILIATED COM PANIES: L a y n e -A rk a n sa s C o ., S tu ttg a rt, A rk. * L ayne-A tlantic C o ., N orfolk, V a. * L ay n e-C en tral C o., M em p h is, T en n . * L ay n e-C en tral C o ., M ishaw aka, in d . * L ay n eL o u isian a C o., L ake C h arles, L a. * L o u isian a W eil C o.. M onroe, L a. * L ayne-N ew Y ork C o.. N e w Y o rk C it y * L a y n e -N o rth w e st C o ., M il w a u k e e , W is. * L ay n e-O h lo C o ., C o lu jn b u s, O hio * L ayne-P aciftc. In c ., S e attle. W ash. L ayneT ex as C o ., H o u sto n , T ex as * L ay n e-W estern C o., K an sas C ity, M o. * L ay n e-W estern C o. o f M inne s o ta , M in n eap o lis, M inn. * In te rn a tio n a l W ater S up p ly L td ., L on d o n , O n tario , C anada * L ay n eH is p a n o A m e ric a n a , S . A ., M e x ic o , p . F . WELL WATER SYSTEMS VERTICAL TURBINE PUMPS 124 3 0 9 4 DUST COLLECTORS-- B u lle tin 310 * -- D escribes integral du st coliecto s specifically applicable to the grinding and b uffing in d u stry . Also illu stra te d Is a " packaged" electrical p recip itato r w hich m ay be attach ed directly to the W flgr*1 wher h ig h er efficiency is req u ired . THERM IX ENGINEERING- COMPANY, Greenwich, Conn. D A Q C SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR CONTtiOi-- LiooJiiet, 20 p a g e s -- ` T .e A i>0 of Synchronous M otor C o n tro l" te lls th e H O W an d W HY and W H EN and W H A T of m odern synchronous m otor control. Contains 45 diagram s and photographs. ELECTRIC M ANUFACTURING COMPANY, M inneapolis 13, M inn, TOOLS-- B o o k let, 24 p a g es -- " E nJ v J ' v gineering D ata on the Care and Op eration of Celfor D rills" presents facts of a technical n atu re th a t w ill aid in selecting proper tools, m aintaining pro p er balance be tw een tool capacity and job requirem ents, and indicate the correct m ethods of tool m ain tenance and rehabilitation. CELFOR TOOLS, division of C lark Equipm ent Company, Buchanan, M ichigan. D A Q 7 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT-- Cataa Jog No. 46-1, 8 pages-- D escribes " R otating Electrical Equipm ent" m anufac tured by the Company. Includes general descrip tio n of a-c, d-c, and U niv ersal m otors for applications not m et by standard m otors; dynam otors and converters, m otor-generator sets, a-c an d d-c g en erato rs, gas an d elec- trie generating plants. ELECTRIC SPFflpi TY COMPANY, S tam ford, Connecticut,'-^*" D A Q O SILICONE FLUID -- PamphL pages-- C ontains a table of pj& | properties, vapor pressure curves, a g in ^ pum ping speeds, and a dem onstration inherent stab ility of organo-sUicon polym ers. D O W C O R N IN G CORPQRAflj M idland, M ichigan. D A Q Q PIP E AND FITTING MAT -- C h a rt, 4 p a g es---" Chart* and F ittin g M aterials" , deals with in te rm e d ia te allo y , s ta in le s s and mI analysis steels, and covers A.S.T.M. cations, chem istry, service lim itatioui w eld in g p ro c e d u re . T U B E TURNS** L ouisville 1, K y. 4 0 0 0 L1XATB BRIN -- Pamphiejf D escribes o p eratin g economlegU the Lixate Rock S alt D issolver product reg e n eratin g zeolite w a te r softeners. IB NATIONAL SA LT COMPANY, INC,, ton, Pa. 40H1 CONTROLLER -- Bulletin 3 i I D escribes M odel 40 ControlIei>^| e st a d d itio n to F o x b o ro lin e f in stm j fo r p ro c e ss c o n tro l. L a rg e illnsfcrtf<H plain m any fe a tu re s of design which, this model a wholly new in stru m en tal FOXBORO COMPANY, Foxboro, M w p INSTANTANEOUS SERVICE* MARION G ulf Stream Hot W ater Heater Utilize low pressure or live steam to assure abundant hot water. GULF STREAM heats swiftly through 1 four concentric tubes including outer shell, providing intimate steam and water contact. # $tom (HU central tub and annular space between two middle tubes. W ater enters through pipe a t extreme left, (ills annular space between central tube and one surrounding It and between shell and next Inner tuba. Slidable packing glands a t shell ends provide for expansion ond contraction, prevent strains aed ^ Condensate moves to trap and returns to system, coeservfp^^ ' heat volue. Hero is ECONOM Y ond DEPENDABILITY. Un#< from 4 " to 8 " in diameter, 4 ' to 12' in length. Capacity jtrtxM twist- with steam a t 25 tbs. Ore S 4,335 GPH with temperotwC from 50* to 180* f . In * requires little space. May floor line, c e ilin g Of Standard design allows t j # j | lbs. working pressure. I m ined fo r ony apt M A R I O N M A C H I N E , F O U N D R Y * S U P P I Y COjg M a r i o n , I n d i a n a , U. S. A. 'S For Any Fluid - Any Apparatus 0t A I L P A X THE PACKING THAT "PACKS ALL" 'yO U don't have to remove old packing to repack with square cross section makes ALLPAX easy-filling in any slutitoj Try it once and you, too, will be enthusiastic over its easy applied tight efficiency and long wear. Write us for full details. Distributors Every where THE ALLPAX CO., INC., M AM ARON SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEM lijj There's no secret about ffdfenis Almost everybody Is now interested In frosted foods--and in the method of freezing them. In the next few years, quick-freezing plants will be built in hundreds, if not thousands, of towns and rural districts throughout the country. This trend will affect you, and possibly your business. If you want to be "in the know" on the latest quick-freezing methods, write for Frick Bulletins 147 and J48. They tell how to freeze either large or small quantities of foods most profitably--show how the most successful plants now do it. W rite co. L.PA3C--*ffing boxtf ilicalioo i , N. MBER, f TO BE SURE S p e c if y PEABODY BURNERS Oil -- G as -- Pulverized