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L THE CONCENTRATION OF LEAD IN THE PCASMA OF HUMAN BLOOD IN RELATION ^0 EXPOSURE TO LEAD, LuAD INTOXICATION, AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF BAL Henry W. Ryder', Jacob Cholak2 , and E. A. Xehoe2 It is commonly inferred that the concentration of lead in the as it does in the whole blood, Qf plasma of the blood increases/with an increase iS^Sbsorption/ lead on the part of experimental animals or men. It has also been supposed that such an increase occurs in association with the onset : and th eir associates (1 and development of lead intoxication/,*andr Smith and F.athwei 1/believed increase. they found evidence of such an nxxnnx&txnnAJuPj.. (Previous work in this field has been summarized by Bambach, Kehoe and Logan (l; in their study of the plasma-cell partition of lead in the blood of rab b i t s .) rj Analytical data gathered over a period of years seemed to justify doubt as to the validity of such inferences, and the matter has been investigated systematically by measuring the concentration of lead in the plasma of persons with different degrees of exposure to lead, with and without lead poisoning, and of men in whose blood the concentration , dithiopropanol of lead has been altered quickly by the administration of^B A L ) . The quantities of lead in samples of plasma obtained from the blood of four groups of men observed in the years 19^3-19^7 have been determined, and the results. 19 Garfield;Place, Cincinnati 2, Ohio. 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Trie me i -nt a i ' c h 3 s a m p l e s a i a l / r s a .-/a s a v -,r o n e ertx'-a c i o n s o f l e a d ro u n o me re t h e sarr.er a s o ho o s f o ; i n o t h e r men; i n t h e n r o u o . i'he s u . v. o l e s t o h e n . or i / e re a l i p u o t s o f t c o s e t a h e n f o r t h e c o l o r o r r . e t r i e a n a l -.'.sic : the d is c re p a n c y co uld n o t have been cue to the u ryin y, a 3ni a n d d i l u t i n g o f t h e s a r c l e s . . t h e s e t .vo me n ha:, r a d a a i f f o r e n t type o f exposure to c.ian _ av o f tu e o th e r / / or i c e d , . v i t n o u t a o a s v , u s i r v j a i r ...animer a n o e o c e n e s ia.yantlino a factor./ formerly u s e d i n cr.s manufacture cC -i n l r r !;fp p O']tt eenn 1 'r 'o e e s o . i -7 ^ , *>o 'I'r\ f 11 2?^ n c* ->p -in '- ) ] o o { 115 tea e r e o o t a u i s a on d:o c; d u x ;t a s c t u u l e d f o r . o reus j- foil r \ '; | r 1 - r. i o c u r e , b e c a u s e o f co o o e r :? O . i'/ oic-i o ;o 0 0 0 3 0 . 10 11 o ^ v c n i a i : c i s t s t a t e a ,v9 O o L O i ^ .1 v.> ,,^^ n_ --..> ~X. ,_-/> . < i - J'. i o- Ur --t ^ L t ---o.A U '-4 ; "J => 0 ^y0i e o a e ox a c u t e ^ e a a o o i 2 o r. j. r:~ . n.6 3 0 oai".o'J_c3 ; o e l i s t e n In c a c l s i , 1'n.e oar. a1 ^o . vs re ^ r.o 1 " ^ nr- tr- a l 1r.3 '.'Ui:. d of sa"'.ales fror1 ouhe me n vita pi eo i'.Tces of exoosure to different tune s of i z - i f i o u j l e a d o u s t o r fume .'