Coal -- Either Singly or in Any Combination Natural or Forced Draft <Utd Direct Fired Air Heaters Blast Furnace Gas Burners Fuel Oil Pump and Heater Sets Complete Combustion Systems Gas Scrubbers and Coolers PEABODY ENGINEERING CORPORATION 580 Fifth Avenus N ew York 19. N. Y. Atlanta; Rittlemeyer & Co., Bona Allen Building Houston: The Tennant Co., Gulf Building New Orleans: Allan J. Harris Co., Balter Building SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 T R I P L E FUSE SERVICE with this COMBINATION! KLIPLOK CLAMPS Supply needed pressure for easy flow of currenf! Increase fuse life. Prevent burnt fuses and clips. Stop unnecessary shutdowns. Save power. Reduce fire and accident hazards. TRICO "Powder-Packed" RENEWABLE FUSE This "different" fuse gives maximum protection and THREE TIMES the SERVICE at no added cost. Custom-built renewal ele ment, "powder-packed" feature, and rugged construction make possible the following advantages . . . e Tamper proof protection. e Link support. Non-interchangeable link, Life-time outer parts, o Safe time-lag. e Guaranteed results. WRITE for Catalog! TRICO FUSE MFC.CO. M ILWAUKEE Wi s c ons i n 12! EVERY VALVE BEAT IS A SAVING WITH " V S I S V a l v e s REO. US.PAT. orr. 2,500,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 VALVE BEATS IN 4 V A LV ES P R O V E A G A IN TH AT 'W U N ^ t V E S M A K E CO M PR ESSO RS RUN BETTER THAN W HEN THEY W ERE NEW . D. J. MURRAY MANUFACTURING CO. ^ , THIS IS THE ------------------------------------------ >AS G O O D AS NEW AFTER 18,000 HOURS OPERATION AT 2 5 7 R. P. M. Write us today for estimates -- send sketches or samples of your old valves to J.H .H .V O S S CO . 7 8 5 E .1441? St. Cormea WALES Ave. New York,H.Y. / 4 k /4 c e v e *H C K tf . . . M A G N O -TRO N IC DUAL SILVER POINT ELECTRODYNAM IC FLUORESCENT STARTER A fully automatic Thermal Relay (fluores cent starter) scientifically made to assure', maximum economy of operation, greater re? liability and more consistent performance. 'nuisunniR UlCrMMlIlK A thermostatic switch equipped with silver nj contacts, carbon resistor and nichrome : heater coil, bonded in a ceramic insulating material of high dielectric, strength. : Licensed under U. S. Pat. No. 2341520. Others Pending You'll find Industrial Electronics Corpora* ; tion products in factories, office buildings.^ stores, railroad terminals, shipyards, school?! rooms . . . everywhere contributing to comforts of American Life. The (SP-15-20) for use with either 15 er 20 watt lamps The (SP-30-40) for use with either 30 or 40 watt lamps The (SP-100) for use with 100 watt lamps 126 SOUTHERN POW ER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1, 1946 Builders Shuntflo Meters are "tailor m ade" to tell you where and how much steam is beincj used. This meter gives an accu rate total of steam consumed by individ ual departments, tenants and processes. It measures allsteam flo w . . . provides a precise check and an accurate total of main line flow -- eliminates waste and trims steam costs. The Shuntflo is selfcontained -- requires no electricity, mer cury or clocks. It reads directly in pounds, cubic feet or other units, and gives years of trouble-free service'. Readily installed in any line from 2" to 12". For Bulletin 349, address BuildersProvidence, Inc., (Division of Builders Iron Foundry), 53 Codding S tre e t, Providence 1, R. I. M OCCASIN Bushings require but 2 to 4 oilings a year, at a cost of about 75c. Compare this to $5.20--the approximate oil cost for lubricating ordinary bearings--and you'll see why Moccasin Bushings easily pay their wayl And there are many other advantages: Moccasin Bushings are long-wearing--actual experience shows them good for 20 years plus! They prevent grit or abrasive substances from reaching the bearing surface . . . eliminate improper and in sufficient lubrication, the cause of 75% of all bushing failures. Moccasin Bushings are used fey hundreds of lead ing manufacturers. Try one on your most trouble some bearing. Write todayl JL Moccasin Bush^ ings l u b r i c a t e from a leak - proof oil reservoir. JL Place a continu^ ous. u n b r o k e n film of oil on bear ing surface. JL No oil drippage ^ or flying grease to damage f l o o r s , belts, materials. JL Satisfactory per" formance abso lutely guaranteed.' UlLDERSy^ PRO VID EN CE UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 127 manzel lubricators assure PERFECT CYLINDER LUBRICATION for FULTON DIESELS BELT LACING and FASTENERS for transm ission and conveyor belts W orld fam ed in g en eral se rv ice for strength an d long life. A flexib le steel-hinged joint, smooth on both s id e s . 12 s iz e s . M ade in m Sm For conveyor and elevator belts of a ll th ickn esses, m akes a tight butt joint of g reat strength and ft Manzel Lubricators have proved their depend ability and efficiency in the exacting service of Diesel lubrication. As a result, the Fulton Iron Works and other leading engine manufacturers rely on Manzels. Manzel Model 94 Lubricators pump against any pressure usually found in Diesel engines. They deliver the oil drop by drop exactly as needed. The clear view liquid sight feed shows exactly the amount delivered to each friction point on each pump stroke. Write for Catalog 94-B. MANZEL B R O T H E R S CO. Subsidiary o f FRONTIER INDUSTRIES, INC. 3.18 BABCOCK ST., BUFFALO 10, N. Y. H IG H P R E S S U R E for half Builders of METERING P U M P S a century 128 for Boilers Tanks, etc. all Pressures StsteywrMsfe Ow supplied in all sizes . r AH shipment, from stock. Send for ccHaJeftte t M WATER COLUMN & GAGE CO. Living sto n, N . J. Livingston 6 - 1 4 0 0 ` .fillip SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, &Ab cut maintenance costs with A IR E T O O L tube clean ers The sim plicity of construction in all Airetool Tube Cleaners assures lower maintenance costs . . . and cleaner tubes in power plants. A ll vital wearing parts ' in Airetool Cleaners are easily replaceable on the job. ^AiretooPs New Form cutters eliminate tracking and give tubes a clean, smooth, undamaged surface. Airetool's motors, with Balanced Rotor and Power Seal, deliver more power-- they make hard jobs easy. The motors are air and steam or water driven. There's an Airetool Cleaner for every type of water tube and fire tube boiler, con denser, heat exchanger, and all other tubular construction-- straight or curved-- in sixes from /}" to 24" I.D . Illustrated is the forwardly swing arm head with universal joint mounted on a "4000" series motor, air or steam driven. It is designed for bent tubes of I to 12" I. D. AIRETOOL EXPANDERS Airetool manufactures a complete line of tube expanders -- meeting every requirement of the modern power plant. Special heat-treated alloy steels assure a uniform grain and hardness. UKETOOL MANUFACTURING COMPANY SPR IN G FIELD , O H IO W rite D e p t. SP for b u lle tin s on tu b e c le a n e r s a n d t u b e exp a n d e r s e s p e c i a l l y </e* sig n e d fo r use in p o w e r p la n ts. J SMOKEMETER For the Determination of Smoke Density in Stack Gas The principle of this instrument is a photo electric soot density comparator designed for oil-fired appliances. The unit is completely contained in a small metal case. W rite for Bulletin THE REFINERY SUPPLY CO. 21 East 4th St., TU LSA 3, O K LA . THERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 When boilers, radiators, tanks, piping fixtures develop leaks, cracks or loosened parts, get Smooth-On No. I Iron Repair Cement. For more than fifty years the repair man's standby. To apply, you simply mix Smooth-On with water. No heat re quired. It hardens like metal and stays tight. Maintenance men and mechanics everywhere keep Smooth-On handy for both emergency and routine repairs. You can buy It In economical 7-oz., 1-, 5-, 25-lb. sizes at your supply house. If they haven't Smooth-On, contact us direct. FREE REPAIR HANDBOOK Clear Instructions for practical, tested, short-cut repairs on equipment of countless kinds. Shows how to save time and money. 40 pages. 170 diagrams. Pocket size-- should be in YOUR pocket. SMOOTH-ON MFG. C O .. Dept. 35 570 CoRiiminlpaw Ave., Jersey City 4, N. J. floitwM SM00TH0N 129 Makes "Inaccessible" Valves ACCESSIBLE! Babbitt Sprocket Rims can be quick ly and inexpensive ly installed on any m ake or size of valve to give in stant, handy control of out-of-reach valves. No more ladder climbing--fewer ac cidents -- less time lost! . . . Babbitt Rims will save you time, steam and man - power. Write today for complete information. Jenkins Brothers o f Atlanta have a complete Stock for Your Convenience ----S ld ju s t a b le --- SPROCKET R IM w ith C h a in G uide BABBITT STEAM SPECIALTY New Bedford, Moss., U. S. A. CO. POWER PLANT AVDELS ENGINEERS GUIDE W I T H Q U E S T I O N S A N D A N S W E R S NEW FROM COVER TO COVER! JU ST PU B LISH E D --For All Engineers. Firemen.W aterTenders. Oilers, Operators. Repair Men and Applicants for Engi neers' License Examinations. A Com plete Steam Engineer** Library In'O ne Bool! * 1 5 0 0 PAGES--6 5 CHAPTERS 1 7 0 0 ILLUSTRATIONS.FULL INDEX 1001 FACTS AT YOUR FINGER ENOS! PRACTICAL INFORMATION IN HANDY FORM FEATURING: Basic principles of Steam Engi neering, including Boiler Con struction, Operatlonand Repairs. Gives practical information on: Boiler Calculations, fuels, feed pumps, w ater heaters, economisers, water treatm ent, injectors, traps, draught, safety valves, oil burners, stokers, condensers, ejectors, cooling towers, evaporators, steam and hot w ater heating, pipe fitting & tubing. Contains complete data on all types of Steam Engines and Turbines, In dicators. Valve gear. Valve setting, Air Compressors, COMPLETE Hoists, Gas and Diesel Engine O peration, Lubrication. MY $1 A G o t t h is in form atio n fo r y o u rs o lf-- ONLY | MO. A S K T O S E E IT -- M ail coupon to d ay! A U D EL, Publishers;4 9 W .2 3 St.. N ew York lO .N .Y . M ail AU DELS Pow er P lant E ngineers Guide (Price *4) on 7 days free trial. If O.K. I will rem it SI In 7 days and S I m onthly until S4 Is paid. Otherwise, I will return it. N a m e ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Address_______________________________________ Occupation__________________________________________________ _ Employed by------------------------- ------------------------------------------- SP 130 N IC H O L S O N Centre! VAL! set a new high in slow wearing Specially treated, extra hard seats that don't cut out. Stainless steel where It counts. Trouble-free simplicity. For air, gas, i.,m water, oil and other liquids. Cata log 544. W. H. NICHOLSON 4 CO. 175 ORteOlit WILKES-BARI LO N G LA ST I B O IL E FU R N A C I Boiler furnaces lined C A R EC O Iasi two to fa fimes longer than th lined with fire brick. Wri for quotations. CAROLINA REFRACTORIES CONI M ARTSVIUE, S. C. THE NEW EDITION OF SOUTHERN POWER AND INDUSTRY'S HANDBOOK OFAIR CONDITIHIhII An easily understood manual of instruction for tlj who wish to learn the essentials of modern air-cop Honing, and an authoritative, handy reference for engineers, maintenance men and others who with air-conditioning equipment. Pocket-size, ^ pages, 148 illustrations, 18 pages of tables, convj sion factors, and other data. " H A N D B O O K OF AIR CONDITIONING" may obtained with a new or renewal 3-year subscription SOUTHERN P O W E R A N D INDUSTRY for t3.r' ---- ------ C U T O UT AN D M A IL N O W I-------i SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY, Grant Bldg., Atlanta J.