/ ere b e i n ' a n a l u s e d i n o ne l a b o r a t ory jn .n . va i c h no s y s t f o n a t i c d i f f e r e n c e o e t v/ e e n t h e /" > e o . i o o s ao o o b s e r v e d . / ' I n be t a , o f t h e s e oen t n s s':rs t e r . a t i d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e n e t n o d s "as o f t n s s ame o r o e r . o n e a ye o cr-o nap h i c m e t h o d e v e r a n t n o 'JO a n a 7 o f the - o i n a l o o n e rn'n@ -di,f'^s'",&nc^s * .'-tLX 1^V02.1*^"ip-oo ^ou] q V;c-u in aue to random, s a i a p l i n ;:, s i n c e th e p r o b a b i l i t y o f s u c h on o c c u r r e n c e w o u l d h a v e o e e n l e s s t n e n .1 i n a t n c n s w m d a p n i se/-> (facie f) ne Ih a ve no c l i n i c a l a:, d o n a t i o n no o f f e r f o : - - ^ c -O ..r 'ra.jl ' fin a i n "c- . nc Z 3 1 1 M u O f J I th e re o cra sii o r a l l y ar a c t t . o a t t ' 3 ; i n d i c a t e e -.e - (_, 3 U Li 1 l'Aron! L C ^''-=o -. v/o ..:e t ; o as ', al i a t n a t s u c o d i f T e r e n c e s a r e f u r c e -oro c r o o a o i:-; 'i~ .;nuo" amo un t {-`- y . ) ''h e y a r e x a l l , ..her. r:eacorea 'ie a c i a l l i c i t e - : : - o f a 3 i r ' - l e s a m p l e by e i t h e r r e t r o d ( pO;. ) , "j ^ - N ] p c ( O n ] ~ n tt o v n <'O J- -- -- -- >X ^ - 3 - . w ha - -- 3 . v.- \ . 0 , 0 0 0 ;. ) , b y t n e o ve r u p e . . i f f e r e n c e net.'/ e iO 'O r- a e a d : o f re n : v a c i i o b t o c c u n a t i o . e x o o t u r e t o x e a d urici r.en /ith le od jos 1n t o o r ri:.--..ut '. e n e i e x p o s u r e co l e a. oust and farne (0 .0^5 -- 0 .2.~ *v-, , 1000 ) : 'n r> ~ - ^ -> > o v x ?(y f i d u c i a l l i . ' : i ;y f o f -:er. w i t h o u t o c c u p a t i t r i a l 5: c. ) o a u r 3 o c O titi, , C l e a u a n d h e l o ^ r i y - f i a u r i a l l i n i c^r o f .,sr . . / i t a l e ? a p o i s o n i i v . d u e t o o c c u p a t i o n a l e x p o s u r e t o l e a d ( 0 . 0 5 a n d 1 , 0 r y 100; . ) . Table f a l s o '.n e ic a te s th a t in c e r t a i n -ro ue s t e n t h e c o e c t r o r r a t n i c . e t n e a - i v e s s / s t e -. ati c u l l y a.i n S 7- ].c:n. Z-'* ?- '..li h \ 2, "'',3 'ir/ '. ~''l Cl I iff**? C*?? hi 1 >o s t:T:o ti3 1 i.0 a.^1" si tO die-nt. Ta c -e '-rout of e.'Is onci - t e d a l c a u-a L, i r ;> t i c . ; t . i s 0 e t e . - i a c i c . - i f f t r e n e e ct 00.i - ] '>n) 1 /-*n<- <11 'ICoo ">**v,:i! ? l e . ~LO'1 ..' v'~ - r ->T. v> .pi 1-r . ^ ;>--. >' ' ::or.~ m e !|:en . &m on :: e i e n a ?n ; i t-nV.-.>' ".'-J_ a :ount o f l e n d i n th e 3.:'"'i s , one O :. Jl X ^m3u.