|j Please my 3-year subscription and send me Handb^ of Air Conditioning." Enclosed is $3.00. Name__ Mailing Address- City_ Company______ _____ Products Manufactured or Nature of Business--- SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NO VEM BER ERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 No Power Plant Valve Is More Important In 69 years of specialization on power plant auto matic valve specialties, Davis has brought the atmos pheric exhaust relief valve to a high point of perfec tion, with a combination of engineering features not found elsewhere. Let's look inside the No. 110: The bronze-to-bronze contact valve is water-sealed through inlet and over flow pipe connections in the body. Valve action is cushioned by a closed-top internal dash pot eliminat ing sticking of valve due>to foreign matter. Flapper valve permits quick opening, slow closing movement. There is full pipe area through the port and all body passages. The valve holds tight under high vacuum, and relieves to atmosphere at a fraction of a pound pressure when vacuum is lost. Hand lifts, top or bottom, or Hydraulic cylinders permit testing the action and holding valve open when desired. Angle design available as well as horizontal and vertical, also valve that will function as a relief valve part of the time and back pressure valve at other times, or with hold-open attachment so that valve must be closed manually once it has relieved. Let us help you on automatic valve problems for steam . . . air . . . gas . . . water . . . and oil. DAVIS REGULATOR COMPANY, 2507 S. Washtenaw Ave., Chicago, 111. Ask for EN GIN EERIN G BULLETIN No. 101A DAVI S AUTOMATIC VALVE SPECIALTIES (3 CLASSIFIED ADS BUSINESS--EMPLOYMENT--EQUIPMENT-- PROFESSIONAL CARDS--OPPORTUNITIES RATES DISPLAYED " F o r B ale," .Agent W anted, a n d a ll o th e r a d v ertisem en ts using bold face ty p e or oth erw ise displayed, $6.00 p er colum n lat-b p er In sertio n . Rates for larger poces furnished on application. WITHOUT DISPLAY " P o sitio n W an ted " ad v ertisem en ts, 5 cent p er word in sertio n . M inim um charge $1.00. P ay ab le in advance. w. (W hen rep lies a re to be received in o u r car allow f w ords fo r th e box address. ' W ESTINGHOUSE A IR COM PRESSORS -- From Stock Vi H.P. to 10 H.P. Completely Automatic Tank Units- -most sizes now available from stock. Westinghouse Industrial Com pressors Three cylinder air-cooled, two stage, 150 lb. max., 61 to 218 C.F.M. Also Two Cylinder W ater Cooled--Steam Driven Compressors. Joyce Industrial Elevators and Lifts All types of special jacks--Complete Hydraulic Loading Ramps. Steam Cleaners -- A ll Types of Pumps w m s to SOUTHERN SUPPLY AND EQUIPMENT CO. 54-S AUBURN A V E., N .E. ATLAN TA 3, G A . Telephone: Cypress 1515 POSITION WANTED Competent and conscientious Engineer desires position a s STEAM POW ER P 1 A N T SUPERINTENDENT or equivalent. Age 43. Two y e a rs T ec h n i cal College. O ver 30 y e a rs diversified experience mostly supervisory capacity on Efficient Operation, M aintenance and Overhaul of modern steam instal lations from low to 1400 lb. pressure. Powdered Coal, Gas, Oil and Stoker fired, together w ith all auxiliaries. Desire change after lengthy service w ith present employer. Available on reasonable notfce. W rite B ox 791, c /o SOUTHERN POW ER & INDUSTRY, G ra n t Bldg., A tla n ta S, G&. POSITION WANTED E x p ed iter available. H ave w ide experi* ence following production and shipm ent electrical-- other equipm ent. W rite Box 799, c /o SO U TH ERN PO W ER & INDUS* TR Y , G ra n t B ldg., A tla n ta 3, Ga. POSITION WANTED M echanical Engineer w ith 18 years experience as Combustion and Instrum ent man, test engineer, and Chief Engineer of maintenance in large mod em steam power plant desires position as MASTER MECHANIC. SUPERINTENDENT or PLANT ENGINEER. M inimum Salary $450 per month. W rite Box 798. e/o SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY, Grant B uilding, A tlan ta 3. Ga. NEEDED NOW Experienced and Appren' tice DESIGNERS AND DRAFTSMEN (C ivil, Me chanical and Electrical) for work in Birmingham, Alabam a, for steam elec tric power plant design work. Excellent working conditions and good pay with one of the nation's foremost corporations. W rite or wire stating age, e x p e r i e n c e , education, salary expected and when you could report for work, i References required. C. M . K ., P. O . Box 2641, Birmingham, Alabama. WANTED Design and Super vising Engin**r M ech.nleal Engine, prrabjy member A.8.M.K.. with lultlatlw la dentin end iupetvhdee of he*UJUl. Ir conditioning id poww t o ectl. KxoeUwit o p p o r t u n i t y 4 Apply Box 793 c / o SOOTHSTM `.S'*" * INDUSTRY, G rant B id., A tl n t. I, O*- WANTED A youug a le rt ep erstln g engineer who ie experienced in team, pow er and tu b in e operation. S tate age, experience and edu cation. A lio salary expected. A ddress Box TSS, e / o SO U T H E R N P O W E R ft INDUSTRY, G rant Bldg , A tlanta , Ga. FO R SALE Orta G.E. Vertical elec, motor, 10 hp., 1800 tprn., 22ft. On F M. V ^ 'c a l elec, motor. 7% hp., 8808 3/50/220. Two W 'houae transform ers, & Rw., scyie xuiua. 23UU-220-110. One 10" gate valve. Two flanged ells. One lflxlOxS" tee. One F.M. friction clutch-pulley. 5" bore, 30" D i., 13* face. One F.M . Diesel flywheel, 3650 lb., bore. 257 rpra. One V-aheave, 30" pitch di., 5" bore. 8--" C " grooves. . . C A R L IS L E IC E CO., M A Y F IE L D . KY. 132 WANTED-- INDUSTRIAL ENGINEER Of good reputation and xperlenoe, w ith peciai knowledge in p U n t liyouts of processe such u those in paper mill, textile mille, m achine shops, etc.--wanted by organization offering considerable promise and opportunity. Apply Box 794, c/o SOUTHERN POW ER & INDUSTRY, G rant Blog.. A tlanta 3, Ga. BUSINESS O P P O R TU N ITY - MANUFACTURERS REPRESENTATIVE Well established, w ith excellent account*, desire 'ounge? SMociate having both galea en d engineerng experience, w ith ultim ate objective of taking over business. Give experience, education, age, other pertinent details, all to be kept confi dential. Apply Box 792 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY, G rant BMg., A tlanta 3, Ga, FOR SALE One (1 ) A liis-C halm ers 8/6 **" ` J* c e n trifu g a l pump, ra te d a t W r o Jjjjjjj 850 G PM a g a in st 200 ft. R P M speed, driven by 150 C h alm ers, 3-phase, 60-cycle, - - m otor, w ith a W estinghouse j c r a t e d a u t o - tr a n s f o r m e r t>P t i f i h f t f u s e d c u t- o u ts , a n d 3 lig h t " 1- ^ , tft P rice P .O .B . M acon reasonable n ish ed o n in q u iry . A pply SOUTHERN POW SR ` , I G ra n t B ld g ., A tla n ta 3, Ga. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. Engineered PROTECTION f,r HIGH PRESSURE BOILER FEEDUNES TIES word per low eight sprenAND I, Me tric a l) gham, 1 elecdesign orking id pay ation's ins. ig age, cation, d when r work. ;d . C . 2641, wptit<a**" 3T emooc*rfAt' LE 'EMBER, 1940 Golden Anderson HYDRAULIC Double Cushioned Check VALVES An excellent example of the outstanding engineering built in every Golden-Anderson Valve. Designed for high pres sure boiler feed lines, the double cushioning feature pre vents any shock or jar in sudden valve closure. Needle valve control allows close adjustment to regulate the operat ing speed for ony operating condition. Also avail able with manual handwheel control, in angle or globe patterns, sixes 2'/A to 14". ^ FYR-FEEDER STOKERS , % tm BURN LESS COAL CHEAPER COAL ,* FYR-FEEDER pays for itself in coal and labor savings. Automatic, modern, high efficiency firing at its best! Increases boiler capacity with cheapest grades of coal -- screenings or sweepings, wet or dry, CUTS FUEL BILLS! Easy to operate. Responds instantly to sudden load changes. Burns fines in sus pension; larger pieces on grate. Beautifully clean flame. * Safe. Dependable. Multiple Burners. Quality construction. Easily installed in minimum time. Standard ratings from 100 to 12,000 lbs. of coat per hour. Wire, phone, or write. ? STOKER " $ f f c /e n t U 'S AUTO M ATIC PIATYSS EFLOFR 1 FYR-FEEDER IN D USTRIAL STOKERS 18-T E. Erie St., C h icago II, Illinois Interested in FYR-FEEDER Deolership | | Interested as Sales Representative Q Send literature end delivery information Have representative call Name ...................... .... ......-- Company^.__ ____________________ ____________ Address,^.... .... ......................................... for4 PACKINGS ENGINEERS know that all leakage must be pre vented whenever possible . . . it absolutely must be kept under control in all in sta n ces. That's why packings are needed! Even if your service conditions are unusually severe with oil, asphalt, acid or any other fluid to contend with, Quaker has a brand to meet it. Our packing experts are ready at all times to suggest and recommend the proper packings that will give you maximum results. Specify Quaker Pack ings. Buy from your local M ill Supply H ouse or Hardware Dealer. QUAKER ROD PACKINGS A Complete Line o f Rubber Duck and Rubber Flax H yd rau lic Asbestos M etallic Sem i-M etallic for all types o f Service Conditions QUAKER SHEET PACKINGS Rubber Asbestos Fibre flEG.U.S.PAT.OFF. For all service applications QUAKER RUBBER CORPORATION Mirs. Industrial Rubber Products PHILADELPHIA 24, PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK CHICAGO CLEVELAND . HOUSTON Western Territory Quaker Pacific Rubber Company San Francisco Los Angeles SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 133 I The A dvertisers' In d ex is published as a convenience, and not as a part of the advertising contract. E very care w ill be ta ken to index correctly. No allowance w ill be m ade for errors or failure to insert. A ir e to o l M fg . C o ............ 129 100 A lk e n - M u r r a y C o rp . . . A llen B rad ley Co. . . . . . * A llis-C h am iers M fg. Co 9 A llp a x C o ., I n c ................ 124 * A lu m in u m C o. o f A m e r ic a A m erican B low er Corp. . 32 * A m e r ic a n C o a l B u r n e r Co. 133 A m erican E n g in e e rin g Co. (H o ists) 35 A m e r ic a n E n g i n e e r i n g Co. (S to k e r ;s) A m e r ic a n M o n o ra il C o........................ 38 A m e r ic a n P u l v e r i z e r C o .................... 110 A n a c o n d a W ir e & C a b le C o........... 33 A n d e r s o n C o ., V . D ............................. A r k a n s a s F u e l O il C o ........................ 119* A r m s tr o n g M a c h in e W o r k s ............ 85 A sbestos T e x tile & P a c k in g D iv. K ay b esto s-M an h attan Corp. ... A u d e l Je C o ., T h e o ............................. 130 A u to m atic T ra n s p o rta tio n Co. .. 29 8 B a b b i t t S t e a m S p e c i a l t y C o ........... 130 B abcock & W ilcox (B oilers) . . . . B a ile y M e te r C o ...................................... B ald w in -D u ck w o rth D ivision . . . . B ay S ta te A b rasiv e P rod. Co. .. B eico ii.d u stiia l E quip. D ivision B e l m o n t P a c k i n g <& R u b b e r Co. 106 BeU, W. H. & L. D. ... 