* xeoanoe ex cocoree o* lora oclhOxLn". s y s t e m a t i c - d e v i a t i o n s a r s r . o s t e a s i l y 3 n o i a i n e d n c u s r, o an u n u s u a l , o u t n o e r e n a r i c a o l e , ran do m ear.1 j l l r y e f f e c t ; once ;or; oa r i. a o r o i c a s v?. p i an c SS s o r>r-r.rir as s c ua 1 t o o n e c o n oa r i s o n o c :e - e e n s , f o r n i 3 Tn r n n n s c j Z-.1 & e r r o r s c i i i s a s t ' m a s , ' .-> 1 . `X v a r i a n c e s a r s c : : q s s o f o n e a i f f ? r e 4c s s ) n me ' . r e i V o > .- c. r t i f - p .o -- f i o . m o l e s A ana o .fien sasnrsu i o; Inis is to ce expected, for each pair ,t m...filoa nao analysed the ia'ne nay, and. all che sanles y;ere analyzea c . m a oeriod of two m o n tns. -'is variance of fcds di m i cons" n r ^ c a was smaller than that of toa pec ero rapai c t.etnon, aus not L y n i f i c a n t i y s o [ e " , o r 'f = l . . - - , ? > 0 ,, ) ; c a e r i, rar Lances may de combine: to ni ve a rors relia ole estima te vir ih no^ o* rio ~-i,3r!r"^o ' is r*ovio'isa vari :.xico t M U l 1,*1C Table 1 / Employment Data on Insulating Cross In Various Localities Including Those Selected for study Location Date of Start of Operations Ifuaboj of Men in Pr`eaent Cm i Groupe>d as to Years of Bxnoaure TJndor 1-1.9 2-2.9 3-4 Total 1 Percentage Original Cj How Employ riat Oranere. J?.J. Moy_J952_____ lo h& . 50 .. :___ loo.Q__ o o o H r-1 ndlanaoolls.Ind. June 19=52 . 3 .. ineinnati. Ohio" Her. 1952 1 1 1 .. 3..... 66.7 loveland. Ohi o . Jan:. 1933.-- . . 1 ittsburrJh,.?a ... March 19=5? x oafcon. Kass. July 1935 .... 1 ?3 X 1 .. 3. . x2 k 66.7 66.7 23.0 o o o 'ite Plains,C. .Hoy.. 1933 .... ?* .30.... 8o iSo altimore. L'd. Ibany. H.Y. June 193li - M l ..193.3.. 1 _ lo 2o 1* . M_._.- 80.0 *> >ta/l for All Loealiti a Listed an Selected.for ;;tudy ;* Indicates lion Ernznincd} 13.. m .Ik .. 11 8 5 10 h M ______ 27 ,/ 23&2-S Dust Counts on Samples Obtained During insulation of a Residence Description of Sample Sample el, during hand packing near workmen at 5 above floor. Sample &2, during hand'.packing 2 ft. behind a workman at level of face ample #1, during blowing 3 ft. behind a workman boXct? level of faoe :ample #2, during blowing 1#5 ft. to side of work man. at face level ample ^3# during blowing* at air purap during reedin'?. at face level. Volume of Samp1e in cu .ft. ;V> | ^ dumber of ie-eiente in Thousands nor cu. ft. after subtraction bl Average of three ..Counts..........,, Average fo site 5.5 310 5-1* 130 220 !)-.93 5.0 10.0 6,000 8,200 760 7*loo 0 /) Tabic 5 \ Distribution of Hen Engaged in Insulating Buildings with EaglePicher Rock r;ool According to Age Age In Tears 20 - Zk 25 - 29 50 ~.3h 35 - 5 9 ho - 14* 45 - 49 50-54 Total; /' > frequency 2 9 5 h 2 2 3 a? I SP-PTalQ- ii Distribution of 5len Efagagsd in Insulating Building with Eaglo?ichor Rock Wool According to Sratolio Blood Pressure BSa. of Ha lo o 10 9 110 - 119 120 - 129 130 - 139 1I4O - 149 150 - 159 I6 0 - 16 9 170 - 179 180 - 189 Total Frsoueocy 1 5 11 T 3 1 0 0 1 2? Distribution of an Engagad In Insulating Buildings olth Eagle* richer Kook Wool coordina to Diastollo Blood Pressura !