31 B ir d A r c h e r C o .................. n) B ia c k 'S iv a lls & B r y s o n 101 B law -K n o x Co. (G ra tin g Divisio; B rad-F oote G ear W orks , B row n In stru m en t Co. ... 28 B r o w n e ll C o ................................. B uell E n g in e e rin g Co., Inc. 91 B uilders P rovidence, Inc. 127 B u s s m a n M fg . C o ................ ..............82 a n d 83 C arlisle C o u n ty Ice Co. C arolina R e fra c to rie s Co C h a p m a n V a lv e M fg . C >............ C hicago B rid g e & Iron Co. .. C ities S erv ice Oil Co. . C la r k M fg . C o ...................... C la s s ifie d A d s .................. C leveland C hain & M fg. Co. .. C lipper B elt L acer Co. C ochrane C orporation . C o m b u stio n E n g . Co., Inc C om bustion E q u ip m en t D iv. C o n tin en tal G in Co. .. C r a n e C o m p a n y .............. *......... ................ 132 ................ 130 ................ 36 ................ 117 * ................ l i ................ 132 ................ 123 * ................ 104 .14 a n d 15 * ;;;:;;;:io 3 ................ 23 D a rt M fg. Co., E . M. . ................ 102 D avis R eg u lato r Co. ... ................ 131 D ay to n R u b b er M fg. Co. * Co. .. * D etro it S to k er Co. . if 2 D r a v o C o r p o r a tio n ( H e a t e r D e p t 89 D ravo C o rporation (P ow er D ept.) E a g le - P ic f ie r C o .................................. 95 Edge M oor Iron W orks, Inc. 4 E d w a r d V a lv e s , In c . .................... E lg in S o f te n e r C o r p ........................ E n g i n e e r C o ......................................... E rn st W a te r C olum n & G age Co 128 E v e r l a s t i n g V a lv e C o ............. ...... F ed d ers-Q u ig an Corp. F ish e r G o v ern o r Co. Flexible Steel L acing F lex ita llic G a sk e t Co. F o ster W h eeler Corp. Frick C om pany . ... F u lto n S y lp h o n Co. Fyr-Feeder Industrial c* *;.*;* S to k e rs ..............114 ; 128 * .79 .......1 2 5 .............. 97 ............. 133 134 G a r d n e r - D e n v e r C o ............................................ * G a rlo c k P a c k i n g C o .............................................. 27 G e n e r a l C o a l C o ................................................ * G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c C o ..............................................87 G o ld e n -A n d e rs o n V a lv e S p e c ia lty C o. 133 G o u ld s P u m p s , I n c ............................................ * G o u ld S t o r a g e B a t t e r y C o r p ........................ * G r e e n e , T w e e d & C o ........................................112 G r in n e ll C o ........................................B a c k C o v e r G r is c o m - R u s s e ll C o ........................................... * G u lf O il C o r p .........................................................105 P e a b o d y E n g i n e e r i n g C o r p ............. uor P e e r l e s s P u m p D iv is io n ............... ! P e r m u t i t C o .......................................... .. " J[ P h ilc o C o r p o r a tio n ........... ........ F ro n t P i t t s b u r g h P i p i n g & E q u i p m e n t Co -SSli P li b r ic o J o i n t l e s s F i r e b r i c k Co. . 'M;.?}!; P o w e ll C o., W m ......................................*' P o w e r S h o w , 1 7 th N a t i o n a l ........ **-Ij h P o w e r s R e g u l a t o r C o ......................... P r a t D a n ie l C o r p .................................. " * `h : P r i t c h a r d & C o., J . F .......................... H H a ll L a b o r a t o r i e s , I n c .................... 20 a n d 21 H e r c u l e s F l o a t W o r k s ...................................120 H o f f m a n C o m b u s tio n E n g 'g. C o ................ * H o m e s t e a d V a lv e M fg . C o ..............................I l l I * I n d u s t r i a l E l e c t r o n i c s C o. . . 126 I n g a lls Iro n W o r k s C o ............... In te rn a tio n a l E x p osition Co. 18 In te rn a tio n a l N ick el Co., In c I r o n F i r e m a n M fg . C o ............... Q uaker R u b b er Corp. R a y b e s to s - M a n h a tta n Cor;:). (A sb es tos T e x tile & P a c k in g D ivision). R e f in e r y S u p p ly C o ................................... ...128 R eliance E lectric & E ngineering C o.......................................... I n s id e F r o n t R e p u b l ic F lo w M e te r s C o ..................... R e p u b l ic R u b b e r D iv is io n ................. R i c h a r d s o n S e a le C o ............................... R o s s H e a t e r & M fg . C o ......................... R o to D iv is io n ................................. R o u n d & S o n , D a v id ................ -.1 J e n k i n s B r o s ..................... I n s id e B a c k C o v e r J o h n s M a n v ille .................................................... 71 J o h n s o "* S e r v ic e G o........................................... * J o n e s F o u n d r y & M c h . C o., W . A ............. K ew anee B oiler C orp. . K irk & B lum M fg. Co. 24 L ay n e & B ow ler, Inc. 124 L e s lie C o m p a n y ......... L ib erty E n g in ee rin g & M fg. Co. 24 L ilie H o ffm ann C ooling T ow ers, 131 L incoln E le c tric Co. L i n k B e l t C o .............. 17 L iquid C onditioning C orp. Lum m us Com pany L u n k en h eim er Co. 30 M M & H V alve & F ittin g s Co. M a n z e l B r o t h e r s C o ................. 128 M a rio n M a c h in e F d r y & S u p p ly Co 124 M a r s h C o rp ., J a m e s P .............. M aso n -N eilan R e g u la to r Co. M e d a r t C o m p a n y ......................... 121 99 M id w e s t P i p i n g & S u p p ly Co. M o c c a s in B u s h i n g C o .................. 127 * M o n a r c h F u s e C o., L t d . _____ M o rs e C h a i n C o ............................... 25 M u r r a y I r o n W o r k s C o .............. 116 M u r r a y M fg . C o., D . J ................. 126 N N atio n al A iu m in ate Corp. N a t i o n a l B o ile r P r o t e c t o r Co.* *; ; ! ! ! * ! . 1 1 8 N a tio n a l V alve & M fg. Co. ........... 26 N i a g a r a B lo w e r C o .............. N ic h o lso n & Co., W . H . , 1! ! ! ! *i3o N o rth e rn E q u ip m e n t Co. ............ 34 N o r to n C o .................................. * N u g e n t & C o., I n c ., W m . vv* ' * S a r c o C o ., I n c ........................... S h aw Co., B en jam in F . .. S h e ll O il C o ., I n c .................... S h ep ard N iles C rane & H oist S i n c l a i r R e f in in g C o................. S k i n n e r E n g i n e Co. . . . . ----- S m ith , I n c ., W in f ie ld H ........... S m o o t h - O n M fg . C o ................. S n a p O n T o o ls C o r p .................... S o c o n y -V a c u u m O il C o ............ S o u th e rn N a tu ra l G as Co, .. S o u th ern R ail .ay System .. S o u th e rn S u p p ly & E q u ip . Co. S q u ir e s C o., C. E ................. S t a n d a r d O il C o ....................... Strong, C arlisle & H am m ond S t u r t e v a n t C o., B . F ............ S y n tr o n C o m p a n y .................. Jit T aylor F orge & Pipe W oi T e rry S te a m T u rb in e Co T he T e x a s C o ............................................. T o d d S h ip y a r d s C o rp .................. T r ic o F u s e M fg . C o .................... T ro y E n g in e & M a c h in e Co. . u U . S. H o ffm a n M chy. Co. U n ite d S ta te s R u b b e r Co. V oss Co., J . H . H . . . . . . 6 V u lcan S oot B low er Corp. w W a n t A d s ............................. W a r r e n S te a m P u m p Co., Inc. W a tc h e m o k e t O p tic a l Co., Inc. W e b s t e r E n g i n e e r i n g Co. ...........* W e s t i n g h o u s e E l e c t r i c c o n * . - W h e e le r M fg. Co., C. H. 'W ilson. In c ., T h o m a s C. . W in g M fg. Co., L. J -, W rig le y J r., Co., W illiam O a k ite P r o d u c t , .1no. O tis E l e v a t o r Cc ......1 2 2 . . . . . . 16 Y Y a r n a l l - W a r i n g C o ............... .7 T? SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. 1940 kWlt soil salt as SOl HER on tract. ) in sert. lii -----F r o n t Cove, pkmceon.t C..o... ` , ; WHY x m m 0# IN EVERY FIELD CHOOSE ELGIN WATER SOFTENER .133 ,(A sbes- 3ivision).... t ............... IK e e rin g d e F r o n t Cover ...118 : ... 22 o ls t C o rp ...1 Co. nd Co. .113 ....136 .125 .126 .132 Inc. Inc. ....110113 DELIVERS 4 4 % M O RE SOFT W ATER In comparison with other zeolite water softeners the Elgin delivers as much as 4 4 % more soft water. LOW ER INVESTMENT Based on cost per thousand gallons of soft water delivered, the Elgin Water Softener is far lower in price. LOW ER O PERATIN G COST By virtue of an improved distributing and collecting system, less regenerating salt and wash water are required. H IG H ER EFFICIENCY The water softening zeolite in the Elgin is kept clean and active so that equipment operates more efficiently .without attention--and mofe "zero soft" water is delivered per pound of salt used. LESS M AINTENANCE Unbiased surveys prove that with ELGIN quality construction through out, fewer replacements are required. Loss of zeolite is prevented, thus elimi nating costly additions. LO N G ER LIFE Efficient distribution, collection and regulation of water and brine add years to the life of Elgin W ater Softeners. LESS SPA CE REQ UIRED To give the same capacity as an Elgin, other water softeners must be as much as 50% larger in size. Sxhttog w a ter softeners at any make con be mod ernized by Elgin to provide the above features, THE ELGIN WATER SOFTENER gives greater capacity and higher efficiency because it accommodates a far greater quantity of water softening zeolite--and uses it more effectively by virtue of an ingenious manifold system and backwash regulator. Naturally, a greater volume of soft water is delivered because it's the zeolite that softens water--and more zeolite used with greater effectiveness means more softened water. A m m M IL 17IM . . So important are these features to the users of soft water that we have prepared a new fac tual bulletin describing the construction and operation of the postwar Elgin Water Softener and explaining the benefits and economies of softened water. Ask for Bulletin 607. For hospitals it's Bulletin 608. For laundries it's Bulletin 609. * .......; 9 . 7 and 1" dBER, l*4A SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 I IS ( < n e x tu ttfr C e : Permanent identification markings on every fitting W eldELLS alone com bine these features: Seamless -- greater stren g th and uniform ity. Tangents-- keep w eld aw ay from zone of highest stress -- sim plify lining up. Precision q u arter-m ark ed ends -- sim plify layout and help insure accuracy. Selective reinforcem ent -- provides uniform strength. Perm anent and com plete identification marking-- saves W all thickness nev er less than specification minimum-- assures full strength and long life. Machine tool beveled ends--> provides best w elding sur face and accurate bevel and la n d . The m ost com plete line of W elding Fittings and Forged Steel Flanges in th e W orld-- JUST one of a number of piping people prefer WeldELLS is every fitting has its size and thickness marked on it in such a way that it will stay there. The expense we go to in providing legible and permanent marking pays