-Zn._Ag-Sa 60 ; 65 - 69 70 - Tk 75 - 79 0 - 82* 85 89 90 - 9i* 95-99 100 10U 10 s - 109 Total Froaucncy 1 2 3 3 7 k 6 .0 i0 1 27 Distribution of Men Engaged in Insulating Buildings with Eagle."'ichor Hock '.Tool Aeoordinp. to rauooctree la the Blood Leucocytes per , nfBu.. r.. 6000 - 6900 70 0 0 - 7900 8000 - 8900 9000 - 9900 10 ,0 0 0 - 10 ,90 0 11,0 0 0 - 11,9 0 0 12 ,0 0 0 - 12 ,9 0 0 ' s r 3^3,000 13 ,9 0 0 16 -0 0 0 - 16 .9 0 0 Total Frequency 2 5 11 3 2 1 1 1 1 27 \ TpM o 7 M M M IN M Df.atrlbufcion of Hon Shgagod in Inau^iting Buildings nit'n Barlc.'ichor x<ock .ool Aoco.r^ln^ fco r.yyfchrocytea in the Blood 2rythroe?fees per c# ran. -310 0 3600 i*ioo 4600 510 0 - 5600 - Total 3500 1*000 1*500 500Q 550 0 6000 . Frequency 1 0 11 11 2 2 # /" Table 8 Distribution of Hen Engaged in Insulating Buildings with EaglePioher Hook Wool According to fiaaorrlobin Percental of the Blood Percentage of HeBOfclobln 30 - Bk 85 89 90 - 9k 99 - 99 10D - loli. 10 5 - 10 9 110 - llii Total (/ ) Frequency 3 0 k 5 13 0 2 2? Diatribution of lion Engaged in Insulating Buildings nith Baglolichen Hock "fool Aceording to the occurrence of Stippled grythrooytea in t^e 31ood stippled Erythrocytes oer gift? Fields 0-- 1 2-3 h- 5 6-7 0-9 10-11 y>_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Total Froijuency 12 2 h 3 3 2 i 2? Table 10 I Distribution of Men Engaged in Insulating Buildings alth EaglePichar Rook Wool Aooordlnp; to Lead in the Blood Lead In Milligrams per 100 Drags Blood 0 .0 0 - 0.009 0.01 - 0.019 0 .0 2 - 0.029 0.03 - 0.039 o.oij. - 0. 0^9 Total ___ Frequent? 0 0 k 9 12 2 27 Probable Error of Mean Standard Deviation 0 T0kii + p 006 +0 .0 0 8 Tabla 11 Distribution of Men Engaged la Insulating Buildings with EagleFloher Hook Wool According: to Lead f,n the Urina Leai in Milligrams per Liter: of Urine 0.00 - 0.009 o . o i - 0 .0 19 0 .0 2 - 0.029 0.03 - 0.039 o .o 4 - o .o 49 0.05 - 0.059 0 .0 6 - 0.069 0 .0 ? - 0 .0 79 0.08 - 0.089 0 .0 9 - 0.099 ' Ho Inform tl 01^ Total - ^ y Frequency 0 8 k h 1 1 2 1 1 1 ____ Mean Probable Error of Moan Standard Deviation 0.037 +0.004 +0 .0 25 1 fr e Pour Impossibly high results are not recorded since they were obviously contaminated In the process of collection. Table 12 Dia tribution of Mon Engaged In Insulating Buldlnga oifch Eagle Plotter Book wool Aooordlnc: to Arsenic In the Urine Arsenic as As^Os In Milligrams per Liter of Urine 0* 00 - 0.009 o . o i - c .019 0.02 0.029 0.05 - 0.039 o .o u - 0.0I4.9 0 .0 5 - 0 .0 59 0 .0 6 - 0 .0 6 9 0 .0 7 - 0 .0 79 / J 0 .10 - 0 .10 9 0.12 - 0 .12 9 0 .16 0 .16 9 .......no. Information.* T. Total Frequency 8 9 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 ........... 2 _ ........... ,, 27 IS&an Probable Error of lio a n Standard Deviation o .o ltf ip .0 0 6 p .oijij. o Two samples were of insuffiolont volume for the