dividends to users in handling and storing WeldELLS in the shop and on the job. It eliminates "wrong size" erri saves time and trouble. Yes, it's another example of extra steps we that mean extra value to you in WeldELLS. Add it to the features listed opposite and you see WeldELLS "h a v e e v e r y t h i n g " . . . why they ghe you the means of doing the jo b as -w ell as it can be done, as fa st as it can be done, and, therefore, as e c o n o m ic a lly as it can be done. TAYLOR FORGE & P I PE WORKS General Offices & W orks: P.O. Box 485, Chicago New York Office: 50 Church Street Philadelphia Office: Broad Street Station Bldg. Los Angeles Office: Subway Terminal Bldg, SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, PRACTICAL PIPING LAYOUTSJg is y * Am s ir c Quan 2 9 1 1 Jenkins Valves Fig. 106-A B ronze G lo b e Fig. 106-A B ronze G lo b e Fig. 677-A O . S. & Y. Bronze G ate Fig. 106-A B ronze G lo b e 1 1l i Fig. 92 B ronze S w ing 1 Check 1A 3 Fig. 47 B ronze G a te 2 Fig. 106-A B ronze G lo b e 1j i:n:. 2 . 1 Fig. 47 B ronze G a te Fig. 106-A B ronze G lo b e j! a 1 Fig. 92 Br. S w ing C heck III iitc 2 Fig. 92 Br. S w in g C heck IP l 2 Fig. 106-A B ronze G lo b e 1 M 1 Fig. 106-A B ronze G lo b e 2 Fig. 106-A B ronze G lo b e L 0 17 ** Si [ijj' $ 1 Fig. 106-A B ronze G lo b e 1 Fig. 106- B ronze G lo b e 1 Fig. 47 B ronze G a te 1 Fig. 106-A B ronze G lo b e P A _ 1 Fig. 92 Br. S w in g C heck 1 Fig. 106-A B ronze G lo b e 1 Fig. 47 B ronze G a te 1Ip ?.v N; w |P '!.R 4 Fig. 106-A B ronze G lo b e I Fig. 106-A B ronze G lo b e I Fig. 47 B ronze G a te Sorvlc A ir V ents a n d B leeds D rains C ity W a ter Shut-off C ity W a te r Test C onnection C ity W a ter Backflow P revention 3 -w ay M od. V alves Shut-off ^ 3 -w ay M od. V alves B y-pass * P.R.V. S hut-off P.R.V. B y-pass Prevention of backflow into City W a te r C ity W a ter C heck-off H eat Exchanger Shut-off C ontrol H eat Exchanger B y-pass Unit Air Shut-off a n d C ontrol Unit A ir B y-pass S ystem M anual Bleed Pum p Suction Shut-off Pum p D ischarge S h u t-o ff Pum p D ischargeC heck F lo o r D ra in T ra p Fill Hot W ater Tank S h u t-o ff Engine C ooling W ater C ontrol C old W a te r Supply C old W ater to H eat Exchanger by Huxley IMetdeheim, Consulting Engineer A ty p ic a l c irc u it is shown i'or recover ing waste heal in small plants, garages, laumlries, etc.. whore a Diesel Engine is used to generate electricity. Heal in the cooling water is dissipated through unit heater, and also through an ex changer for domestic hot water supply. Meat dissipation can be balanced b e tween the two units by means of globe valves. An aquastat shut-oil is provided for unit heater fan. O v e rh e a tin g is prevented by a tem perature and pressure relief valve. Overcooling is prevented by a three-way modulating valve which by-passes a por tion of cooling water hack to circulating pump should the demand from heal exchanger and unit heater be too great. S u ita b le p ro te c tio n is provided against low city water pressures and provision is made for shutdowns and freeing air from system. Copies of L ayout No. 16, enlarged, with additional information will be sent on request . . . also future Piping Lay outs. Just Mail coupon. O th e r ty p e s a n d p re s s u re r a n g e s of J e n k in s "Valves can be u se d for ibis layout, according to factors involved. Consultation with accredited pipin'* en gineers and contractors is recommended on major installations. A CHOlClii OF O VER 600 JEN K IN S VALVES To save lime, to simplify planning, to get the advantages of Jenkins specialized valve engineering experience . . . select all valves from the Jenkins Catalog. Jenkins Valves assure lowest cost in the long run. Je n k in s B ro s., 80 W h ite S treet, N ew Y o rk 13; Bridgeport; A tlanta; Boston; P hilad elp h ia; San Francisco; Chicago; Jenkins B ros., L td ., M ontreal; London, England. LOOK FOR THIS D IA M O N D MARK 1864 JENKINS VALVES I'or every Industrial, Engineering, M arine, P lum bingH eating Service . . . in lironze, Iron, Cast Steel, and Corrosion-resisting A lloys . . . 125 to 600 lbs. pressure. S o ld tiiro u id i R .d ia l.la Im h i tiia J D istrib u to r* E v ery w h ere. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 J E N K I N S B R O S ., 80 W h ite St., New Y o r k IS, N . Y . P le ase send m e a re p rin t of P ip in g L ay o u t N o . 16, and future Layouts they become available. N a m e ................................... Ad dre ss................................. C o m p a n y .............................. . 137 9 i I* fAf*4<Vn * l,-'. .. -b (* > t 1 trn From boilers to turbines Grinadl Con stant-Support Hangers "float" the piping ! at three Pacific Gas and Electric Power Plants. These hangers carry all. the load all the time to satisfy the conditions of expansion, contraction and vibration. - 4 IWt|oI1 lSi i! i!r ; m m >0 # GR1NNELL CONSTANT SUPPORT HANGERS -- the ONLY Constant-Support Hangers FEATURES: Constant Support of pip in g in all "H ot" and "Cold" positions. Full safety factor of die su p p o r te d system is always maintained. Non-resonant, energy ab sorbing. M ass-produced frum standard precision parts. In d ivid u ally calibrated for each installation. Load-adjustment features incorporated into the design. T h ree m odels m eet entire range of load-travel spec ifications. M inim um headroom required. W fU e fo r data book containing com plete details. ; T 1-'E*ep!tiv'_ Offices, Providence 1, R. I. Branch warehouses in principal cities- V,. i'.-'d!? i! hifsit !lW Ms MP'T: '*rS ! 38 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER,